2018-2019学年浙江省杭州市高二下学期期末考试物理试题
浙江省杭州市风帆中学2018-2019学年高一物理下学期期末试题含解析

浙江省杭州市风帆中学2018-2019学年高一物理下学期期末试题含解析一、选择题:本题共5小题,每小题3分,共计15分.每小题只有一个选项符合题意1. (多选)小木块放在桌子上,下列说法正确的是()A.在接触处只有桌子有弹力产生B.在接触处桌面和小木块都有弹力产生C.木块对桌面的压力是木块形变后要恢复原状而对桌面施加的力D.木块对桌子的压力是木块的重力参考答案:BC2. 一辆汽车沿直线运动,先以15m/s的速度驶完全程的四分之三,剩下的路程以20m/s的速度行驶,则汽车从开始到驶完全程的平均速度大小为()A.16m/s B.16.3m/sC.17.5m/s D.18.8m/s参考答案:A3. 做曲线运动的物体在运动过程中,下列说法正确的是A.速度大小一定改变B.合外力的方向一定改变C.速度方向一定改变D.加速度方向一定改变参考答案:C4. 如图所示,竖直放置的两端封闭的玻璃管中注满清水,内有一个红蜡块能在水中匀速上浮.在红蜡块从玻璃管的下端匀速上浮的同时,使玻璃管以速度v水平向右匀速运动.红蜡块由管口上升到顶端,所需时间为t,相对地面通过的路程为L,则()A.v增大时,t增大B.v增大时,t减小C.v增大时,L增大D.v增大时,L减小参考答案:C【考点】运动的合成和分解.【分析】蜡块参与了竖直方向和水平方向两个方向的分运动,根据分运动与合运动具有等时性确定运动的时间,根据运动的合成,确定蜡块相对于地面的路程.【解答】解:蜡块在水平方向上和竖直方向上都做匀速直线运动,在竖直方向上,t=,管长不变,竖直方向上的分速度不变,根据合运动与分运动具有等时性,知蜡块由管口到顶端的时间不变.v增大,水平方向上的位移增大,根据运动的合成,知蜡块相对于地面的路程L增大.故C正确,A、B、D错误.故选C.5. 汽车以速度v驶过凸形桥顶时,车对桥压力为车重的0.9倍,如果汽车以2v速度驶过该桥,则它在桥顶时对桥的压力是车重的()A.0.5 倍B.0.6倍C.0.7倍D.0.8倍参考答案:B二、填空题:本题共8小题,每小题2分,共计16分6. 如图所示是LC振荡电路电容器上电量随时间变化的图像,在0~5×内振荡电路中电流最大、而且方向相同的时刻是________,该电路产生的电磁波的波长是________.参考答案:7. 如图所示,有5个箭头代表船的划动方向(船头指向),其中C与河对岸垂直。
浙江省杭州市七县(市、区)2018-2019学年高二上学期期末检测英语试题

浙江省杭州市七县(市、区)2018-2019学年高二上学期期末检测英语试题学校:___________姓名:___________班级:___________考号:___________一、阅读理解Scott Halley was a farmer...until a year ago. But the farm kept losing money. “You look at the numbers at the end of the pencil.” said Mr. Halley, 44, “and you realize it’s time to try something different.”With a heavy heart but a clear head, Mr. Halley became one of the thousands of American farmers who sell their land each year. What surprised Mr. Halley and others is that the move to the city was so easy. The farmers are finding jobs and their families are enjoying the city way of life.Mr. Halley found a good job working as a scientist at North Dakota State University. His salary is now twice what it was when he was a farmer.But even for those farmers who find good jobs, there is a price to pay in leaving farming.“It’s not just about making money but about the other rewards that farming can bring...working land your parent’s parents worked, spending your days in nature, caring for animals,” said Dr Michael Rosmann, a farmer and psychologist who helps farmers. “For most of them, that pain lasts for the rest of their lives. To make the decision to quit farming, to do what’s best for the family, takes an awful lot of courage.” Mr. Halley feels the pull of the land every day. Once a week, he drives eight hours to work a small piece of his old farm.It was hard to leave, but Mr. Halley knows he did the right thing. For most families that leave the land, salary goes up and the stress from having little money goes down. Both parents and children are happier.Halley’s children love living in the city.“The kids don’t want to go back now,” said Mr. Halley. “The telephone never stops ringing.”Megan Halley, 13, spoke with excitement about her new school. She especially likes art and computer technology. “Back on the farm,” she said. “the old phone system took five minutes or more just to dail up the Internet.”“It’s cool here,” said Megan. “She loves going to the nearby mall to shop for new clothes and get the latest CDs of her favorite group.” The closest store to the Halley’s farm was a10-mile drive.Before moving to the city, Megan worried about getting along with city kids.“The boys here aren’t any different than back in the country,” she said, “There’s just a lot more of them.”1.Why Mr. Halley decide to quit farming one year ago?A.He didn’t like farming any longer.B.He found a more satisfactory job in the city.C.He can hardly make money to support his family.D.It is not so convenient to live on the farm.2.Why does Mr. Halley drive back to his old farm once a week?A.To keep his connection to the land.B.To appreciate the beautiful scenery. C.To do a part-time job to earn more money.D.To relax himself from work. 3.According to Megan, what words can be used to describe the life in the country? A.Comfortable and peaceful.B.Inconvenient and boring.C.Easy and worthwhile.D.Busy and meaningful.US food author M.F. K. Fisher once wrote about humans, “First we eat, then we do everything else.”This is why each year we celebrate World Food Day, which falls on Oct. 16. But despite the importance of food around the world, food cultures often differ greatly from country to country. For example, things like chicken feet, duck heads, and pig brains are commonly eaten in Asia. If you asked most Westerners to try one of these things, though, the very thought would probably be enough to make them give up meat altogether.At the same time, however, the majority of people in Western nations regard themselves as meat eaters. So, what could be the reason behind this double standard?There are a number of possible answers to that question, yet one major reason could lie in recent cultural changes. During the mid-20th century and the years following it, eating most parts of an animal was common in many Western countries such as the UK—perhaps owing to rationing(定量配给) as a result of World War(1939-1945).But later, during the 1960s and 70s, following the introduction of highways in the US and the UK, the popularity of supermarkets in those countries increased, wrote Francesco Burnett, author of Cultural History of Meat: 1900-The Present.Thanks to the popularity and convenience of supermarkets which tend not to sell animal parts such as the head or limbs(四肢), the public’s attitude of meat soon shifted. “The ‘animal’ gradually disappeared from meat, and people’s ignorance about what animal the meat they ate came from increased.” Burnett added.As a result, it’s believed that many Western cultures slowly began to view meat as simply a food product, rather than as something that came from an animal.However, this theory may go even further back if we look at the words the English language uses to describe meat. “We ‘de-animalize’ certain foods that we eat by giving them different names,” Hal Herzog, author of Why It’s So Hard To Think Straight About Animals, told online magazine Grist. “We don’t say it’s cooked pig; we say it’s pork. And we don’t say hamburger is made of cow; we say it’s made of beef.”So it seems that there’s not one simple answer to this question. When it comes to eating meat, however, perhaps we should simply just enjoy the taste.4.The main purpose of the first three paragraphs is to ________.A.introduce various food culturesB.stress Westerners’ love for foodC.show differences in Chinese and Western food culturesD.draw attention to Westerners ‘de-animalizing’ meat5.What changed people’s attitudes toward meat in the 1960s and 1970s?A.The words used to describe meat.B.The rise of supermarkets.C.The need for a healthier lifestyle.D.The introduction of highways. 6.What does the underlined word “ignorance” mean in Paragraph 6?A.Blindness.B.Fear.C.Misunderstanding.D.Challenging.What makes a human being? Is it our thoughts? Our emotions? Our behavior?All of these things make us who we are, but at the center of the matter is the genome(基因组) the genes inside our bodies that may determine everything from our hair color to our intelligence. But if we could change our genome, what would it mean to us?In an online video posted on Nov. 26, He Jiankui, a biological researcher from Southern University of Science and Technology in China, said that he had helped to make the world’s first genetically edited babies.These are twin girls, born in November, with genes edited in an attempt to help them resist possible future infection with the AIDS virus.He said that he chose to do this because HIV infections are a big problem in China. “I feel such a strong responsibility that it’s not just to make a first, but also to set an example,” He told the Associated Press(AP).The announcement has caused an international storm.Some believe that success will benefit the families of HIV patients. Given that HIV is “a major and growing public health threat,” attempted gene editing for HIV is “justifiable(无可非议的),” Harvard Medical School genetics professor George Church told AP.However, others think that since gene editing technology is still premature, it is unsafe to attempt it.“Gene editing itself is experimental and is still associated with unexpected mutations(突变), capable of causing genetic problems early and later in life, including the development of cancer.” Julian Savulescu, a specialist in ethics(伦理学) at the University of Oxford, told BBC News.Others fear that this could open the door to using gene editing technology to make designer babies. It might give the parents the options to choose everything from their baby’s eye color to intelligence.“You could find wealthy parents buying the latest ‘upgrades’(升级) for their children, leading to even greater inequality than we already live with,” Marcy Darnovsky, director of the San Francisco Center for Genetics, told BBC News.However, Merlin Crossley, a biologist at the University of New South Wales, Australia, believes that’s a long way off . According to him, many genes produce qualities like height and intelligence—not to mention environmental influences.And he believes the technology will be better controlled in the future.“It’s hard to get genies(妖怪) back into bottles... but I’m optimistic that this technology, which I think of as ‘genetic surgery’, could be regulated quite effectively in the future,” Crossley told BBC News.7.According to the passage, which of the four statements is correct?A.The twin girls with genes edited will not be infected with AIDS.B.He Jiankui found a way to cure people of AIDS.C.The genetically edited babies have aroused a heated debate.D.It makes no sense to edit genes.8.Who shares the same idea with Julian Savulescu?A.He Jiankui.B.George Church.C.Merlin Crossley.D.Marcy Darnovsky.9.What can we infer from the underlined sentence “that’s a long way off”?A.People will finally accept gene editing, but it takes time.B.In the future gene editing will surely benefit people.C.It will take a long time before gene editing succeeds.D.There is much research to do on gene editing.10.Which is the most suitable title for the passage?A.Gene Editing: A Trend for the FutureB.Is Gene Editing the Way we should Go?C.Can Gene Editing Free People of Future Diseases?D.Gene Editing: Genies out of Bottles二、七选五Finishing my high school life in Canada, I started classes at the University of Toronto at the beginning of September and soon I found that there are lots of differences between Canadian high schools and universities.____11____ Although high schools in Canada also need students to choose courses by themselves, most of the students have the same compulsory (必修的) classes, and the options (选择) are quite limited. For university students, almost everyone has different classes, as the classes one takes depend on one’s major. ____12____ There are hundreds of majors that students can choose from, and each major has at least three or four compulsory classes each year. Do the math and you’ll be surprised by how many options students have.Each class has a maximum student number, usually between 100 to 300.____13____The university will assign (分派) a certain time for students to select classes on the course-enrolling website. So everything depends on one’s luck and fortune.Even if a student doesn’t successfully enroll in the classes that he or she wants, they can still be on the waitlist. If someone drops a class, another student will automatically (自动地) be enrolled (注册). ____14____Usually, there are two parts to most classes, the lecture and the tutorial (辅导课). Lectures usually have more than 100 students, and the instructors are the professors. For tutorials, they’re always run by teacher assistants, usually master’s or PhD students. Tutorials contain at most 30 students, and that’s where quizzes and discussions take place.____15____ For instance, my philosophy professor asks us to finish one book every week, which is the hardest thing for me to do right now.A.Take my university for example.B.To me, the biggest difference is the course selection system.C.There is a saying that goes, “If you are at ease with yourself in the world, the world will be at ease with you.”D.The biggest challenge for a freshman in Canada is how to get on well with the teacher assistants.E.Since universities in Canada have a longer summer holiday, the semesters are quite short, which means the progress of the class is very fast.F.The limited number of students means that some students may not be enrolled in the classes that they want to get into.G.Therefore, the university suggests that everyone should have a plan B in case something goes wrong.三、完形填空In my younger years, my mother gave me some advice that I’ve been turning over in myAfter chatting for only 20 minutes, our friendship took ____24____. We exchanged phone numbers and left ____25____ our separate bus journeys after breakfast. ____26____, afterwards, we reunited with each other again and again in different cities in the UK.Taeko is an elegant and friendly lady who always speaks to people in a ____27____ voice. Although there’s a huge age difference between us, we still ____28____ many interests. Taeko told me her husband was a ____29____ in American literature at the University of Tokyo. They met one another at a party in their 20s, with a mutual love for literature____30____ them together.But ____31____, her husband passed away 18 years ago, and Taeko has remained____32____ since then. She produces films, runs marathons, travels around the world and makes global friends. You can never tell ____33____ she will be tomorrow.Once, I asked her if she ever felt lonely, ____34____ she said she never did.____35____, she feels fulfilled. She’s been doing exactly what she likes to do: be happy. 16.A.Travel B.Read C.Study D.Relax 17.A.Because B.Since C.So D.Although 18.A.behavior B.habit C.routine D.experience 19.A.which B.when C.that D.where 20.A.boat B.train C.bus D.plane 21.A.rare B.common C.usual D.regular 22.A.gesture B.conversation C.occupation D.action 23.A.when B.before C.after D.while 24.A.root B.interest C.time D.care 25.A.apart B.off C.away D.for 26.A.Eventually B.Actually C.Interestingly D.Additionally 27.A.gentle B.loud C.clear D.low 28.A.follow B.have C.take D.share 29.A.driver B.doctor C.professor D.writer 30.A.bringing B.finding C.joining D.meeting 31.A.unbelievably B.unfortunately C.surprisingly D.unexpectedly 32.A.lonely B.positive C.single D.optimistic 33.A.who B.when C.what D.where 34.A.but B.and C.or D.yet35.A.Instead B.However C.Besides D.Therefore四、用单词的适当形式完成短文阅读下面材料, 在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
2018—2019学年度高一物理下学期期末试题(答案)

2018—2019学年度第二学期期末检测题(卷)高一物理2019 . 6温馨提示:1.本试题分为第Ⅰ卷、第Ⅱ卷和答题卡。
全卷满分100分,附加题10分,合计110分。
2.考生答题时,必须将第Ⅰ卷上所有题的正确答案用2B铅笔涂在答题卡上所对应的信息点处,答案写在Ⅰ卷上无效,第Ⅱ卷所有题的正确答案按要求用黑色签字笔填写在答题卡上试题对应题号上,写在其他位置无效。
3.考试结束时,将答题卡交给监考老师。
第Ⅰ卷(选择题,共48分)一、单选题:(本题共8小题,每小题4分,共32分。
在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项符合题目要求。
)1、下列说法正确的是:()A.经典物理学的基础是牛顿运动定律B.经典物理学适用于一切领域C.相对论的建立,说明经典物理学是错误的D.经典物理学的成就可以被近代物理学所代替。
2、如图1是一个货车自动卸货示意图,若自动卸货车始终静止在水平地面上,车厢在液压机的作用下,θ角逐渐增大且货物相对车厢静止的过程中,下列说法正确的是( )A.货物受到的支持力不变B.货物受到的摩擦力减小C.货物受到的支持力对货物做正功D.货物受到的摩擦力对货物做负功3、我国复兴号列车运行时速可达350km/h.提高列车运行速度的一个关键技术问题是提高机车发动机的功率.动车组机车的额定功率是普通机车的27倍,已知匀速运动时,列车所受阻力与速度的平方成正比,即Ff=kv2,则动车组运行的最大速度是普通列车的()A.1倍 B.3倍 C.5倍 D.7倍4、2014年2月伦敦奥运会男子撑杆跳高冠军、法国人拉维涅在乌克兰顿涅茨克举行的国际室内田径大奖赛中,一举越过6.16米的高度,将“撑杆跳之王”布勃卡在1993年创造的6.15米的世界纪录提高了一厘米。
尘封了21年的纪录就此被打破。
如图2所示为她在比赛中的几个画面.下列说法中正确的是()A.运动员过最高点时的速度为零B.撑杆恢复形变时,弹性势能完全转化为动能C.运动员在上升过程中对杆先做正功后做负功D.运动员要成功跃过横杆,其重心必须高于横杆5、如图3所示,一轻弹簧固定于O点,另一端系一重物,将重物从与悬点O在同一水平面且弹簧保持原长的A点无初速度地释放,让它自由摆下,不计空气阻力.在重物由A点摆向最低点B的过程中,下列说法正确的是( )A.重物的机械能守恒B.重物的机械能增加C.重物的重力势能与弹簧的弹性势能之和不变D.重物与弹簧组成的系统机械能守恒6、质量为60kg的建筑工人,不慎从高空跌下,由于弹性安全带的保护,使他悬挂起来,已知弹性安全带的缓冲时间是1.2s,安全带长5m,g取10m/s2,则安全带所受的平均冲力的大小为()A. 1100NB. 600NC. 500ND. 100N7、北京时间1月18日,2019年斯诺克大师赛1/4决赛丁俊晖对阵布雷切尔,最终丁俊晖获胜晋级。
杭州市西湖高级中学2018-2019学年高二物理10月月考试题

浙江省杭州市西湖高级中学2018-2019学年高二物理10月月考试题一、选择题I(本题共15小题,1—12为单选每小题3分,共39分.)1.下列关于单位的描述正确的是()A。
弹簧劲度系数的单位是kg/m2s2 B.动摩擦因数的单位是N/kgC.静电力常量的单位是NC2/m2D.磁感应强度的单位是Wb/m22.下列说法正确的是()A.最早将实验和逻辑推理(包括数学演算)和谐地结合起来,从而发展了人类的科学思维方式和科学研究方法的科学家是牛顿B.避雷针是利用了导体尖端的电荷密度很小,附近场强很弱,才把空气中的电荷导入大地C.伽利略首先建立了描述运动所需的概念,如:瞬时速度、加速度等概念D.安培首先发现了电流会产生磁场,并且总结出安培定则3.高空抛物现象曾被称为“悬在城市上空的痛",在上海陋习排行榜”中,它与“乱扔垃圾”齐名,排名第二。
数据表明:一个拇指大的小石块,在25楼甩下时可能会让路人当场送命.忽略空气阻力影响,试估算一下25楼甩下的石块掉落到地面上,撞击地面的速度大约为( )A.12m/s B.22m/s C.30m/s D.40m/s4.高杆船技是浙江嘉兴文化古镇(乌镇)至今仍保留并演出的传统民间杂技艺术,表演者爬上固定在船上的竹竿,模拟蚕宝宝吐丝作茧的动作祈愿蚕茧丰收。
如图所示,此时表演者静止在弯曲倾斜的竹竿上,则下列说法正确的是()A。
表演者对竹竿的弹力是由竹竿形变产生的B。
表演者对竹竿的力竖直向下C。
表演者对竹竿的摩擦力一定为零D。
表演者对竹竿的力大于竹竿对表演者的力5。
竞走是从日常行走基础上发展出来的运动,规则规定支撑腿必须伸直,在摆动腿的脚跟接触地面前,后蹬腿的脚尖不得离开地面,以确保没有出现“腾空”的现象。
如图所示为某次10公里竞走比赛的画面,行走过程中脚与地面不会发生相对滑动,下列说法中正确的是()A.比赛过程边裁眼中的运动员可视为质点B.运动员完成比赛发生的位移大小为10公里C.行走阶段,地面对运动员的摩擦力是滑动摩擦力D。
浙江省浙南名校联盟2018-2019学年高二物理上学期期末联考试卷

浙南名校联盟2018学年第一学期高二期末联考高二年级物理试题考生须知:1.本卷共7页满分100分,考试时间90分钟;2.答题前,在答题卷指定区域填写班级、姓名、考场号、座位号及准考证号并填涂相应数字。
3.所有答案必须写在答题纸上,写在试卷上无效;4.考试结束后,只需上交答题纸。
选择题部分一.单项选择题(本题共13小题,每小题3分,共39分。
每小题只有一个正确答案,多选、不选、错选均不给分。
)1.下列各组物理量中前者为标量,后者为矢量的是()A.速率和电势 B.磁通量和磁感应强度 C.位移和功率 D.电动势和电流强度2.2016年1月26日,首趟“义乌-德黑兰”班列从新疆阿拉山口出境,途径哈萨克斯坦、土库曼斯坦等4个国家,经两次换轨,经历398小时,跨越10339公里抵达伊朗首都德黑兰。
关于“首趟班列”同学们议论正确的是()A.测算列车过“乌鲁木齐火车站”所用的时间时可将专列视为质点B. “10339公里”是火车运行的位移C. 列车的运动全程无法用瞬时速度随时间变化的图象来描述D. 列车过弯道时超速将会加剧对弯道内轨的磨损∙∙3.下列说法错误的是()A. 法拉第不仅提出了电场的概念,而且采用了画电场线这个简洁的方法描述电场B.洛伦兹认为安培力是带电粒子所受磁场力的宏观表现,并提出了著名的洛伦兹力公式C.第谷通过大量的天文观察,发现了行星绕太阳的运动轨迹是椭圆而不是完美的圆D.库仑在前人工作的基础上通过实验研究确认了真空中两个静止点电荷之间的相互作用力遵循的规律——库仑定律4.在2018年5月5日第54届世乒赛上,中国队再次夺冠,马龙也实现男单七连冠。
假设马龙发球过程为:他首先竖直向上抛出乒乓球,然后让乒乓球落到抛出位置时,再用球拍击打;若选向上为正方向,则乒乓球在空中运动的v-t图象正确是()第4题图5. 如图所示,一个质量为4kg的半球形物体A放在倾角θ为370的斜面B上静止不动。
若用通过球心的水平推力F=10N作用在物体上,物体仍静止在斜面上,斜面仍相对地面静止。
人教版高一物理必修2 2019- 2020学年第二学期高一期末复习卷(二)(含解析)

A. 2 ℎ
B. 2 ℎ
C. ℎ
D. ℎ 2
5.[来源: 2019-2020 学年青海省西宁十四中高二(上)期末物理试卷]我国的“神舟”系列航天飞船的成功发射和
顺利返回,显示了我国航天事业取得的巨大成就.已知地球的质量为 M,引力常量为 G,飞船的质量为 m,设飞船
绕地球做匀速圆周运动的轨道半径为 r,则( )
A. 可能做圆周运动
B. 一定做匀变速曲线运动
C. 可能处于静止状态
D. 一定做匀变速直线运动
2.[来源: 2019-2020 学年河南省周口市韩郸城一高高一(下)第一次月考物理
试卷]如图,窗子上、下沿间的高度 = 1.6 ,墙的厚度 = 0.4 ,某人在离墙
壁距离 = 1.4 、距窗子上沿高ℎ = 0.2 处的 P 点,将可视为质点的小物体以速
匀加速直线运动,第一次是斜向上拉,第二次是斜向下推,两次力的作用线与水平方向的夹角相同,力的大小也相
同,位移大小也相同,则( )
A. 力 F 对物体做的功相同,合力对物体做的总功也相同 B. 力 F 对物体做的功相同,合力对物体做的总功不相同
C. 力 F 对物体做的功不相同,合力对物体做的总功相同
D. 力 F 对物体做的功不相同,合力对物体做的总功也不相同
2
A.研究飞船绕地球做匀速圆周运动,根据万有引力提供向心力,列出等式: 2 = ,解得: = ,故 A 错
误;
B.根据万有引力提供向心力,得: 2 = ,所以: = 2 ,故 B 错误;
C.根据万有引力提供向心力,得:
2=
4 2 ,所以: 2
=2
3 ,故 C 正确;
D.飞船在此圆轨道上运行所受的向心力为万有引力,得: =
2018-2019学年浙江省慈溪市六校联考高二(下)期中物理试卷(解析版)

2018-2019学年浙江省慈溪市六校联考高二(下)期中物理试卷一、单选题(本大题共12小题,共36.0分)1.分析下列物理现象:(1)夏天里在一次闪电过后,有时雷声轰鸣不绝;(2)“闻其声而不见其人”;(3)围绕振动的音叉转一圈会听到忽强忽弱的声音;(4)当正在鸣笛的火车向着我们急驶而来时,我们听到汽笛声的音调变高。
这些物理现象分别属于波的()A. 反射、衍射、干涉、多普勒效应B. 折射、衍射、多普勒效应、干涉C. 反射、折射、干涉、多普勒效应D. 衍射、折射、干涉、多普勒效应2.通过学习波粒二象性的内容,你认为下列说法符合事实的是()A. 宏观物体的物质波波长非常小,极易观察到它的波动性B. 光和电子、质子等实物粒子都具有波粒二象性C. 康普顿效应中光子与静止的电子发生相互作用后,光子的波长变小了D. 对于任何一种金属都存在一个“最大波长”,入射光的波长必须大于这个波长,才能产生光电效应3.如图甲所示,闭合开关,用光子能量为2.5eV的一束光照射阴极K,发现电流表读数不为零。
调节滑动变阻器,发现当电压表读数小于0.60V时,电流表读数仍不为零,当电压表读数大于或等于0.60V 时,电流表读数为零。
把电路改为图乙,当电压表读数为2V时,电子到达阳极时的最大动能为()A. 0.6eVB. 1.9eVC. 2.6eVD. 4.5eV4.如图所示,a、b两束不同频率的单色光以45°的入射角射到玻璃砖的上表面上,入射点分别为A、B.直线OO΄垂直玻璃砖与玻璃砖上表面相交于E点。
A、B到E的距离相等。
a、b两束光与直线OO΄在同一平面内(图中纸面内)。
经过玻璃砖后,a、b两束光相交于图中的P点。
则下列判断中正确的是()A. 在真空中,a光的传播速度大于b光的传播速度B. 在玻璃中,a光的传播速度大于b光的传播速度C. 玻璃砖对a光的折射率大于对b光的折射率D. a光的频率大于b光的频率5.某质点做简谐运动,其位移随时间变化的关系式为x =5sinπ4t (cm ),则下列关于质点运动的说法中正确的是()A. 质点做简谐运动的振幅为10cmB. 质点做简谐运动的周期为4sC. 在t=4s时质点的速度最大D. 在t=4s时质点的加速度最大6.如图所示为一自耦变压器,保持电阻R′和输入电压不变,以下说法正确的是()A.滑片P向b方向移动,滑片Q下移,电流表示数减小B. 滑片P不动,滑片Q上移,电流表示数不变C. 滑片P向b方向移动、滑片Q不动,电压表示数增大D. 滑片P不动、滑片Q上移,电压表示数变小7.如图所示的圆形线圈共n匝,电阻为R,过线圈中心O垂直于线圈平面的直线上有A、B两点,A、B两点的距离为L,A、B关于O点对称。
2018-2019学年高二年级下学期期中考试物理试题

2018-2019学年高二年级下学期期中考试物理试题一选择题.(本题共14题个小题,每小题4分,共56分。
其中1-9题只有一个选项符台题意,10-14题有多个选项符合题意,选全对的得4分,选对但不全的得2分,有错选的得零分)1.下列说法不正确的是()A.物体内分子热运动的平均动能越大,则物体的温度越高B.液体表面层中分子间的相距作用表现为引力C.用显微镜观察液体中的布朗运动,观察到的是液体分子的无规则热运动D.一定质量的理想气体保持体积不变,温度升高,则单位时间内撞击器壁单位面积上的分子数增多2.如图,在方向垂直于纸面向里的匀强磁场中有一U形金属导轨,导轨平面与磁场垂直。
金属杆PQ置于导轨上并与导轨形成闭合回路PQRS,一圆环形金属框T位于回路围成的区域内,线框与导轨共面。
现让金属杆PQ突然向右运动,在运动开始的瞬间,关于感应电流的方向,下列说法正确的是()A. PQRS中沿顺时针方向,T中沿逆时针方向B. PQRS中沿顺时针方向,T中沿顺时针方向C. PQRS中沿逆时针方向,T中沿逆时针方向D. PQRS中沿逆时针方向,T中沿顺时针方向3.如图所示,甲、乙两人各站在静止小车的左右两端,车与地面之间无摩擦,当她俩同时相向运动时,发现小车向右运动。
下列说法不正确的是()A.乙的动量必定大于甲的动量B.乙对小车的冲量必定小于甲对小车的冲量C.甲、乙和车组成系统动量守恒D.甲、乙动量总和必定不为零4.一物体在合外力F的作用下从静止开始做直线运动,合外力方向不变,大小随时间的变化如图所示,该物体在t0和2t0时刻,物体的动能分别为E k1、E k2,物块的动量分别为p1、p2,则()A .E k2=9E k1,p 2=3p 1B .E k2=3E k1,p 2=3p 1C .E k2=8E k1,p 2=4p 1D .E k2=3E k1,p 2=2p 15.如图1中所示,在竖直向上的匀强胜场中,水平放置一个不变形的单匝金属圆线圈,规定图1线圈中电流的方向为感应电流的正方向,当磁场的磁感应强度B 随时间t 按如图2变化时,下列各图中能正确表示线圈中感应电动势E 的变化情况的是( )6.如图所示,竖直平面内有一半径为a ,总电阻为R 的金属环,磁感应强度为B 的匀强磁场垂直穿过环平面,在环的最高点用金属铰链连接长度为2a 、电阻为R/2的导体棒MN 。
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2018-2019学年浙江省杭州市高二下学期期末考试物理试题★祝考试顺利★注意事项:1、答题前,请先将自己的姓名、准考证号用0.5毫米黑色签字笔填写在试题卷和答题卡上的相应位置,并将准考证号条形码粘贴在答题卡上的指定位置。
用2B铅笔将答题卡上试卷类型A后的方框涂黑。
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一、选择题(本题共10小题,每小题4分,共40分。
每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,不选、多选、错选均不得分)1.2018年11月16日,第26届国际计量大会(CGPM)全票通过了关于“修订国际单位制(SI)”的1号决议。
根据决议,千克、安培、开尔文和摩尔等4个SI基本单位的定义将改由常数定义,于2019年5月20日起正式生效。
下列关于国际单位制的描述不正确的是()A. 米、千克和秒都是基本单位B. 牛顿、焦耳、瓦特都是导出单位C. 长度、质量、时间和速度都是基本量D. 安培、开尔文和摩尔都是基本单位【答案】C【解析】【详解】A. 米、千克和秒都是国际单位制的基本单位,选项A正确;B. 牛顿、焦耳、瓦特都是导出单位,选项B正确;C. 长度、质量、时间是基本量,速度不是基本量,选项C错误;D. 安培、开尔文和摩尔都是基本单位,选项D正确。
2.如图所示,放在暗室中的口径较大不透明的薄壁圆柱形浅玻璃缸充满水,缸底中心有一红色发光小球(可看作点光源),从上往下看,则观察到()A. 水面有一个亮点B. 充满水面的圆形亮斑C. 发光小球在水面上的像D. 比小球浅的发光小球的像【答案】D【解析】【详解】AB.小球所发的光射向水面的入射角较大时会发生全反射,在水面上可以看到一个圆形亮斑,但不是充满水面的圆形亮斑,故AB错误;CD.由于光的折射,在水面上可看到比小球浅的发光小球的像,如图所示,选项C错误,D正确.3.如图为氢原子能级图,氢原子中的电子从n=5能级跃迁到n=2能级可产生a光,从n=4能级跃迁到n=2能级可产生b光,a、b光照射到逸出功为2. 29eV的金属钠表面均可产生光电效应,则()A. a光的频率小于b光的频率B. a光的波长大于b光的波长C. a 光照射所产生的光电子最大初动能0.57k E eV =D. b 光照射所产生的光电子最大初动能0.34k E eV = 【答案】C 【解析】【详解】AB.根据能级跃迁知识得:∆E 1=E 5−E 2=−0.54−(−3.4)=2.86eV ,∆E 2=E 4−E 2=−0.85−(−3.4)=2.55eV ,显然a 光子的能量大于b 光子,即a 光子的频率大,波长短,故AB 错误。
C.根据光电效应可知,a 光照射所产生的光电子的最大初动能为:E ka =∆E 1-W 0=2.86-2.29eV=0.57eV ,选项C 正确;D.b 光照射后的最大初动能为:E kb =∆E 2-W 0=2.55-2.29eV=0.26eV ,选项D 错误。
4.体操运动员在进行自由体操比赛时,有如图所示的比赛动作,当运动员竖直倒立(头没有接触地面)保持静止状态时,两手臂对称支撑,夹角为θ,当θ变大时,则( )A. 运动员受到的合力变大B. 运动员对地面的正压力变大C. 运动员单手对地面的正压力变大D. 运动员单手对地面的正压力大小保持不变 【答案】D 【解析】【详解】A. 运动员处于静止状态,受到的合力为零,则当θ 变大时,合力不变,选项A 错误;B. 地面对运动员的支持力等于其重力的大小,可知运动员对地面的正压力等于其重力大小,故当θ 变大时,运动员对地面的正压力不变,选项B 错误;CD. 对运动员来说,由平衡可知:2N=G ,则地面对运动员单手的支持力为N =0.5G ,可知运动员单手对地面的正压力大小保持不变,选项C 错误,D 正确.5.据《科技日报》2018年7月17日报道,上海中车公司生产的全球最大马力无人遥控潜水器近日在上海下线。
该潜水器主要用于深海搜寻和打捞等。
若在某次作业中,自重5×103kg 的潜水器的将4×103kg 的重物从3000m 深的海底匀速提升到海面,已知提升过程中潜水器的机械功率恒为180kW ,水对潜水器及重物的浮力与阻力大小相等,则提升的时间约为( )A. 0. 5×103s B. 1. 0×103s C. 1. 5×103s D. 2. 0×103s【答案】C 【解析】【详解】由题可知,重物匀速运动,其速度为:33180102(54)1010P m m v ss G ⨯===+⨯⨯ 运动的时间为:330001.5102t s s ==⨯ 故应选C 。
6.一列向右传播的简谐横波,当波传到x=2. 0m 处的P 点时开始计时,该时刻波形如图所示,t=0. 9s 时,观察到质点P 第三次到达波峰位置,下列说法正确的是( )A. 波速为0. 5m/sB. 经1. 4s 质点P 运动的路程为35cmC. t=1. 6s 时,x=4. 5m 处的质点Q 第三次到达波谷D. 与该波发生干涉的另一列简谐横波的频率可能为5Hz【答案】C 【解析】【详解】A.简谐横波向右传播,由波形平移法知,各点的起振方向为竖直向上,t =0.9s 时,P 点第三次到达波峰,即有 (2+14)T =0.9s ,T =0.4s ,波长为 λ=2m ,所以波速25m/s 0.4v Tλ===,故A 错误。
B.t =1.4s 相当于3.5个周期,每个周期路程为4A =20cm ,所以经过1.4s 质点P 运动的路程为S =3.5×4A =14×5cm=70cm,故B 错误。
C.经过 4.520.55x t s t -===,波传到Q ,经过2.75T 即再经过1.1s 后Q 第三次到达波谷,所以t=1.6s 时,x =4.5m 处的质点Q 第三次到达波谷。
故C 正确。
D.要发生干涉现象,另外一列波的频率一定相同,即 f =1/T =1/0.4=2.5Hz ,故D 错误 。
7.已知压敏电阻的受力面所受压力越小,其阻值越大,如图甲,将压敏电阻R 平放在竖直升降电梯的轿厢内,受力面朝上,在其受力面上放一质量为m 物体,电梯静止时电压表示数为U 0;某段时间内电压表示数随时间变化图线如图乙,则( )A. t 1-t 2时间内压敏电阻受力面所受压力恒定B. t 1-t 2时间内电容器处于放电状态C. t 1-t 2时间内电梯做匀加速运动D. t 2之后电梯处于失重状态 【答案】D 【解析】【详解】由图压敏电阻上的电压不变,由欧姆定律知,其阻值不变;当电压增大时,压敏电阻以外的其余部分分担的电压减小,由欧姆定律可知,电路中的电流值将减小,所以电路中的电阻值增大,其余的部分电阻值不变,所以压敏电阻的电阻值增大。
A.在t 1-t 2时间内压敏电阻上的电压增大,压敏电阻的电阻值增大,知压敏电阻的受力面所受压力减小。
故A 错误;B.由电路图可知,电容器两端的电压与电压表两端的电压是相等的,在t 1-t 2时间内电压表两端的电压增大,所以电容器两端的电压增大,则电容器处于充电状态。
故B 错误; CD.由图,t 1之后电压表两端的电压大于开始时电压表两端的电压,所以压敏电阻的受力面所受压力小于开始时受到的压力,所以电梯处于失重状态,电梯可能减速上升或者加速下降。
故CD 错误。
8.如图所示,在轨飞行两年多的“天宫二号”太空实验室目前状态稳定,将于2019年7月后受控离轨。
天宫二号绕地飞行一圈时间约为90min ,而地球同步卫星绕地球一圈时间为24h ,根据此两个数据不能求出的是( )A. 天宫二号与地球同步卫星的角速度之比B. 天宫二号与地球同步卫星的离地高度之比C. 天宫二号与地球同步卫星的线速度之比D. 天宫二号与地球同步卫星向心加速度之比【答案】B 【解析】【详解】由题可知二者的周期关系,由2224mMG m r r Tπ=得:2T π=,所以由题可以求出二者的轨道半径关系。
A.卫星的角速度为2T πω==由二者的轨道半径关系即可求出天宫二号与地球同步卫星的角速度之比。
故A 不符合题意; B.由2T π=,则可以求出二者的轨道半径的关系,但由于地球的半径未知,所以不能求出二者距离地面的高度的比值。
故B 符合题意;C.由万有引力提供向心力,得:22=r mM v G m r,解得:v =即可求出天宫二号与地球同步卫星的线速度之比,故C 不符合题意; D.向心加速度:2GMa r =,由二者的轨道半径关系即可求出天宫二号与地球同步卫星的加速度之比。
故D 不符合题意; 本题选择不能求出的,故选B.9.如图所示,面积为S 、匝数为N 的矩形线框在磁感应强度为B 的匀强磁场中,绕垂直于磁感线的轴OO ′匀速转动,通过滑环向理想变压器供电,灯泡L 1、L 2、L 3均正常发光。
已知L 1、L 2、L 3的额定功率均为P ,额定电流均为I ,线框及导线电阻不计,则( )A. 理想变压器原副线圈的匝数比为1:2B. 图示位置时穿过线框的磁通量变化率为零C. 若灯L 1烧断,灯泡L 3将变暗D. 线框转动的角速度为2PNBSI【答案】C 【解析】【详解】A.灯泡L 1、L 2、L 3均正常发光,则原线圈电流强度I 1=I ,副线圈电流强度I 2=2I ,所以12212 1n I n I ==,故A 错误; B.图示位置时,线框切割速度最大,故穿过线框的磁通量变化率最大,故B 错误; C.开始时若设每盏灯的额定电压为U ,则变压器初级电压为2U ,线圈输入电压为3U ;若L 1灯烧断,设L 3的电压变为U 1,则变压器输入电压为3U -U 1,次级电压变为11(3)2U U -,次级电流为:132U U R -,则初级电流为134U U R -,则L 3两端电压为1134U U R U R-=,解得U 1=0.6U ,则灯泡L3两端电压减小,亮度变暗,故C正确;D.线框的输出功率为3P,电流为I,则线框产生的感应电动势为3PEI=,根据E m=NBSω,E=,联立解得:NBSIω=,故D错误。