英国文学期末整理 (1)
英国文学期末考试题目(英语专业必备)
一•中古英语时期Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English Ianguage, and the most importantspecimen 范例、典范）of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the En glish Ian guage.The roma nce is a popular literary form in the medieval period （中世纪）.It uses verse or prose to sinkni ghtly adve ntures or other heroic deeds.Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest En glish poets, whose masterpiece, The Can terbury Tales （《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most importa nt in flue nces on the developme nt of En glish literature.Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of En glish realism.二. 文艺复兴RenaissanceRenaissancerefers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a tran siti on过渡）from the medieval to the moder n world.It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture （雕塑）and literature, and the n spread to the rest of Europe.Humanism is the essence of Renaissance----Man is the measure of all things.This was England Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth reigned over the country in this period. The real mai nstream of the En glish Ren aissa nceis the Elizabetha n drama. The most famous dramatists in the Ren aissa nceE ngla nd are Christopher Marlowe an dWilliam Shakespeare.The greatest of the pion eers of En glish drama was Christopher Marlowe.Fran cis Bac on was the best known essayist of this period. Of Studies ” is the most popular of Bacon ' s 58 essays.Thomas More ------- UtopiaEdm und Spen ser ---- The Faerie Quee ne相关练习1. Which is the oldest poem in the En glish Ian guage?A. UtopiaB. Faerie Quee neC. BeowulfD. Hamlet2. ____ i s the father of En glish poetry.A. Edmund SpenserB. William ShakespeareC. Francis BaconD. Geoffrey Chaucer3. ___is not a playwright duri ng the Ren aissa nce period on En gla nd.A. William ShakespeareB. Geoffrey ChaucerC. Christopher MarloweD. Ben Joh nson三. 莎士比亚William Shakespeare“Allthe world 's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”-------- William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English Ianguage. Shakespeareunderstoodpeople more than any other writers. He could create characters that have meaning beyond the time and place of his plays. His four tragedies are Hamlet（《哈姆雷特》）,Othello（《奥赛罗》）,Ki ng Lear（《李尔王》）and Macbeth（《麦克白》）.Shakespeare 'onnets 154 in number, are the only direct expression of the poet ' s own feelingSonnet 18 deserves its fame because it is one of the most beautifully written verses in the English Ianguage诗选Sonnet 18Shall I compare thee to a Summer ' s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate.Rough winds do shake the darli ng buds of May,And Summe r s lease hath all too short a date.（我怎能将你与夏日相比？ /你比它更温和可爱：/动人的花蕾在五月咆哮的风中颤抖，/夏日的美好时光也绝不长久：）Sometime too hot the eye of heave n shin es,And often is his gold complexion dimm ' d;And every fair from fair sometime decli nes.By chanee, or nature ' s changing course, unjtrimm 'd（太阳的金色光芒虽然耀眼，/却常常以灰暗的面貌出现；/再美貌的物什都逃不过凋谢，/命运流转或无意间将其拆解；）But thy eter nal Summer shall not fade,Nor lose possessi on of that fair thou ow ' stNor shall Death brag thou wander ' st in his shade,When in eternal line to time thou grow ' st.So long as men can breath or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.（可你如夏日般不会褪色，/你的美貌也将永存；/死神无法夸耀你曾在它的阴影中游荡，/伴随永恒的诗篇你将留存。
汇总英国文学期末考试必备讲义.doc
Chapter one1.The origin of the English people, their language and literature1)The settlement of the Anglo-Saxons on the island: the mid 5th century2)Seven kingdoms united into one called England: 7th century.The three tribes(Angles,Saxons and Jutes) mixed into a whole people called English.3)Their language: Anglo-Saxon, which is also called old English.4) English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England: a few relics are stillpreserved—poems and songs about the heroic deeds of old time.Beowulf: a folk legend brought to England from their continental homes (Denmark), reflecting the features of the tribal society of ancient times2.Norman Conquest and its impact on the English language1066: the end of Anglo-Saxon period and the establishment of feudalism in England.The general relation of Normans and Saxons was that of master and servant.Two languages were spoken: French and English. By the end of the 14th century English was again the dominant speech—different from the old Anglo-Saxon:Structure: EnglishCommon words: EnglishMore than 10 thousand French words were introduced – English synonyms.3.Literature of feudal England1). The romance: describing the life and adventure of noble heroes ---the English versions were translated from French or Latin.2). English ballads:a). In various English and Scottish dialectsb). Composed collectively\’]c). A variety of themesd). Mainly the literature of the peasants: the outlook of the English common people in thefeudal societye). The Robin Hood ballads4. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340? ----1400): read the introduction in your bookFather of English poetry, one of most greatest poets of England.Romance of rose（玫瑰奇缘）/the house of fame（声誉之宫）/the parliament of fowls(百鸟议会)The Canterbury tales5.Chaucer’s contribution to English literature1). His poetry traces out a path to the literature of English Renaissance, it reflects the changesof the second half of the 14th century2). As a forerunner of humanism, he praised man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life3). Wide learning: a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. Studied philosophical worksof his time; an abundant knowledge of the world. No man could have been better equipped,socially and intellectually to be the founder of English poetry4). His language -----Middle English ----vivid and exact----good master of English ----makingthe dialect of London the foundation of modern English speech----establishing English as the literary language of the country.6.popular balladsBallads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.Ballads are divided into several kinds:i.Historicalii.Legendaryiii.Fantasticaliv.Lyricalv.HumorousCharacter:Chapter TwoRenaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.1. Historical background of the English Renaissance1) The founding of the Tudor Dynasty which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie.2) A kind of religious movement called Reformation was started: Protestantism — The LatinBible was translated into English: a great influence on the English language and lit erature. 3) English economy developed at a slow but steady pace. As a result of the Enclosure Movement,a large number of peasants became the forefathers of the modern English proletariat.4) Commercial expansion abroad and the establishment of colonies2. Chief characteristics of the Renaissance1)The interest in God and in the life after death was transformed into the exaltation of manand an absorption in earthly life.2) Materialistic philosophy and scientific thought replaced the church dogmas.3) A total new culture rose out of the revival of the old culture of ancient Greece and Rome; a new kind of art and literature emerged through the exploration of the infinite capabilities of man.Or:1) A thirsting curiosity for classical literature2) A keen interest in life and human activities3. English literature of the Elizabethan Period (second half of the 16th century)1) Many classical and Italian and French works were translated into English — Don Quixote2) Books on history and about new discoveries were written.3) The sonnet, an exact form of poetry, was introduced to England from Italy.4. Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)born in London of a merchant tailor's family;had a progressive scholar as his headmaster, who hold that "It is not a mind, not a b ody, that wehave to educate, but a man";entered Cambridge in 1569, graduated in 1573 with M.A. degree;started "The Faerie Queen" by 1580, dedicated it to the Queen in 1589;became private secretary of Lord Grey, the Queen's Lord Deputy in Ireland — stayed there for his remaining 19 years, carried out the tyrannical rule of the British government therewrote "The Shepherds' Calendar" in 1597;an Irish uprising broke out in 1599, his house was burnt down, he returned to London, died "for want of bread";his language: modern English — different from Chaucer's Middle English.8. Francis Bacon's life (1561-1626)born in London in 1561, father: Lord Keeper of the Seal; mother: well-educatedsent to Cambridge University at the age of 12;English ambassador in France after graduation;entered Gray's Inn to study law;member of parliament — more on the side of the bourgeoisie — offended Queen Elizabeth James I made him a Knight, gave one important office after another until he became Lord Chancellor;charged with bribery in 1621;The remaining years of his life were spent in literary, philosophical and scientific work.died of cold in 1626;9. Francis Bacon's works: three classes1) Philosophical works:"The Advancement of Learning" 1605, in English"Novum Organum" 1620, in Latin2) Literary works — 58 essays — the first English essayist dealing with a wide variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, studies, youth and age, garden, death and many others — won popularity for their clearness, brevity and force of expression3) Professional works: "Maxims of the Law and Reading on the Statute of Uses"Marx called him "the real father of English materialism and experimental sciences of modern times in general".12. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)family: born in Stratford-on-Avon in central England;father: a prosperous tradesman with 8 children;mother: daughter of a well-to-do farmer;education: the local grammar school 6 years, also learned Latin and a little Greekworked as a country schoolmaster at 14;married a farmer's daughter (8 years his senior);life as an actor and playwright;well acquainted with theatrical performances when still at Stratford;went to London in 1586-87, and worked at odd jobs in a theatre, became an acto r but was not successful;began to write for the stage — revising old plays and wrote new ones — a successful writer of both tragedies and comedies;His complete works include 37 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnetsdied on the 23rd of April, 1616.13. Shakespeare's career as a dramatist: 3 periods1s t period (1590-1600): 9 historical plays, 10 comedies, 1 tragedy — imbued with an optimisticatmosphere of humanism, describing the youth, love, and ideals of happiness of young peopleHenry Ⅵ, Richard Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Henry ⅣRomeo and Juliet, The Merchant of Venice, A Mid-Summer Night's Dream, As You Like It 2nd period (1601-1608): reflecting the social contradictions of the age — a transition from greenyouth to maturity;Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Mecbeth3rd period (1609-1612): a general tone of conciliation and a falling off from his previous height, but optimistic faith in the future of humanityThe Tempest, The Winter's Tale, Henry ⅦShakespeare’s comedies reflected an optimistic spirit of the humanists at that time. They praised sincere friendship and true love, advocated equality between man and man, and repudiated the feudal moral and feudal system.His tragedies have shown us insurmountable contradictions between human ideal and social reality, and raised a series of questions about the state, moral, wealth, family and philosophy.十四行诗(the sonnet)是一种形式完整、格律严谨、以歌咏爱情为主的小诗，十三、四世纪盛行于意大利，其最主要的代表者为Petrarch（比德拉克）（1304-1374），十六世纪中叶由Thomas Wyatt传入英国，至莎士比亚一代而臻完美。
英国文学期末复习资料整理
英国文学期末复习资料一、名词解释{5题/10分}1.apostrophe: a figure of speech in which the speaker addresses a dead or absent person,or an animal, object or abstract idea.2.dramatic monologue: a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historicalcharacter other than the poet speaks to a silent listener, revealing unwittingly things about himself or herself.3.satire: a kind of writing that expresses the vices and follies of individuals, institutions,or societies to ridicule and scorn.4.ode: a rhymed lyrical poem which expresses noble feelings often addressed to a person,an object or celebrating an event.5.terza rima: a poetic form consisting of a series of units of three lines rhyming aba,bcb, cdc, ded, etc.6.Byronic hero: a rebel or outlaw who is strong-willed, disillusioned, friendless, alwaysat war with the conventional world.7.parody: the imitative use of words, style, attitude, tone and ideas of an author in such away as to make them ridiculous.8.epistolary novel: a novel written in the form of a series of letters exchanged amongthe characters of the story, with extracts from their journals sometimes included.二、文学史常识：作家作品，相关流派{10题/10分}1．William Wordsworth (华兹华斯1770-1850)【1】作品特点{P6}：Close to nature——he had a profound love for nature. He thought that nature had a moral value and has its philosophical significance.【2】相关作品{P6}：●The Recluse:long poem which illustrated his thinking of life, but it remainsunfinished.●The Prelude (1850): long poem which tells the growth of his mind.●Lyrical Ballads (1798): an important piece of literature criticism in English literature.It can be read as a declaration of romanticism.【3】代表作品{P17}：I Wandered Lonely As a CloudI wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd,A host, of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way,They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay:Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. The waves beside them danced; but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:A poet could not but be gay,In such a jocund company:I gazed--and gazed--but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought: For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.2．George Gordon Byron (拜伦1788-1824)【1】作品特点：He is interested in democracy【2】关于作者{P41-42}：●Born of a noble blood both on paternal and maternal lines.●He was good friends with Shelly●In the style of Pope, he satirically attacked Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey,and the Edinburgh critics.●After he attained his M.A. degree, he stayed for some time on his estate and led adissipated(奢靡的) life●From 1809 to 1811, he made a grand tour of the Continent.【3】相关作品：（1）English Bards and Scotch Reviewers: his first important poem（2）Hours of Idleness：a collection of lyrical verse（3）Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage: first two cantos(篇章)（4）Oriental Tales: a series of romantic narrative verses（5）Prometheus, Sonnet on Chillon, and the Prisoner of Chillon.（6）Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage: his third and fourth cantos.【4】代表作品{P59}：She Walks in BeautyShe walks in beauty, like the nightOf cloudlee climes and starry skies: And all that’s best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes: Thus mellowed to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies. One shade the more, one ray the less, Had half impaired the nameless grace Which waves in every raven tress,Or softly lightens o’er her face;Where thoughts serenely sweet express How pure, how dear their dwelling place. And on that cheek, and o’er that brow,So soft, so charm, yet eloquent,The smiles that win, the tints that glow,But tell of days in goodness spent,A mind at peace with all below,A heart whose love is innocent!3．Percy Bysshe Shelley (雪莱1792--1822)【1】关于作者{P61-62}：●He eloped with a young girl, Harriet, at last she was committed suicide.●She met Godwin and fell in love with his daughter Mary Godwin. Her mother wasMary Wollstonecraft(1759-1797), a champion for women’s rights and the authoress of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman(1792)●He was drowned in a tempest while sailing in a boat along the coast of Italy. 【3】相关作品：(1)Alastor (1816), The Revolt of Islam(1818), The Mask of Anarchy(1819): allegorical（讽喻的）poems(2)Prometheus Unbound(1820), Hellas（1822），and The Cenci(1819): lyrical dramas.(3)Adonis(1821): a poem he wrote on the death of Keats(4)Ode to the West Wind (1819): the most well-known one.(5)The Defence of Poetry (1821): published in 1840 after the poet’s death.【4】代表作品{P67-70}：Ode to the West Wind1、O Wild West Wind, thou breathe of Autumn’s beingThou, from whose unseen presence the leaves deadAre driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red,Pestilence-stricken multitudes:O thouWho chariltest to their dark wintry bedThe winged seeds, where they lie cold and low,Each like a corpse within its grave, untilThine azure sister of the Spring shall blowHer clarion o'er the dreaming earth, and fill(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)With living hues and odors plain and hill:Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;Destroyer and presserver; hear, oh, hear!4 、If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear;If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee:A wave to pant beneath thy power , and shareThe impulse of thy strength, only less freeThan thou, O uncontrollable! If evenI were as im my boyhood, and could beThe comrade of thy wanderigs over Heaven,As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speedScarce seem'd a vision; I would ne'er have strivenAs thus with thee in prayer in my sore need.Oh, lift me as a wave , a leaf, a cloud!I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowedOne too lke thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.5 、Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:What if my leavers are falling like its own!The tmult of thy mighty harmoniesWill take from both a deep, autumnal tone,Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce,My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!Drive my dead thoughts over the universeLike witheered leaves to quicken a new birth!And , by the incantation of this verse,Scatter, is from an unextinguished hearthAshes and sparks, my words among mankind!Be through my lips to unawakened earthThe trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,If Winter comes , can Spring be far behind?4. John Keats (约翰·济慈1795-1821)【1】关于作者{P74}：●Unlike Byron and Shelley, Keats was born in London, of lowly origin.●His parents died early. He was forced to serve his apprenticeship and he worked asthe surgeon’s helper for more than two years.●He died when he was only 25 years old.●Most of his best poems were written in the short three years from 1817 to the time ofhis death.●【2】相关作品：(1)Endymion (1818): his long allegorical poem, about love between a Greek shepherdand the moon goddess(2)In 1817 he abandoned his profession and published his first collection of poems. 【3】作品特点：(1)H is poetry is concerned with joy in the beauty of this world. He had ataste of beauty of nature and works of art.(2)H is poetry is always senshous, colorful and rich in imaginary whichexpress the acuteness of his sense.【4】代表作品{P76}：Ode to a NightingaleI.MY heart aches, and a drowsy numbness painsMy sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,Or emptied some dull opiate to the drainsOne minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk:'Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,But being too happy in thine happiness,—That thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees,In some melodious plotOf beechen green, and shadows numberless,Singest of summer in full-throated ease.II.O, for a draught of vintage! that hath beenCool'd a long age in the deep-delved earth,Tasting of Flora and the country green,Dance, and Provencal song, and sunburnt mirth!O for a beaker full of the warm South,Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene,With beaded bubbles winking at the brim,And purple-stained mouth;That I might drink, and leave the world unseen,And with thee fade away into the forest dim:III.Fade far away, dissolve, and quite forgetWhat thou among the leaves hast never known,The weariness, the fever, and the fretHere, where men sit and hear each other groan;Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs,Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies;Where but to think is to be full of sorrowAnd leaden-eyed despairs,Where Beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,Or new Love pine at them beyond to-morrow.5. Charles Dickens (狄更斯1812-1870)【1】关于作者{P135-136}：●He was once put into prison with his father. Although he was there only for half ayear, this experience of his childhood left such a deep impression on his mind that it became a recurring subject in his novels.●He later became a parliamentary reporter.●In 1858 he began to give public readings which continued until his death.【2】相关作品：(1) 1836：Sketches by Boz;(2) 1836-1837: The Papers of the Pickwick Club: rapidly brought him fame and wealth.(3) 1837-1838: The Orphan in Oliver Twist(雾都孤儿)(4) 1838-1839: Nicholas Nickleby(5) 1840-1841: The Old Curiosity Shop(6) 1843-1844: Martin Chuzzlewit(7) 1843-1845: Christmas stories which included A Christmas Carol, The Chimes and The Cricket on the Hearth: he showed his profound sympathy for the poor and described how the rich were converted after undergoing severe tests. These stories are permeated with the spirit of brotherhood and are regarded as representatives of the spirit of Christmas.(8) After 1844: he began to write novels of bitter social criticism, such as Dombey and Son (1848), Bleak House (1853), Hard Times (1854), Little Dorrit (1857), Our Mutual Friend (1865)(9) 代表作：David Copperfield【3】作品特点：（1）He has a tendency to depict the grotesque (very odd or unusually, fantastically ugly or absurd) characters or events. Most of his characters have a peculiar habit, manner, behavior, dress and catch phrase of his or her own.（2）He loves to instill life into inanimate things and to compare animate beings to inanimate things.（3）He is noted for his description of pathetic scenes that aim to arouse people’s sympathy. Pathos(激起怜悯) is a distinctive quality in his writings.6. William Makepeace Thackeray (萨克雷1811-1863)【1】关于作者{P157-158}：He and Dickens were contemporaries(同时代的). They were both novelists andhumorists and they criticized the Victorian society satirically.●He was born in a well-to-do family.●名家名言【2】代表作品：Vanity Fair（名利场）the Pilgrim’s Progress(天路历程)【3】作品特点：和Dickens相比(1) The world they described was different. Thackeray mainly described the lives of aristocrats and rich businessmen, that is people of the upper classes and middle classes, whereas Dickens mainly described the underdogs and he unprivileged (例：The Orphan in Oliver Twist)(2) Dickens was a sentimentalist. He liked to avail himself of every opportunity to arouse the emotions of his readers. As for Thackeray, he also showed anger and indignation at hypocrisy, vanity, snobbery etc. but he always heid himself under control. He was seldom sentimental, being usually quiet and effective.(3)Dickens was a romantist in many aspects by letting loose his imagination. Thackeray was against affectation, Byronic attitudes.7. Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)【1】关于作者{P191}：●He was born in a clergyman’s family.●He became an inspector of schools after he left Oxford; he was professor of poetry atOxford from 1857 to 1867.●He was both a poet and a literary critic. In his poetry he reflects on the doubt of hisage, and the conflict between science and religion.【2】相关作品：(1)1865 and 1888: Essays in Criticism(2)1889: Culture and Anarchy(无政府状态)(3)特点：He attacked the barbarians(野蛮人)8. Daniel Defoe (丹尼尔·笛福1661-1731)【1】关于作者{上册，P238}：●He is known as a pioneer novelist of England, and also a prolific writer of books andpamphlets (小册子)on a great variety of subjects.●代表作：Robinson Crusoe（鲁滨逊漂流记1719）Moll Flanders（摩尔·弗兰德斯1722）9. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)【1】关于作者{上册，P289}：●He was the greatest English man of letters between Pope and Wordsworth.●He founded a club and many men of letters gatherd around him.●代表作：(1) A Dictionary of the English Language(2) The Rambler: An imitation of Addison’s The Spectator(3)Letter to the Right Honorable The Earl of Chester field (致**爵爷书, 上P 291) 【2】名家名言●The most famous one: Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel(流氓).●Curiosity is one of the permanent and certain characteristics of a vigorous mind.● A man should keep his friendships in constant repair. If a man does not make newacquaintances as he advances through life, he will soon find himself alone.●Praise, like gold and diamond.●What is written without effort is in general read without pleasure.●The true measure of a man is how he treats someone who can do him absolutely nogood.【3】代表作再现Letter to the Right Honorable The Earl of Chester fieldMy Lord,I have been lately informed, by the proprietor of The World, that two papers, in which my Dictionary is recommended to the public, were written by your lordship. To be so distinguished is an honour which, being very little accustomed to favours from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge.When, upon some slight encouragement, I first visited your lordship, I was overpowered, like the rest of mankind, by the enchantment of your address, and could not forbear to wish that I might boast myself Le vainqueur du vainqueur de la terre;—that I might obtain that regard for which I saw the world contending; but I found my attendance so little encouraged, that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it. When I had once addressed your Lordship in public, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess. I had done all that I could; and no man is well pleased to have his all neglected, be it ever so little.Seven years, my lord, have now passed, since I waited in your outward rooms, or was repulsed from your door; during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of publication, without one act of assistance , one word of encouragement, or one smile of favour. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a patron before.The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found him a native of the rocks.Is not a patrons my lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help? The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours, had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it: till I am solitary, and cannot impart it; till I am known, and do not want it. I hope it is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received, or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as owing that to a patron, which providence has enabled me to do for myself.Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favourer of learning, I shall not be disappointed though I should conclude it, if less be possible, with less; for I have been long wakened from that dream of hope, in which I once boasted myself with so much exultation, My Lord,10. 补充几个作家【1】Lord Alfred Tennyson:（1）Break，Break，Break （2）Ulysses(3) Poems by Two brothers (4) The Lady of Shalott(5) Morted’s Arthur【2】Robert Browning：He is famous for dramatic Monologues（1）My Last Duchess （2）Meeting at Night【3】Emily Bronte：Wuthering Heights（呼啸山庄）【4】William Blake: (1)London (2)Tyger【5】Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe（鲁滨逊漂流记）三、简答题：二选一，（要有自己观点）20分【I】浪漫主义特点{下册，P4-5}1. Subjectivism（主观想象主义）:●Instead of regarding poetry as “a mirror to nature”, the source of which is in theouter world, romantic poets describe poetry as “the spontaneous(自发的) overflow of powerful feelings” which expresses the poet’s mind”.●The interest of the romantic poets is not in the objective world or in the action ofmen, but in the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of the poets themselves.●In short, romanticism is related to subjectivism, while neo-classicism is related toobjectivism.●The poetry of the Romantic Age in England is famous for its high degree ofimagination.2. Spontaneity (自发性)●Wordsworth defines poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”. Itreflects spontaneity is opposed to the “rules” and “regulations” imposed on the poetsby neoclassic writers.●Romanticism is an assertion(主张) of independence，a departure from theneo-classic rules.● A work of art must be original3. Singularity(奇特性)●Romantic poets have a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the strange, thesupernatural, the mysterious, the splendid, the picturesque, and the illogical.4. Worship of nature (钟爱自然)●The romantic poets are worshipers of nature,especially the sublime（超群的）aspect of a natural scene.●Romantic poets read in nature some mysterious force.●Some even regard nature as the revelation of God.5. Simplicity (简单朴实)●Romantic poets take to using everyday language spoken by the rustic(质朴的) peopleas opposed to the poetic diction used by neo-classic writers.●Under the influence of the American and French revolutions, t here was a growthof democratic feelings, and an increasing belief that every human being is worth being praised.●Many poets had a vision of the brotherhood of mankind, universal sharin g, and theultimate freedom of human spirits.【II】维多利亚小说特点{下册，P132}（要有自己观点）20分四、名家名言{5段/10分}除去前边所有作者涉及到的之外，另附William Blake两篇No.1: London ——William BlakeI wandered through each chartered street, Near where the chartered Thames does flow, A mark in every face I meet,Marks of weakness, marks of woe.In every cry of every man,In every infant's cry of fear,In every voice, in every ban,The mind-forged manacles I hear: How the chimney-sweeper's cryEvery blackening church appals,And the hapless soldier's sighRuns in blood down palace-walls.But most, through midnight streets I hear How the youthful harlot's curseBlasts the new-born infant's tear, And blights with plagues the marriage-hearse.No.2 :Tyger –William BlakeTyger Tyger, burning bright,In the forests of the night;What immortal hand or eye,Could frame thy fearful symmetry?In what distant deeps or skies.Burnt the fire of thine eyes?On what wings dare he aspire?What the hand, dare seize the fire? And what shoulder, & what art, Could twist the sinews of thy heart? And when thy heart began to beat, What dread hand? & what dread feet? What the hammer? what the chain,In what furnace was thy brain?What the anvil? what dread grasp, Dare its deadly terrors clasp!When the stars threw down their spears And water'd heaven with their tears: Did he smile his work to see?Did he who made the Lamb make thee? Tyger Tyger burning bright,In the forests of the night:What immortal hand or eye,Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?五、综合评论题+诗歌分析题50分提示：凭以往积累的知识和能力，自由发挥吧！外院07级英教四班张旭整理2010-7-3一整天。
英国文学期末考试题目(英语专业必备)
一．中古英语时期♦Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language，and the most important specimen (范例、典范）of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language.♦The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪)。
It uses verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.♦Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece，The Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》)，was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature。
♦Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism。
二．文艺复兴Renaissance♦Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries。
It marks a transition（过渡) from the medieval to the modern world。
♦It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature，and then spread to the rest of Europe.♦Humanism is the essence of Renaissance——-——Man is the measure of all things。
英国文学期末考试重点
一、english renaissance 文艺复兴1、william shakespeare 威廉。
莎士比亚Sonnets 骚体十四行诗五步抑扬格四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《麦克白》（Macbeth）、《李尔王》（King Lear）。
四大喜剧：《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of venice）、《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night's Dream）、《皆大欢喜》（As You Like It）、《第十二夜》（Twelfth Night）。
To be or not to be.That is a question. 生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题。
（哈姆雷特）Hamlet is the greatest tragedy of his hamlet,the melancholic scholar-prince,faces the dilemma between action and mind.二、17世纪早期2、John Dunn约翰·多恩“玄学派诗人” Metaphysical poets“Song”、“devotions upon emergent occasions”紧急时刻祈祷文、“poems”诗歌“The flea”跳蚤（男主人公试图劝诱情人放弃无用的贞操观，与他及时行乐）3、jone milton 约翰。
弥尔顿英国文学巨匠“On the morning of christ’s nativity”圣诞清晨歌、“areopagitica”论出版自由“When I consider how my light is spent”(十四行诗)“Paradise lost”失乐园无韵体五步抑扬格（the story of Satan’s rebellion against God, and of the disobedience and fall of Adam and Eve. It is the only generally acknowledged epic in english literature since Beowulf.）三、复辟和十八世纪4、daniel defoe 丹尼尔。
英国文学(期末总结)
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
the Anglo-Saxon period The Anglo-Norman period Renaissance period The 17th Century period The 18th Century period Romantic period Romanticism Literature Victorian Age Critical Realism Literature
Chapter 5. The 18th Century period
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
The Enlightenment(reason) The rise of English novels (realistic novel) Neo-classicism Satiric literature Sentimentalism Pre-romanticism back
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Romance
(1) Three Literary Periods (2) Arthur and his knights of the Round Table (3) Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (plot; theme)
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Renaissance period
Chapter 6.Romantic Age Literature
(1) (2) (3)
Romantic poets of the first generation Romantic poets of the second generation Novelists of the Romantic Age
英国文学复习资料[1]
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英国文学复习资料[1]一选择题1. _____ was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.a. Thomas Wyattb. William Shakespearec. Phillip Sidneyd. Thomas Campion2. The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development ofEnglish Drama. It was _______ who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.a. Christopher Marloweb. Thomas Logec. Edmund Spenserd. Thomas More3. Great popularity was won by John Lyly?s prose romance_______wh ich gave rise to the term “euphuism”, designating an effected style of court speech.a. Arcadiab. V enus and Adonis.c. Eupheusd. Lucrece4. At the beginning the 16th century the outstanding humanist_____wrote his Utopia in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people?s suffering and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.a. Christopher Marloweb. Thomas Morec. Phillip Sidneyd. Edmund Spencer5. English absolute monarchy was once again adopted in the reignof ________after the Queen Elizabeth.a. Edward VIb. James Ic. Charles Id. Queen Ann6.Beowulf is the most important and the first epic in the Old Englishever written. It was written in _______.a. sonnetsb. balladsc. alliterationd. heroic couplet7.Paradise Lost is a (n)________.a. lyrical poemb. hymnc. epicd. narrative poem8.Pamela is a___________.a. historical novelb. romanceb. novel of naturalism d. novel of epistles andpsychology9.Gulliver’s Travels is a ________.a. sentimental novelb. novel of satire andallegoryc. Gothic noveld. novel of stream ofconsciousness10.I Wandered lonely as a Cloud is a ________.a. lyrical poemb. lyrical prosec. romance in prosed. sonnet11.T he School of Scandal is a ______.a. tragedyb. comedy of mannersc. noveld. romance12.The Merry Wives of Windsor is a ______.a. comedyb. tragedyc. historical playd. morality play13. A Red, Red Rose is a______.a. lyricb. satirical poemc. epic d ode14.Clarrisa is a (n) ____________.a. historical novelb. epistolary novelc. metrical romanced. satirical novel15. The title of “Poet?s poet” is given to the writer of thefollowing work__ _____.a. Death Be Not Proudb. Venus and Adonisc. Romeo and Julietd. The Faerie Queen16. The Merchant of Venice belongs to Shakespearian plays of_______.a. comedyb. sequence of sonnetsc. tragedyd. historical play17. Chaucer was the first important poet of a royal court to writein______ after the Norman conquest.a. Frenchb. Latinc. Englishd. Celt18. “He was not of an age, but for all the time”. “He” here refers to_____.a. Shakespeareb. Chaucerc. John Miltond. Ben Jonson19. The father of the school of Metaphysical poets is _______.a. Thomas Moreb. Spenserc. John Donned. Wyatt20. The most important prose writer of Elizabethan Age was _______,who was also the founder of the English materialistic philosophy.a. Thomas Moreb. Spenserc. John Donned. Francis Bacon21. During the medieval time, there were several types of drama, amongwhich the ______ denotes only dramas based on Saint?s lives.a. miracle playb. morality playc. mystery playd.interlude22. Morality plays were dramatized _______of the life of man, histemptation and sinning, his quest for salvation and his confrontation with death.a. elegyb. dreamc. ambitiond. allegories23. The hero in morality plays usually represents Mankind or _______.a. Devilb. Godc. valiantd. everyone24. The rhyme schem e of Spenser?s Amorretti is created by Spenserhimself, and it is now called ____, rhyme pattern of which is ______.a. English sonnet/ abab cdcd, efef ggb. Italian sonnet/ abba abba cde cdec. Miltonic sonnet/ abab bcbc cde cded. Spenserian sonnet/ abab bcbc cdcd ee25. In the Faerie Queene, Spenser signifies glory in abstract, and theQueen Elizabeth______ in particular.a. Gloryb. famec. honestyd. virtue26. Spenser not only wrote in Spenserian sonnet, he also inventedSpensrian stanza, a nine-line stanza used by him in Faerie Queene, the rhyme scheme of which is ________.a. abab ababab. abab bcbccc. abcb cdcdcd. aabb ccddd27. Spenser is usually considered “poets? poet”, because of his superbtechnical skill, perfect melodies, rare senses of beauty. However, in his poetry there still remain two defects: _______.a. power and unityb. power and steadinessc. steadiness and unityd. unity and melody28. The Tragic History of Dr. Faustus is based on a _____.a. German legendb. Greek legendc. Roman Legendd. Celtic Legend29. The hero of Dr. Fustus is a young ______.a. scholarb. doctorc. philosopherd. magician30. The significance of Marlowe?s plays lies in the playwright?spresenting of, in various ways, the spirit of ________.a. feudal lordsb. the rising bourgeoisiec. the intellectualsd. common people31. Who was the greatest dramatist in the 18th century?a. Goldsmithb. Sheridanc. Sterned. Fielding32. Which play is regarded as the best English comedy since Shakespeare?a. She Stoops to Conquerb. The Rivalsc.The School for Scandald. The ConsciousLovers33. Chaucer was the first important poet of royal court to write in______ after the Norman Conquest.a. Frenchb. Latinc. Englishd. Greek34. Shylock is a character in the play _______.a. T amburlain written by Marloweb. Othello written by Shakespearec. The Jew of Malta written by Marlowed.The Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare35. “To err, is human, to forgive, divine” and “ A little learning is adangerous thing.” are taken from the poems written by ______.a. John Miltonb. Francis Baconc. William Shakespeared. Alexander Pope36. The Deserted Village is a ___________.a. sentimental poemb. romantic poemc. neo-classical poemd. allegorical poem37. In English Poetry the phrase …the deep? is often referred to _______.a. the hellb. the heartc. the sead. the grave38. At the turn of the 18th and 19th century, ______ appeared as a newliterary trend in England.a. Renaissanceb. Reformationc. Romanticismd. Sentimentalism39. Of Truth was written by a British essayist_______.a. William Shakespeareb. George Bernad Shawc. Francis Bacond. John Donne40. “Gold? Y ellow, glittering, precious gold! Thus much of this willmake black white, fool fair, wrong right, base noble, old young, coward valiant…”These lines are taken from ________ by Shakespeare.a. Volponeb. As you like itc. The School for Scandald. Timon of Athens41. “ Conceit” is a term applied in particular to the school representedby_______.a. Herrickb. Ben Jonsonc. Poped. John Donne42. The general spirit of Shakespeare?s first period comediesis _______.a. youthfulness with melancholyb. pessimism with youthfulnessc. optimism with youthfulnessd. optimism with melancholy43. _____ is one of Shakespeare?s famous four tragedies.a. Romeo and Julietb. Julius Caesarc. Anthony and Claopatrad. Othello44. The Merchant of Venice belongs to Shakespeare?s play s of ______inwhich Shakespeare highly praises the wits and wisdom of the heroin______ .a. Sophiab. Portiac. Ophiliad. Olivia45. One of the following plays takes its subject matter from Chinesehistory.a. Henry VIb. Everyone in His Humorc. The Riva lsd. Tamburlain46. Piers the Plowman is a realistic picture of _____ England, whichindignantly satirized the ____ prevailing among the ruling classes, ecclesiastical and secular world.a. Renaissance/ corruptionb. medieval /realityc. medieval /corruptiond. Renaissance/ reality47. One of the following writers is not known as a sonnet poet is_______.a. Wyattb. Shakespearec. Greened. Spencer48. Mephistophilis is a _______.a. soldierb. devil?s servantc. king?s clownd. noble man49. Thomas More was killed because of ______.a. his disagreement with the princeb. his treason of Englandc. his plot against King Henry VIIId. his disagreement with the king?s divorce and the religiousbelief50. More is known as a writer, statesman and _______.a. humanistb. merchantc. socialistd. soldier51. All the following writers created the sonnet sequence except______.a. Shakespeareb. Thomas Morec. Spenser c. Sidney52. Apology for Poetry is a_______.a. sonnetb. literary criticismc. noveld. play53. Of the following, the one that employs the form of romance is_______.a. Euphuesb. Amorettic. Of Studiesd. V enus and Adonis54. The “Mighty line” in Marlowe?s play means________.a. blank verseb. sonnetc. coupletd. free verse55. The one who first made blank verse the principal instrument ofEnglish drama is ______.a. Surryb. Marlowec. Shakespeared. Ben Jonson56. The recurrent theme of Marlowe?s plays is the praise of ______.a. capitalismb. churchc. feudalismd. individualism57. All the heroes of Marlowe?s plays end with ______.a. happinessb. triumphc. tragedyd. insult58. The literary genre which best represents the literary achievement inRenaissance is _____.a. novelb. dramac. poetryd. romance59. Thomas More?s masterpiece Utopia was written in _______.a. Frenchb. Englishc. Latind. Greek60. Astrophel and Stalla was written by the author who also wrote _____.a. Amorettib. As Y ou like Itc. Apology for Poetryd. Dr. Faustus61. The poet who wrote the first sonnet sequence in English literature also wrote _____.a. The Shepherds’ calendarb. Apology for Poetryc. Hamletd. Alchemist62. The soldier, the poet, the critic, the courtier, all the titles can be applied to one of the following writers.a. Spenserb. Marlowec. Sidneyd. Ben Jonson63. Spenser is famous for his _______.a. musical rhythmb. colorful imagesc. symbolsd. all of the above64. Test of courage, faith and loyalty is the theme of a _____.a. romanceb. novelc. playd. ballad65. La Mort e’d Arthur describes the war, the tournament, illicit love and the quest for ______.a. Christb. Holly Grailc. Bibled. King Arthur66. All the following figures appear in the work La Morte’d Arthu r, except_______.a. King Arthurb. Gueneverec. Lancelotd. Tamburlain67. La Moret’d Arthur marked the ____ of the romance in England.A. falling b. risingc. summitd. ending68. The English Romantic Movement began in the 1798 when “Lyrical Ballads” was published, and ended in1832 when ______.a. Jane Austain diedb. Scott diedc. Wordsworth diedd. Shelley69. Quotation and the author are correctly paired in all the followings except______.a.a. “I might boast myself La V ainqueur”----- Johnsonb.b. “A little learning is a dangerous thing.” ------ Popec. c. A Truthful artist’s duty was to produce humann ature”------ Wordsworthd.d. Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” ---------Shakespeare.70. Virtue Rewarded in the novel by Richardson means___________.a.a. Shopia was married to Mr. B finally.b.b. Pamela was kicked out of Mr. B’s place.c. c. Shopia was married to Tom Jones at last.d.d. Pamela was married to T om Jones.71. The Spectator was started in the ______century.a. early 18thb. late 19thc. the late 18thd. early 19th72. The figure of speech used in the article A modest Proposal is called _____.b. paradoxc. ironyd. pun73. The Rape of the Lock gives an account of ______.a. bull fightingb. a knight duelc. a writer’s lifed. an anecdote of the court74. At the end of the History of T om Jones, a Foundling,________.a. Blifil was hangedb. T om was put in jail againc. Shopia divorced with T omd. None of the above75. Richardson was noted as a storyteller, letter-writer and a ______ as well.a. criticb. moralizerc. poetd. playwright76. The couplet, originally French, was made full use by ______.a. Popeb. Donnec. Chaucerd. Johnson77. All of the followings were from Ireland except________.a. Sheridanb. Goldsmithc. Swift78. The pair not correct associated is _______.a. Blake----engraverb. Goldsmith______poet and novelistc. Fielding ____playwrightd. Richardson _____poet79.The Sentimental School includes all of the following writers except_______.a. Thomas Cowperb. Thomas Grayc. Richardsond. Swift80. Milton was nicknamed “the lady of the Christ” because he was ______.a. a ladyb. as serious as a ladyc. as hansom as a ladyd. as gentle as a lady答案；1-5 a a c b b 6-10 c c d b a11-15 b a a b d 16-20 a c a c d21-25 c d d d d 26-30 b a a a b31-35 b c c d d 36-40. a c d b d41-45. d c d b d 46-50. b c b d a.51-55. b b a a b56-60. d c b c c61-65. b c d a b66-70. d c b c b71-75. a c d d b76-80. a d d d c二，名词解释1. EnlightenmentEnlightenment is a progressive intellectual movement, which swept over England and other lands in Western Europe in the 18th century. Enlightenment freed and reformed the thinking of man. Enlighteners strove to clear away the feudal remnants and replace them by bourgeois ideologue.2.Blank verseUnrhymed iambic pentameter. See also Meter. In the 1540s Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, seems to have originated it in English as the equivalent of Virgil's unrhymed dactylic hexameter. In Gorboduc (1561), Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton introduced blank verse into the drama, whence it soared with Marlowe and Shakespeare in the 1590s. Milton forged it anew for the epic in Paradise Lost (1667).3. Fable(1) A short, allegorical story in verse or prose, frequently of animals, told to illustrate a moral. (2) The story line or plot of a narrative or drama. (3) Loosely, any legendary or fabulous account.4. RomanceAny imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters. Originally, the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including unlikely or supernatural happenings. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the best of the medieval romances./doc/205598258.htmledy of mannersIts concern is to bring the moral and social behavior of its characters to the test of comic laughter. The male hero lives not for military glory but for pleasure and the conquests that he can achieve in his amorous campaigns. The object of his very practical game of sexual intrigue is a beautiful, witty, pleasure loving, and emancipated lady, every bit his equal in the strategies of love. The two are distinguished not for virtue but for the true wit and well-bred grace with which they conduct the often complicated intrigue that makes up the plot.6. HumorA humor is a theory used by Ben Jonson in his play writing.A humor, according to the physiology and the psychology of the time, was one of the liquid constituents of the body, each of which had its peculiar emotional propensity. Every character in Jonson’s comedies personifies a definite humor, so his characters are like caricatures.7. NovelThe extended prose fiction that arose in the 18th century to become a major literary expression of the modern world. The term comes from the Italian novella, the short "new" tale of intrigue and moral comeuppance most eminently disseminated by Boccaccio's Decameron (1348-1353). The terms novel and romance, from the French roman, competed interchangeably for most of the 18th century.三．阅读题Passage 1To die, to sleepNo more and by a sleep to say we endThe heartache, and the thousand natural shocksThat flesh is heir to, ?tis a consummationDevotedly to be wished. To die, to sleepTo sleep-perchance to dream: ay there?s the rub,For in that sleep of death what dream may come?When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must give us a pause. There?s the respectThat makes calamity of so long life.For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,The oppressor?s wrong, the proud man?s contumelyThe pangs of despised love, the law?s delay,The insolence of office, and the spurns,The patient merit of th? unworthy takesQUESTION:1. These lines are taken from a famous play named________.2. The author of the play is____________.3. In the play these lines are uttered by ____________.4. About the utterance what does the speech show? Passage 2What though the field be lost?All is not lost: the unconquerable will,And study of revenge, immortal hate,And courage never to submit or yield:And what is else not to be overcome?That glory never shall his wrath or mightExtort from me. To bow and sue for graceWith suppliant knee, and deify his powerWho, from the terror of this arm, so lateDoubted his empire-that were low indeed;That were an ignominy and shame beneathThis downfall; since, by fate, the strength of godsAnd this empyreal substance, cannot fail;Questions:1. These lines are written in __________.2. In the second line …the unconquerable will? refers to the will of _____.a. Zeusb. Satanc. Godd. Adam3. These lines are taken from a very famous ________ entitled ________.4. Who is the author of this poem?5. What?s the central theme of these lines?6. What do you think of the writing features of the passage?Passage 3My friend Roger, being a good churchman, has beautified the inside of his church with several texts of his own choosing; he has likewise given a handsome pulpit cloth, and railed in the communion table at his own expense. He has often told me that, at his coming to his estate, he found his parishioners very irregular; and that in order to make them kneel and join in the responses, he gave every one of them a hassock and a Common Prayer book, and at the same time employed an itinerant singing masters, who goes about the country for that purpose, to instruct them rightly in the tunes of the Psalms, and indeed outdo most of the country churches that have ever heard.Questions:1. This passage is taken from a periodical named______.2. The Title of the passage is ___________________.3. The …I” in the passage is supposed to be _____________a. Mr. Spectatorb. Addisonc. Steel4. What kind of person is Sir Roger?5. What is the writing features of the passage?Passage 4:I lay down on the grass, which was very short and soft, where I slept sounder than ever I remember to have done in my life, and as I reckoned, above nine hours; for when I awaked, it was just daylight. I attempted to rise, but was not able to stir: for as I happened to lie on my back, I found my arms and legs were strongly fastened on each side to the ground; and my hair, which was long and thick, tied down in the same manner. .I likewise felt several slender figures across my body, from my armpits to my thighs. I could only look upwards; the sun began to grow hot, and the light offended my eyes. I heard a confused noise about me, but in the posture I lay, could see nothing except the sky. In a little time, I felt something alive moving on my left leg, which advancing gently forward over my breast, came almost up to my chin; when bending my eyes downwards as much as I could, I perceived it to be a human creature not six inches high, with a bow and arrow in his hands, and a quiver at his back.Questions:1. this passage is taken from a well-known book written by______.2. The …I? in the passage was dropped in a str ange country, the name of which is _______.3. The title of the book is__________.4. The …I? in the passage is ______________.5. what is the writing features of the passage?Passage 5I profess, in the sincerity of my heart, that I have not the least personal interest in endeavoring to promote this necessary work, having no other motive than the public good of my country, by advancing our trade, propose to get a single penny; the youngest being nine years old, and mywife past childbearing.Questions:1. This passage is taken from a well-known essayentitled___________________________.2. The author of the article is ______________________.3. What is the most striking features of the article?Passage 6A little black thing among the snowCrying “weep, weep, weep,” in notes of woe!“Where are your father and mother? Say?”“They are both gone up to the church to pray.”“Because I was happy upon the hearth,And smil?d among the winter?s snow;They think they have done me no injury,And are gone to praise God and His Priest and King,Who make up a heaven of our misery.”Questions:1. What is the little black thing refers to_________?2.What?s the title of the poem? _________3.Who make up a heaven of our misery.” _________4. What do you know from the line “ …and are gone to praise God and his Priest and King?”5. Comment on the little speaker?s narrative.Passage 7Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight,And all the air a solemn stillness holds,Save where the beetle wheels droning flight,And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds.Save that from under ivy-mantled towerThe moping owl does to the moon complainOf such, as wandering near her secret bower,Molest her ancient solitary reign.Questions:1. Those two stanzas are taken from-__________by _______.2.The poem is written in the metrical meter of ______ pentameter.3. The sequence time of the poem is from __________ to___________, together with the country scene especially the cemetery inthe churchyard to foil the sadness and melancholy.4. This poem can be regarded as the typical poem of __________, or maybe you can call it a poem of ________.why do you feel about this?Passage 8How the chimney-sweeper?s cryEvery black?ning chu rch appalls;And the hapless soldier?s sighRuns down palace walls.But most thro? mid-night streets I hearHow the youthful harlots curseBlasts the new-born infant?s tear,And blights with plagues the marriage hearse.Questions:1.What is title of the poem?2. Where is this poem taken from_________.3. Who is the writer of this poem.4. The theme of this poem is _____________________________. ANSWER TO passage 11.“Hamlet”2. Shakespeare3. Hamlet4.“To be or not to be” means to live or end one?s life by self-destruction. Hamlet has already spoken of suicide as a means of escape, and he dwells on it in a later part of this very speech, giving however a different reason for refraining. The notion that in the words “or not to be ”he is speculating on the possibility of “something after death”---whether there is a future life –cannot be entertained for a moment. The whole drift of the speech shows his belief in a future life. Practically the whole speech has become proverbial as an outpouring of utter worldly weariness. ANSWER TO passage 2:1. A2. B3.“Paradise Lost”4.John Milton5.In this passage, God is depicted as a despot “Who now triumph, and in the excess of joy/sole reigning holds the T yranny of Heaven;” whil e in contrast Satan is presented as the real hero, a rebel with “the unconquerable will, And courage never to submit or yield.” The epic turns out to be an eloquent expression of the revolutionary spirit of the English bourgeois revolution, a call to resist tyranny and to continue the fight for freedom. Herein lies the great significance of the passage and the work as well./doc/205598258.htmlton is difficult to read, because of his involved style withfrequent inversions and very complicated sentence structure. His sentences are often long. Y et, to express his sublimity of thought, he wrote in a style that is unsurpassed in its sonority, eloquence, majesty and grandeur—the “Miltonic” style. He is a great master of the blank verse. His lines are rich in the variations of rhythm and pause.ANSWER TO passage 3:1.The Spectator2.Sir Roger at the Church3. a4.Sir Roger represents the country gentry. He is a country gentleman of old fashioned manners. He stands for the old-fashioned virtues of simplicity, honesty, and piety. His foibles, which are describes with a gentle humor, make a setting for his virtues, which point an example to the world of fashion. He is created as a character fit in the novel.5.The periodical literature in “The Spectator” maintained its tone of courtesy and good breeding. Such prose is easy to understand yet capable of variety and beauty. Just as Dr. Johnson described, “His prose is the model of the middle style; on grave subjects not formal, on light occasions not graveling; pure without scrupulosity, and exact without apparent elaboration; always equable, and always easy, without glowing words or printed sentences.”ANSWER TO passage 4:1.Swift2.Lilliput3.Gulliver’s Travels4.Lemuel Gulliver5.The style is characterized by directness, simplicity andvividness. The most grotesque creations are combined with the bitterest satire.ANSWER TO passage 51. “A Modest Proposal”2. Jonathan Swift3. A Mod est Proposal is an example of Swift’s favorite satiric devices used with superb effect. Irony (from the deceptive adjective “modest” in the title to the very last sentence) pervades the piece. A rigorous logic deduces ghastly arguments from a shocking premise so quietly assumed that the reader assents before he is aware of what his assent implies. Parody, at which Swift is adept, allows him to glance sardonically at, by then , the familiar figure of the benevolent humanitarian (forerunner of the modern sociologist, social worker, economic planner) concerned to correct a social evil by means of a theoretically conceived plan. The proposer, as na?ve as he is apparently logical and kindly, ignores and therefore emphasizes for the reader the enormity of his plan. The whole piece is an elaboration of a rather trite metaphor: “The English are devouring the Irish.” But there is nothing trite about the pamphlet, which expresses in Swift’s most controlled style his pity for the oppressed, ignorant, populous, and hungry Catholic peasants of Ireland, and his anger at the rapacious English absentee landlords, who were bleeding the country white with the silent approbation of Parliament, ministers, and the Crown.ANSWER TO passage 6:1. It refers to the poor little boy who has been made black because of their sweeping. Chimneys.-2.The title of the poem is “The Chimney-Sweeper”3. It was the “God and Priest and king” who together builda Heaven of misery for the weak and the poor.4. The language of this short lyric, though, very simple, yet somewhat ironical satirical which reveals his understanding and knowledge of the source of the misery and sufferings of the poor and the weak.ANSWER TO passage 7:1. Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, Thomas Gray2. quatrains, iambic3. dusk, darkness4. sentimentalism, graveyard schoolSentimentalism seemed to have appeared hand in hand with the rise of realistic English novel. Sentimentalism often relates to sentimentality and sensibility in some literary works . In Poetry, we have Thomas Gray’s “An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”, not mention the various odes of sensibility which flourished in the later half of the century.ANSWER TO passage 8:1. “London”2. Songs of Innocence3. William Blake4. The poem provides a comprehensive picture of the many miseries, physical andspiritual, in London.五. Answer the following questions回答下列问题（There are2 questions in this part , one is for 5 point , totally 10 points）1. Analyze the image of Robinson Crusoe.Robinson Crusoe is one of the protagonists drawn most successfully in English novels. Through the characterization of Robinson Crusoe, Deofoe depicts him as a hero struggling against nature, and human fate with his indomitable will and。
英国文学复习资料整理
[标签:标题]篇一：英国文学史复习资料整理(1)? historical background: the making of BritainA. Briton (Celtic tribes)B. the Roman Conquest---Roman Briton1th Julius CaesarA.D.43 ClaudiusC. mid-5th Anglo-Saxons (Angles, Saxons, Jutes)Anglo-Saxon periodD. Danish invasionlate 8th, Daneslate 9th, Alfred the Greatthe literaturethe literature of this period falls naturally isto two divisions—pagan and Christianpagan represents the poetry which the Anglo-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of oral sagasChristian represents the writings developed under teaching of the monks..All of the earliest poetry of England was copied by the monks, and seems to have been more or less altered to give it a religious coloring.The angles, an important Teutonis tribe, furnished the name for the new home, which was called Angle-land afterward shortened into England. The language spoken by these tribes is generally called Anglo-Saxon or Saxon.Literary term★Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.(examples: Iliad, Odyssey, Chanson de Roland)2. Beowulf–national epic★the longest and most monument of A-S poems★the oldest surviving epic in British literature.? oral form (6th), earliest written record (7th or 8th)? set in Denmark and SwedenBeowulf1. 3183 lines2. contents:Beowulf centers on the narration of the exploits of the heroic figure beowulf.3 adventuresMonster---GrendelGrendel’s motherfiery dragonTheme: primitive people’s struggle against hostile forces of the natural world under a wise andmighty leader.Beowulf is not simply a man of great military prowess but he is forever eager to help others in distress and in his last adventure with the dragon he shows himself a worthy leader ready to sacrifice his own life for the welfare of his people.Features:＊part-historical and part legendary＊heathen tribal society, feudal elements, Christian coloring ＊A-S or old English; alliteration metaphorIn the year 1066, at the battle of Hastings, the Normans headed by William, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons.Brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure.England literature is also a combination of French and Saxon elements.The three chief effects of the conquest were1. the bringing of Roman civilization to England2. the growth of nationality a strong centralized government, instead of the loose union of Saxon tribes3. the new language and literature were proclaimed in Chaucer1 the Norman conquest accelerated the development of feudalism. ? on land: the ruling class possessed large tracts of land? on society: distinct class division, miseries of peasants? on language: scholar wrote in French and Latin; eiched English.The development of romance and knights’legends★Romance: A long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble man. The central character is the Knight, who has a noble birth, is skillful in the use of weapon and devotes to the church or King. The rules governing the manners and morals of a knight are known as chivalry.? Themes of romance:the matter of Britain—king Arthur and his knights of the Round Table (Arthurian romances) the matter of France—Charlemagne and his knights (Chanson deRoland)the matter of Rome—from the Trojan War to Alexander the GreatKing Arthur:＊historical figure of Celts; mythological figure in Welsh literature; ＊legendary hero in? Geoffery of Monmouth: “History of the Kings of Britain”? Layamon: “Brut”? Sir Tomas Malory: “Le Morte D?Arthur”? Anglo-Saxon? Later legends about a hero named Arthur were placed in this period of violence. The invaders were variously Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes, but were similar in culture and eventually identified themselves indifferently as Angles or Saxons.The most outstanding single romance on the Arthurian legend—―Sir Gawain and the Green Knight‖(four sections)a.The fight between Sir Gawain and the Green Knight at King Arthur?s Christmas feast.b. Gawain?s adventures on the way to find the Green Knight of the Green Chapel篇二：英国文学史及选读__复习要点总结《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser“The Faerie Queene”13. Francis Bacon “essays”esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。
英国文学期末复习PPT整理
English Literature Before the 20th Century I.Old and medieval English Literature:A. The Anglo-Saxon Period (449—1066)The Song of BeowulfB. Medieval Eng1lish Literature:The Norman Period (1066-1350)Background: Feudalismromance (传奇文学): King Arthur balladII. English Literature of the RenaissanceBackground：Protestant ReformationHumanism （人文主义）the first glorious period:lyrical poems / drama / essays1.Thomas More2.Edmund Spencer3.Francis Bacon4.ShakespeareIII. English Literature in the 17th century: (Cromwell overthrew the monarchy system）Puritan ageA. PoetryJohn Milton：Paradise LostJohn Donne: metaphysical poetryB. ProseJohn Bunyan：The Pilgrims ProgressIV. English Literature in the 18th CenturyHistorical background: the Age of Enlightenment1.NeoClassicism （新古典主义）:Alexander Pope (1688—1744) : On Criticism Jonathan Swift (1667—1745): Gulliver’s Travel Joseph Addison (1672—1719)Richard Steele (1672—1729): The SpectatorSamuel Johnson (1709—1784)2. The beginning of modern novel:Daniel Defoe(1661—1731): Robinson CrusoeHenry Fielding(1707—1754): Tom Jones3. The pre-romanticists:Thomas Gray (1716—1771)Robert Burns (1759—1796)William Blake (1757—1827)4. drama: Sheridan5. Sentimentalism (Smollet; Sterne; Thomas Gray) V. Romanticism in England (1798—1832)The Industrial Revolution & the French RevolutionTwo groups of poets:Negative: William Wordsworth; ColeridgePositive: Shelley, Baron, Keatsnovel : Walt ScottJane AustenFeatures:dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society;revolt against or an escape from sordid daily life; individualism VI. English Literature in the Mid & Late 19th Century(Victorian Literature) Critical Realism :the perfection of novelsReflecting the social reality of the 19th-century society.Charles Dickens: Oliver TwistWilliam Thackeray: Vanity FairCharlotte Bronte: Jane EyreEmily Bronte: Wuthering HeightsPoem: A verbal composition designed to convey experiences, ideas, or emotions in a vivid and imaginative way, characterized by condensed language chosen for its sound suggestive power literary techniques such as imagery, meter, sound, and rhyme. Stanza (诗节）: a group of verse lines forming a section of poem and sharing the same structure as all or some of the other sections of the same poem. are separated by spaces.Verse: commonly refers to poetry in general, esp. to denote metrical writing rather than prose. a synonym of stanza, indicating a regular section of metrical writing。
英国文学期末重点总结
英国文学期末一.The contributions of Geoffrey Chaucer.1.The first to present a comprehensive and realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all works of life in his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales.2.Introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to replace the Old English alliterative verse the first to use heroic couplet.3.Contributed to the establishment of English as the literary language of England, based on London dialect. He raised the language to the higher literary level by writing with a polish and ease.二.The feature of humanism.1.It believed that man is the measure of all things, it stands for devotion to the humane values represented in classical literature.2.Against the medieval feudal value and blind faith in after-life, the humanists believed in man's capability of self perfection and emphasized the importance of personal worth and the joy of the present life.三.The character of Shylock.1.Shylock's demand for a pound of flesh has made him one of literature's most memorable villains, but many readers and play gores have found him a powerful and sympathetic figure.Shakespeare makes him seem more human by showing that his hatred is born of the mistreatment he has suffered in a christian society.2.At the same time, when the Merchant of Venice was created, anti-semitism prevailed in England.Traits of the stereotyped Jews:greedy, miserly, cruel, full of hatred and revenge, devoid of gentility and interests in music and poetry.3.In a word,he is a Jews usurer,mean, greedy,cunning,cruel,vengeful,merciless,a,sophist,but also a victim of racial discrimination and religious persecution.四.Metaphysical conceit.A conceit is a figure of speech which makes an unusual and sometimes elaborately sustained comparison between two dissimilar things.五.Features of Neoclassicism.1.Reason emphasized: it is inartistic to show unrestrained emotion in lit,reason,order,regularity are admired rather than fancy and imagination.2.Form is stressed rather than content: craftsmanship, balance,proportion,harmony,grace,poetic diction; "what oft was thought, but never so well expressed."(pope)3.Didactic and satirical: writer had the duty to educate as well as entertain people, satire being an effective means of correcting people's folly and weakness.4.City life and man-made object preferred: city life gives a sense of order while rural wild life, natural landscape were coarse, chaotic and disorderly.六.The character of Robinson Crusoe.A real hero, a typical 18th century English middle class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against hostile natural environment and also against human fate.七.Gulliver's Travels.1.Four travels:a. Lilliput (6-inch high people):An allegory of English politics in the early 18th century when the Whigs and Tories were fighting bitterly for the control of the country.Exposure of the corruption,political and religious strife and social vices.b.Brobdingnag,a mock utopia. The inhabitants of the country are gentle and peace,loving and ruled by a fair and merciful king; Gulliver,in contrast,seems petty,vindictive and cruel;The giants are superior the human beings both in wisdom and in humanity.c.The kingdom of Laputa, a flying island and its colonies;the so called philosophers and scientists engrossed in abstract speculation and useless experiments;containing criticism of the malpractices and false illusions about science,philosophy,history and immortality in early 18th C.d.The land of the Houyhnms,the horse are governed totally by reason and created a society perfectly ordered and peaceful the Yahoos are greedy,envious,cruel anddisgusting bruts.The Yahoos represent the worst traits in human nature,and the lowest level to which man might sink.2.The significance of this book.Gulliver's Travel is a biting satire,both humorous and critical,attacking British and European society through its description of imaginary countries.As a whole,the book is one of the most effective and devastating satires of all aspects in the English and European life......socially,politically,religiously, philosophical scientifically and morally.Caused critical controversy,often mistaken for a misanthropist.八.The significance of Tom Jones.The novel is admirable for the panoramic view of the 18th C English society;about 40 characters are portrayed from nearly all classes of society;the setting is wide-ranging and varied, shifting from the country to the city.The superb plot contruction; 18 books equally divided into 3 sections,clearly marked out by the change of scenes; classical effect of balance.九.The features of Romanticism.1.A strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rules and conventions;favored innovations in subject and form.2.Turned the nature,particularly the rural,wild landscape, for its poetic imagery and subject matter.3.Admired passion and imagination;regarded passion, imagination and originality as something crucial for true poetry.4.Interested in the ancient, the exotic,the uncivilized way of life;turned the the primitive literature for inspiration and models.5.Emphasis upon the individuality of people as against the neoclassicist s’ stress on social virtues.十.Wordsworth's Theory.In the preface the the second edition of lyrical Ballads he explained his poetic theory.It is regarded as the declaration of Romanticism.1.Good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.mon life as subject,scenes and events of everyday life,joys and sorrows of thecommon people most suitable for poetry.3.Simple language:the fresh ,living everyday speech is most suitable for poetry.4.Return the nature,nature as a teacher,the stepping stone between God and Man.十一.What's Byronic Hero?1.The Byronic Hero is an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron.2.This Byronic Hero would shoulder the burden of righting all the wrongs in the world and fight alone against any type of tyranny.十二.What's the author's opinion about marriage in Pride and Prejudice?1.We must have good judgment if we want to form good relationships in life.2.Our first impression ually wrong.Maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions.3.She regarded love and marriage as the typical theme of her novel,her ideal marriage have three elements:true love ,personal merits and money.十三.Features of Dickens' work.1.His works offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English society of his age.2.He believed in the moral self-perfection of class contradictions.There is a tendency for a reconciliation of class contradictions.3.Almost all his novels have happy endings.4.He drew a lot from the experiences of his childhood.5.As a humorist, his novel are full of humor and laughter.十四.Theme of the Vanity Fair.Selfishness and corruption of the upper classes;Showing a society which judges people on money and appearance and ignores the true virtues.十五.The character of Jane Eyre.1.Jane is intelligent,well educated,industrious,compassion:ate,and morally upright,with an independent spirit.2.A woman of high principle,religious faith self-respect and moral strength.3.Desire for independence,self-identification and self-fulfilment.4.For this Charlotte is considered a forerunner of feminism and Jane Eyre a feminist novel.十六．有特殊地位的作家1.Geoffrey Chaucer:Father of English Literature.2.William Shakespeare:The master of language.3.John Donne: Father of the Metaphysical poetry.4.John Milton：The greatest poet of 17th C.5.Three poet laureate:William Wordsworth ; Alfred Lord Tennyson ; Southey6.Daniel Defoe: Father of English novel.7.Charles Dickens: The greatest representative of critical realism.8.James Joyce: Father of stream of consciousness novel.9.Henry Fielding: Father of English realistic novel.10.William Blake: The forerunner of Romanticism.ke poets:William Wordsworth; Coleridge; Southey十七．各个时期的文学潮流1.The Anglo-Saxon period and The Anglo-Norman period: epic and romance.2.The renaissance:humanism.3.The period of revolution and restoration: metaphysical poets.4.The age of Enligtenment: neoclassicism; Gothic novel ; sentimentalism ; Pre-romantic poetry ; drama ; chivalry.5.The romantic period: lake poets ; Byronic hero ; ode6.The victorian age: critical realism; romantically and realistically; novel。
英国文学期末复习资料
Renaissance1. Artistic Productions:Arts: Leonardo Da Vinci ( Mona Lisa )Michel Angelo ( David )2. Literature:Italy: Petrarch: sonnets; Boccaccio: Decameron; Dante: Divina;France: Rabelais: Gargantua and Pantagruel; Montaigne: EssaySpain: Saavedra de Cervantes: Don QuixoteCharacteristicsHumanism is the essence of the Renaissance.1. For the first time in history, the medieval minds saw the beauty of the human form and learned about the importance of human life and human values.2. Man began to live for his own sake more than for God and for the next world.Renaissance, literally as the rebirth of letters, has a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.William ShakespeareAnalysis of Sonnet 18--Shall I Compare thee to a Summer’s Day?On the surface, the poem is a statement of praise about the beauty of the beloved woman. The beloved's "eternal sum mer" shall not fade precisely because it is embodied in the sonnet. He doesn't want her beauty to be compared to a tra nsitory period like summer. Transiency of time is also the themes of Sonnet 18.The poet does not want the beauty t o fade with time. To him, her beauty must be like the eternal summer. Beauty should be appreciated. The best way t o preserve her beauty is to keep it in this poem. Actually, the writer wanted to express his view that art can keep the b eauty forever. Art not only can make people enjoy the beauty by reading it, but also be a beauty itself. Natural beaut y would be knocked out with the passing of the time. Only can the art bring the eternity.1. Why is the speaker’s loved one more lovely than a summer’s day? What qualities does he admire in the loved one?2. Describe the shift in tone and subject matter that begins in line 9.3. What does the couplet say about the relation between art and love?Answers:1. The summer’s day will use its strong wind to shake the charming buds, sometimes be overcast, decline from the fair, and finally be deprived by the nature’s changing, while the loved one is much more moderate and lovely, whose fair can be integrated into author’s sonnet, transforming into a stationary and immortal one.2. The author compared the loved one, just in a soft and sentimental tone similar to many love sonnets, to a summer’s day in the first 4 lines, while, in the following 4, developing this concept to the poor power of people failing to retain the fair against Nature. But in line 9, the author reversed it in a more emotional and definite tone to express the eternal youth of the loved one.3. The fair, the love, can be turned immortal by the transmission of the art, the literature, while passed down from generation to generation. It’s the love in the art that makes the art everlasting. Love can give birth to the art right in which love can be passed on.Paradise Lost :John MiltonAttitude(1) To God:A model Puritan as he was, Milton held absolute faith in God.(2) To Devil:Satan is not thoroughly condemned;Satan seems to be symbolic of the fight for freedom and against control in life.(3) To Man:The fall and evil a nd sin may all have been part of God’s grand design.He may have meant life to be both good and evil for man’s education and growth.On His Blindness该诗的前八行写诗人失明之后他所持的内心沮丧、情绪低落的悲观情绪，以至于对上帝不满。
英国文学期末复习资料
1,Old English Literature (A.D.600-about A.D.1100)Poetry:Beowulf 《贝尔伍夫》: the author is unknown （Secular literature世俗文学）1, Hrothgar胡鲁斯加王, King of the Danes, and Beowulf, a brave young man,2, the first great English literary work, the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds years, was written down in the 10th century, Features:1, Each half line has two main beats.2,There is no rhyme. Instead, each half line is joined to the other by alliteration头韵. 3,Things are described indirectly and in combinations of words.4, As is known, the Anglo-Saxons were Christianized by the end of the 7th century. Major themes:1.This epic presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world represented by Grendel, his mother and the fire-breathing dragon under the wise and mighty leader.2.The poem conveys a hope that the righteous will triumph over the evil. Beowulf stands for all that is good, brave and proper, while the monsters stand for evil. Prose:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史1,written under the encouragement and supervision of King Alfred the Great (849-899)阿尔弗雷德大帝2,an early history of the country which begins with Caesar’s conquest凯撒征服and is a monument不朽的作品of Old English Prose.Aelfric埃尔弗里克（mostly religious)：His prose style is the best in Old English. And he uses alliteration头韵to join his sentences together.2，Middle English Literature (from about 1100 to about 1500) Norman Conquest(1066): the English VS the Norman armies place:near Hastings黑斯廷斯Result: the leader of English, Harold, was killed, English lost decisive battle William, the Conqueror, became the King of England1. Politically, a feudalist system封建制度was established in England.（feudalism）2. Religiously, the Roman Catholic Church had a much stronger control over the country.3. Great changes took place in the English language.4. The conquest opened up England to the whole European continent, so that with the introduction of the culture and literature of France, Italy and other European countries a fresh wave of Mediterranean civilization came into England.Three languages co-existed in England during this period.：French (the official language): King, Norman lordsLatin (the principal tongue of church affairs): clergymen and scholarsEnglish: common peopleGreat events in this period:The Hundred Years’ War(1337-1453)英法百年战争The Black Death(1348-1350) 黑死病Literature：strongly reflects the principles of the medieval中世纪Christian doctrines基督教教义, which are primarily concerned with the issue of personal salvation自我拯救.The romance传奇文学;Geoffrey of Monmouth蒙茅斯的杰弗里：英国历史学家History of the Kings of Britain (in Latin Prose)(不列颠诸王记)Layamon莱亚门：英国诗人Brut《布鲁特》Thomas Malory马洛礼：Mort D’Arthur(in English prose)《亚瑟王之死》Sir Gawain and the Green Knight（anonymous匿名的，无名的, in English verse)《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》Major themes of 《高文。
英国文学诗歌期末整理版
一、Basic elements1.节奏：一重读音节与一或个轻读音节按一定的模式搭配，有规律地反复出现。
2.轻重读：凡是有两个以上音节的英文单词，根据语法、语调、语意的要求，分为重读与轻读。
3.节奏：重读音节和轻读音节，按一定模式配合，反复再现，抑扬顿挫，就形成了诗歌的节奏。
多音节单词有重音和次重音，次重音根据节奏既可视为重读，也可视为轻读。
Alone │she cuts │and binds│ the grain,And sings │a me│lancho│ly strain.这两行诗的重读与轻读的固定搭配模式是：轻——重。
在每行中再现四次，这样就形成了这两行诗的节奏。
4.音步：某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（foot），相当与乐谱中的“小节”。
5.音部数：一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数。
二.常见的音步类型（轻读是“抑”，重读是“扬”）根据重读与轻读搭配的方式的不同，可划分不同的音步类型，节奏自然也不同。
最常见的音步类型有以下四种：1.抑扬格（iamb, iambic）若一个音步中有两个音节，前者为轻，后者为重2. 扬抑格（trochee, trochaic）若一音步中有两个音节，前者为重，后者为轻。
Present │mirth has │present │laughterShake your │chains to │earth like │dew3.抑抑扬格（Anapaest, anapaestic）抑抑扬格含三个音节，即轻——轻——重。
The Assyr│ian came down │like the wolf │on the fold,And his coh│orts were glea│ming in purp│le and gold;And the sheen│of their spears│was like stars│on the sea,When the blue │waves rolls night│ly on deep │Galilee.4.扬抑抑格（dactyl, dactylic）.重——轻——轻Dragging the │corn by her │golden hair.抑抑格（pyrrhic[/peirik]和扬扬格（spondee[/sp :ndi]）以抑扬格为主要节奏写成的，就称此诗为抑扬格诗。
英国文学史上期末复习
英国文学史上期末复习英国文学简史General introduction of English literature1. 1) Old English Literature (449-1066) 古英语时期文学——The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》2) Medieval English Literature (1066-15th century) 中世纪英语时期文学——Geoffrey Chaucer (1340_1400) 杰弗里·乔叟代表作：French influence:Romance of the Rose《玫瑰传奇》The Book Of Duchess《公爵夫人之书》Italian influence:The Legend of Good Women《良妇传说》The House of Fame《声誉之堂》The Parliament of Fowls《百鸟议会》Troilus and Criseyde 《特罗勒斯与克莱西》Maturity:The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》2.Renaissance English literature (late 15th century ~ early 17th century) 文艺复兴-------Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔Utopia 乌托邦(1516)---he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people’ssufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.——Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根(1561--1626)The philosophical---The Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》The literature -----Essays《随笔》The professional works------Thomas Wyatt托马斯怀亚特（1503--1542）The first to introduce the sonnet into English literature（引入十四行诗的第一人）Lyrical poetry------Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙斯宾塞（1552--1599）Poet’s poet 诗人中的诗人The Faerie Queene 《仙后》（the greatest epic poem 史诗）The Shepheardes Calendar《牧人月历》——William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚(1564--1616)The most popular and the most wildly respected writer in all English literature四大悲剧：HamletOthelloKing LearMacbeth四大喜剧：A Midsummer Night’s DreamThe merchant of VeniceAs you like itTwelfth Night——Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗·马洛The greatest of the pioneers of English dramaThe one who first made blank verse the principal instrument of English drama English Literature of the Revolution and Restoration Period (1640-1688) 资产阶级革命与王朝复辟时期的文学-------John Donne约翰多恩(a metaphysical poet 玄学诗人)代表作：‖the flea‖(跳骚)—love poem―Song‖(歌)―A Valediction: Forbidden Morning‖(别离辞：节哀)―Death be not proud‖(死神，你莫骄傲)死亡时永恒的，不要害怕死亡，人死后可以超生，到天堂―The Canonization‖（封圣）——John Milton约翰·弥尔顿(puritan)Paradise Lost《失乐园》Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》On his blindnessOn His Deceased Wife《悼念我的亡妻》——John Bunyan 约翰·班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》---is written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.4. 18th century English literature-the age of Enlightenment 启蒙运动时期——Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福Robinson Crusoe《》The Review《评论》Moll FlandersA Journal of the Plague Year《大疫年日记》Roxana——Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特Gulliver’s Travel《格列夫游记》The Battle of Books《书籍之战》The Tale of a Tub《一直桶的故事》The Drapier’s Letter《布商的来信》A Modest Proposal《一个温和的建议》Journal to Stella《给斯戴拉的日记》——Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁–the father of English novel--the first to write specially a ―comic滑稽的epic史诗in prose‖, the first to give the modern novel its struct ure and style The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《弃儿T om Jones》—— Thomas Gray托马斯格雷Rural poetryElegy written in a Country Churchyard《墓园哀歌》In the 18th century English literature, the representative poets of Pre-romanticism were William Blake and Robert Burns.-------William Blake威廉·布莱克诗集《天真之歌》Songs of Innocence: The Lamb, The Chimney Sweeper1789诗集《经验之歌》Songs of Experience:The Tiger, London, The Chimney Sweeper1794——Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯--―The poet of the peasants‖(1) Political poems ---The tree of Liberty(2) Satirical poems ---Holy Willie’s Prayer, Two Dogs(3) Lyrics-- Red, Red Rose 《一朵红红的玫瑰》Auld Lang Syne《友谊地久天长》My Heart’s on the Highland《我的心在高原》一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) ，Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻metaphor手法3、Alliteration 头韵（写作手法）4，main characters: Beowulf—the heroKing of Sweden—Beowulf’s uncleHrothgar---the king of Danish nationGrendel --- a sea-monsterGrendel’s motherFire fragan二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) 盎格鲁—诺曼时期1、romance 传奇文学2、In terms of matters there are mainly three classes:(1)、the matter of France the Song of Roland(2)、the matter of Greece and Rome about Alexander and the fall of Troy(特洛伊战争)he(3)、the matter of Britain about King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.3、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗.三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里·乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷的故事集》(英国文学史的开端) ---masterpieceHe had given us a picture of contemporary English lifeA collection of 20 complete stories and 4 fragmentsChaucer’s The Canterbury Tales is written in the style of __Rhymed stanzas__ instead ofalliteration in the Anglo-Saxon period.The Canterbury Tales opens with a General Prologue4，贡献：Chaucer’s contribution to English literature and languageA, He is the ―father of English poetry‖ and the greatest narrative poet in English poetry.B, He did much in making the dialects of London the foundation for the modern English language.C, He was the most significant poet in English literature history to write in Middle English. Chaucer’s creative works vividly reflected the changes which had taken root in Englishculture.D, the ―heroic couplet‖4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymedBallads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission 歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯·珀西主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 侠盗罗宾汉和阿林代尔其他作品：Get up and Bar the DoorSir Patrick Spens四、The Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期The 16th century in England was a period of breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of thefoundations of capitalism.1、key word: humanism 人文主义：admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物：1)、Thomas More 托马斯·莫尔Utopia2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根第一个散文家(essayist)Francis Bacon was praised by Marx as ―the progenitor of English Materialism‖3)、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙·斯宾塞poet’s poet(诗人中的诗人) The Fairy Queen《仙后》(epic poem)5)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗·马洛blank verse(无韵体)是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。
英国文学期末考试
Ⅰ. Author of each item 10’1. William Wordsworth (he ushered in the English romantic movement with the publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 in collaboration with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)①She Dwelt Among Untrodden Ways②I Travelled Among Unknown Men③I Wander Lonely as a Cloud④Sonnet: Composed Upon Westminster Bridge⑤Sonnet: London⑥The Solitary Reaper2. George Gordon, Lord Byron(great contribution is Byronic Hero)①When We Two Parted②She Walks in BEAUTY③Sonnet on Chillon④Childe Harold's Pilgrimage⑤Don Juan⑥Hours of Idleness (his first collection of poems)3. Percy Bysshe Shelley (the finest lyric poets in the English language)①Ozymandias②A Song :"Men of England"③Ode to the West Wind④The Cloud⑤To a Sky-Lark4. John Keats (remarkable master of lyrical poetry; a writer of "pure poetry"; a sort of "art for art's sake")①On First Looking into Chapman's Homer②Ode to a Nightingale③Ode on a Grecian Urn④To Autumn⑤Bright Star5. Walter Scott (historical novelist in England Romantic Period; Scott paves the way to realism and marks the transition from romanticism to realism )①Ivanhoe②Rob Roy6. Jane Austen (the feature of realism)①Pride and Prejudice (mainly tell us the love story between a rich, proud young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizabeth Bennet.)7. Charles Lame①Poor Relations8. Charles Dickens (one of the greatest critical realists in the Victorian Age. His novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age.)①The Pickwick Papers (first work make him popular)②Oliver Twist (inhumanity of city life under capitalism; powerful exposure of bourgeois society.)9. William Makepeace Thackeray (one of the greatest critical realists)①Vanity Fair(MP)10. George Eliot①Adam Bede11. Charlotte Bronte (introduced the first governess novel in the history of England literature; forerunner of the feminism and the feminism literary tradition.)①Jane Eyre(MP; Noted for its sharp criticism on the exciting society.)12. Emily Bronte①Wuthering Heights(criticize the bourgeois matrimonial system)13. Thomas Hood①The Song of the Shirt②The Bridge of Sighs14. Alfred, Lord Tennyson (The Big Three of Victorian age Browning, Arnold; Poet of the people)①Ulysses②Break, Break, Break③Crossing the Bar15. Robert Browning (most original poet of Victorian Age)①my last duchess(dramatic monologue)②home-thoughts, from abroad16. Elizabeth Barrett Browning①Sonnets from the PortugueseⅡ. Chose the best answer 15’Ⅲ. Appreciation 40’1. to a sky larkAuthor: Percy Bysshe Shelley(1)This stanza is quoted from Shelly‟s To a Skylark.(2)Shelly is an English romantic poet with revolutionary thought. He published the works which expressed the rebellious spirits against English politics and conservative values. His works produced a kind of connection with the politics. Most of his works reflected the revolutionary and optimistic belief for the future. Shelley is listed into the younger generation of English romantic poets including Byron and Keats while William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey were listed into the older generation. The older generation was labeled by simple ideas and a reverence for nature, while the poets of the younger generation came to be known for their sensuous aestheticism, their exploration of intense passions, their political radicalism, and their tragically short lives.(3)In this poem, the poet expresses his yearning for freedom. When the poet heard the beautiful song of the skylark, he also was moved by the song and shar ed the same happy feeling with the bird. “Blithe spirit” symbolizes the skylark. Shelley considered the skylark as the “blithe spirit”. The song of the skylark was so beautiful that the poet believed that it was an immortal bird. The poet expressed his yearning for freedom and wanted to get rid of all human fetters.2. Pride and prejudiceAuthor: Jane AustenLiterary style: RealismStory about: It is a humorous story of love and life among English gentility during the Georgian era. Mr.Bennet is an English g entleman with his overbearing wife. The Bennets‟ five daughters: the beautiful Jane, the clever Elizabeth, the bookish Mary, the immature Kitty and the wild Lydia. Unfortunately for the Bennets, if Mr.Bennets dies, their house will be inherited by a distan t cousion whom they have never met. The family‟s future, happiness and security is dependent on the daughter‟s making good marriages. The main plot is about the five daughters,especially the main character Elizabeth Bennet and Mr.Darcy as they deal with matters of upbringing, marriage, moral rightness and education in her aristocratic society.3. Break, Break, BreakAuthor: Alfred TennysonThe “hand” and the “voice” refer to the hand and voice of the poet‟s dead friend Arthur Hallam.The poem is one of Alf red Tennyson‟s lyrics. The lyric is composed at the poet‟s best friend‟s sudden death. Here, the poet contrasts his own feeling of sadness over the loss of a dear friend, combining the nature and his inner world with the joys of the children and the unfeeling waves of the sea that break on the shore and the insensate ships that enter a harbor. The language is musical and rather beautiful.4. My last duchessAuthor: Robert browning(1) comments:In this poem, Browning creates a character of chilling coldness and cruelty. The speaker is a Duke who is conducting negotiations for a bride, a new duchess. He is talking with the representatives of potential father in law. Almost casually, he shows them the picture of the …last‟ duchess whom he had killed becaus e he could not dominate her.●The poem provides a classic example of a dramatic monologue:●the speaker is clearly distinct from the poet;●an audience is suggested but never appears in the poem;●and the revelation of the Duke's character is the poem's primary aim.(2)Character analysis:. the duke: proud, possessive, cruel, despotic jealous, hypocritical, selfish, narrow-minded; a lover of the arts. the duchess: gentle, kind, beautiful, noble-minded, democratic;(3)Meter"My Last Duchess" is in iambic pentameter6. Rhyme: Heroic Couplets(4)Type of Work: Poem as Dramatic MonologueThe form of a dramatic monologue.During his discourse, the speaker makes comments that reveal information about his personality and psyche, knowingly or unknowingly. The main focus of a dramatic monologue is this personal information, not the topic which the speaker happens to be discussing.(5)ThemeThe theme is the arrogant, authoritarian mindset of a proud Renaissance duke. In this respect, the more important portrait in the poem is the one the duke "paints" of himself with his words.Ⅳ. Terms 15’1. The subtitle of Vanity FairThe subtitle may suggest:1) No heroic people in this novel;2) No predominantly unique character in the novel, i.e. lots of characters will appear as a gallery;3) No more prominent male character in the story-telling or in other words, this book will be a book of women instead of men.2.Critical realismThe critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of the fifties the realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils. Charles Dickensis the most important critical realists.3. The Victorian lady noveliststhe Bronte sisters and Gorge Eliot.Charlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte had a great fondness for literature. Charlotte‟s first novel The Professor was rejected by the publisher, but her second one Jane Eyre won immediate success when it appeared in 1847; the same year, Emily‟s single and unique work Wuthering Heights and Anne‟s Agnes Grey were also published. Soon they were followed by Anne‟s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. After the death of Emily and Anne, Charlotte continued writing and published her next important novel Shirley. Another novel Villette appeared in 1853, her most autobiographical work, largely based on her experience on her experience in Brussels.George Eliot, pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans, was born into an estate agent‟s family in England. Her most popular novels, Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on the Floss(1860), and Silas Marner (1861), all drawn from her knowledge of English country life and notable for their realistic details, pungent characterization and high moral toneⅤ. Comments 20’1. The gothic elements in Wuthering HeightsThe Gothic novel is a literary genre, in which he prominent features are mystery, doom, decay, old buildings with ghosts in them, madness, hereditary curses and so on.The setting is prominent in Gothic Literature. In this way, a Wuthering heights follows the convention of Gothic Literature. Wuthering heights is describes as a morbid place. ”Wuthering”, being the operative word, is used to show the great winds that pass through this area. Also, the actual structure of the house was built, ”strong: the narrow windows are deeply set in the wall, and the corners defended with large jutting stones”. Thus, the architectural structure of the house has a gothic nature.Heathcliff, the main male protagonist in the novel, shows aspects of Byronic Hero, a figure that has become familiar to fans of Gothic. His past is shrouded in mystery; his parentage is never discovered, and the reader knows only that old Mr.Earnshaw found him wandering the streets of Liverpool as a young boy. His lack of surname stresses the mystery of his background, and even as he grows older he maintains this air of secrecy---for example, when he returns to Wuthering Heights he becomes a wealthy man after a long absence and no one is ever able to say where he made his money. When heathcliff grows older he is nothing more than a villain. For example, he take advantage of Isabella; He locks young Catherine up in Wuthering Heights forcing her to marry her cousin, while her father lies dying at Thrushcross Grange. His only motive is revenge.A mysterious and ghostly atmosphere does pervade the novel. Not only does Lockwood experience Catherine‟s ghostly presence via his dream, but he also make other references to spiritual creatures---at the end of the novel, the house is to be shut up “for the use of such ghosts as choose to inhabit it”, and despite the positive nature of the union between young Cathy and Hareton, the novel ends on a more somber note with a visit to graves of Catherine, Heathcli ff and Edgar:” I lingered round them…and wondered how anyone could ever imagine unique slumbers for the sleepers in that quiet earth.”2. The main achievements of Robert Browning(1)Robert B rowning‟s main contribution to the English literature is the introduction of a new form to poetrywriting-----Dramatic Monologue(2)Dramatic Monologue is a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poetspeaks to a silent “audience” of one or more person. Such poem reveal not the poet‟s own thoughts but the mind of the impersonal character, whose personality is revealed while the implied presence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy.。
英国文学期末复习资料(作家作品)
——英国文学ⅠOlｄＥｎgliｓh Ｌiteratuｒｅ& ThｅLaｔｅMedievａｌAgｅs１．Beoｗulf贝奥武夫 HiｓＡrtｉsticｆeａｔures①Ｕsｉnｇalliteratｉｏn头韵②Using metapｈor暗喻ａnd uｎderstatemｅｎt含蓄陈述2.GeoffeｒｙＣhauｃer 杰弗里•乔叟Ｔｈe foｕndｅr of Englｉｓｈpｏetｒy.三个阶段：①ThｅＲomauｎｔof the Rose＞玫瑰传奇②Troilus and Criseｙde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德lｏngeｓt complｅte poeｍ③The Canｔerbury Tａleｓ＞坎特伯雷故事集:Signｉｆicａｎcｅ:fiｒｓt ｔime to use ‘heroic coupｌeｔ’（英雄双韵体) by midｄｌe EnglishIＩＴｈe Rｅnａissaｎce PｅriodA peｒiｏｄoｆｄｒama and poeｔry. Tｈe Elizabethaｎdrama is ｔhe ｒeal mainstreaｍof the Englｉsh Reｎaｉssance．Renａｉssａncｅ：the ａctivｉｔy，spiｒｉt, oｒｔime of the great ｒｅvｉval oｆart, lｉterａtｕre,and ｌearning in Europeｂeｇinniｎg i ｎthe 1４tｈceｎtｕry ａnd exteｎdｉng to tｈｅ17th centurｙ,marｋing thｅtｒaｎsitｉｏnｆrｏm the medievａｌtｏthe modｅrｎworld. Humanisｍｉｓthe keｙ－note of the Rｅｎaissance．1. EdmｕnｄSｐeｎｓer埃德蒙•斯宾塞１55２~159９（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。
英国文学史期末复习重点
英国文学史Part one: Early and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Making of England1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts.2. In 55 ., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years.It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain.And in 410 ., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.3. The English ConquestAt the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates海盗. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.4. The Social Condition of the Anglo-SaxonTherefore, the Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.5. Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its InfluenceThe Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century.Chapter 2 Beowulf1. Anglo-Saxon PoetryBut there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf.3. Analysis of Its ContentBeowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century.4. Features of BeowulfThe most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements.Chapter 3 Feudal England1 The Norman Conquest2. The Norman ConquestThe French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England.The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.3. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English LanguageBy the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country.3 The Romance1. The Content of the RomanceThe most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.4. Malory’s Le Morte D’ArthurThe adventures of the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur’s court Chapter 5 The English Ballads2. The BalladsThe most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood.3. The Robin Hood BalladsChapter 6 Chaucer1. LifeGeoffrey Chaucer, the founder/father of English poetry.3. Troilus and CriseydeTroilus and Criseyde is Chaucer’s longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement.But the poet shows some sympathy for her, hitting that her fault springs from weakness rather than baseness of character.4. The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.6. His LanguageChaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter the “the heroic couplet” to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part Two: The English RenaissanceChapter 1 Old England in Transition1. The New MonarchyThe century and a half following the death of Chaucer was full of great changes.And Henry 7, taking advantage of this situation, founded the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie and so won its support.2. The ReformationProtestantismThe bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlement of Queen Elizabeth.3. The English BibleWilliam TyndallThen appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so was sometimes called the King James Bible.The result is a monument of English language and English literature.The standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.4. The Enclosure Movement5. The Commercial ExpansionChapter 2 More1. LifeThomas More2. UtopiaUtopia is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythlody, a returned voyager.The name “Utopia” comes from two Greek words meaning “no place”.3. Utopia, Book OneBook One of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring classes.4. Utopia, Book TwoIn Book Two we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature3. Edmund Spenser1 LifeThe Poet’s Poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.In 1579 he wrote The Shepher’s Calendar, a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.2 The Faerie Queene masterpieceSpenser’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene published in 1589-1596, is a long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6.iambic feet Spenserian Stanza4. Francis Bacon father/founder of English essaythe founder of English English materialist philosophyBacon is also famous for his Essays. When it included 58 essays.Bacon is the first English essayist.Chapter 4 Drama7. The PlaywrightsThere was a group of so-called “university wits” Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash.Chapter 5 Marlowe1. LifeThe most gifted of the “university wits” was Christopher Marlowe.2. WorkMarlowe’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine,The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.3. Doctor FaustusMarl owe’s masterpiece is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.5. Marlowe’s Literary AchievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.It is Marlowe who first made blank verse rhymeless iambic pentameter the principal instrument of English drama.Chapter 6 Shakespeare1. LifeWilliam Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon.After his death, two of his above-mentioned fellow-actors, Herminge and Condell, collected and published Shakespeare’s plays in 1623. To this edition, which has been known as the First Folio.4. The Great ComediesA Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It and Twelfth Night have been called Shakespeare’s “great comedies”.6. The Great TragediesShakespeare created his great tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.7. Hamletthe son of the Renaissance9. The Poems1 Venus and Adonis2 The Rape of Lucrece3 Shakespeare’s Sonnets10. Features of Shakespeare’s DramaShakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance.Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois RevolutionChapter 1 The English Revolution and the Restoration5. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restorationin 1688 Glorious Revolution6. The Religious Cloak of the English RevolutionPuritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour in whatever calling one happened to be, but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labour.Chapter 2 Milton1. Life and WorkParadise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.2. Paradise Lost1 Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece.blank verse.Chapter 3 Bunyan1. LifeThe Pilgrim’s Progress was published in 1678.2. The Pilgrim’s Progress1The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious allegory.Chapter 4 Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poetsa school of poets called “Metaphysical” by Samuel Johnson.by mysticism in content and fantasticality in formJohn Donne, the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.Chapter 6 Restoration Literature2. John DrydenThe most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden.Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century.Part Four: The Eighteenth CenturyChapter 1 The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature1. The Enlightenment and 18th Century England2 The Enlightenment in EuropeThe 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.3 The English EnlighternersThe representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet. Chapter 2 Addison and Steele1. Steele and The TatlerRichard SreeleIn 1709, he started a paper, The Tatler, to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers.His appeal was made to “coffeehouses,” that is to say, to the middle classes, for whose enlightenment he stood up.“Issac Bickerstaff”2. Addison and The SpectatorThe general purpose is “to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality.”They ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.Chapter 3 Pope1. LifeAlexander Pope, the most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century.3. Workmanship and LimitationPope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poery. But he lacker the lyrical gift.Chapter 4 Swift3. Bickersta f f Almanac 1708Swift wrote his greatest work Gulliver’s Travels in Ireland.Chapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel1. The Rise of the English Novelthe realistic novel: Defoe, Swift, Richardson and FieldingSwift’s world-famous novel Gulliver’s Travel sDefoe’s Robinson Crusoe the forerunner of the English realistic novel Richardson: Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles GrandisonFielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.The novel of this period …spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage.” The novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist was to tell the truth about life as he saw it.”Ibid. This explains the achievement of the English novel in the 18th century.4. Robinson Crusoe1 Today Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece.Chapter 6 RichardsonSamuel RichardsonPamela was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.After Pamela, Richardson wrote two other novels: Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison.Clarissa is the best of Richardson’s novel.Chapter 7 Fielding the father of English novel1. LifeHis first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742.His Jonathan Wild appeared in 1743. It is a powerful political satire. In 1749, he finished his great novel Tom Jones.Amelia was his last novel. It is inferior to Tom Jones, but has merits of its own.3. Joseph Andrews4. Tom Jones1 The StoryFielding’s greatest work is The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.6. Summary2 Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic NovelAs a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation. He has been rightly called the “father of t he English novel.”Chapter 10 Johnson1. LifeSamuel Johnson, lexicographer, critic and poet.2. Johnson’s DictionaryIn 1755 his Dictionary was published.His Dictionary also marked the end of English writers’ reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry1. LifeThomas Gray2. Pre-RomanticismIn the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.Pre-Romanticism was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.Chapter 14 Blake1. LifeWilliam Blake2. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience4. Blake’s Position in English LiteratureFor these reasons, Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.Chapter 15 Burns1. LifeHis Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect were printed. masterpieceThe Scots Musical Museum and Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs 2. The Poetry of Burns1 Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.3. Features of Burns’ PoetryBurns is the national poet of Scotland.Part Five: Romanticism in EnglandChapter 1 The Romantic Periodthe Industrial Revolution the French RevolutionAmid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832.These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have also been called the Lake Poets.Active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual”under capitalism.Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments. The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott.Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it.Chapter 2 WordsworthColeridgeIn 1798 they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads.The publication of the Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, ., with classicism, and the beginning of Romantic revival in England.The Preface of the Lyrical Ballads served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the no rthwestern part of England.His deep love for nature runs through such short lyrics as Lines Written in Early Spring, To the Cuckoo, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, My Heart Leaps Up, Intimations of Immortality and Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey. The last is called his “lyrical hymn of thanks to nature”.Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language.Chapter 3 Coleridge and Southey1. ColeridgeColeridge’s best poems, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.Chapter 4 Byron1. LifeChilde Harold’s PilgrimageHe finished Childe Harold, wrote his masterpiece Don Juan.2. Childe Harold’s PilgrimageThis long poem contains four cantos. It is written in the Soenserian stanza.3. Don JuanByron remains one of the most popular English poets both at home and abroad. Chapter 5 Shelley4. Promethus UnboundShelley’s masterpiece is Promethus Unbound, a lyrical drama in 4 acts.6. Lyrics on Nature and LoveOde to the West WindChapter 6 Keats2. Long PoemsKeats wrote five long poems: Endymion, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, Lamia and Hyperion.5 The unfinished long epic Hyperion has been regarded as Keat’s greatest achievement in poetry.3. Short Poems1 His leading principle is: “Beauty in truth, truth in beauty.”3 Ode to Autumn, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a NightingaleChapter 10 Scott2. His Historical NovelsScott has been universally regarded as the founder and great master of the historical novel.According to the subjet-matter, the group on the history of Scotland, the group on English history and the group on the history of European countries. In fact, Scott’s literary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.Part Six: English Critical RealismChapter 2 DickensCharles Dickens critical realismDickens: Pickwick Papers, American Notes, Martin Chuzzlewit and Oliver Twist4 Dickens has often been compared Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention. “He and Shakespeare are the two unique popular classics that England has given to the world, and they are alike in being remembered not for one masterpiece but for creative world.”David CopperfieldChapter 3 Thackeray2. Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a HeroVanity Fair is Thackeray’s masterpiece. characters: Amelia Sedley and Rebecca Becky SharpThackeray can be placed on the same level as Dickens, as one of the greatest critical realists of 19th-century Europe.Chapter 4 Some Women Novelists1. Jane Austen 1775-1817She herself compared her work to a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square.Jane Austen wrote 6 novels: Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma and Persuasion.2. The Bronte SistersCharlotte’s maiden attempt at prose writing, the novel Professor, was rejected by the publisher, but her next novel Jane Eyre, appearing in 1847, brought her fame and placed her in the ranks of the foremost English realistic writers. Emily’s novel Wuthering Heights appeared in 1847.Anne: Agnes Grey4. George EliotMary Ann Evansthree remarkable novels: Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner 3 Silas Marner:Critical realism was the main current of English literature in the middle of the 19th century.Part Seven: Prose-Writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19th Century Chapter 1 Carlylethe Victorian AgeChapter 3 Tennysonthe Victorian Age prose especially the novel1. Tennyson’s Life and CareerAlfred Tennyson, the most important poet of the Victorian Age.In the same year 1850 he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth.Chapter 7 Literary Trends at the End of the Century1. NaturalismNaturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century.2. Neo-RomanticismStevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature. Treasure Island masterpiece3. AestheticismAestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier.The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.2 Oscar Wilde dramatistLady Windermere’s Fan, 1893; A Woman of No Importance, 1894; An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest, 1895The Importance of Being Earnest is his masterpiece in drama.Part Eight: Twentieth Century English LiteratureModernismChapter 2 English Novel of Early 20th Century3. Henry JamesHe is regarded as the forerunner of the “stream of consciousness” literature in the 20th century.Chapter 3 Hardy1. Life and WorkAmong his famous novels, Tess of the D’Urbervillies and Jude the Obscure.2. Tess of the D’Urbervilliescharacters: Tess, Alec D’Urbervillies and Angel ClareChapter 6 Bernard ShawChapter 8 Modernism in Poetry1. ImagismEzra PoundThe two most important English poets of the first half of 20th century are W. B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot.2. W. B. YeatsThe Wild Swans at Coole, Michael Robartes and the Dancer, The Tower and The Winding StairT. S. E liot has referred to Yeats as “the greatest poet of our age-certainly the greatest in this . English language.”3. T. S. EliotThe Waste Land 1922 is dignifying the emergence of Modernism.T. S. Eliot was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry and a great innovator of verse technique. He profoundly influenced 20th-century English poetry between World Wars 1 and 2.Chapter 9 The Psychological Fiction1. D. H. LawrenceSons and Lovers1913, the first of Lawrence’s important novel s, is largely autobiographical.This shows the influence of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis,especially that of the “Oedipus complex.”The Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley’s Lover3. James JoyceUlysses 1922June 16, 1904character: Leopold BloomJames Joyce was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century. His masterpiece Ulysses has been called “a modern prose epic”.His admirers have praised him as “second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the English language.”4. Virginia Woolf“high-brows” the Bloomsbury GroupVirginia Wolf’s first two novels, The Voyage Out and Night and Day. Jacob’s Room, Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and OrlandoPart Nine: Poets and Novelists Who Wrote both before and after the SecondWorld WarChapter 5 E. M. ForsterEdward Morgan Forster the Bloomsbury Groupfour novels: Where Angels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey, A Room with a View and Howards EndA Passage to India, published in 1924, is Forster’s masterpiece.In 1927, Forster published a book on the theory of fiction, Aspects of the Novel.Chapter 10 William GoldingWilliam Gerald GoldingHis first novel Lord of the FliesChapter 11 Doris LessingGolden Notebook。
（完整word版）英国文学期末必备复习题
（完整word版）英国⽂学期末必备复习题Exercises:1. After the fall of the Roman Empire and the withdrawal of Roman troops from Albion , the aboriginal _Cletic____ population of the larger part of the island was soon conquered and almost totally exterminated by the Teutonic tribes of___Angles_ , __Saxons__ , and __Jutes___ who came from the continent and settled in the island , naming its central part __Anglio___ , or England.2. For nearly __400__ years prior to the coming of the English , British had been a Roman province . In__410_, the Rome withdrew their legions from Britain to protect herself against swarms of Teutonic invaders.3. The literature of early period falls naturally into two divisions, __pagan_and__Christian__.4.__The song of Beowulf__ can be justly termed England’s national epic and its hero _Beowulf___—one of the national heroes of the English people.5. The Song of Beowulf reflects events which took place on the _European Continent___ approximately at the beginning of the _6th___ century , whenthe forefathers of the Jutes lived in the southern part of the __ Scandinavian peninsula __ and maintained close relations with kindred tribes ,e.g. with the__Danes__who lived on the other side of the straits.6. Among the early Anglo-Saxon poets we may mention _Caedmon___ who lived in the half of the ___7th_ century and who wrote a poeticParaphrase of the Bible.7. __Caedmon__ is the first know religious poet of Engla nd . He is known as the father of English song.8. The didactic poem The Christ was produced by __Cynewulf__ .9. The most important work of __a__ is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles , which is regarded as the best monument of the old English prose.a. Alfred the Greatb. Caedmonc. Cynewulfd. Venerable Bede10. Who is the monster half-human who had mingled thirty warriors in The Song of Beowulf?ca. Hrothgatb. Heorotc. Grendeld. Beowulf11. ___b_ is the first important religious poet in English literature.a. Gynewulfb. Caedmonc. Shakespeared. Adam Bede12. The epic , The Song of Beowulf ,represents the spirit of _d__.a. Monksb. romanticistsc. sentimentalistsd. pagan13. Define the literary terms listed below. 1). Alliteration 2). Epic14. Please give brief description of The Song of Beowulf.Exercise:1.In the year __1066__, at the battle of _ Hasting___, the ___Normans_ headed by William Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons.2. The literature with Normans brought to England is remarkable for its bright,__romantic__ tales of ___love_ and adventures, in marked contrast with the__strength__ and __somberness__ of Anglo-Saxon poetry.3. English literature of Anglo-Norman period is also a combination of __French__ and _Saxon___ elements.4. Defines the literary terms listed below.(1) Anglo-Norman Romance (2) Middle EnglishExercise:1. In the 14th century, the two most important writers are __William Langland__ and Chaucer.2. In the 15th century, there is only one important prose writer whose name is __Sir Thomas Malory__ . He wrote an important work called Morte d’Arthur.3. Geoffrey Chaucer ,the “__father of English poetry__” and one of the greatest narrative poets of England, was born in London in about the year 1340.4. Chaucer’s masterpiece is _The Canterbury Tales__,one of the most works in all literature.5.The _general prologue__ provides a frame work for the tales in The Canterbury Tales, and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.6. Chaucer created in The Canterbury Tales a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of _his time and his country___.7. The Canterbury Tales opens with a general “prologue” where we are told of a company of pilgrims that gathered at__Tabard__ Inn in Southwark ,a suburbof London.8. Chaucer believes in the right of man to __earthly__ happiness.9.The name of the “jolly innkeeper” in The Canterbury Tales is __Harry Bailey__,who proposes that each pilgrim of the__30__ should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two more on the way back.10.The pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales are on their way to the shrine of __St. Thomas Becket’s __ at a place named Canterbury.11.Despite the enormous plan , The Canterbury Tales in fact contains a general “prologue” and only _24__ tale , of which two are left unfinished.12.In contradistinction to the __alliterative__ verse of Anglo-Saxon poetry , Chaucer chose the metrical from which laid the foundation of the English__Tonico-syllabic___ verse.13. Who is the “ father of English poetry ” and one of the greatest narrative poets of English?bA . Christopher Marlow B. Geoffrey ChaucerC. W. ShakespeareD. Alfred the Great14. When he died, Chaucer was buried in _a___ the Poet’s Corner. A．Westminster Abbey B. NormandyC. CanterburyD. Southwark15. Chaucer’s earliest work of any length is his __c__ a translation of the French “Roman de la Rose”, which was a love allegory enjoying widespread popularity in the 13th and 14th centuries throughout Europe.A. Troilus and CriseydeB. A Red Red RoseC. Romance of the RoseD. Piers the Plowman16. Chaucer composes a long narrative poem named __b___ based on Boccaccio’s poem “Filostrato”.A. The Legend of Good WomenB. Troilus and CriseydeC. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightD. Beowulf17. In his literary development, Chaucer was influenced by three literatures. Which one is not true?dA. French literatureB. Italian literatureC. English literatureD. German literature18. There are various kinds of ballads _historical___, __legendary__,__fantanstical__, __lyrical__ and ___homorous__.19. In the numerous __border ballads__, the age-long struggle between the Scots and the English is reflected.20. Bishop __Thomas Perry__ was among the first to take a literary interestin ballads.21. Robin Hood, a __Saxon__ by birth, was an outlaw, a robber but he robbed only the rich and never molested the poor and needy.22. The first mention of Robin Hood in literature is in Langland’s ___Piers the Plowman__.23. Define the literary terms listed below. (1) Ballad (2) Heroic couplet24. Comment on Geoffrey Chaucer and his The Canterbury Tales.Exercise:1. The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of __feudal __ relation and the establishing of the foundations of __capitalism__.2. Because the wool trade was rapidly growing in bulk , it was s timewhen , according to Thomas More , “__shape devoured man__ ”.3. __King Henry the VIII__ broke off with the Pope , dissolved all the monasteries and Abbeys in the country , confiscated their lands proclaimed himself head of __Church of England__.4. Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of __Queen Elizabeth I__.5. Together with the development of bourgeois relationships and formation of the English national state this period is marked by a Flourishing of national culture known as the __Renaissance__.6.__Thomas More_wrote his _Utopia__in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of people’s sufferings and put forwards his ideal of a future happy society.7._Thomas Wyatt__was the first to introduce the Italian sonnet into English literature.8. Edmund Spenser was the author of the greatest epic poem of _The Faire Queene___.9. Define the literary terms listed below. (1)renaissance (2)Spenserian StanzaExercise:1.Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and __Macbeth___ are generally regarded as Shakespeare’s four g reat tragedies.2. During the 22 years of his literary work, Shakespeare produced __37__ plays,__2__ narrative poems and __154___ sonnets.3. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is one of ___Christopher Marlowe__’s best plays.4. __Edmund Spenser__ is often referred to as “ the poet’s poet”.5. “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day” is one of _Shakespeare’s___ best known sonnets.6. In the __Elizabethan__ Period, William Shakespeare is the greatest writerof England.7. Define the literary terms listed below: Dramatic Irony8. Comment on William Shakespeare and The Merchant of Venice.9. Comment on William Shakespeare and Hamlet.Exercises:1.Pope described Francis Bacon as “ the _wisest__, _brightest__, __meanest_of mankind”.2. Bacon’s works may b e divided into three classes, the _philosophy__, the__professional_, the _literary__ works.3. The final edition of Bacon’s essays contains __58_ essays.4. The 17th century was a period when _absolute monarchy__ impeded the further development of capitalism in England and the _bourgeoisie__ could no longer bear the sway of __landed nobility_.5. The government of James I was a __despotism_ based on the theory of the divine right of kings.6. There were religious division and confusion and a long bitter struggle between the people’s Parliament and the Throne---__Puritans_ fighting against the _Cavaliers__ who helped the king.7. England became a commonwealth under the leadership of __Oliver Cromwell_.8. After _Oliver Cromwell__’s death, monarchy as again restored (1660). It was called the period of the Restoration____.9. The Glorious Revolution in _1688__ meant three things the supremacy of_Parliament__, the beginning of _modern England__, and the final triumph of the principle of _political liberty__.10. The Puritans believed in __simplicity_ of life.11. The Revolution Period is also called _the Puritan Age__, because the English Revolution was carried out under a religious cloak.12. Define the literary term – Blank verse.13. The first thing to stri ke the reader is Donne’s extraordinary _frankness__ and penetrating _realism__. The next is the_cynicism__ which marks certain of thelighter poems and which represents a conscious reaction from the extreme__idealism__ of woman encouraged by the Petrarchan tradition.14. Donne entered the church in 1615, where he rose rapidly to be Dean of _St Paul’s Cathedral__, and the most famous preacher of his time.15. Milton’s father was a __Puritan_, but not so harsh as most of the _Puritans__ of his day.16. Milton opposed the __Monarchic_ party and gave all his energies to the writing of __pamphlets_ dedicated to the people’s liberties.17. Paradise Lost tells how __Satan_ rebelled against God and how _Adam__ and __Eve_ were driven out of Eden.18. Paradise Lost presents the author’s view in an _allegorical__, _religious__ form.19. The poem Paradise Lost consists of _12__ books.20. Paradise Lost is based on the __Bibelical__ legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race --- __Adam_ and__Eve_ , and involves God and his eternal adversary _Santan__ in its plot.21. In Revolution period __John Milton__ towers over his age as William Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan Age and as Chaucer over the Medieval period.22. During the civil war and the commonwealth, there were two leadersin England, Cromwell, the man of action, and _John Milton__ the man of thought.23. In 1637Milton wrote the finest pastoral elegy in English, “__Lycidas_”to memorize the tragic death of a Cambridge friend.24. Milton wrote his masterpiece __Paradise Lost_ during his blindness.25. Comment on John Milton and his Paradise Lost.Exercise:1. Milton and Bunyan represented the extreme of English life in the 17th century. One gave us the only epic since_Beowulf___, the other gave us the only great_allegry___.2. Bunyan’s most important work is _Pilgrim’s Progess___, written in theold-fashioned medieval form of __allegory__ and ___dream_.3. In The Pilgrim’s Progress, the story begins with a man called __Christian__setting out with a book in his hand and a great load on his back from the city of__Destuction__.4. Christian has two objects,--- to get rid of his __bureden__, which holds the sins and fears of his life, and to make his way to the __Celestial City_.5. John Bunyan gives a vivid and satirical description of __Vanity Fair__ which is the symbol of London at the time of Restoration.6. The literature of the middle and later periods of the 17th century cultimated in the poetry of _John Milton___, in the prosewriting of __John Bunyan__, and also in the plays and literary criticism of ___John Dryden_.Exercise:1. No sooner were the people in control of the government than they divided into hostile parties: the liberal _Whigs___, and the conservative __Tories__.2. Another feature of the 18th century was the rapid development of __social life__.3. The Enlighteners believed in the power of reason and therefore the 18th century is also called “the age of _Reason___”.4. The Enlightenment on the whole was an expression of struggle of the progressive class of _bourgeoisie__ against__feudalism__.5. The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the __viciousness__ of human nature, and prove that man is born ___kind_ and __honest__, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of _corrupted__ social environment.6. It is simply for convenience that we study 18th century writings in three main divisions: the reign of so-called __neo-classicism__, the revival of __romatic_poetry, and the beginnings of the ___modern novel__.7. The essays and stories of Addison and Steele devoted not only to social problems, but also to __private_ life_ and__adventures__.8. Pope was a man of extraordinary __wit__ and extensive __learning__, and his contemporaries considered him as the highest __authority__ in matters of literary art.9. The image of an enterprising Englishman of the 18th century was created by Daniel Defoe in his famous novel__Robinson Crusoe__.10. ___Alexander Pope_ is the leading figure of neo-classicism in the early period of the 18th century.11. Robinson Crusoe is largely an _adventure__ story, rather than the study of__human character__ which Defoe probably intended it to be.12. In The Shortest Way with the Dissenters, in a vein of grim _humor__ which recalls Swift’s Modest Proposal Defoe advocated hanging all dissenting ministers, and sending all member of the free churches into exile.13. The full name of Robinson Crusoe is __The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe__.14. The story of Robinson Crusoe itself is real enough to have come straight from a sailor’s __logbook__.15. Robinson named __Friday__ to the saved savage.16. Define the literary term, Picaresque Novels.Exercise:1.The 18th century in English literature is an age of __Prose___.2. Swift is born of English parents in ___Dublin Ireland___.3. Swift was the most remarkable __satirist__ in the 18th centurywho criticized the new bourgeois-aristocratic society of his age with outmercy.4. Jonathan Swift’s masterpiece is __Gulliver’s Travels__.5. Gulliver’s adventures begins with __Liliputians__, who are so small that Gulliver isa giant among them.6. The country in Gulliver’s Travels is __Houyhnhnms__, where horses are the real people and human beings ,__Yahoos___ are their filthy servants.7. In the country of __Brobdingnag __, Gulliver is but pygmy.8. Gulliver’s third voyage is occupied with a visit to the flying island of __Laputa__.9. A Modest Proposal is made to __English__ government to relieve the poverty of _Irish___ people.10. The Tale of a Tub is a satire on the various __churches__ of the day. Exercise:1.Henry Fielding is the greatest novelist of the __18th__ century.2.Fielding’s first novel , _Joseph Andrews___ was inspired by the success ofRichardso n’s novel Pamela.3. Fielding’s later novels are ___Jonathon Wild___, the story of a rogue , which suggests Defoe’s narrative ; __The History of _Tom Jones_, a Foundling_(1749) his best work; and __Amelia____ (1751) , the story of a good wife in contrast with an unworthy husband.1.In his works Fielding strongly criticizes __social relations__ in theContemporary England.5. Fielding hates that hypocrisy which tries to conceal itself under A mask of__morality__.6. The lack of __spirituality__ of the age finds the most ample expression in his page.1.To read Milton’s __Il Penseroso__ and Gray’s is to see the beginning and theperfection of that “literature of melancholy” which largely Occupied Englishpoets for more than a century.8. The author of the famous Elegy is the most scholarly and well-balanced of all the early __romantic__ poets.9. Oliver Goldsmith was one of the most __versatile__ of author and made distinguished contributions in several literary forms.10. Goldsmith was born in __Ireland__ , the son of an __Anglican__ clergyman whose geniality he inherited and whose improvidence he imitated.11. As ___essayest_ ,Goldsmith is among the best of the century.12. As a __poet__ he makes the riming couples as natural and simple as his prose.13. The Deserted Village is a (n )__idylice__ story of the family of a clergy-man after they have lost their money and are living in poverty.14. Goldsmith’s two comedies , The Good-natured Man and She Stoops to Conquer met with opposition because the fashion was then for __sentimental__ comedy. 15. The two plays by Sheridan and _Goldsmith___ are the only plays of the18th century that have been kept alive upon the modem stage.16. Richard Brinsley Sheridan was, like Goldsmith ,a (n) _Irish__man.17. His famous comedy , _The Rivals__ , was written in his twenty-four year.18. Sheridan’s famous comedy _The School of Scadal___, written in 1777, is considered his masterpiece.19. Define the literary term, comedy of humors.20. Of all the romantic poets of the 18th century ,Blake is the most independent and the most _original___.21. For greater part of his life Blake was the poet of inspiration alone , following no man’ s __lead__, obeying no voice but that which be heard in his own mystic__soul__.22. Beyond learning to __read__ and __write__, he received no education.23. His only formal education was in __art__.24. At 14, Blake apprenticed for seven years to a well-known __engraver__ , James Basire.25. After three years at Felpham ,Blake moved back to London , determined to follow his “__Divine Vision___” though it meant a life of isolation , misunderstanding , and poverty.26. The underlying theme in Songs of Innocence is the all-pervading presenceof divine and __sympathy__ , even in trouble and sorrow.27.In 1790 Blake engraved his principal prose , ___The Marriage of Heaven and Hell_ , in which, with vigorous satire and telling apologue , he takes up his Revolutionary position.28. The__Songs of Experienc__ (1794) are in marked contrast with the Songs of Innocence.29. The brightness of the earlier work gives place to a sense of _gloom___ and mystery , and of the power of __evil__.30. In Jerusalem we have expounded Blake ‘s theory of__Imagination__ .31. The greatest of __Scottish__ poets is Robert Burns.32. In 1786. when he was 27 years old ,Burns resolved to abandon the struggle and seek position in the far-off island of__Jamaica__.33.Burns wrote some __patriotic__ poems , in which he expressed his deep love for his motherland ,such as “My Heart’s in the Highlands”.34. Burns’ poetry bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh ofthe __Scottish__ common people。
英国文学期末考试总结
英国文学期末考试总结Part 1单选.1. old English period 作家的写作特点(alliteration, frequent use of kenning ?)2. The Period of Anglo-Saxon is AD450-1066.3. Alexander PopeWhy can’t he get formal education? (他是Catholicism，disable, )He belongs to Scriblerus Club （涂鸦社）. He lives in enlightenment（英国启蒙运动时期古典主义诗人）主要代表作：An Essay on Criticism; Essay on Man; The Rape of the lock;The Dunciad.4. CharlesDickensFirst novel: Oliver TwistTale of 2 cities 描述了：This is a novel telling about individual destinies ina gigantic and turbulent social change like the French Revolution.5. Daniel DefoeHe is a father of English novel for Robinson CrusoeHe was arrested because wrote sth against Tory(本来是在Tory 党工作，但他政治上偏向Whig)6. Emma 嫁给了Mr George Knightley（不是John Knightley）Jane Austen第一部小说的nickname是A ladyShe usually writes about young girls dilemma in love and marriage. Characters in her novel(小说中的女主角均追求与男子思想感情的平等交流与沟通，要求社会地位上的平等权利，坚持独立观察、分析和选择男子的自由。
英国文学期末整理 (1)
Questions for Revision:The Anglo- Saxon PeriodQ1: What is the major literary form in this period?PoetryQ2: What is epic? What is the national epic in this period?An Epic is a long narrative poem in elevated style presents characters of high relation to a central figure of heroic proportions and through their development of episodes important to the history of a nation or race.BeowulfQ3: What are the characteristics of Beowulf ?1、The most striking feature in its poetic form is the use of alliteration- repetition of initialconsonant sounds in a line of poem. In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonat sound.There are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration ,as can be seen from the quotations on P.6-10 in the textbook.2、"kenning": a kind of figurative language3、The use of repetition and variationQ4: What are two highlights in the developments of the Anglo-Saxon literature?1、the Northumbrian School2、during the reign of King AlfredQuestions for Revision-- The Middle English PeriodQ1: What was the form of literature at the time? What features does it have?Romance1、Romance which uses narrative verse or prose to sing of knightly adventures or otherheroic deeds is a popular literary form in the Middle Ages. The importance of romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.2、Early feudal age，as it reflects the spirit of chivalry.3、The English romance mainly deals with three major subjects: Religious, Courtly love, andArthurian3、Matter of France: a collection of tales about Chalemagne and his peers headed by Rolandand their wars against the Saracens.4、Matter of Rome: covered everything that had come down from the ancient Romans andfrom the Greeks also e.g. Trojan War5、Matter of Britain: the legendary history of Britain. e.g. King Arthur and His Round-TableKnights, Sir Gawain and the GreenknightQ2: What is the literary position of Geoferry Chaucer in English Literature?Father of English poetryQ3: What about the significance of The Canterbury Tales ?1. It gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer's time.The pilgrims represent the whole range of 14th century society except the very top and the very bottom. With his own wide experience and close observation of life, his characters are so vivid and particular that there can be no substitution for the very person described.2. The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics. In The Canterbury Tales, stories are cleverly woven together by links between the stories.Most of the stories are related to the personalities of the tellers.The personality of each character, his private life and habits, his mood and social status are revealed in the prologue and in the story he tells, as well as by his behaviour along the road and his remarks on the way.3. Chaucer's humour: gentle satire and mild irony4. Chaucer's contribution to the English language: Chaucer wrote in the London dialect of his day, which he handled dexterously.He was at one moment serious and another lighthearted and full of fun and sometimes he could be very poetical. He proved that the English language is a beautiful language and can be easily handled to express different moods. In so doing Chaucer greatly increased the prestige of the English language.Q4: What are Chaucer‘s contributions to English literature?1. Father of English poetry2. Chaucer, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life in his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales.3. Chaucer develops characterization to a higher artistic level, i.e. characters who are morally and socially typical but exquisitely individual and realistic in detail.4. Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse.5. Chaucer used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which is to be called later as the heroic couplet.6. Chaucer greatly increased the prestige of English as a literary language and extended the range of its poetic vocabulary and meters.He is considered as a great master of the English language.Questions for Revision-- The English RenaissanceQ1:What is Renaissance? What do you know about English Renaissance and its ideal Humanism?Renaissance: a cultural movement（the 14th to the 17th century）, beginning in Florence, Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of EuropeAs a cultural movement, it encompassed a flowering of literature, science, art, religion, and politics, and a resurgence of learning based on classical sources, the development of linear perspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform.Historical Background(Society, Politics and Economy)1、The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) between France and England2、The War of the Roses (1455-1485)--- Red Rose represents the noble family of Lancaster and White Rose represents the noble family of York.3、The Civil War or Bourgeois Revolution (1642-1660) between the Monarch and the House of Commons4、Restoration (1660-1688)5、Glorious Revolution (1688)6、The Agrarian Revolution --- the largest scale enclose of common landThe land was turned into pasture to greed sheep, driving many peasants to the cities.7、Development of the clothing industry --- the beginning of the English capitalist production,geographical exploration and trade expansion8、Discovery of new landIn England, the exploration had two objects: one was the quest of gold and silver, and the other was the finding of new markets for English cloth.Humanism: is the idea that man has a potential for culture which distinguishes him from lower orders of beings, and which he should strive constantly to fulfill.1.Rebellious spirit against the Medieval feudal value and blind faith in humbleness,servitude, and after-life.2.Belief in man’s divinity and capability of self perfection3.Emphasis of the importance of personal worth and enjoyment of the present life Q2:What are the major writers in this period? What about their representative works ? Edmund Spenser The Shephearde’s Calender The Faerie QueeneChristopher Marlowe Tamburlaine the Great The tragical History of Doctore FaustusThe Jew of MaltaWilliam ShakespeareHistory: Henry IV (1-2)Comedy: Mid-summer Night’s DreamThe Merchant of VeniceMuch Ado about NothingAs You Like ItTwelfth NightTragedy:HamletOthelloKing LearMacBethFamous Plays:Romeo and JulietJulius CaesarAntony and CleopatraThe TempestQ3: What are the reasons for the flourishing of drama in the last thirty years of the 16th century?Cities and towns grew rapidly in the 16th century and since there was no other means of entertainment than watching drama so it became the only form of amusement to city dweller and nobleman.Q4: What are William Shakespeare's major achievements to English literature?课本P76Q5:What is sonnet? What about Shakespeare's sonnet or English sonnet?1、The sonnets comprise four stanzas of three quatrains and a final couplet composed in iambic pentameter with designated rhyme scheme . Shakespeare also uses the iambic pentameter in most of his plays, where they are called blank verse, as they do not usually rhyme.2、The two basic types of sonnet are the Petrarchan(or Italian) and the Shakespearen(or English). The Petrarchan sonnet follows the rhyme scheme:abbaabba cdecde, or abbaabbacdccdc.The Shakespearen sonnet's thought-division is a 4-4-4-2 plan. There are four sections-three quatrains and a final couplet.In Shakespearen sonnet each quatrain deals with a different aspect of the subject and the couplet either summarizes the theme or makes a final, sometimes contradictory comment.Q6:How to appreciate sonnet 18 ? What is the theme of this poem?Figures of Speech1) Similethee---a summer’s day(compare…to…)2) Metaphorsummer’s duration---a leasethe sun---the eye of heaven3) Personificationsummer---has a short leasesun---has gold complexiondeath---brag “thee” in his shadepoem---gives life to “thee”Rhetorical Devices in Sonnet 181、rhetorical question: the first line, used to create a tone of respect, and to engage the audience.2、personification: line 5,6 and line 11, used to elevate the sun and death.3、parallelism: the final couplet, used to emphasize the message: the beauty of the subject will be immortalized by the power of his art.The Theme of the poem:Surface: love, beautyDeeper meaning: the power of poetry/literature- -Beauty can be easily destroyed by accidents or fade with the passing of time. However, it will be immortalized by the power of poetry or literature.Q7: Where lies in the greatness of Hamlet?P121Q8: What is soliloquy? How do you understand the famous line "To be, or not to be" in the context of the soliloquy in scene I Act III of Hamlet?1、Soliloquy(独白)is a dramatic speech uttered by one character speaking aloud while alone on the stage (or while under the impression of being alone) .Soliloquies often appear in plays from the age of Shakespeare, notably in his Hamlet and Macbeth. The best known of all dramatic soliloquies is Hamlet’s speech which begins “To be, or not to be”.2、To take action or to suffer / to continue live or to die, the speech conveys a sense of world-weariness as well as the author’s incisive comments on the social reality of his time. Hamlet lives between action and resolution. He is so contemplative that he examines the nature of the action only to deny its possibility. He considers it better for people to die, but then says nobody knows what happens in the afterlife.Q9: What is the literary position of Francis Bacon?He is regarded as the chief figure in English prose and progenitor of English materialism, and his essays began the long tradition of the long tradition of the English essay in the history of English literature.Q10: What is the main idea of Bacon's "Of Studies"?It is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays.It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character.Forceful and persuasive, compact and precise, “Of Studies” reveals to us Bacon’s mature attitude toward learning. This essay impresses the reader not only by its argumentative strength but also by its elegance of style.Q11: What is the writing style of Bacon's essays?Language and Style1. Bacon’s aphoristic style is characterized by the frequent use of parallelism. F ind one such example from the text and either translate or paraphrase the selected sentences.2. Underline some of the metaphors or metaphorical descriptions in the essay. Select at least two and explain what they illustrate.Q12: What do you know about the metaphysical poets?Q13: What do you know about John Miltion and his masterpiece?Q14. What is a Romance?A romance is a narrative either written in verse or in prose, describing heroic achievements, or chivalry love. Romance was the prevailing literary form in the Middle Ages.Q15.What is an allegory?Allegory is a story in verse or in prose with a double meaning: a primary or surface meaning; and a secondary or under-the-surface meaning.It is a story that can be read, understood and interpreted at two levels.Q16. What is a ballad?1、Fundamentally, a ballad is a song that tells a story and originally was a musical accompaniment to a dance.2、A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and four lines rhymed..some basic features are common to large numbers of ballads: 1) the beginning is often abrupt; 2) the language is simple; 3) the story is told through dialogue and action; 4) the theme is often tragic though there are a number of comic balllads; 5) there is often a refrain（叠句，副歌）.There are two kinds of ballad: the folk or popular ballad and the literary ballad.Q17. What is Enlightenment?A term used to describe a literary and philosophical movement in Europe between 1660 and 1770. In England it is sometimes referred to as "the Age of Reason."Q20. What is Neo-classical period?The Neo-classical period is usually taken to be the hundred-odd years from 1660-1780.Q18. What is Poetry?The word poetry comes from a Greek verb which means to make.Poetry is not like ordinary speech or writing; it is a specially made object in words.In Western Literature, poetry is the oldest of written art forms.Poetry has its roots in the oral tradition of our distant ancestors.The earliest poetic forms were epics and balllads sung by travelling bards and minstrels.Q19. IambicIambic is the most common pattern of meter since it is the way we generally talk . It is the unstressed followed by stressed syllable pattern.Here is an example of iambic lines:Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so bright, (U/|U/|U/|U/)The bridal of the earth and sky; (U/|U/|U/|U/)The dew shall weep thy fall to night, (U/|U/|U/|U/)For thou must die.(U/|U/|) (from “Virtue” by George Herbert)Q20.Iambic pentameterA meter in poetry, consisting o f lines with five feet (hence “pentameter”) in which the iamb is the dominant foot (hence “Iambic”).Iambic rhythms are quite easy to write in English and iambic pentameter is among the most common metrical forms in English poetry. Like the rest of the meters it has its origins in Greek poetry.da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM(Weak STRONG / weak STRONG / weak STRONG / weak STRONG / weak STRONG)Was-THIS the-FACE that-LAUNCH'D a-THOU sand-SHIPS人物及代表作1. Geoffrey Chaucer Canterbury Tales2. Francis Bacon of Studies3. John Bunyan (1628—1688 Pilgrim’s Progress4. John Milton (1608-1674 Paradise Lost5. John Donne peculiar conceits6. Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe7. Henry Fielding The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling。
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Questions for Revision:The Anglo- Saxon PeriodQ1: What is the major literary form in this period?PoetryQ2: What is epic? What is the national epic in this period?An Epic is a long narrative poem in elevated style presents characters of high relation to a central figure of heroic proportions and through their development of episodes important to the history of a nation or race.BeowulfQ3: What are the characteristics of Beowulf ?1、The most striking feature in its poetic form is the use of alliteration- repetition of initialconsonant sounds in a line of poem. In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonat sound.There are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration ,as can be seen from the quotations on P.6-10 in the textbook.2、"kenning": a kind of figurative language3、The use of repetition and variationQ4: What are two highlights in the developments of the Anglo-Saxon literature?1、the Northumbrian School2、during the reign of King AlfredQuestions for Revision-- The Middle English PeriodQ1: What was the form of literature at the time? What features does it have?Romance1、Romance which uses narrative verse or prose to sing of knightly adventures or otherheroic deeds is a popular literary form in the Middle Ages. The importance of romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.2、Early feudal age，as it reflects the spirit of chivalry.3、The English romance mainly deals with three major subjects: Religious, Courtly love, andArthurian3、Matter of France: a collection of tales about Chalemagne and his peers headed by Rolandand their wars against the Saracens.4、Matter of Rome: covered everything that had come down from the ancient Romans andfrom the Greeks also e.g. Trojan War5、Matter of Britain: the legendary history of Britain. e.g. King Arthur and His Round-TableKnights, Sir Gawain and the GreenknightQ2: What is the literary position of Geoferry Chaucer in English Literature?Father of English poetryQ3: What about the significance of The Canterbury Tales ?1. It gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer's time.The pilgrims represent the whole range of 14th century society except the very top and the very bottom. With his own wide experience and close observation of life, his characters are so vivid and particular that there can be no substitution for the very person described.2. The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics. In The Canterbury Tales, stories are cleverly woven together by links between the stories.Most of the stories are related to the personalities of the tellers.The personality of each character, his private life and habits, his mood and social status are revealed in the prologue and in the story he tells, as well as by his behaviour along the road and his remarks on the way.3. Chaucer's humour: gentle satire and mild irony4. Chaucer's contribution to the English language: Chaucer wrote in the London dialect of his day, which he handled dexterously.He was at one moment serious and another lighthearted and full of fun and sometimes he could be very poetical. He proved that the English language is a beautiful language and can be easily handled to express different moods. In so doing Chaucer greatly increased the prestige of the English language.Q4: What are Chaucer‘s contributions to English literature?1. Father of English poetry2. Chaucer, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life in his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales.3. Chaucer develops characterization to a higher artistic level, i.e. characters who are morally and socially typical but exquisitely individual and realistic in detail.4. Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse.5. Chaucer used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which is to be called later as the heroic couplet.6. Chaucer greatly increased the prestige of English as a literary language and extended the range of its poetic vocabulary and meters.He is considered as a great master of the English language.Questions for Revision-- The English RenaissanceQ1:What is Renaissance? What do you know about English Renaissance and its ideal Humanism?Renaissance: a cultural movement（the 14th to the 17th century）, beginning in Florence, Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of EuropeAs a cultural movement, it encompassed a flowering of literature, science, art, religion, and politics, and a resurgence of learning based on classical sources, the development of linear perspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform.Historical Background(Society, Politics and Economy)1、The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) between France and England2、The War of the Roses (1455-1485)--- Red Rose represents the noble family of Lancaster and White Rose represents the noble family of York.3、The Civil War or Bourgeois Revolution (1642-1660) between the Monarch and the House of Commons4、Restoration (1660-1688)5、Glorious Revolution (1688)6、The Agrarian Revolution --- the largest scale enclose of common landThe land was turned into pasture to greed sheep, driving many peasants to the cities.7、Development of the clothing industry --- the beginning of the English capitalist production,geographical exploration and trade expansion8、Discovery of new landIn England, the exploration had two objects: one was the quest of gold and silver, and the other was the finding of new markets for English cloth.Humanism: is the idea that man has a potential for culture which distinguishes him from lower orders of beings, and which he should strive constantly to fulfill.1.Rebellious spirit against the Medieval feudal value and blind faith in humbleness,servitude, and after-life.2.Belief in man’s divinity and capability of self perfection3.Emphasis of the importance of personal worth and enjoyment of the present life Q2:What are the major writers in this period? What about their representative works ? Edmund Spenser The Shephearde’s Calender The Faerie QueeneChristopher Marlowe Tamburlaine the Great The tragical History of Doctore FaustusThe Jew of MaltaWilliam ShakespeareHistory: Henry IV (1-2)Comedy: Mid-summer Night’s DreamThe Merchant of VeniceMuch Ado about NothingAs You Like ItTwelfth NightTragedy:HamletOthelloKing LearMacBethFamous Plays:Romeo and JulietJulius CaesarAntony and CleopatraThe TempestQ3: What are the reasons for the flourishing of drama in the last thirty years of the 16th century?Cities and towns grew rapidly in the 16th century and since there was no other means of entertainment than watching drama so it became the only form of amusement to city dweller and nobleman.Q4: What are William Shakespeare's major achievements to English literature?课本P76Q5:What is sonnet? What about Shakespeare's sonnet or English sonnet?1、The sonnets comprise four stanzas of three quatrains and a final couplet composed in iambic pentameter with designated rhyme scheme . Shakespeare also uses the iambic pentameter in most of his plays, where they are called blank verse, as they do not usually rhyme.2、The two basic types of sonnet are the Petrarchan(or Italian) and the Shakespearen(or English). The Petrarchan sonnet follows the rhyme scheme:abbaabba cdecde, or abbaabbacdccdc.The Shakespearen sonnet's thought-division is a 4-4-4-2 plan. There are four sections-three quatrains and a final couplet.In Shakespearen sonnet each quatrain deals with a different aspect of the subject and the couplet either summarizes the theme or makes a final, sometimes contradictory comment.Q6:How to appreciate sonnet 18 ? What is the theme of this poem?Figures of Speech1) Similethee---a summer’s day(compare…to…)2) Metaphorsummer’s duration---a leasethe sun---the eye of heaven3) Personificationsummer---has a short leasesun---has gold complexiondeath---brag “thee” in his shadepoem---gives life to “thee”Rhetorical Devices in Sonnet 181、rhetorical question: the first line, used to create a tone of respect, and to engage the audience.2、personification: line 5,6 and line 11, used to elevate the sun and death.3、parallelism: the final couplet, used to emphasize the message: the beauty of the subject will be immortalized by the power of his art.The Theme of the poem:Surface: love, beautyDeeper meaning: the power of poetry/literature- -Beauty can be easily destroyed by accidents or fade with the passing of time. However, it will be immortalized by the power of poetry or literature.Q7: Where lies in the greatness of Hamlet?P121Q8: What is soliloquy? How do you understand the famous line "To be, or not to be" in the context of the soliloquy in scene I Act III of Hamlet?1、Soliloquy(独白)is a dramatic speech uttered by one character speaking aloud while alone on the stage (or while under the impression of being alone) .Soliloquies often appear in plays from the age of Shakespeare, notably in his Hamlet and Macbeth. The best known of all dramatic soliloquies is Hamlet’s speech which begins “To be, or not to be”.2、To take action or to suffer / to continue live or to die, the speech conveys a sense of world-weariness as well as the author’s incisive comments on the social reality of his time. Hamlet lives between action and resolution. He is so contemplative that he examines the nature of the action only to deny its possibility. He considers it better for people to die, but then says nobody knows what happens in the afterlife.Q9: What is the literary position of Francis Bacon?He is regarded as the chief figure in English prose and progenitor of English materialism, and his essays began the long tradition of the long tradition of the English essay in the history of English literature.Q10: What is the main idea of Bacon's "Of Studies"?It is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays.It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character.Forceful and persuasive, compact and precise, “Of Studies” reveals to us Bacon’s mature attitude toward learning. This essay impresses the reader not only by its argumentative strength but also by its elegance of style.Q11: What is the writing style of Bacon's essays?Language and Style1. Bacon’s aphoristic style is characterized by the frequent use of parallelism. F ind one such example from the text and either translate or paraphrase the selected sentences.2. Underline some of the metaphors or metaphorical descriptions in the essay. Select at least two and explain what they illustrate.Q12: What do you know about the metaphysical poets?Q13: What do you know about John Miltion and his masterpiece?Q14. What is a Romance?A romance is a narrative either written in verse or in prose, describing heroic achievements, or chivalry love. Romance was the prevailing literary form in the Middle Ages.Q15.What is an allegory?Allegory is a story in verse or in prose with a double meaning: a primary or surface meaning; and a secondary or under-the-surface meaning.It is a story that can be read, understood and interpreted at two levels.Q16. What is a ballad?1、Fundamentally, a ballad is a song that tells a story and originally was a musical accompaniment to a dance.2、A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and four lines rhymed..some basic features are common to large numbers of ballads: 1) the beginning is often abrupt; 2) the language is simple; 3) the story is told through dialogue and action; 4) the theme is often tragic though there are a number of comic balllads; 5) there is often a refrain（叠句，副歌）.There are two kinds of ballad: the folk or popular ballad and the literary ballad.Q17. What is Enlightenment?A term used to describe a literary and philosophical movement in Europe between 1660 and 1770. In England it is sometimes referred to as "the Age of Reason."Q20. What is Neo-classical period?The Neo-classical period is usually taken to be the hundred-odd years from 1660-1780.Q18. What is Poetry?The word poetry comes from a Greek verb which means to make.Poetry is not like ordinary speech or writing; it is a specially made object in words.In Western Literature, poetry is the oldest of written art forms.Poetry has its roots in the oral tradition of our distant ancestors.The earliest poetic forms were epics and balllads sung by travelling bards and minstrels.Q19. IambicIambic is the most common pattern of meter since it is the way we generally talk . It is the unstressed followed by stressed syllable pattern.Here is an example of iambic lines:Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so bright, (U/|U/|U/|U/)The bridal of the earth and sky; (U/|U/|U/|U/)The dew shall weep thy fall to night, (U/|U/|U/|U/)For thou must die.(U/|U/|) (from “Virtue” by George Herbert)Q20.Iambic pentameterA meter in poetry, consisting o f lines with five feet (hence “pentameter”) in which the iamb is the dominant foot (hence “Iambic”).Iambic rhythms are quite easy to write in English and iambic pentameter is among the most common metrical forms in English poetry. Like the rest of the meters it has its origins in Greek poetry.da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM(Weak STRONG / weak STRONG / weak STRONG / weak STRONG / weak STRONG)Was-THIS the-FACE that-LAUNCH'D a-THOU sand-SHIPS人物及代表作1. Geoffrey Chaucer Canterbury Tales2. Francis Bacon of Studies3. John Bunyan (1628—1688 Pilgrim’s Progress4. John Milton (1608-1674 Paradise Lost5. John Donne peculiar conceits6. Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe7. Henry Fielding The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling。