翻译试题评分细则
文言文翻译评分标准
夫文言文者，古人之言也，以其简练而含蓄，言辞典雅而深邃，故翻译之难，亦在于此。
翻译文言文，非徒文字之转换，更在于精神之传达，韵味之把握。
是以，设立文言文翻译评分标准，以评鉴翻译之优劣，实为必要。
以下为文言文翻译评分标准，分为五大项，每项下设若干小项，共计二十小项。
一、忠实度（30分）1. 准确传达原文意义（10分）- 翻译内容与原文意义相符，无曲解、误解。
- 逐字逐句翻译，不遗漏重要信息。
2. 保持原文风格（10分）- 翻译文应体现文言文的风格特点，如简洁、含蓄、典雅。
- 避免现代汉语的词汇、句式和表达方式。
3. 适当调整表达（10分）- 根据现代汉语的表达习惯，对原文进行适当的调整。
- 保持原文的意境和韵味，避免生硬直译。
二、流畅度（25分）1. 语句通顺（10分）- 翻译文语言通顺，无歧义、语病。
- 句子结构合理，符合现代汉语语法规范。
2. 逻辑清晰（10分）- 翻译文逻辑清晰，前后连贯，无跳跃。
- 表达内容有条理，层次分明。
3. 韵味悠长（5分）- 翻译文在保持原文韵味的基础上，力求表达出原文的意境。
- 适当运用修辞手法，增强翻译文的感染力。
三、字词运用（20分）1. 词汇准确（10分）- 翻译文中使用的词汇准确无误，符合原文含义。
- 避免生造词、错别字。
2. 语法规范（5分）- 翻译文语法规范，符合现代汉语语法规则。
- 避免语法错误、语序不当。
3. 修辞恰当（5分）- 翻译文在保持原文韵味的基础上，适当运用修辞手法。
- 修辞手法运用恰当，不生硬、不牵强。
四、文化内涵（15分）1. 保留文化元素（10分）- 翻译文保留原文中的文化元素，如地名、官职、典故等。
- 避免文化误读、误解。
2. 体现时代背景（5分）- 翻译文体现原文的时代背景，使读者了解原文的背景信息。
- 避免历史误读、时代错位。
五、整体评价（10分）1. 翻译质量（5分）- 翻译文整体质量较高，各项指标均达到标准。
- 翻译文具有创新性、独特性。
文言文翻译改分细则
一、总体要求1. 文言文翻译应准确、流畅，符合原文意思，不添加个人主观臆断。
2. 翻译过程中，应保持原文的句式结构和修辞手法，力求保持原汁原味。
3. 翻译字数应与原文相当，不得随意增减。
二、具体评分标准1. 翻译准确性（40分）a. 译文与原文意思相符，无歧义（30分）。
b. 译文准确传达原文内容，无遗漏、误解（10分）。
2. 句式结构（20分）a. 译文句式与原文句式相似，保持原意（15分）。
b. 译文句式与原文句式不同，但能准确表达原意（5分）。
3. 修辞手法（20分）a. 译文保留原文修辞手法，使译文生动形象（15分）。
b. 译文未保留原文修辞手法，但能准确表达原意（5分）。
4. 词汇运用（20分）a. 译文用词准确，符合文言文特点（15分）。
b. 译文用词不够准确，但基本符合文言文特点（5分）。
5. 语气、语调（10分）a. 译文语气、语调与原文相符，体现文言文风格（5分）。
b. 译文语气、语调与原文不符，但基本体现文言文风格（5分）。
6. 格式规范（10分）a. 译文格式规范，符合文言文书写习惯（5分）。
b. 译文格式不规范，但基本符合文言文书写习惯（5分）。
三、扣分标准1. 翻译错误或遗漏（每处扣1分，最多扣10分）。
2. 译文与原文意思不符（每处扣2分，最多扣10分）。
3. 句式结构、修辞手法、词汇运用、语气、语调等方面与原文相差较大（每处扣2分，最多扣10分）。
4. 格式不规范（每处扣1分，最多扣5分）。
四、评分注意事项1. 评分时应综合考虑译文整体质量，避免过分关注局部错误。
2. 评分时，应尊重考生个人风格，鼓励创新。
3. 评分过程中，应保持客观、公正，避免主观臆断。
本细则适用于文言文翻译考试、论文写作、古籍整理等领域的评分工作，具有普遍适用性。
在实际操作过程中，可根据具体情况进行调整。
ppt 大学英语新题型翻译评分标准、答题卡及样题和答案
Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends. Chinese paper cutting i world/in different parts of the world and it is often given to foreign friends as a present.
翻译答题卡
答题卡2 背面
• Part IV Translation (25 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 25 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作 馈赠外国友人的礼物。 People around the world/in different parts of the world like paper cutting very much and it is often given to foreign friends as a present.
剪纸（paper cutting）是中国最为流行的传 统民间艺术形式之一。
Paper cutting is one of China’s most popular traditional folk arts. (Paper cutting is one of the most popular traditional arts among common people in China.)
翻译的评分原则及标准
翻译的评分原则及标准根据全国大学英语四级考试大纲公布样题的评分标准，英译汉部分每道题为2分。
其中，句子的整体语言结构占0.5分，另外句中还有三个必须翻译正确的语言点，每个语言点占0.5分。
基本上只要全句整体通顺，要点部分没有译错就可以得满分。
但最低限度不能偏离可以认可的译法。
但在2000年6月的修订中，其评分原则和标准有所变化。
为便于大家具体把握，现详述如下：1、本项目是通过翻译测试考生正确理解英文原文的能力。
2、本项目中的试题均摘自阅读理解部分的文章，因此“正确理解英文原文”是指必须根据上下文正确理解英文。
3、对译文的要求是“正确”和“表达清楚”，对汉语不作过高要求。
4、本项目满分为10分，其4题，每题2.5分；每题划分为3-4个给分段，分段的分值为0.5或1；凡分值为0.5者不再细化。
5、添加不必要的词语时，如不影响句义，不扣分；如影响句义，应扣分。
6、如译文与原文的句义相反，即使局部译对，全句也不给分。
补充说明：请特别注意第三条、第六条和第七条。
此外，在评分标准最后的注中，有这样一句话，也应当重视：有些会引起全句意思不当或产生岐义的错误，除局部扣分外，加扣0.5。
（这大约相当于原评分标准中句子整体结构的那句话，但仅指的是扣分，而不是给分）参考答案及评分标准：（划线部分每点一分）1. (Line 1-3, Para.1, Passage 1)Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory.研究人员证实人们在动脑筋时，头脑会发生生化变化，使头脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域中更加有效的活动。
考研英译汉评分标准
英译汉评分标准全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试卷评分执行细则一、英译汉评分标准说明1．如果句子译文扭曲原文意思，该句得分最多不得超过0.5分。
2．如果某考生给出两种或两种以上的译法，若均正确，给分：若其中一种译法错误，不给分。
3．汉语错别字,不个别扣分,按整篇累计扣分。
在不影响意思的前提下，满三个错别字扣0.5分各句的分数段划分如下：61. Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live,(1)(2)thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.(3) (4)（1）、（2）、（3）、（4）、各0.5分答案：而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自整句示例：1．另外，人类具有调适生活的能力，这样，易于反对所有其他的生命形式进入他们自己奇怪的思想和幻想中。
2．并且，人类具有能力改变适应他们的环境，其它的生命形式也适应人类的愿望和爱好。
（0．5分）3．更进一步说，人们有改变他们所生活的环境的能力，这使得人们随着他们的想法和爱好来安排其他所有的生活方式。
（1分）4．不仅如此，人类还有改造他们所处的环境的能力，这就是以人类自身所特有的观念和喜好来改造其他所有生命形式。
（1.5分）5．而且，人类还有改造他他们所居住的环境的能力，这样，使其他的生命都服从于他们特有的思维和想法。
（2分）62. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and(1) (3)endeavors in he same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural(3) (4)scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.答案：社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样,用理性的、整句示例：1．社会科学是能力发展的一个分支，它需要研究人类和同样条件下自己的规律。
考研英语翻译的评分标准
精心整理一、评分标准：根据大纲规定，考研翻译的评分标准如下：5个小题，每题2分，共10分。
·如果句子译文明显扭曲原文意义，该句得分最多不超过0.5分。
·如果考生就一个题目提供了两个或两个以上的译法，若均正确，给分；如果其中一个译法有错，按错误译法评分。
·中文错别字不个别扣分，按整篇累计扣分。
在不影响意思的前提下，满三个错别字扣0.5分，无0.25扣分。
二、小作文，结构完整，应该没有大的语法拼写错误，大作文字数足够，没有跑题，分3-4段，可能有一两处语法或拼写错误，加一起应该会有20几分的，改卷子的老师给的分应该都差不多。
二、考研翻译英语：考研英语翻译得高分的三种技巧翻译是考研试题两个主观题型之一，然而考研翻译又与作文不同，大家熟悉的国外考试，包括GRE、托福、雅思等都没有翻译考试，所以翻译考试并没有形成国际通行的统一标准，仅以国内为例，考研翻译的评分标准就与高级口译有着巨大的差别，以至于能够在高口中得分的翻译答案，不一定会被考研翻译接受。
所以，应付考研翻译，必须首先搞清楚“游戏规则”。
翻译的评价标准，自古就争论不休，最有名的莫过于严复的“信达雅”之说。
那么，在考研翻译中是否也应当以这个标准来要求自己呢？这个想法值得商榷。
首先，考研翻译的文章题材主要是自然科学和社会科学方面的学术论文，以严谨准确地表达原意为最高规范，所以对于“雅”是不计分的，如果花费太多时间锤炼字句，性价比并不合算。
既然“雅”不算分，那么“达”呢？当时是一个重要的标准，因为翻译的本意，就是把别人不能理解东西用他们能够理解的方式表达出来，所以翻译的表达是否符合汉语的语言习惯，是一个重要的得分依据。
评分标准上明文要求，使用汉语书面语，并对某些汉语错别字进行重点扣分。
例如，2001年真题中的“Built-inchips”，应当翻译成“内置芯片”，如果把“芯片”写成了“锌片”，需扣0.5分，这是考研踩点得分中，对于单个得分点的最高扣分标准。
四级翻译评分标准
四级翻译评分标准本题满分为15分，成绩分为六个档次：13-15分、10-12分、7-9分、4-6分、1-3分和0分。
13-15分译文准确表达了原文的意思。
用词贴切，行文流畅，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。
10-12分译文基本上表达了原文的意思。
文字通顺、连贯，无重大语言错误。
7-9分译文勉强表达了原文的意思。
用词欠准确，语言错误相当多，其中有些是严重语言错误。
4-6分译文仅表达了一小部分原文的意思。
用词不准确，有相当多的严重语言错误。
1-3分译文支离破碎。
除个别词语或句子，绝大部分文字没有表达原文意思。
0分未作答，或只有几个孤立的词，或译文与原文毫不相关。
各分数档例文:翻译原文许多人喜欢中餐。
在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。
精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。
烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地的差别很大。
但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养（nutrition）。
由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，所以中餐既美味又健康。
ManypeopleenjoyChinesefood.CookingislookeduponasanartaswellasaskillinChina.AcarefullypreparedChinesedishisnotonlydelicioustoeatbut alsobeautifultolookat.Cookingtechniquesandingredientsvarywidelyacr ossthecountry.Butgoodcookingdoeshavesomethingincommon.italwaystake sintoaccountcolor,flavor,tasteandnutrition.Asfoodisvitaltohealth,g oodcooksalwaysstrivetostrikeabalancebetweengrains,meatsandvegetabl es,soChinesedishesarebothdeliciousandhealthy.14分参考译文ManypeopleenjoyChinesefood.InChina,cookingisnotonlyviewedasaskillb utalsoregardedasaformofart.Acarefully-preparedChinese dinner canbebo thtastyandgoodlooking.Whilecookingskillsandingredientsdifferlargel yfromplacetoplaceinChina,finecookingalwayshassomethingincommon,tha tistheconsiderationofcolor,flavor,tasteandnutrition.Sincefoodisvit altothehealth,afinecookisalwaystryingtoachieveabalancebetweencerea ls,meatandvegetables.Therefore,theChinesefoodisbothdeliciousandhea lthy.（红色字体为有错误部分）评语：1.本译文用词贴切，行文流畅，注意到了句式的变化以及衔接词的使用。
上海市高级口译口试评分细则
上海市高级口译口试评分细则
一、语言表达能力（50分）
1.听力理解能力：5分
能准确理解口译材料的主题、目的和内容，对关键信息进行准确把握。
2.口语表达能力：15分
能准确、流利地表达口译内容，使用正确的语法和词汇，并注意语音
语调的准确性。
3.阐述能力：10分
能准确、清晰地阐述口译内容，表达的观点合理且连贯，能用恰当的
例证和细节支持观点。
4.翻译技巧：15分
能根据口译材料的特点，选择恰当的翻译技巧，如释译、意译、换译等，使翻译更加准确、通顺。
二、专业知识能力（30分）
1.能了解并掌握口译材料所涉及的专业背景知识，如经济、政治、文
化等方面的知识。
2.能准确理解并表达口译材料中的专业术语和词汇。
三、听力记忆能力（10分）
1.能准确记忆口译内容的关键信息和要点。
2.能在一定时间内完成听力记忆的任务。
四、应变能力（10分）
1.能灵活应对口译中的意外情况，如突然更改口译方向或增加难度的内容。
2.能准确理解并适应口译材料中的固定搭配和惯用语。
五、时间管理能力（5分）
1.能在规定的时间内完成口译任务，不出现严重的超时或提前完成的情况。
2.能根据时间的分配合理安排口译的内容和重点。
评分细则中的各项都是考察考生口译能力的重要方面，每一项都具有一定的分值，考生在口译过程中需要全面考虑这些方面，力争做到完美。
最后，希望考生能够在备考过程中加强自己的语言表达能力、专业知识能力，并提高听力记忆能力、应变能力以及时间管理能力。
通过不断的练习和提高，相信你一定能在口译考试中取得不错的成绩。
cet4翻译部分评分细则_细则_
cet4翻译部分评分细则
大学英语四六级翻译题，以段落汉译英的形式进行考查，内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。
下文小编为大家准备了CET4中翻译的评分标准及应试策略，希望对大家有所帮助!
cet4翻译部分评分细则最新全文
翻译题型介绍
大学英语四六级翻译题，以段落汉译英的形式进行考查，内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。
四级的段落长度是140-160个汉字，六级是180-200个汉字。
翻译题占四六级总分的15%。
答题时间为30分钟。
翻译应试策略
做翻译题时，我们可以依照阅读审题、落笔翻译、检查复核这几个步骤来解答。
在解题时，最好能熟练掌握并灵活运用以下翻译技巧：
一、阅读审题技巧
1. 通读全文
2. 划出要点
二、翻译技巧
1. 动词突破
2. 理清关系
3. 主从结合
4. 适当断句
5. 一译一杠
三、检查技巧
1. 独立成篇
(1)是否通顺?
● 默读时会不会不顺?
● 文章的连贯性如何?
(2)是否遗漏?
● 主要信息点是否都翻译出来了?
● 不懂翻译的次要信息要大胆舍弃
2. 语法错误
(1)时态
● 全文时态是否统一?
(2)语态
● 被动语态与主动语态有没有混淆?
(3)性数
● 第三人称单数(he has; it has)
● 可数名词复数(youngsters)。
翻译比赛评分表
翻译比赛评分表评分细则- 翻译准确度：对原文的准确翻译程度。
包括语法、词汇和句子结构等方面的准确性。
分值范围：0-10分。
翻译准确度：对原文的准确翻译程度。
包括语法、词汇和句子结构等方面的准确性。
分值范围：0-10分。
- 语言流畅度：翻译的语言是否流畅、自然。
包括句子结构、表达方式和语言流畅度等方面的评估。
分值范围：0-10分。
语言流畅度：翻译的语言是否流畅、自然。
包括句子结构、表达方式和语言流畅度等方面的评估。
分值范围：0-10分。
- 文化差异处理：对原文中的文化差异进行合理化处理的能力。
包括对于语、文化隐喻、俗等的准确理解和翻译。
分值范围：0-10分。
文化差异处理：对原文中的文化差异进行合理化处理的能力。
包括对于习语、文化隐喻、习俗等的准确理解和翻译。
分值范围：0-10分。
- 专业术语翻译：对于涉及专业术语的翻译准确度和恰当性的评估。
分值范围：0-10分。
专业术语翻译：对于涉及专业术语的翻译准确度和恰当性的评估。
分值范围：0-10分。
- 文档结构和格式：对于翻译文档的结构和格式的评估。
包括标题、段落、标点符号等方面的评估。
分值范围：0-10分。
文档结构和格式：对于翻译文档的结构和格式的评估。
包括标题、段落、标点符号等方面的评估。
分值范围：0-10分。
评分标准总分评估- 总分范围：0-50分。
- 分数评估：0-10分为不及格；10-20分为及格；20-30分为中等；30-40分为良好；40-50分为优秀。
请根据以上评分标准对翻译比赛进行评估和打分。
评委需全面客观地进行评分，并对每个细则进行细致评估。
评分结果将作为评选比赛优胜者的重要依据。
感谢您的投入和支持！> 注意：以上评分标准仅供参考，如有需要可根据实际情况进行调整。
catti笔译实务评分标准
catti笔译实务评分标准扣分标准1，语法扣分时态语态错误扣2分复合句的从句和非谓语动词错误扣2分每个句子中的关键词误用扣1分，并在后面的句子中重复使用的连续扣分语法正确，但整体句子不通顺或出现CHINGLISN现象扣2分整篇文章多出语句不太通顺的扣3-4分单词五个拼写错误扣1分文章中的特殊句式要严格按照该句式翻译，如果以其他句式翻译无论正确与否，扣2分，如强调句式，同位语从句等。
1. 书写尽量清楚，不要过多涂改。
若要涂改，只要在中间划一条线，把修改的内容写在上面即可。
2.不清楚的难词，包括拼写，都要尽量查词典，弄清楚，不要凭感觉来写。
一旦写错，就要被扣分。
分数越扣越多，你就只有不及格的份了。
3.翻译策略要采取直译和意译结合，能直译的可以直译，不能直译的要考虑意译。
英译汉的译文读起来要尽量是通顺的中文，汉译英的译文要有英文的味儿，不要CHINGLISH，否则就会被扣分。
4.大家平时复习多读英美报刊，像NEW YORK TIMES, ECONOMIST, TIME, THE TIMES等QUALITY PAPER，如果时间允许，还可以多读一读中国现当代文学和英美现当代文学作品。
读英美报刊时，尽量多读与考试或课本内容类似的栏目内容，像经济、金融、政治等。
5.平时多做翻译练习，并且要有的放矢，自己的薄弱环节（英译汉或汉译英）要多练。
做完练习，最好还要与参考答案对照来修改，从修改当中学习、提高翻译技巧。
6.千万不要裸考。
这是我的教训，大家不要犯同样的错误。
好好准备，一上战场，就打胜仗。
虽然我身边不乏CATTI一次或两次裸考成功的例子（他们像我一样，都有不错的翻译经验），但是建议大家还是要好好做翻译练习，做好充分准备。
文言文翻译的阅卷标准
一、翻译原则1. 忠实原文：翻译应准确传达原文的意思，不得随意增删、改换原文内容。
2. 文白对应：翻译应尽量使用与现代汉语相吻合的文言词汇和句式，保持原文的语言风格。
3. 简洁明了：翻译应尽量简洁明了，避免冗余和累赘。
4. 语法规范：翻译应遵循现代汉语的语法规则，确保句子通顺、符合逻辑。
二、评分标准1. 内容理解（40分）（1）能准确理解原文意思，得分40分。
（2）对原文意思理解不准确，得分低于40分。
2. 文白对应（30分）（1）翻译尽量使用与现代汉语相吻合的文言词汇和句式，得分30分。
（2）文白对应程度较低，得分低于30分。
3. 简洁明了（20分）（1）翻译简洁明了，得分20分。
（2）翻译冗余、累赘，得分低于20分。
4. 语法规范（10分）（1）翻译遵循现代汉语的语法规则，得分10分。
（2）语法错误较多，得分低于10分。
三、具体评分细则1. 内容理解（1）对原文意思理解准确，得分40分。
（2）对原文意思理解基本准确，得分30-39分。
（3）对原文意思理解不准确，得分低于30分。
2. 文白对应（1）翻译尽量使用与现代汉语相吻合的文言词汇和句式，得分30分。
（2）文白对应程度较低，如出现大量现代汉语词汇或句式，得分低于30分。
3. 简洁明了（1）翻译简洁明了，得分20分。
（2）翻译冗余、累赘，如出现大量重复、啰嗦的表述，得分低于20分。
4. 语法规范（1）翻译遵循现代汉语的语法规则，得分10分。
（2）语法错误较多，如出现主谓不一致、搭配不当等问题，得分低于10分。
四、注意事项1. 阅卷时应注意区分不同学生的实际水平，避免因个人偏好而影响评分。
2. 在评分过程中，应遵循客观、公正的原则，确保评分的准确性。
3. 对学生的翻译作品，应给予充分的肯定和鼓励，激发其学习文言文的兴趣。
4. 在评分过程中，如遇到特殊情况，可适当调整评分标准，确保评分的公平性。
考研英语翻译的评分标准
考研英语翻译的评分标准-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1一、评分标准：根据大纲规定，考研翻译的评分标准如下：5个小题，每题2分，共10分。
·如果句子译文明显扭曲原文意义，该句得分最多不超过0.5分。
·如果考生就一个题目提供了两个或两个以上的译法，若均正确，给分；如果其中一个译法有错，按错误译法评分。
·中文错别字不个别扣分，按整篇累计扣分。
在不影响意思的前提下，满三个错别字扣0.5分，无0.25扣分。
二、小作文，结构完整，应该没有大的语法拼写错误，大作文字数足够，没有跑题，分3-4段，可能有一两处语法或拼写错误，加一起应该会有20几分的，改卷子的老师给的分应该都差不多。
二、考研翻译英语：考研英语翻译得高分的三种技巧翻译是考研试题两个主观题型之一，然而考研翻译又与作文不同，大家熟悉的国外考试，包括GRE、托福、雅思等都没有翻译考试，所以翻译考试并没有形成国际通行的统一标准，仅以国内为例，考研翻译的评分标准就与高级口译有着巨大的差别，以至于能够在高口中得分的翻译答案，不一定会被考研翻译接受。
所以，应付考研翻译，必须首先搞清楚“游戏规则”。
翻译的评价标准，自古就争论不休，最有名的莫过于严复的“信达雅”之说。
那么，在考研翻译中是否也应当以这个标准来要求自己呢？这个想法值得商榷。
首先，考研翻译的文章题材主要是自然科学和社会科学方面的学术论文，以严谨准确地表达原意为最高规范，所以对于“雅”是不计分的，如果花费太多时间锤炼字句，性价比并不合算。
既然“雅”不算分，那么“达”呢？当时是一个重要的标准，因为翻译的本意，就是把别人不能理解东西用他们能够理解的方式表达出来，所以翻译的表达是否符合汉语的语言习惯，是一个重要的得分依据。
评分标准上明文要求，使用汉语书面语，并对某些汉语错别字进行重点扣分。
例如，2001年真题中的“B uilt-in chips”，应当翻译成“内置芯片”，如果把“芯片”写成了“锌片”，需扣0.5分，这是考研踩点得分中，对于单个得分点的最高扣分标准。
文言文翻译评分规则
文言文翻译，作为一种对古代文献进行解读和传承的方式，对于弘扬中华文化、提高学生语言文字能力具有重要意义。
为规范文言文翻译评分，特制定如下规则：一、评分标准1. 准确性：翻译应准确传达原文的意思，无遗漏、误译、曲解等现象。
2. 流畅性：翻译应语言通顺，符合现代汉语的表达习惯。
3. 文雅性：翻译应尽量保持原文的文采，体现文言文的韵味。
4. 结构完整：翻译应保持原文的句子结构，无语法错误。
5. 词汇丰富：翻译应尽量使用现代汉语中的规范词汇，避免使用口语、方言等不规范词汇。
二、评分细则1. 准确性（40分）（1）正确翻译原文意思，无遗漏、误译、曲解等现象（30分）。
（2）翻译过程中，对原文中的疑难字词、古汉语语法等进行适当注释或解释（10分）。
2. 流畅性（30分）（1）翻译语言通顺，符合现代汉语的表达习惯（20分）。
（2）翻译中无明显语病，如重复、冗余、歧义等（10分）。
3. 文雅性（20分）（1）翻译尽量保持原文的文采，体现文言文的韵味（10分）。
（2）翻译中适当运用修辞手法，如比喻、排比等（10分）。
4. 结构完整（10分）（1）保持原文的句子结构，无语法错误（10分）。
5. 词汇丰富（10分）（1）翻译中尽量使用现代汉语中的规范词汇（5分）。
（2）适当运用文言文中的古词汇，但不得滥用（5分）。
三、评分方法1. 评分员对翻译作品进行逐项打分，总分100分。
2. 评分员根据评分细则，对翻译作品进行综合评价，给出最终得分。
3. 评分员在评分过程中应保持客观、公正，避免主观臆断。
4. 评分结果应予以公示，接受监督。
四、其他1. 翻译作品应遵守国家法律法规，不得侵犯他人著作权。
2. 翻译作品应尊重原文作者意愿，不得随意篡改原文。
3. 翻译作品应具有创新性，鼓励学生在翻译过程中发挥个人见解。
4. 翻译作品应注重实用价值，有助于弘扬中华文化，提高学生语言文字能力。
本规则自发布之日起实施，解释权归本机构所有。
如遇特殊情况，本机构有权对规则进行修改和补充。
英语翻译真题答案及评分细则
第一部分英译汉全真试题（1996-2008年）Passage1The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.72) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine tomb kept in functional order. 73) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting "good " as opposed to "bad" science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. 75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.Passage 2Do animals have rights This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd; for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people —for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says "I don't like this contract"The point is this without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at allMany deny it. 74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake —a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely "logical". In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl —is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.Passage 3They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite —Cobe —had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy.)72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait. 73) Astrophysicists working with groundbased detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.Passage 471) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant eventsof the past. Caught in the web of its own tune and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian's craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.72) I nterest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodolgy is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tunnel method," frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy." Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 75)It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.Passage 5Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country' s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization —with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed —was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements —themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.Passage 6In less than 30 years' time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain' s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT' s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. "By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck," he says. 74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: "It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century."Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. 75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder —kitchen rage.Passage 7Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. 61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning "values". Who will use a technology and to what ends 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Passage 8Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. (61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth."Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos "the study of." By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences. (62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. (63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor's formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. (64) Tylor defined culture as "... that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor's definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.(65) Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.Passage 9The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. (62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from "exotic" language, were not always so grateful. (63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapir's pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. (64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought ma society. He reasoned that because the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages , Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.Passage10It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. 46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. 47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.49) Creating a “European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice -- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whoseprograms relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs. 50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unit ed we stand, divided we fall” -- and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.Passage 11Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected Americans. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not Americans, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual 46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals -- the average scientist, for one. 48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties -- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. 49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. 50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. “Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in public and ill ustrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say,“is something else.”Passage 12The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European university. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component ofa journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.。
翻译试题评分细则
翻译句子评分细则（2分/句）
一、忠实原文
二、思想表达
三、语言表达
好（1.5-2分）：措辞准确，忠实原句内容；衔接自然、连贯；无语法、拼写或标点错误。
较好（1-1.5分）：措辞基本准确，基本忠实原句内容；前后衔接、连贯较好；语法、拼写错误较少；若译文出现错别字，则每三个错别字扣0.5分。
差（0-1分）：不够准确，衔接连贯不自然；较多语法、拼写错误；若译文明显扭曲原文意思，则得分最多不超过0.5分。
翻译段落评分细则（15分/段）
一、忠实原文
好（5-6分）：措辞准确，忠实原文内容；
较好（3-4分）：措辞基本准确，基本忠实原文内容；若译文出现错别字，则累计每三个错别字扣0.5分。
差（0-2分）：措辞欠准确，勉强反应原文内容；若译文明显扭曲原文意思，则得分最多不超过0.5分。
二、思想表达
好（3.5-4.5分）：如实传译原文思想，译文文体与原文一致；
较好（2.5-3.5分）：基本传译原文思想，译文文体与原文基本一致；
差（0-2分）：不能如实传译原文思想，文体把握不够准确，错误太多。
三、语言表达
好（3.5-4.5分）：句法通顺、衔接连贯自然，无明显语法、拼写、标点错误；较好（2.5-3.5分）：句法较通顺、前后衔接、连贯较好；语法、拼写、标点错误较少；
差（0-2分）：句法不通顺、衔接连贯不自然，较多语法、拼写、标点错误；。
2023年翻译口译技能考试试题及评分标准
2023年翻译口译技能考试试题及评分标
准
一、考试试题
1. 翻译题
（1）请根据所提供的短文，将其翻译成流利准确的汉语。
（2）请根据所提供的汉语短文，将其翻译成流利准确的英语。
2. 口译题
（1）请根据所提供的演讲稿，进行中译英口译。
（2）请根据所提供的演讲稿，进行英译中口译。
二、评分标准
1. 翻译题评分标准
（1）准确性：翻译准确，符合语境和语法规则。
（2）流利度：翻译流利，符合语言表达惯，没有生硬或生涩的表达。
（3）完整性：翻译内容完整，能够传达原文的意思和信息。
2. 口译题评分标准
（1）准确性：口译准确，能够正确地传达原稿中的内容。
（2）流利度：口译流利，能够自然流畅地表达，没有结巴或停顿。
（3）传达效果：口译传达效果好，能够准确传递演讲稿中的言外之意和情感等信息。
以上是关于2023年翻译口译技能考试试题及评分标准的概要说明。
详细的考试内容和评分细则将在考试前公布。
请考生做好充分的准备，祝您考试顺利！。
英语翻译真题答案及评分细则
第一部分英译汉全真试题（1996-2023年）Passage1The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas.This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.72) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers.It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine tomb kept in functional order.73) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds.Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward.But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult.The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting "good " as opposed to "bad" science, but a valid determination is difficult to make.Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world'smore fascinating and delightful aspects.75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.Passage 2Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put.It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start.71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none.72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.Therefore, animals cannot have rights.The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd; for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights.However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one.It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people —for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations.In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says "I don't like this contract"?The point is this without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.This is a false choice.Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treatanimals a moral issue at all?Many deny it.74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake —a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely "logical".In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it.The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl —is to weigh others' interests against one's own.This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought.To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy.75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.Passage 3They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth.71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.That was just about the moment that the universe was born.What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite —Cobe —had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy.)72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forwardin the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas.Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies.They shouldn't have long to wait.73) Astrophysicists working with groundbased detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity.75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.Passage 471) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of thepast.Caught in the web of its own tune and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past.In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan.The irony of the historian's craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understandingof the past.Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodolgy is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tunnel method," frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy." Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.Passage 5Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country' s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage.For example, they may encourage research in various ways including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry.In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.At the same time the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past.For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization —with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed —was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community andconsequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements —themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.Passage 6In less than 30 years' time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality.Direct links between the brain' s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT' s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links."By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck," he says.74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: "It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century."Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted.However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible.But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances.A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2023, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids.75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder —kitchen rage.Passage 7Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone.What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure.It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.As the interaction between organismand environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available.It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched.Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment.It also raises questions concerning "values".Who will use a technology and to what ends?65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Passage 8Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it.Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.(61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth."Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos "the study of." By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences.(62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology.Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity.Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.(63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture.Sir Edward Tylor's formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science.(64) Tylor defined culture as "...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life.Implicit within Tylor's definition is the concept thatPassage 9The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.(61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own.Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century.(62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from "exotic" language, were not always so grateful.(63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapir's pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages.(64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought ma society.He reasoned that because the structure of habitual thought in a society.He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.(65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a ter, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate.Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages , Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.Passage10It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history.History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism.46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities.With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene.47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market.48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined bystatistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.49) Creating a “European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice -- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training.This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs.50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall”-- and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.”A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.Passage 11Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true.Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejectedAmericans.But they have done more than that.They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual.It is they, not Americans, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition.What is an intellectual? 46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems.He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals -- the average scientist, for one.48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties -- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports.49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching hastraditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars.“Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in public and illustrious thoughts,”as Emerson would say, “is something else.”Passage 12The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European university.However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.(46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism w is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment.On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom.(47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to thelinks journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law.Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics or more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists.The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be.(49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.(50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.These can only come from a well-groundedunderstanding of the legal system.Passage 13In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with。
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翻译句子评分细则（2分/句）
一、忠实原文
二、思想表达
三、语言表达
好（1.5-2分）：措辞准确，忠实原句内容；衔接自然、连贯；无语法、拼写或标点错误。
较好（1-1.5分）：措辞基本准确，基本忠实原句内容；前后衔接、连贯较好；语法、拼写错误较少；若译文出现错别字，则每三个错别字扣0.5分。
差（0-1分）：不够准确，衔接连贯不自然；较多语法、拼写错误；若译文明显扭曲原文意思，则得分最多不超过0.5分。
翻译段落评分细则（15分/段）
一、忠实原文
好（5-6分）：措辞准确，忠实原文内容；
较好（3-4分）：措辞基本准确，基本忠实原文内容；若译文出现错别字，则累计每三个错别字扣0.5分。
差（0-2分）：措辞欠准确，勉强反应原文内容；若译文明显扭曲原文意思，则得分最多不超过0.5分。
二、思想表达
好（3.5-4.5分）：如实传译原文思想，译文文体与原文一致；
较好（2.5-3.5分）：基本传译原文思想，译文文体与原文基本一致；
差（0-2分）：不能如实传译原文思想，文体把握不够准确，错误太多。
三、语言表达
好（3.5-4.5分）：句法通顺、衔接连贯自然，无明显语法、拼写、标点错误；
较好（2.5-3.5分）：句法较通顺、前后衔接、连贯较好；语法、拼写、标点错误较少；
差（0-2分）：句法不通顺、衔接连贯不自然，较多语法、拼写、标点错误；。