北京林业大学2011考博英语真题
2011年10月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2011年10月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．In swimming it is necessary to______the movement of the arms and legs.A．coordinateB．harmonizeC．collaborateD．mediate正确答案：A解析：本题考查动词的含义。
A协调，调节；B使和谐；C合作；D调停，调解。
句子的意思是：游泳时手臂与腿部动作要协调。
2．Beijing’s private cars will be banned from the roads ______for one day a week during a six-month trial period.A．incidentallyB．occasionallyC．randomlyD．alternately正确答案：D解析：本题考查副词的含义。
A附带地，顺便提及地；B有时候，偶尔；C 随机地，任意地；D交替地，轮流地。
句子的意思是：北京的私家车将每周轮流一次禁止上路，试行6个月。
3．Joe puts too much______on pills from the drugstore and does not listen to his doctor.A．applianceB．defianceC．relianceD．compliance正确答案：C解析：本题考查名词的含义。
A用具，器具；B挑战，挑衅，蔑视；C依赖；D遵从，依从。
句子的意思是：乔过于依赖药店里的药，不听医生的话。
4．Among 169 cases, the smokers______85.79% , and the ratio between males and females is 3.7 to 1.A．answer forB．account forC．take upD．sum up正确答案：B解析：本题考查动词词组的含义。
2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】
2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解[部分视频讲解]Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choosethe best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. The man is busyB. The man has trouble breathing.C. The man is out of town on business.D. The man is hiding himself from the woman.【答案】A【解析】录音中男士提到最近在做一个项目，甚至连呼吸的时间也没有，可见他最近很忙。
北京林业大学博士生入学考试
北京林业大学博士生入学考试英语考试大纲一、总述北京林业大学博士生入学考试，由教育部批准并授权组织进行。
凡具备教育部规定的申请博士学位的人员均可报名参加。
考生报考的专业不同，但均参加统一的博士生英语入学考试。
北京林业大学博士生入学英语考试时间为180分钟，试题总分为100分，设有听力、词汇、阅读、概括、翻译、写作六种题型。
听力考试完毕，连续进行笔试部分，不分时间段。
考题以一般社交内容、综合人文知识、科普常识和社会热点问题为语言素材，重在考查考生用语言进行社交和各项科研活动的能力。
考前在网上公布题型、题量、分数分布、考试时间，以及应试技巧说明。
同时向考生提供《北京林业大学博士生入学考试模拟英语试题集》，有十套样题，帮助参加入学考试的人员熟悉考试形式、了解考试难度，并对语言素材的范围也有一定感性认识。
试题集12月下旬可向主楼213购买。
二.题型及比重分布北京林业大学博士生入学英语考试共分为六部分，详述如下：1．听力：20分共20题，每题1分。
分为三个部分。
第一部分9分，9段简短对话。
每段对话之后，提出一个问题（录音形式），考生从试卷上给出的A、B、C、D四个答案中选择一个正确答案。
第二部分为6分，两段200-300字的讲话或长对话。
每段讲话或长对话后有三个问题（录音形式）。
考生从试卷上给出的A、B、C、D四个答案中选择一个正确答案。
第三部分为5分。
一段200-300字的讲话或长对话，后面有5个问题（录音形式）。
考生在卷面上做1-5个字的简要回答。
2．词汇：10分共20题，每题0.5分。
每题为一个句子，其中一个词为空白，考生从给出的A、B、C、D四个词语中选择一个正确的词。
3．阅读：30分共15题，每题2分。
阅读3篇300-350字的短文，每篇短文后有5个问题，考生从每个问题后面给出的A、B、C、D四个选择中挑选一个正确答案。
4．摘要：10分将1篇300词左右的英语短文改写成70－100词的英文摘要。
5．英译汉：10分将1篇200字的英语短文译成汉语。
北京师范大学2011年博士入学英语试题与答案详解
北京师范大学2011年博士入学英语试题与答案详解一、试题部分Part I: Listening Comprehension(略)Part II: Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are six passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneIt is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into which the machines have been introduced. For example, it has been suggested that the employment of women in industry took them out of the household, their traditional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position in society. In the nineteenth century, when women began to entre factories, Jules Simon, a French politician, warned that by doing so, women would give up their femininity. Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination”of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex…into public industry.”Observes thus differed concerning the social desirability of mechanization’s effects, but they agreed that it would transform women’s lives.Historians, particularly those investigating the history of women, now seriously question this assumption of transforming power. They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted in equally dramatic changes in women’s economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of women’s work. The employment of young women in textile mills during the Industrial Revolution was largely an extension of an older pattern of employment of young, single women as domestics. It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarialwork, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880’s created a new class of “dead-end”jobs, thenceforth consider “women’s work”. The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.Women’s work has changed considerably in the past 200 years, moving from the household to the office or the factory, and later becoming mostly white-collar instead of blue-collar work. Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the industrial revolution: the segregation of occupations by sex, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of shill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist, while women’s household labor remains demanding. Recent historical investigation has led to a major revision of the notion that technology is always inherently revolutionary in its effects on society. Mechanization may even have slowed any change in the traditional position of women both in the labor market and in the home.16. The main idea of the text is that mechanization_________.A. does not perform an inherently revolutionary functionB. revolutionizes the traditional values of a societyC. has caused the nature of women’s work to changeD. creates whole new classes of jobs that did not exist previously17. In relation to those historians who study the history of women, the author most probably believes that_________.A. they provide a valuable insight into the social phenomena affecting the position of womenB. their work can only be used cautiously by scholars in historical studiesC. they tend to draw less reliable conclusions than do other historiansD. their work has not had an impact on other historians’ current assumptions18. The text states that, before the twentieth century, many employers_________.A. employed women only in traditional household workB. tended to employ single rather than married womenC. resisted changing women’s roles in their social lifeD. hired only qualified women to fill the open position19. According to the author, which of the following may indicate a fundamental alteration in working women’s conditions?A. the majority of women occupy white-collar positionsB. married men are doing the same household tasks as are womenC. female workers outnumber male ones in a new class of jobsD. working women’s pay is as high as that of working men20. The function of the concluding sentence of the text is that_________.A. it sum up the general points concerning the mechanization of work in the textB. it draws a conclusion which goes beyond the evidence presented in the text as a wholeC. it restates the point concerning technology made in the sentence immediately preceding itD. it suggests a compromise between two seemingly contradictory views stated in the textPassage TwoOld people are always saying that the young are not what they were. The same comment is made from generation to generation and it is always true. It has never been truer than it is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideals of their elders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly are nothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from the one that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed.The old always assume that they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer. They don’t like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this is precisely what the young are doing. They are question the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency. Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery. Wouldn’t people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convict haircuts? If we ruin our minds to more serious matters, who said that human difference can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the rat-race? Haven’t the old lost touch with all that is important in life?These are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the past forty years or so hasn’t been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guidance. Today, the situation might be reversed. The old—if they are prepared to admit it—could learn a thing or two from their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not ‘sinful’. Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shed restricting inhibitions. It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis on the present is only to be expected because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constant threat of complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it?21. Which of the following features in the young is NOT mentioned? _________.A. Better educated.B. More money and freedom.C. Independence.D. Hard work.22. What so the young reject most? _________.A. Values.B. The assumption of the elders.C. Conformity.D. Conventional ideas.23. Why do the young stress on the present? _________.A. They have grown up under the shadow of the bomb.B. They dislike the past.C. They think the present world is the best.D. They are afraid of destruction.24. What can the old learn from the young generation? _________.A. Enjoyment is not sinful.B. People should have more leisure time.C. Men might enjoy life.D. One should enjoy one’s work.Passage ThreeTwo conditions are necessary for the formation of ice: the presence of water and temperatures below freezing. Ice in the atmosphere and on the ground can assume various forms, depending on the conditions under which water is converted to its solid state. Ice that forms in the atmosphere can fall to the ground as snow, sleet, or hail. Snow is an assemblage of ice crystals in the form of flakes; sleet is a collection of frozen raindrops, which are actually ice pellets. Hail consists of rounded or jagged lumps of ice, often in layers of water. In North America, ice forms in late autumn, winter, and early spring. On very large bodies of water, it may not form until late winter because there must be several months of low temperatures to chill such large amounts of water.On puddles and small ponds, ice first freezes in a thin layer with definite crystal structure that becomes less apparent as the ice thickens. On lakes large enough to have waves, such as the Great Lakes, the first ice to form is a thin surface layer ofslush, sometimes called grease ice, which eventually grows into small floes of pancake ice. If the lake is small enough or the weather cold enough, the floes may freeze together into a fairly solid sheet of pack ice. Pack ice may cover the entire lake or be restricted to areas near the shore.Because water expands when it freezes, ice is less dense than liquid water and therefore floats rather sinks in water. As ice floats on the surface of a lake, ocean, or river, it acts as an insulator and is thus important in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. Without the insulating effect of floating ice sheets, surface water would lose heat more rapidly, and large bodies of water such as the Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay might freeze up completely.26. What condition is necessary for water in the atmosphere to change to its solid state? _________.A. A solid cloud cover that absorbs the sun's heat.B. A weather forecast for snow, sleet, or hailC. A position directly above a large body of waterD. A temperature below water's freezing point27. Ice that forms in the atmosphere in the form of layered lumps is known as_________.A. snowB. pack iceC. hailD. grease ice28. Why does ice form later on very large bodies of water? _________.A. Most large bodies of water are located at low elevations or low latitudes.B. It takes several months of cold temperatures to cool a large body of water.C. Large bodies of water are fed by underground springs of warmer water.D. The waves on large bodies of water prevent the water from freezing quickly.29. The word it in paragraph 3 refers to_________.A. waterB. iceC. surfaceD. river30. Which of the following is an effect of the density of ice? _________.A. Ice that forms on large lakes has a greasy consistency.B. Each ice crystal is unique, but all are six-sided structures.C. Pack ice is restricted to areas near the shore of a lake.D. Floating ice sheets prevent bodies of water from losing heat.Passage FourAlthough recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing. Consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levelsof carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits. There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissions — short of a massive shift away from the private automobile — is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline withcleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules burn more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of larger molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds involves a more complex series of reactions. These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photochemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would require that vehicles have set of heavy fuel tanks — a serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiency — and liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply.Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon-based alternative fuels: they have higher energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features. Methanol’s most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant.Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of “gasoline clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, for example, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger and heavier. However, since methanol-fueled vehicles could be design ed to be much more efficient than “gasoline clone” vehicles fueled with methanol they would need comparatively less fuel. Vehicles incorporating only the simplest of the engine improvements that methanol makes feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution.31. The author of the text is primarily concerned with_________.A. countering a flawed argument that dismisses a possible solution to a problem.B. reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problem.C. identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problem.D. discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it.32. According to the text, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because_________.A. the combustion of gasoline releases photochemically active hydrocarbons.B. the combustion of gasoline embraces an intricate set of reactions.C. gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structure.D. gasoline is composed of small molecules.33. The text suggests which of the following about air pollution? _________.A. Further attempts to reduce emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles will not help lower urban air-pollution levels.B. Attempts to reduce the pollutants that an individual gasoline-fueled vehicle emits have been largely unsuccessful.C. Few serious attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles.D. Pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the most critical source of urban air pollution.34. Which of the following most closely parallels the situation described in the first sentence of the text? _________.A. Although a town reduces its public services in order to avoid a tax increase, the town’s tax rate excee ds that of other towns in the surrounding area.B. Although a state passes strict laws to limit the type of toxic material that can be disposed of in public landfills, illegal dumping continues to increase.C. Although a town’ s citizens reduce their individual use of water, the town’s water supplies continue to dwindle because of a steady increase in the total populating of the town.D. Although a country attempts to increase the sale of domestic goods by adding a tax to the price of imported goods, the sale of imported goods within the country continues to increase.35. It can be inferred that the author of the text most likely regards the criticism of methanol as _________.A. flawed because of the assumptions on which it is based.B. inapplicable b ecause of an inconsistency in the critics’ arguments.C. misguided because of its exclusively technological focus.D. inaccurate because it ignores consumers’ concerns.Passage FiveDisease is a fluid concept influenced by societal and cultural attitudesthat change diachronically in response to new scientific and medical discoveries. Historically, doctors defined a disease according to a cluster of symptoms, and as their clinical descriptions became more sophisticated, they started to classify diseases into separate groups, so that from this medical taxonomy came new insights into disease etiology. Before the 20th century, schizophrenia and syphilitic insanity were treated as the same disease, but by early 1900 it became evident that psychoses without associated dementia represented a separate disease for which the term schizophrenia was then coined. The definition of schizophrenia continues to evolve from the psychiatric disease of the 1960s toan illness with a suspected genetic etiology, though the existence of suchan etiology remains uncertain. While an optimistic hunt is still on for thegenes involved, we must continue to define schizophrenia in terms of the presence or absence of "positive" and "negative" symptoms.Labeling someone as diseased, however, has enormous individual,social, financial, and physical implications, for irrespective of disease symptoms, the label itself may lead to significant distress. Individuals withasymptomatic conditions, including genetic variations, may be perceived by themselves or others as having a disease. It is not that labeling someone as diseased is always positive—it does have severe ramifications, affecting decisions to have children or resulting in unjust treatment by life, medical, and disability insurers--but it can be beneficial, legitimizing symptoms, clarifying issues ofpersonal responsibility, and improving accessibility to healthcare. Nevertheless, deviations from normal that are not associated with risk should not be considered synonymous with disease. Two schools—nominalist and essentialist or reductionist—have debated the clinical criteria used to label a patient as diseased. Nominalists label symptoms with a disease name, suchas schizophrenia, and do not offer an explanation of the underlying etiology,while essentialists contend that for every disease there is an underlying pathological etiology, and now argue that the essential lesion defining the disease state isa genetic abnormality.It has been suggested that diseases defined according to theessentialist tradition may be precisely wrong, whereas those defined in the nominalist traditional may be roughly accurate. But in labeling a disease state, we must consider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype(genetic abnormality), for the former describes a state that places individuals at some definable risk of adverse consequences, while the latter helps suggest specific genetic or pharmacologic therapies. Thus, both clinical criteria and genetic abnormalities should be used to define a disease state, and the choice of a disease definition will vary according to what one wishes to achieve, thegenetic counseling of family members or the effective treatment of the patient.36. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with_________.A．proposing a return to a traditional taxonomical systemB．describing an way to resolve a taxonomical dilemmaC．assessing the success of a new taxonomical methodD．predicting a change in future taxonomy37. It can be inferred that the author considers the way schizophrenia has been classified by doctors after 1960 to be an example of which of the following?_________.A．A disease which resisted traditional methods of classification, but has been served well by modern methods of classificationB．A disease which has resisted modern methods of classification, and continues to require a traditional method of classificationC．A disease which satisfies modern methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a traditional methodD．A disease which satisfies traditional methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a modern method38. Accor ding to the passage, an adherent of the “nominalist school” would classify a rare new fever in which of the following ways? _________.A. she would wait until the disease appears in other patients, then classify it accordingly.B. she would determine whether the disease is acquired or genetic, then classify it accordingly.C. she would isolate the bacteria or virus or genetic anomaly which causes the disease, then classify it accordingly.D. she would describe the patient’s symptoms, compare them to pa tients who have had similar symptoms, then treat the pattern as a disease.39. Which of the following best describe the function of the last paragraph in relation to the passage as a whole? _________.A. it summarizes the benefits that may accrue from a perfected system of pathological taxonomy.B. it provides additional reasons why pathological taxonomy is a difficultendeavor.C. it argues for a synthesis of two methods of pathological taxonomy already inuse.D. it continues to highlight the differences between two methods of taxonomical pathological taxonomy.40. It can be inferred that which of the following situations is likely to be mostproblematic to an adherent of the “essentialist” method of pathological taxonomy?_________.A. a patient suffering from fever, in which the virus that is apparently responsiblefor the symptoms has not been isolatedB. a patient suffering from lung inflammation which, though resembling other inflammations, does not respond to any known treatmentsC. a patient suffering from a genetic anomaly whose cause may be known butwhose consequences remain unidentifiedD. a case of a patient with symptoms that may have arisen from two knowndisease of different sourcesPassage SixWe all know the situation----a good friend recommends you a restaurant and you are looking forward to a nice quiet dinner, but the meal turns out to be less peaceful than expected as you are joined, in sound, by a number of uninvited guests---- James Last, the Beatles, Mireille Mathieu, Mozart ---- depending on the landlord’s fancy. You can count yourself lucky if you happen to like what you hear coming over the loudspeakers. But what about the customers who cannot stand James Last or simply want peace and quiet? There is nothing they can do. Radio sets at home can be switched off, but not restaurant loudspeakers. Customers simply become the captive audience of sounds they do not want. Some wine bars in Austria, the home of café music, make a charge known as Schrammelmusik (music cover), which everyone has to pay. But the word is quite misleading ---- payment of the music toll gives no cover ---- quite the opposite.Music has become omnipresent. The selection in restaurants may still be a matter ofchance, though it generally reflects nothing more than the doubtful taste of piped-music suppliers. However, in other areas music has long been a means of stepping up profits. An entire branch of industry thrives on this, assembling music by the most sophisticated methods with the customer in mind ---- department store music to produce a demonstrable increase in turnover; office music to improve the working atmosphere; airport and hotel music with its soothing effect; even cowshed music with its impact on milk production.These various forms of music, however different in function, have one thing in common ---- the way in which they are produced. The ancient, venerable concepts of composition and arrangement are naturally ruled out from the start. All musical extremes are deliberately debarred. The music issuing from department store loudspeakers must have a steady volume and avoid sudden effects, notes that are too high or too low and the human voice. With one exception ---- during the Christmas rush children’s choirs may be heard encouraging sales by singing ‘Silent Night’, ‘Jingle Bells’ and so on.This music is more effective when turned low. The aim of this drizzle of canned sound is not conscious assimilation and it represents something quite new in the history of music. For thousands of years music was made to be listened to. But department store music is meant only to create a warm background. There is no contradiction in the fact that Mozart may sometimes find his way into department store music tapes, though his compositions were not meant as background jingles. But department store wallpaper music is not Mozart ---- it only appears to be. And anything unusual in classical composers, anything that lends character, is simply cut ---- development sections, accents, daring harmonies, provocative instrumentation. All we have left is a melody with no backbone which might just as well have come from a pop-song producer ---- plastic music as it were, whose components all sound exactly the same.The music is not meant to be listened to and that may explain the fact that, while we have associations and action groups against air pollution and the pollution of drinking water, so far no one has got up in arms about damage to our acoustic environment. And so our musical sensitivity will continue to be subtly and gently attacked by the piped music in department stores and offices ---- music which we hear without listening to. Its strategy takes advantage of one simple fact ---- you cannot just close your ears.41. Why does the author describe the customers as a ‘captive audience’？_________.A. They usually like the music thrown at them.B. Because they can’t escape the music.C. He wants to show how easy they are to please.D. Because they’ve paid a special charge called a ‘music toll’.42. Piped music in restaurants is different from that heard in department stores because _________.A. it’s usually very tastefulB. it’s chosen very carefully by the ownerC. it tries to create a soothing atmosphereD. it doesn’t aim to increase profits43. According to the writer, what does all piped music always avoid? _________.A. Happy songs.B. Certain instruments.C. Children’s choirs.D. Any extremes.44. From what the writer says, it’s reasonably clear that he or she ______.A. loves pop musicB. likes music in public placesC. enjoys classical musicD. is keen on Christmas carols45. The writer of the passage would probably like to ______.A. join an ‘air pollution action group’B. get rid of music just in restaurantsC. start a movement against ‘canned music’D. make people listen to the piped music in public placesPart III. Translation and WritingPart A TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese:。
2011北京大学考博英语真题听力部分
2011北京大学考博英语真题听力部分Section ADirections:In this section,you will hear several short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation you will be given10seconds to answer each of the questions.Mark your choice on the ANSWERSHEET by blackening the corresponding letter you have chosen.1.[A]At the airport.[B]At a travel agency.[C]At the post office.[D]At a stationery store.2.[A]He wasn't in the picture.[B]He left the park in a hurry.[C]He couldn't run fast enough.[D]He didn't have enough film.3.[A]He won't clean anything until tomorrow morning.[B]He never cleans his desk in the morning.[C]He's already cleaned his desk today.[D]He went to the cleaner's earlier4.[A]His roommate has it with him.[B]It isn't really about Texas.[C]He doesn't know where it is.[D]He can't lend it out.5.[A]His bill was very high.[B]He doesn't care how much the salary is.[C]He was careful not to spend too much.[D]He didn't pay any more than she did.6.[A]His pen.[B]His suitcase.[C]His passport.[D]His hotel reservation.7.[A]Whether Dave's arm hurts.[B]Whether Dave broke his arm.[C]When Dave will be paying for the window.[D]When Dave broke the window8.[A]Both bags cost the same per pound.[B]The man shouldn't Spend so much money on potatoes.[C]She always buys the same size bag.[D]She doesn't usually eat any potatoes.9.[A]Working with a different lamp.[B]Changing the light bulb.[C]Fixing the desk tomorrow[D]Getting a better quality lamp.l0.[A]She thinks the other meeting would have been more interesting.[B]She wanted to say something else to the group.[C]She wanted everyone else to be quiet.[D]She was listening carefully to the other people.Section B.Directions:In this section you will hear two short passages.At the end of each passage you will be given10seconds to answer each of the questions.Mark your choice on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter you have chosen.Questions11to15are based on the following talk.11.Which year is typical of the l950's according to the talk?A.l953.B.l954.C.l955.D.l956.-12.The talk is mainly concerned with which of the following aspects of United States history?A.The agricultural trends of the l950's.B.The unemployment rate in l955.C.The general economic situation in the I950's.D.The federal budget of l952.13.According to the talk,about how many million people were unemployed in l955?A.One.B.Two.C.Three.D.Four14.It can be inferred from the passage that most people in the United States in1955viewed the national economy with an air of.A.optimismB.confusionC.decisionD.suspicion15.Which of the following were LEAST satisfied with the national economy in the1950's?A.Farmers.B.Economists.C.Politicians.D.Steelworkers.Questions16to20are based on the following talk.16.When were herbs first used for medical purposes?A.In10000BC.B.In3000BC.C.In2698BC.D.In1000BC.17.Who are the most famous herbalists?A.The Chinese.B.The Egyptians.C.The Babylonians.D.The Indians.18.Who was Nicholas Culpeper?A.An English herbalist who tried to help the poor.B.An English scientist.C.An archeologist who studied herbs.D.An English man who bred swans.19.Why did the age of the herbalists come to an end in the West?A.Because Nicholas Culpeper used herbs incorrectly.B.Because people didn't trust Chinese medicine.C.Because people didn't want to help the poor.D.Because Nicholas Culpeper invented new scientific techniques.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
2011年社科院考博英语真题
2011年的题目SECTION A1.Long treatment of the elderly drains funds from the health needs of other groups and fromurgent social problems.A. restrainsB. detainsC. soarsD. exhausts2.For cancer cells destroy not only all rival cells, in their ruthless biological warfare, but alsodestroy the larger organization---the body itself—signing their own suicide warrant.A. refinedB. randomC. mercilessD. perpetual3.The report also examined the overall effectiveness of the 43-day bombing campaign carriedout by coalition forces and Congress released a brief synopsis to the public.A. compendiumB. bibliographyC. addendumD. postscript4.All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commercewith men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal.A. businessB. exchangeC. wedlockD.contact5.With the awfully limited vocabulary to only a thousand words or fewer, the reader resembles acolor blind artist who is only aware of a few colors and consequently his ability to create oncanvas is lamentably restricted.A. auspiciouslyB. deplorablyC. suspiciouslyD.disbelievingly6.The epic is possible because America is an idea as much as it is a country. America hasnothing to do with allegiance to a dynasty and very little to do with allegiance to a particularplace, but everything to do with allegiance to a set of principles.A. convictionB. loyalty C .conversion D. component7.After a few short but interminable seconds, U.S. Astronaut Neil Armstrong placed his footfirmly on the fine-grained surface of the moon. The time was 10:56 p.m, July 20, 1969.A. inseparableB. fastC. indelibleD. long8.Hopelessly entrapped in the two-year tangle of his own deceit, forced into a confession of pastlies, he watched the support of his most loyal defenders collapse in a political maelstrom, driven by their bitterness over the realization that he had betrayed their trust.a. probeb. confusionc. findingd. potential9.Although this could be seen as a strength because it allows flexibility, it can also be arguedthat it invalidates the theory; in this case several people’s rights must be relinquished to reacha conclusion.A. given upB.put off c. thought of D. held on10.War is the social cancer of mankind. It is a pernicious form of ignorance, for it destroys notonly its “enemies”, but also the whole superstructure of what it is a part—and thus eventually it defeats itself.a. banefulb. optimal C. paradoxical D. perilousSECTION B11. In this great global clash of interests, it is time for both sides to soften their anger and seeknew ways to get along with each other. If sanity is to prevail, the guiding policy must not be ------------------------but cooperation and conservation.A. confrontationB. reconciliationC. rationD.resumption12. Looking ahead, the computer industry sees pure gold. Estimates for the number of personal computers in use by the end of the century run as high as 80 million. Then there are all the---------------------industries: desks to hold computers, luggage to carry them, cleansers to polish them.A concessionary B. feasible c. hypothetical D. auxiliary13. In north Dakota, which had barely an inch of rain in four months, there was no grass for cattle. Farmers tramped their dusty fields watching their dwarfed stand of grain shrivel and --------------.A. survive, b. wail c. perish d. swell14. As most new buyers soon learn, it is not that easy for a novice to use ,particularly when the manuals contain instructions li ke this …………………..from A pple: “This character prevents script from terminating the currently forming output line when it encounters the script commandin the input stream.a. excerptb. manipulationc. retrieval D. reminder15. Eventually the old brutal arrangement was -------------------by the laws of the state, which undertook to end the freelance savageries of personal revenge by meting out justice uncomplicated by private passion.a. supersededb. revisedc. permeated. imposed16.Rights and obligations are-------------------an obligation flows from a right, and this provides clarity in action. For example if it can be agreed that the patient has a right to confidentiality, thenit is clear that the doctor has a duty, not to breach this.A. correlative b. extraneous c. irrelevant d. compatible17. Finally this theory is widely understood and accepted the world over, i.e.. it has a -----------------------; and is therefore a good basis for discussion of an ethical problem.a. particularityb. unilateralismc. commonalityd. cosmopolitan18. In New Orleans, meanwhile , the dredging of channels accommodate petrochemical companies has -----------------huge amounts of marshland.a. compromisedb. proliferatedc. producedd. modified19. As a professional doctor, I will prescribe ------------------for the good of my patients accordingto my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone.A. regimenB. equity c. requisite d. regime20. It is often the children who truly lead the elders into America, the sons who take their fathersto their first baseball game or shepherd them to their first rock concert or give them a real sensethat they -----------------America’s future.A. have an impact on b. have a facility for c. have a grasp of d. have a stake in。
2011年考博英语复习(有答案)
2011通用考博完型、改错、语法课程讲义第一章：概况第三章：完形填空专项练习1、Passage 3(1)(2)(3) (2004清华大学)For the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another, and they do not make the voyage for the 61 of its interest. Most of us are quite happy when we feel 62 to go to bed and pleased when the journey 63 . On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went to bed 64 earlier than usual. When I 65 my cabin, I was surprised 66 that I was to havea companion during my trip, which made me feel a little unhappy. I had expected 67 but there was a suitcase 68 mine in the opposite corner. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet 69 ，except that he was wearing 70 good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not 71 whoever he was and did not say 72 As I had expected, he did not talk to me either but went to bed immediately.I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night. I felt cold but covered 73 as well as I could and tries to go back to sleep. Then I realized that a 74 was coming from the window opposite.I thought perhaps I had forgotten 75 the door, so I got up 76 the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. I crossed the room and 77 the moon shone through it on to the other bed. 78 there. It took me a minute or two to 79 the door myself. I realized that my companion 80 through the window into the sea.61．A. reason B．motive C．cause D．sake 62．A. tired enough B．enough tired C．enough tiring D．enough tiring 63．A. is achieved B．finish C．is over D．is in the end64．A. quite B．rather C．fairly D．somehow 65．A. arrived in B．reached to C．arrived to D．reached at66．A. for seeing B．that I saw C．at seeing D．to see 67．A. being lonely B．to be lonely C．being alone D．to be alone 68．A. like B．as C．similar than D．the same that69．A. in each place B．for all parts C．somewhere D．anywhere 70．A. a so B．so C．such a D．such 71．A. treat together well B．pass together wellC．get on well together D．go by well together72．A. him a single word B．him not one wordC．a single word to him D．not one word to him73．A. up me B．up myself C．up to myself D．myselfup74．A. draft B．voice C．air D．sound75．A. to close B．closing C．to have to close D．forclosing76．A. to shut B．for shutting C．in shutting D．butshut77．A. while doing like that B．as I did like thatC．as I did so D．at doing so78．A. It was no one B．There was no oneC．It was anyone D．There was anyone79．A. remind to lock B．remember to lockC．remind locking D．remember locking80．A. had to jump B．was to have jumpedC．must have jumped D．could be jumped4、定语从句（1）1. The professor and her achievement ___ you told me about are admired by us allA. whoB. whichC. thatD. whom5. This is the best book ___ on the subject.A. which there isB. that there isC. which isD. what is2. I don’t suppose anything happens ___ he doesn’t foresee.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. as5、定语从句练习 Unit1（1）15. This is the shop ___ I often speak to you.A. whereB. whichC. of whichD. in which16. This is the shop ___ I often buy food stuff.A. whereB. whichC. of whichD. to which10. There can’t be any life on Venus, ___ the temperature is as high as 900F.A whichB when C. where D there31. I have kept up a friendship with a girl who I was at school __twenty years ago.A. aboutB. sinceC. tillD. with6、定语从句（2）--三个重要的关系代词3. Such people __ know Tom thought he was a trustworthy man.A. thatB. whichC. asD. whatAs引导定语从句：eg. He is honest as we know.As we know he is honest.Passage 1Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th centuryand the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened1 . As was discussed before, it was not2 the 19th century that the newspaperbecame the dominant pre-electronic 3 ，following in the wake of the pamphletand the book and in the 4 of the periodical.As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became“personal” too, as well as 13 ，with display becoming sharper and storage 14 increasing .Passage13Families have also 13 changes these years．more families consist ofone-parent households or two working parents; 14 ，children are likely to haveless supervision at home 15 was common in the traditional family 16 .13．A. survived B．noticed C．undertaken D．experienced14．A. contrarily B．consequently C．similarly D．simultaneously15．A. than B．that C．which D．as16．A. system B．structure C．concept D．heritage2. I don’t suppose anything happens ___ he doesn’t foresee.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. as3. Such people __ know Tom thought he was a trustworthy man.A. thatB. whichC. asD. what11. The reason__ he died was lack of medical care.A. which B for that C as D why14. We may encounter situations ___ this principle cannot be applied.A. whereB. whichC. whatD. as7、定语从句练习 Unit1（2）10. There can’t be any life on Venus, ___ the temperature is as high as 900F.A whichB when C. where D there25. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds ___ his argument in favor ofthe new theory.A. which to base onB. on which to baseC. to base on whichD. which to be based on23. They will move into the new house next Friday, ____ it will be completely furnished.A. by the timeB. by which timeC. by that timeD. by this time20. The quality of teaching should be measured by the degree ___ the students’ potentiality is developed.A. of whichB. with whichC. in whichD. to which26. Water enters into a great variety of chemical reactions, ___ have been mentionedin previous pages.A. a few ofB. a few of whichC. a few of thatD. a few of them8、完形填空的出题方向（1）passage 5Are you always sure you know what people mean when they try to describe theirfeelings to you? We use both words and gestures to express our feelings, but theproblem is the these words and gestures can be interpreted in different ways．It is true that a smile means the same things in any language. So 51 laughteror crying. There are also a number of striking similarities in the way differentanimals show the 52 feeling. Does, tigers and humans, for example, often show their teeth when they are angry. This is probably 53 such behavior patterns are inherited rather than 54 .Fear is another emotion that is shown in 55 the same way all over the world. In Chinese and in English fiction, a phrase like he went pale and began to tremble' suggests that the man is 56 very afraid or has just had a very nasty shock. However,' he opened his eyes wide' is used to suggested anger in Chinese 57 in English it conveys surprise. In Chinese surprise can be described in a phrase like' they stretched 58 their tongues'．Sticking out your tongue in 59 is an insulting gesture or expresses disgust．Even in the same 60 , people differ 61 their ability to interpret and express feelings. Experiments in America have shown that women are usually better than men 62 recognizing fear, anger, love and happiness on people's faces. Disgust, contempt and suffering seem to 63 the most difficult emotions for people everywhere either to recognize or to 64 ．Other studies have 65 that older people usually find 66 easier to interpret body language （the way people stand or move etc.）than younger people 67 , and psychologists such as E. G．Beier have also shown that some people frequently give completely the wrong impression of 68 they feel. For instance, they try to show affection but in fact actually communicate dislike. Or when they want to show interest, they give the impression that they don't care. This can happen even among close friends and members of the same family. In 69 words, what we think we are communicating through language, voice, face and body movements may be the exact 70 of what other people understand．9、定语从句练习 Unit1（3）14. We may encounter situations ___ this principle cannot be applied.A. whereB. whichC. whatD. as10、what从句的特点9. ____ makes it rather disturbing was arbitrary circumstances both of my arrest and my subsequent fate in court.A. ThatB. WhatC. WhichD. Where15. When reports came into London Zoo ___ a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.A. whatB. asC. whichD. that10. ____ , Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government’s economic policies.A. Although not being an economist himselfB. Although not an economist himselfC. Although not having been an economist himselfD. Although being no an economist himself11、than引导定语从句的情况7. A microscope can reveal vastly __ detail than is visible to the naked eye.A. thanB. than moreC. more thanD. more6. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than___ in the public today.A. existsB. existC. existingD. existed…. children are likely to have less supervision at home 15 was common in the traditional family 16 .15．A. than B．that C．which D．as12、as引导定语从句的情况（1）7. ____, he still retained the use of all his faculties.A. Because he was old and weakB. As he was old and sickC. Unless he was old and sickD. Old and sick as he wasAlthough he is a child, he can work out the problem.As引导倒装时，必须省冠词。
北京林业大学考博英语阅读真题解析
北京林业大学考博英语阅读真题解析Directions:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.ForQuestions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G tofit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET 1.(10points)The time for sharpening pencils,arranging your desk,and doingalmost anything else instead of writing has ended.The first draftwill appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable andsit,stand up,or lie down to write.(41)Be flexible.Your outline should smoothly conduct you from onepoint to the next,but do not permit it to railroad you.If a relevantand important idea occurs to you now,work it into the draft.(42)Grammar,punctuation,and spelling can wait until you revise.Concentrate on what you are saying.Good writing most often occurswhen you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous searchfor errors.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)(43)Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way,and,if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere,you will notlose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor,you can take advantageof its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entireparagraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands.Somesoftware programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.(44)These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper,you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing.The student who wrote"The A&P as a State of Mind"wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women.(45) Remember that your initial draft is only that.You should go through the paper many times-and then again-working to substantiate and clarify your ideas.You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper.Rewrite.The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic.Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A]To make revising easier,leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words,sentences,and corrections.Write on only one side of the paper.[B]After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper,pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs.It's probably best to write the introduction last,after you know precisely what you are introducing.Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader witha final impression.[C]It's worth remembering,however,that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific,it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it.Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D]It makes no difference how you write,just so you do.Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis,you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E]Although this is an interesting issue,it has nothing to do with the thesis,which explains how the setting influences Sammy's decision to quit his job.Instead of including that paragraph,she added one that described Lengel's crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A&P"policy"he enforces.[F]In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in"A&P,"the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel's store policies.[G]By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested.Plenty of good writers don't use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write.Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
北京林业大学信息学院考博真题-参考书-导师-分数线-育明考博
北京林业大学信息学院考博真题-参考书-导师-分数线一、北京林业大学考博资讯信息学院下设数字媒体教研室、计算机软件教研室、网络教研室、信息教研室、动画教研室、计算机实验教学中心等教学单位及团委、行政办公室两个行政单位。
计算机实验教学中心于2007年被评为北京市计算机实验教学示范中心，目前拥有设备先进的网络实验室、数字媒体实验室、软件综合实验室、嵌入式与计算机组成原理实验室以及面向全校的公共实验室。
目前设有信息管理与信息系统、计算机科学与技术、计算机科学与技术（物联网方向）、数字媒体艺术、动画、网络工程6个本科专业；具有计算机应用技术、计算机软件与理论、管理科学与工程、森林经理学信息管理方向、艺术设计学景观动画方向科学硕士学位授予权和森林经理学信息管理方向、林业装备工程数字林业方向博士学位授予权。
另具有工程硕士（软件工程、计算机技术）、农业推广（林业信息化方向）、艺术设计学位硕士授予权。
学院现有教职工67人，其中教授7人（博士生导师6人）、副教授20人、高级实验师2人。
学院承担了国家“十一五”科技支撑、国家“863”计划项目、国家自然科学基金项目等国家级、省部级和横向课题数十项，获得多项国家级、省部级科技奖，被国际三大索引（SCI、EI、ISTP）收录的科研论文近70余篇。
学院积极鼓励教师参加教学改革研究工作，近年来共主编、参编教材83余部，其中4部被评为北京市精品教材，1部被评为国家级精品教材；主编“十一五”国家级规划教材9部，主持和参加教改课题共计55余项，获北京市教学改革成果一等奖1项。
为充分提高学生的实践动手能力和就业竞争力，采用各种激励措施，鼓励学生参加科研、学术活动、各种数学建模竞赛、软件设计大赛、ACM编程大赛、“创e杯”、“电脑节”等系列活动。
2004年全国大学生电影节，《She belongs to me》荣获了“动画短片最受评委欢迎奖”，《毕业》荣获“故事短片鼓励奖”。
2005年在中国青年软件振兴计划“阿拉神灯杯”中国青年实用软件设计大赛中，粘土动画《笨虫死党》获“设计之星铜奖”。
2011年3月中科院考博英语真题及答案详解免费版
GRADUATE UNIVERSITY, CHINESE ACADEMYOF SCIENCES ENGLISH ENTRANCEEXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDA TESMarch 2011PAPER ONEPART ⅠVOCABULARY(15 minutes, 10points, 0. 5point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. My father was a nuclear engineer, a very academically _________ Man with multiple degrees from prestigious institutions.A. promotedB. activatedC. orientedD. functioned2. Public _________ for the usually low-budget, high-quality films has enabled the independent film industry to grow and thrive.A. appreciationB. recognitionC. gratitudeD. tolerance3. Dirty Jobs on the Discovery Channel, an unlikely television program, has become a surprising success with a _________ fan base.A. contributedB. devotedC. reveredD. scared4. Pop culture doesn't _________ to strict rules; it enjoys being jazzy, unpredictable, chaotic.A. adhereB. lendC. exposeD. commit5. Intellectual property is a kind of _________ monopoly, which should be used properly or else would disrupt healthy competition order.A. legibleB. legendaryC. lenientD. legitimate6. I am thankful to the company for giving me such a chance, and I earnestly hope that I will _________ everyone’s expectations.A. boil down toB. look forward toC. live up toD. catch on to7. The image of an unfortunate resident having to climb 20 flights of stairs because the lift is _________ is now a common one.A. out of the wayB. on orderC. out of orderD. in no way8. My eyes had become _________ to the now semi-darkness, so I could pick out shapes about seventy-five yards away.A. inclinedB. accustomedC. vulnerableD. sensitive9. Despite what I’d been told about the local people’s attitude to strangers, _________ did I encounter any rudeness.A. at no timeB. in no timeC. at any timeD. at some time10. In times of severe _________ companies are often forced to make massive job cuts in order to survive.A. retreat B, retrospect C. reduction D. recession11. Sport was integral to the national and local press, TV and, to a diminishing _________ , to radio.A. extentB. scopeC. scaleD. range12. Unless your handwriting is _________ , or the form specifically asks for typewriting, the form should be neatly handwritten.A. illegitimate B, illegal C. illegible D. illiterate13. The profession fell into , with some physicists sticking to existing theories, while others came up with the big-bang theory.A. harmonyB. turmoilC. distortionD. accord14. With the purchasing power of many middle-class households _________ behind the cost of living, there was an urgent demand for credit.A. leavingB. leveringC. lackingD. lagging15. Frank stormed into the room and _________ the door, but it wasn’t that easy to close the door on what Jack had said.A. slashedB. slammedC. slippedD. slapped16. When I was having dinner with you and Edward at his apartment, I sensed a certain _________ between the two of you.A. intimacyB. proximityC. discrepancyD. diversity17. I decided to _________ between Ralph and his brother, who were arguing endlessly.A. interfereB. interveneC. interruptD. interact18. “I mean Gildas and Ludens are both wise, reasonable and tactful; but naturally they’re _________ , they want to know what’s happening, and make judgments on it all. ”A. indifferentB. innocentC. inquisitiveD. instinctive19. In Africa HIV and AIDS continue to _________ the population; nearly 60 percent of those infected are women.A. alleviateB. boostC. captureD. ravage20. By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period slave society was _________ disintegration.A. on the ground ofB. on the top ofC. in the light ofD. on the verge ofPART ⅡCLOZE TEST(15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Tomorrow Japan and South Korea will celebrate White Day, an annual event when men are expected to buy a gift for the adored women in their lives. It is a relatively new 21 that was commercially created as payback for V alentine’s Day. That’s 22 in both countries, 14 February is all about the man.On V alentine’s Day, women are expected to buy all the important male 23 in their lives a token gift; not just their partners, 24 their bosses or older relatives too.This seems 25 enough. Surely it’s reasonable for men to be indulged on one day of the year, 26 the number of times they’re expected to produce bouquets of flowers and 27 their woman with perfume or pearls.But the idea of a woman 28 a man didn’t sit easily with people. In 1978, the NationalConfectionery Industry Association(糖果业协会) 29 an idea to solve this problem. They started to market white chocolate that men could give to women on 14 March, as 30 for the male-oriented V alentine’s Day.It started with a handful of sweet-makers’producing candy 31 a simple gift idea. The day 32 the public imagination, and is now a nationally 33 date in the diary-and one where men are 34 to whip out their credit cards. In fact, men are now expected to give gifts worth 35 the value of those they received. What a complication: not only do men have to remember who bought them what, they have to estimate the value and multiply it by three.21. A. copy B. concept C. choice D. belief22. A. because B. as C. so D. why23. A. clients B. friends C. figures D. colleagues24. A. but B. and C. instead of D. rather than25. A. odd B. good C. fair D. rare26. A. given B. if C. but D. though27. A. attract B. frustrate C. surprise D. touch28. A. supporting B. spoiling C. comforting D. fooling29. A. came up with B. come out of C. came up toD. came along with30. A. companion B. compromise C. competence D. compensation31. A. via B. as C. with D. for32. A. captured B. appealed C. favored D. held33. A. documented B. recognized C. illustrated D. scheduled34. A. volunteered B. embarrassed C. sponsoredD. obliged35. A. triple B. double C. fourfold D. equalPART ⅢREADING COMPREHENSIONSection A(60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAt many colleges, smokers are being run not just out of school buildings but off the premises. On Nov. 19 , the University of Kentucky, the tobacco state’s flagship public institution, Launched a campus wide ban on cigarettes and all other forms of tobacco on school grounds and parking areas. Pro-nicotine students staged a “smoke-out”to protest the new policy, which even rules out smoking inside cars if they’re on school property.Kentucky joins more than 365 U. S. colleges and universities that in recent years have instituted antismoking rules both indoors and out. In most places, the issue doesn’t seem to be secondhand smoke. Rather, the rationale for going smoke-free in wide open spaces is a desire to model healthy behavior.Purdue University, which has 30-ft. buffer zones, recently considered adopting a campuswide ban but tempered its proposal after receiving campus input. Smoking will now be restricted tolimited outdoor areas.One big problem with a total ban is enforcing it. Take the University of Iowa. In July 2008, the school went smoke-free in accordance with the Iowa Smokefree Air Act, violations of which can result in a $50 fine. But so far, the university has ticketed only about 25 offenders. “Our campus is about 1, 800 acres, so to think that we could keep track of who is smoking on campus at any given time isn’t really feasible, ”says Joni Troester, director of the university’s campus wellness program. Instead, the school helps those trying to kick the habit by offering smoking-cessation programs and providing reimbursement for nicotine patches, gum and prescription medications like Zyban.The University of Michigan will probably take a similar approach when its ban takes effect in July 2011. “We don’t have a desire to give tickets or levy punishments, ”says Robert Winfield, the school’s chief health officer. “We want to encourage people to stop smoking, set a good example for students and make this a healthier community. ”Naturally, there has been pushback from students. “Where do we draw the line between a culture of health and individual choice?”asks Jnathan Slemrod, a University of Michigan senior and president of the school’s College Libertarians. “If they truly want a culture of health, I expect them to go through all our cafeterias and get rid of all our Taco Bells, all our pizza places. ”Students might want to enjoy those Burrito Supremes while they can. In today’s health-obsessed culture, those may be next.36. We can infer that the “newness”of the antismoking policy at the University of Kentucky lies in _________ .A. its extended scope of no-smoking placesB. its prohibition of cigarette sales on campusC. its penalty for bringing tobacco to schoolD. its ban on smoke when people are driving37. By setting the antismoking rules the University of Kentucky mainly aims for _________ .A. protecting students against passive smokingB. modeling itself on many other universitiesC. promoting the students’ health awarenessD. punishing those who dare smoke on campus38. One of the problems enforcing the ban on smoking at the University of Iows is _________ .A. limiting the smoke-free areasB. tracing smokers on campusC. forcing smokers to give up smokingD. providing alternative ways for smokers39. The word “levy”(in Paragraph 5)most probably means_________ .A. imposeB. avoidC. deserveD. receive40. According to Jonathan Slemrod, Taco Bell is _________ .A. a tobacco shopB. a school cafeteriaC. an organic food storeD. an unhealthy food chain41. The author’s tone in the essay is _________ .A. radicalB. optimisticC. objectiveD. criticalPassage T woThe familiar sounds of an early English summer are with us once again. Millions of children sit down to SA Ts, GCSEs, AS-levels, A-levels and a host of lesser exams, and the argument over educational standards starts. Depending on whom you listen to, we should either be letting up on over-examined pupils by abolishing SA Ts, and even GCSEs, or else making exams far more rigorous.The chorus will reach a peak when GCSE and A-level results are published in August. If pass rates rise again, commentators will say that standards are falling because exams are getting easier. If pass rates drop, they will say that standards are falling because children are getting lower marks. Parents like myself try to ignore this and base our judgments on what our children are learning. But it’s not easy given how much education has changed since we were at school.Some trends are encouraging-education has been made more relevant and enthuses many children that it would have previously bored. My sons’ A-level French revision involved listening to radio debates on current affairs, whereas mine involved rereading Moliere. And among their peers, a far greater proportion stayed in education for longer.On the other hand, some aspects of schooling today are incomprehensible to my generation, such as gaps in general knowledge and the hand-holding that goes with ensuring that students leave with good grades. Even when we parents resist the temptation to help with GCSE or A-level coursework, a teacher with the child’s interests at heart may send a draft piece of work back several times with pointers to how it can be improved before the examiners see it.The debate about standards persists because there is no single objective answer to the question: “Are standards better or worse than they were a generation ago?”Each side points to indicators that favor them, in the knowledge that there is no authoritative definition, let alone a measure that has been consistently applied over the decades. But the annual soul-searching over exams is about more than student assessment. It reveals a national insecurity about whether our education system is teaching the right things. It is also fed by an anxiety about whether, in a country with a history of upholding standards by ensuring that plenty of students fail, we can attain the more modern objective of ensuring that every child leaves school with something to show for it.42. It can be concluded from Paragraph 1 that _________ .A. SA Ts is one of the most rigorous exams mentionedB. it has been debated if children should b given examsC. few parents approve of the exam systems in EnglandD. each year children have to face up to some new exams43. Parents try to judge the educational standards by _________ .A. whether their children have passed the examsB. what knowledge their children have acquiredC. what educators say about curriculum planningD. whether their children’s school scores are stable44. To the author, the rereading of Moliere was _________ .A. drearyB. routineC. outmodedD. arduous45. To the author’s generation, it is beyond understanding today why _________ .A. teachers lay great stress on helping students obtain good gradesB. teachers show much concern for students’ futureC. parents help little with their children’s courseworkD. parents focus on their children’s general knowledge46. According to the passage, with respect to educational standards in Britain, _________ .A. no authorities have ever made a commentB. no one has ever tried to give them a definitionC. no effective ways have been taken to apply themD. no consistent yardstick has ever been used47. In the author’s opinion, the school education in Britain has been _________ .A. inflexibleB. irresponsibleC. unsuccessfulD. unforgivablePassage ThreeSuzan Fellman had a hard time with Laura Bush’s redo of the famed guest quarters named for President Lincoln: “Looking at it , I thought I was in a Radisson lobby somewhere in the Midwest long ago. I could not imagine spending a night in that space. ”Done up with Victorian furnishings, the Lincoln Bedroom is one of the residence’s least-changed spaces, said Betty Monkman, formerly chief curator of the White House for nearly 40 years. “It’s a quasi-museum room, ”she said, “with a lot of objects, such as the bed , that have symbolic importance. ”The elaborately carved bed bought for Lincoln is the centerpiece of the room.According to historian William Seale, the president was furious that his wife, Mary, spent so much money redecorating the White House during a time of war. He never slept in the bed , and the ornate piece eventually was moved to a spare room.Los Angeles designer Fellman saw parallels, calling the Obama era a period of“pulling back on extravagance. ”It is a good time, she said, to revisit pieces in storage, to rearrange old furniture in a new fashion, and use paint and fabrics to bring life and fun into a room without spending a fortune.In this re-imagining of the Lincoln Bedroom, Fellman would retain the legendary bed but paint the ceiling a sky blue and use a Cecil Beaton rose-print fabric for curtains. “Lincoln loved roses, ”Fellman said, “and this beige and ivory version keeps it from being too bold, modern or feminine. ”At a time when Americana is expected to stage a strong revival, Fellman said traditional styles such as Colonial and Federal can co-exist with European antiques if they are balanced in scale.Mindful of the recession, the designer advocated selecting furniture with longevity in mind. “If you are going to spend money, buy quality things that you never want to get rid of, ”she said. “A couple of really good things can make all the difference in a room. ”Her splurges would include a camel-hair sofa, which Fellman said was long-lasting and timeless. As a Pop Art-influenced statement about thrift, a custom rug woven with a 6-foot-diameter medallion replicates the penny’s image of Lincoln in subtle shades of ivory and copper.In bad times as in good, spare rooms don’t have to be grand to be effective, Fellman said. “A guest room should feel inviting and intimate, ”she said. “It has to exude serenity. ”48. To Suzan Fellman, Laura Bush’s redecoration of the Lincoln Bedroom could hardly be _________ .A. evaluatedB. imaginedC. understoodD. praised49. The Lincoln Bedroom in White House is a place for_________ .A. the president to have a restB. visitors to stay overnightC. storing Victorian furnishingsD. exhibiting classic objects50. According to Fellman, the Obama era is similar to the Lincoln era in _________ .A. decorating housesB. respecting the pastC. protecting the classicD. encouraging thrift51. The way Fellman would rearrange the Lincoln Bedroom includes _________ .A. putting some roses on the tableB. omitting some European antiquesC. adding to it some Federal stylesD. giving it the look of a strong America52. In choosing the new furniture for the room, Fellman would give top priority to _________ .A. its durabilityB. its simplic ityC. its priceD. its color53. Fellman would avoid making the Lincoln Bedroom look_________ .A. tranquilB. luxuriousC. hospitableD. fascinatingPassage FourLaurance Rockefeller, the middle brother of the five prominent and benevolent grandsons of John D. Rockefeller, who concentrated his own particular generosity on conservation, recreation, ecological concerns and medical research, particularly the treatment of cancer, died of pulmonary fibrosis at his home in Manhattan.His career began on Wall Street almost 70 years ago, where he became a pioneer of modern venture capitalism, compounding his inherited wealth many times over. In the decades since he first took his seat on the New Y ork Stock Exchange, he often used his native instinct for identifying the next big thing, not content simply to make more money but to make the money produce something of lasting value.Less sociable than his older brother Nelson, who was a four-term governor of New Y ork and the country’s vice president under Gerald R. Ford, Laurance Spelman Rockefeller was also more reserved and private than his flamboyant younger brother Winthrop who was the governor of Arkansas. A philosophy major at Princeton he had long wrestled with the question of how he might most efficiently and satisfyingly use the great wealth to which he was born and which he later kept compounding as a successful pioneer of modern venture capitalism.Using significant amounts of his money as well as his connections and prestige and negotiating skills he was instrumental in establishing and enlarging National Parks in Wyoming, California, the V irgin Islands, V ermont, Maine and Hawaii. As an active member of the Palisade Interstate Parkway Commission, he helped create a chain of parks that blocked the advance of sprawl, thus maintaining the majestic view that he first saw as a child looking out from Kykuit, the Rockefeller country home in Pocantico.His commitment to wilderness, recreation and environmental conservation had many roots.Since childhood he liked to ride hrses through unspoiled terrain. He was a passionate photographer in search of new landscapes. Even before Laurance reached adulthood the Rockefellers had included parks among their many philanthropic projects.Laurance was born on May 26, 1910. As Laurance matured he came to more closely resemble his grandfather than did any other family member, having the same pursed and seemingly serious expression that John D. Rockefeller often showed in photographs. According to family accounts he was also the one who most closely revealed his grandfather’s ability for profitable deals.54. Paragraph 1 suggests that Laurance Rockefeller was a man who is _________ .A. full of social responsibilityB. famous but short-livedC. successful in many fieldsD. zealous in social activities55. We can learn that, in making investments, Laurance Rockefeller was very _________ .A. cold-heartedB. close-fistedC. far-sightedD. half-witted56. Compared with his two brothers, Laurance _________ .A. often relied on himselfB. rarely appeared in publicC. rarely voiced his opinionsD. often worried about his wealth57. The word“instrumental”(boldfaced in Para 4)in this context can be replaced by “_________ . ”A. generousB. strategicC. resoluteD. important58. Laurance’s childhood experience led him later to make significant contributions to _________ .A. the building of national parksB. the enlargement of urban areasC. the perfection of his hometownD. the popularization of horse riding59. According to the passage, Laurance resembled his grandfather in having _________ .A. a contribution to public goodB. a talent of making moneyC. a passion for wildernessD. a bias against political affairsPassage FiveThe first three days of July 1863 saw the bloodiest hours of the Civil War, in a battle that spilled across the fields and hills surrounding Gettysburg, Pa. The fighting climaxed in the bright, hot afternoon of the third day, when more than 11, 000 Confederate soldiers mounted a disastrous assault on the heart of the Union line. That assault marked the farthest the South would penetrate into Union territory. In a much larger sense, it marked the turning point of the war.No surprise, then, than the Battle of Gettysburg would become the subject of songs, poems, funeral monuments and, ultimately, some of the biggest paintings ever displayed on this continent. Paul Philippoteaux, famed for his massive360-degree cyclorama paintings, painted four versions of the battle in the 1880s. Cycloramas were hugely popular in the United States in the last decades ofthe 19th century, before movies displaced them in the public’s affection. Conceived on a mammoth scale, a cyclorama painting was longer than a football field and almost 50 feet tall. Little thought was given to preserving these enormous works of art. They were commercial ventures, and when they stopped earning they were tossed. Most were ultimately lost-victims of water damage or fire. One of Philippoteaux’s Gettysburg renderings was cut up and hung in panels in a Newark, N. J. , department store before finding its way back to Gettysburg, where it has been displayed off and on since1913. Along the way, the painting lost most of its sky and a few feet off the bottom. Sections since 1913. Along the way, the painting lost most of its sky and a few feet off the bottom. Sections were cut and moved to patch holes in other sections. And some of the restorative efforts proved almost as crippling to the original as outright neglect. Since 2003, a team of conservators has labored in a $12million effort to restore Philippoteaux’s masterwork. They have cleaned it front and back, patched it , added canvas for a new shy and returned the painting to its original shape-a key part of a cyclorama’s optical illusion was its hyperbolic shape: it bellies out at its central point, thrusting the image toward the viewer.When restoration is completed later this year, the painting will be the centerpiece of the new Gettysburg battlefield visitors’ center, which opens to the public on April 14. Much work remains to be done. But even partially restored, the painting seethes with life-and death.60. With respect to the Battle of Gettysburg, Paragraph 1 mainly emphasizes _________ .A. the reason for its occurrenceB. the significance of the battleC. the place where it broke outD. the bloodiness of the battle61. To the author, that Gettysburg Battle got reflected in many art works is _________ .A. reasonableB. meaningfulC. necessaryD. impressive62. We can infer that cyclorama paintings _________ .A. has regained their popularity since 1913B. were mostly destroyed by the Civil WarC. more often than not lost than gained moneyD. had been popular before movies came in63. Work done to restore the Philippoteaux’s painting already began _________ .A. before 1900B. after 1913C. in 2003D. at its birth64. According to the author, some previous efforts to restore the Philippoteaux’s painting turned out to be _________ .A. time consumingB. fruitlessC. destructiveD. a waste of money65. What is true of the present state of the Philippoteaux’s Gettysburg rendering?A. It is illusory in depiction.B. It is a perfect restoration.C. It is a modified version.D. It is incredibly lifelike.Section B(20 minutes, 10 points)Directions: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from theoriginal text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks(numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAdvertising is paid, nonpersonal communication that is designed to communicate in a creative manner, through the use of mass or information-directed media, the nature of products, services, and ideas. It is a form of persuasive communication that offers information about products, ideas, and services that serves the objectives determined by the advertiser. 66 Thus, the ultimate objective of advertising is to sell things persuasively and creatively. Advertising is used by commercial firms trying to sell products and services; by politicians and political interest groups to sell ideas or persuade voters; by not-for-profit organizations to raise funds, solicit volunteers, or influence the actions of viewers; and by governments seeking to encourage or discourage particular activities, such as wearing seatbelts, participating in the census, or ceasing to smoke. 67 The visual and verbal commercial messages that are a part of advertising are intended to attract attention and produce some response by the viewer. Advertising is pervasive and virtually impossible to escape. Newspapers and magazines often have more advertisements than copy; radio and television provide entertainment but are also laden with advertisements; advertisements pop up on Internet sites; and the mail brings a variety of advertisements. 68 In shopping malls, there are prominent logos on designer clothes, moviegoers regularly view advertisements for local restaurants, hair salons, and so on, and live sporting and cultural events often include signage, logos, products, and related information about the event sponsors. 69Although the primary objective of advertising is to persuade, it may achieve this objective in many different ways. An important function of advertising is the identification function, that is, to identify a product and differentiate it from others; this creates an awareness of the product and provides a basis for consumers to choose the advertised product over other products. 70 The third function of advertising is to induce consumers to try new products and to suggest reuse of the product as well as new uses; this is the persuasion function.A. Another function of advertising is to communicate information about the product, its attributes, and its location of sale; this is the information function.B. The forms that advertising takes and the media in which advertisements appear are as varied as the advertisers themselves and the messages that they wish to deliver.C. An especially important issue in the creation of advertising is related to understanding how much information consumers want about a given product.D. Advertising may influence consumers in many different ways, but the primary goal of advertising is to increase the probability that consumers exposed to an advertisement will behave or believe as the advertiser wishes.E. Advertising also exists on billboards along the freeway, in subway and train stations, on benches at bus stops, and on the frames around car license plates.F. The pervasiveness of advertising and its creative elements are designed to cause viewers to take note.Passage T woFew numbers tell a happier story than those that measure life expectancy. An American born in 1900 could expect to live 47 years. Thanks to colossal improvements in sanitation and medic ine,。
北京林业大学工学院考博真题-参考书-分数线-导师-育明考博
北京林业大学工学院考博真题-参考书-分数线-导师一、北京林业大学考博资讯工学院创建于1958年，经过50多年的建设和发展，已建成具有本科、硕士、博士和博士后培养能力的、具有一定影响和特色的教学研究型学院。
近10年来，学院以本科人才培养为主，同时逐年扩大硕士、博士研究生的招生规模，紧扣市场对人才的需求，注重宽基础、强实践和创新能力的培养，为社会培养了一批应用型工科人才。
学院设有机械设计制造及其自动化、车辆工程、自动化、电气工程及其自动化和工业设计5个本科专业，拥有机械工程一级学科博士和硕士学位授予权，森林工程二级学科博士学位授予权，森林工程、林业装备工程、控制理论与控制工程以及设计艺术学（工业设计方向）二级学科具有硕士学位授予权，设有林业工程博士后流动站。
学院设有机械工程领域工程硕士专业学位授权点。
其中森林工程学科为北京市重点学科。
工学院拥有一批高水平、现代化的实验室和实习中心，其中力学、机械测试、机构设计创新、电子技术、电工学、工业控制、车辆工程、计算机辅助设计（CAD）、模型制作等实验室和现代制造及加工中心、林业工程装备中心、人机环境工程试验室、测试技术试验室和木材无算监测试验室拥有国内一流的实验仪器和设备。
近年来，学院学生多次参加全国机器人大赛、节能车设计大赛等全国科技类竞赛，并获得全国机械创新设计大赛一等奖、全国电子设计大赛二等奖、全国交通科技大赛二等奖等重要奖项。
全院有教职员工84人，其中专职教师61人，教授13人（其中博导8人），副教授28人。
其中，国务院学科评议组成员1人，担任二级学会、协会及全国教学指导委员会副理事长和副秘书长以上学术职务5人。
近10年来，学院承担了国家科技支撑计划、国家自然科学基金、国家农业科技成果转化资金、国家“948”、国家林业公益性行业专项、教育部博士点基金、霍英东基金、北京市自然科学基金、林业部重点、森林防火基金等国家和省部级科研课题百余项，总经费约3300余万元。
北京林业大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
北京林业大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析1.When workers are organized in trade unions,employers find it hard to lay them.(A)off(B)aside(C)Out(D)down2.The wealth of a country should be measured the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce.(A)in line with(B)in terms of(C)in regard with(D)by means of3.He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any on what he promises.(A)faith(B)belief(C)credit(D)reliance Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.4.My students found the book it provided them with an abundance of information on the subject.(A)enlightening(B)confusing(C)distracting(D) amusing5.Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will down the economy.(A)put(B)settle(C)drag(D)knock6.In this factory the machines are not regulated but are jointly controlled by a central computer system.(A)independently(B)individually(C)irrespectively(D) irregularly7.Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change,or causes energy to be in some form.(A)given off(B)put out(C)set off(D)used up8.If businessmen are taxed too much,they will no longer be motivated to work hard,with the result that incomes from taxation might actually.(A)shrink(B)delay(C)disperse(D)sink9.American companies are evolving from mass-production manufacturing to enterprises.(A)moveable(B)changing(C)flexible(D)varying10.If you know what the trouble is,why don't you help them to the situation?(A)simplify(B)modify(C)verify(D)rectify11.I can not what has happened to the vegetables,for they were freshly picked this morning.(A)figure out(B)draw out(C)look out(D)work out12.I tried very hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with flat.(A)disapproval(B)rejection(C)refusal(D)decline13.From this material we can hundreds of what you may call direct products.(A)derive(B)discern(C)diminish(D)displace14.She had clearly no of doing any work,although she was very well paid.(A)tendency(B)ambition(C)intention(D)willingness15.What seems confusing or fragmented at first might well becomea third time.(A)clean and measurable(B)notable and systematic(C)pure and wholesome(D)clear and organic16.The public opinion was that the time was not for the election of such a radical candidate as Mr.Jones.(A)reasonable(B)ripe(C)ready(D)practical17.Hudson said he could not kill a living thing except for the of hunger.(A)sensation(B)cause(C)purpose(D)motive18.For the new country to survive,for its people to enjoy prosperity,new economic policies will be required.(A)to name a few(B)let alone(C)not to speak(D) let's say19.Foreing disinvestment and the of South Africa from world capital markets after1985further weakened its economy.(A)displacement(B)elimination(C)exclusion(D) exception20.When a number of people together in a conversational knot, each individual expresses his position in the group by where he stands.(A)pad(B)pack(C)squeeze(D)cluster1.本题的答案是(A)(A)(lay)off："解雇"。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编31(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编31(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Under the teacher’s stern______, the little boy broke down and confessed to cheating. (2011年华东师范大学试题)A．glanceB．glimpseC．gazeD．stare正确答案：C解析：四个选项的意思分别是glance一瞥，瞥视；glimpse一瞥，一看；gaze 凝视，端详(指长时间目不转睛地看)；stare凝视，瞪视。
句意是在老师严厉的目光下，小男孩的精神防线彻底垮掉了，承认了考试作弊。
所以正确答案是C。
2．To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must______ the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world market demand.(2010年厦门大学考博试题)A．improveB．enhanceC．guaranteeD．gear正确答案：D解析：在给出的选项中：improve“改善，增进”；enhance“增加，提高”；guarantee“保证，担保”；gear(常与to连用)“使适应，使适合”。
根据句意和各个选项的意思可知，正确答案是D。
3．The steam can______ electricity by turning an electric generator.A．causeB．growC．generateD．rouse正确答案：C解析：generate vt．发生，产：生(光、热、电等)；引起，导致(如：The machine generates electricity／gas／steam．A fire generates heat；A good diplomat generates good will．)。
北京林业大学考博英语汇复习之基础部分28
北京林业大学考博英语汇复习之基础部分28249.be/feel equal to(=have enough strength,ability etc.)(某人)能胜任,能应付on equal terms(=on and equal footing)平等地250.be equipped with装备有,装有251.(be)equivalent to(=equal in value,amount,meaning)相等于,相当于252.in essence(=in its/one’s nature)本质上253.at all events(=in spite of everything,in any case)不论怎样,无论如何254.in any event(=whatever happens in the future)无论如何,不管(将来)怎么样255.in the event that(=if)假如,如果.in the event结果,实际情况是(常与but连用) 256.in the event of(=in case of)万一,即使发生..时257.except除…以外;besides除…以外还有..258.except(=but)除了。
259.except for(=apart from)除…以外260.(an)exception to…的例外261.with the exception of(=except,apart from)除去….,除…以外262.in excess of(=more than)超过263.exchange…for以…交换264.exclusive of(=not taking into account;without)不包括265.in excuse of作为…的借口266.exert…on…对…施加…267.exert oneself to do sth.努力,使劲e into existence(=begin to exist)开始存在;come into use开始使用;come into effect 开始运转;come into fashion开始时新;come into action开始行动;come into power开始执政; come into sight进入视野;come into blossom开花;269.(be)in existence存在come into existence出现270.expect…of在…期望…271.at the expense of在损害…情况下,以…为牺牲272.expose…to…使暴露于…,使…受(危险,风险)273.be exposed to…面临…,受到….274.beyond expression(=in a manner that cannot be expressed)无法形容,说不出的275.give expression to表达,表现;find expression in表现276.to…extent在…程度上277.in the extreme(=extremely)极其278.look sb.in the eye正视,打量(某人)279.close(shut)one’s eyes to不理会,视而不见280.in one’s mind’s eye在心目中,在想象中281.in the twinkling of an eye一眨眼,转眼间282.keep an eye on(=keep a watch on)照看,监视（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) 283.in the eyes of in one’s eyes(=in the judgment of)在某人看来,在某人眼里284.on the face of it(=judging by what one can see)表面看来285.in the face of面对着(困难等情况)286.in one’s face当着某人的面;face to faced面对面;face up to大胆面向287.fail in(=be unsuccessful in)失败288.in good faith(=honestly,sincerely)真诚地289.keep faith with对…守信用290.lose faith in对…失去信心291.on faith毫无怀疑地,依赖地292.faithful to(=loyal to)对…忠诚293.fall into the habit(of)养成…习惯294.fall short of(=fail to reach a desired result,standard,etc.)没达到,低于295.familiar with熟悉,了解296.have a fancy for(=like sth.without the help of reason)(没有道理地)喜欢,想要297.take a fancy to(=become fond of)喜欢298.by far远,非常(与比较级或最高级连用)299.far from远远不是300.far from非但不…(而且)301.in fashion(=stylish,most modern)时兴,流行302.after the fashion(of)依照…303.find fault with(=complain about;criticize)找毛病，对…吹毛求疵304.at fault(=in the wrong,blamable)有错305.in favour of赞成本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
北京林业大学材料科学与技术学院林产化学加工工程考博真题-参考书-分数线-导师-育明考博
北京林业大学材料科学与技术学院林产化学加工工程考博真题-参考书-分数线-导师一、北京林业大学考博资讯材料学院的前身是1958年成立的北京林学院森林工业系，2002年11月在木材科学与技术、林产化学加工工程基础上组建成立。
目前，学院设有木材科学与工程（含家具设计方向）、林产化工（含制浆造纸工程方向）、包装工程5个本科专业与专业方向，拥有1个博士后流动站、2个博士点，2个硕士点及1个全日制专业学位硕士点，是北京林业大学“211工程”、“985优势学科创新平台”重点建设学院。
学院主持承担了“973”国家重点研究发展计划、国家自然科学基金、国家科技支撑计划、８６３、９４８等各级各类科研项目100余项，在木质材料加工利用、家具设计、林产品化学加工等领域取得了丰硕的成果，有20多项科研成果获国家发明奖、科技进步奖、教育部自然科学奖等奖励。
材料科学与技术学院共招收博士生26人，其中木材科学与技术专业招收13人，林产化学加工工程专业招收13人，广大考生考前需要联系导师以确定能否报考。
林产化学加工工程专业下设四个专业方向，第一个是植物资源化学，导师是蒲俊文、孙润仓、许凤、马明国，第二个专业方向是制浆造纸工程，导师是蒲俊文，第三个是生物质能源及化学品，导师是蒋建新、孙润仓、许凤、张力平和马明国，第四个是林产精细化工与材料，导师是蒋建新、蒲俊文、张力平和雷建都。
考试科目一共三门，满分300分，每一门都是100分，其中第一门是英语，第二门木材科学与技术专业考的是传热学或者高等木材学，而林产化学加工工程专业考的是高等木材化学或者高等有机化学，第三门木材科学与技术专业考的是木工机械与切削刀具或者人造板生产工艺与胶黏剂，而林产化学加工工程专业考的是化工分离工程或者现代制浆造纸技术。
注意事项：1、复试成绩=外语口语及听力×10%+专业外语×20%+综合素质×70%；入学总成绩=初试总成绩×（75-50）%+复试成绩×（25-50）%。
北林农林英语试题及答案
北林农林英语试题及答案一、听力理解（共20分）1. What is the man going to do this weekend?A. Go shoppingB. Go to the beachC. Go to the mountainsD. Go to the cinemaAnswer: B2. What does the woman mean?A. She doesn't like the book.B. She thinks the book is too difficult.C. She thinks the book is interesting.D. She thinks the book is too easy.Answer: C3. Where are the speakers?A. In a restaurantB. In a libraryC. In a classroomD. In a bookstoreAnswer: A4. What is the weather like today?A. SunnyB. RainyC. CloudyD. Windy5. What time does the train leave?A. At 6:00 amB. At 7:00 amC. At 8:00 amD. At 9:00 amAnswer: C二、阅读理解（共30分）Passage 1Farmers in North America have been using genetically modified (GM) crops for over a decade. These crops have been engineered to resist pests and diseases, which has led to a significant reduction in the use of pesticides. However, some people are concerned about the long-term effects of GM crops on human health and the environment.Questions:6. What is the main advantage of GM crops?A. They taste better than non-GM crops.B. They are more resistant to pests and diseases.C. They grow faster than non-GM crops.D. They require less water.Answer: B7. What is one concern about GM crops?A. They may affect human health.B. They are more expensive than non-GM crops.C. They may not be as nutritious as non-GM crops.D. They may not be as tasty as non-GM crops.Passage 2The use of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, has been increasing worldwide. This is due to the growing awareness of the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. Governments and businesses are investing in renewable energy technologies to meet these challenges.8. Why is the use of renewable energy sources increasing?A. To reduce the cost of energy production.B. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions.C. To increase the availability of energy resources.D. To improve the efficiency of energy use.Answer: B9. What is one way that governments and businesses are addressing this issue?A. By investing in renewable energy technologies.B. By increasing the use of fossil fuels.C. By reducing the use of energy in general.D. By promoting the use of nuclear power.Answer: A三、词汇与语法（共20分）10. The weather forecast says it will be ________ tomorrow.A. rainyB. rainC. rainedD. raining11. She has always been interested in ________.A. cookingB. cooksC. to cookD. cookAnswer: A12. The new law will come into ________ next month.A. effectB. affectC. efficientD. effortAnswer: A13. He is too young to ________ the responsibilities of the job.A. take onB. take offC. take outD. take overAnswer: A14. The company has ________ a new marketing strategy.A. launchedB. landedC. reachedD. crashedAnswer: A四、完形填空（共15分）15. The company is looking for someone with experience in ________.A. manageB. managingC. to manageD. managedAnswer: B16. The project was ________ on time and under budget.A. completedB. completesC. completingD. completionAnswer: A17. The new policy will have a significant ________ on the environment.A. effectB. affectC. efficientD. effortAnswer: A18. The team worked well together and ________ the project successfully.A. accomplishedB. accomplishedC. accomplishingD. to accomplishAnswer: A19. The company is committed to ________ the highest standards of quality.A. maintainB. maintainingC. maintainedD. maintainsAnswer: B五、写作（共15分）20. Write an essay on the topic "The Importance of Biodiversity". You should write at least 120 words. Use the following points as a guide:- Define biodiversity- Explain why biodiversity is important- Discuss the threats to biodiversity- S。
2011北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析
Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%）Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D.seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.A. at itselfB. as itselfC. on itselfD. in itself14．us earlier, your request to the full.A.You have contacted…we could comply withB.Had you contacted…we could have complied withC.You had contacted…could we have complied withD.Have you contacted…we could comply with15．The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy.A. discardB. discreetC. discordD. disgorge16. Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious theirpsychology. No one can shield himself such an influence.A. on…by…atB. by…for…inC. from…in…onD. through…with…from17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears to create.A. boreB. boredC. boredomD. bordom18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz.A. lackedB. lackingC. for lack ofD. lack of19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine.A. that have toB. have toC. having toD. has to20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it.A. none the worseB. none the betterC. never worseD. never better21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color.A. cried out for…cried out forB. cry out for…cry out forC. had cried out for…cried out forD. had cried out for…cry out for22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very .A. triggerB. meagerC. vigorD. linger23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology.A. as much the Africans are detribalizedB. the Africans are much being detribalizedC. as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD. as much as the Africans are detribalized24. We admire his courage and self-confidence.A. can butB. cannot onlyC. cannot butD. can only but25. In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed tonotice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical.A. inundatingB. imitatingC. immolatingD. insulating26. you promise you will work hard, support you to college.A. If only…will IB. Only…I willC. Only if…will ID. Only if…I will27. It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life.A. any concern withB. any concern aboutC. any concern inD. any concern at28. One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simplywhen better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching.A. resolvedB. absolvedC. dissolvedD. solved29. People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to worklonger, live less in retirement or bailed by the government.A. in…for…upB. for…on…outC. by…in…onD. on…for…out30. The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollarsA. soaredB. souredC. soredD. sourcedPart Three: Close Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.2009 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2008, and before that 2007 and 2006. In fact, industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years. Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling.Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy. People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies. These days, high-quality copies are 35. According to the Pew Internet project, people use file-sharing software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops.I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm. But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse. Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid.38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework. The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract.“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things.”31. A. As B. Same C. Thus D. So32. A. stagnating B. declining C. increasing D. stultifying33. A. taking B. robbing C. stealing D. pirating34. A. upgraded B. inferior C. ineffective D. preferable35. A. numerous B. ubiquitous C. accessible D. effortless36. A. so B. this C. that D. much37. A. satisfy B. help C. reconcile D. equate38. A. Based B. Capitalizing C. Reflecting D. Drawing39. A. match up with B. fill in C. fit into D. set up40. A. constraints B. consciousness C. norm D. etiquettePart IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneCancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A．D．, Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B．C．concluded: “There is no treatment.”The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption”(tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness belie ved to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy.”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”cancer.41. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians .A. called cancer the crabB. were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC. found out the cause of cancerD. knew about a lot of malignant tumors42. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB. In the past, people did not fear cancerC. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD. Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer43. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?A. Modern cancer care is very effectiveB. There is a lot more cancer nowC. People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD. There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world44.“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because .A. they are as fatal as cancerB. they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C. people dread them very muchD.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life45. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. The care and management of cancer have development over timeB. The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC. Cancer s identity has never changedD. Cancer is the price paid for modern lifePassage TwoIf you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U．S．economy had become “very distorted.”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent.This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”.In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U．S．consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”. There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit.And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.46. According to the passage, the U．S．economy .A. fares quite wellB. has completely recovered from the economic recessionC. has its own problemsD. is lagging behind other industrial economies47. Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?A. Today’s plutocrats are the hereditary eliteB. Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselvesC. They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competitionD. They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality48. What can be said of modern technological innovations?A. They have lifted many people into the middle class.B. They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich.C. They have led to a rise of income inequality.D. They have benefited the general public.49. The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath .A. have compromised the rich with the non-richB. have enriched the plutocratic eliteC. have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD. have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich50. The primary purpose of the passage is to .A. present the financial imbalance in the U．S．B. display sympathy for the working classC. criticize the super elite of the Unite StatesD. appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U．S．Passage ThreeCharles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him. It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director.William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Ja n．1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries. While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Ja n．10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it. Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks.Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series.Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality.Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species.”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975.The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection. The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work.This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable.Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber. Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea.Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said.“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose claim to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism.”51. According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that.A. it was the most studied by later scientistsB. it had significant ideas about evolutionC. it was the first to talk about evolutionD. it was well received by the public52. Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to .A. credit the ideas about evolution before hisB. claim himself as the father of evolutionC. introduce his grandfather to the readerD. summarize his predecessors work53. In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in .A. his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionB. his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporariesC. the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”D. the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution54. We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in .A. a much larger bookB. a 400page bookC. scientific termsD. plain language55. Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect .A. coming up with a new ideaB. understanding the significance of the ideaC. making claims to the idea by writing booksD. convincing others of the correctness of the idesPassage FourMany adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire, resulting in sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state. This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic. Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well.For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them.It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like. Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree. Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache.56. According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”?A. To sleep for an average period of time.B. To sleep deeply without dreaming.C. To sleep less than needed.D. To sleep modestly.57. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?A. When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer.B. When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.C. Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system.D. Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.58. Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”?A. It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.B. It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.C. Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep.D. Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when your brain is waking up.59.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?A. Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.B. Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.C. You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep.D. Long term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.60. What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?A. High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.B. Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long term memory.C. Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory.D. High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.Part V: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets )immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answer on the Answer Sheet (2).Examples:eg. 1(61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (61) begun beganeg. 2(62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up .Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3(63) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (63)notWal-Mart announced Thursday afternoon that it would introduce a program nationwide called (61) “Pick Up Today”that allows customers to submit orders online and pick up their items few hours later in their local store. (62) The move is not revolutionary—Sears and Nordstrom, as instance, already have similar programs.(63) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them to sell more products. (64) Nordstrom recently combined its inventory so that if the online stockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship to the Web customer. (65) Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales. (66) Best Buy offers both store pickup and “ship to store,”where items are shipped free from a local store. Ace Hardware, J．C．Penney and Wal-Mart itself are among the others offering “ship to store”programs.In Wal-Mart’s program, (67) that is expected to be nationwide by June, customers can select from among 40,000 items online. (68) They will send a text message or e-mail alerting them when the order is ready, which usually takes about four hours.(69) “Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers, but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to thestores, and incremental sales,”said Steve Nave, senior vice president and general manager of Walmar t．Com.(70) The program will include about 40000 items likewise electronics, toys, home décor and sporting goods. (71) As of now, it does not include groceries, though M r．Nave did dismiss that possibility.(72) “We’re not ready to talk today about everything that’s going on in grocery,”he said“What we’ve tried to do is (73) focus on those categories where customers are most likely to be willing to make the purchase after they touch it or look at it.(74) This is a convenient play, trying to figure out what are the things that are going to drive more customers into the stores.”Wal-Mart also announced that (75) it was shortened the time customers would have to wait for ship-to-store items, to four to seven days, from seven to 10 days.Part VI: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it nearly on the Answer Sheet (2).In China, minimum wage becomes higher in many places. But people disagree over its benefits and drawbacks. Supporters say it increases the worker’s standard of living, while opponents say it increase unemployment. What do you think?Part II Structure and Written Expression（20%）11.【A】A项admits of“容许，有……的可能”；B项requires of“要求，要求得到”；C项needs of“满足需要”；D项seeks for“寻找，追求，探索”。
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北京林业大学2011考博英语真题Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text1What would you do with590m?This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie,an84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history.If she hopes her new-found for tune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment,she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes.Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly what was once exciting and new becomes old-hat;regret creeps in.It is far better to spend money on（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) experiences,say Ms Dumn and Mr Norton,like interesting trips,uniquemeals or even going to the cinema.These purchases often become more valuable with time-as stories or memories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most"happiness bang for your buck."It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work,spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television(something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing,and is hardly jollier for it).Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself,and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly.This is apparently the reason MacDonald's restricts the availability of its popular McRib-a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of“HappyMoney”are clearly a privileged lot,anxious about fulfillment,not hunger.Money may not quite buy happiness,but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones.Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world,and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people.Not everyone will agree with the authors’policy ideas,which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent。
21.According to Dumn and Norton,which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[A]A big house[B]A special tour[C]A stylish car[D]A rich meal22.The author’s attitude toward Americans’watching TV is[A]critical[B]supportive[C]sympathetic[D]ambiguous23.Macrib is mentioned in paragraph3to show that[A]consumers are sometimes irrational[B]popularity usually comes after quality[C]marketing tricks are after effective[D]rarity generally increases pleasure24.According to the last paragraph,Happy Money[A]has left much room for readers’criticism[B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase[C]has predicted a wider income gap in the us[D]may give its readers a sense of achievement25.This text mainly discusses how to[A]balance feeling good and spending money[B]spend large sums of money won in lotteries[C]obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D]become more reasonable in spending on luxuriesText2An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that,actually,you think you’re more beautiful than you are.We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to research into what the call the“above average effect”,or“illusory superiority”,and shown that,for example,70%of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership,93%in driving and85%at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations.We become defensive when criticized,and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem,we stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into self-enhancement and attractiveness.Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others,he asked them to identify an original photogragh of themselves’from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive.Visual recognition,reads the study,is“an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”.If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image-which must did-they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.Epley found no significant gender difference in responses.Nor was there any evidence that,those who self-enhance the must(that is,the participants who thought themost positively doctored picture were real)were doing so to make up for profound insecurities.In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher self-esteem.“I don’t think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion”,says Epley.“It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves’.If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing.Knowing the results of Epley‘s study,it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves Viscerally-on one level,they don’t even recognise the person in the picture as themselves,Facebook therefore,is a self-enhancer’s paradise,where people can share only the most flattering photos,the cream of their wit,style,beauty,intellect and lifestyle it’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest,says catalina toma of Wiscon—Madison university,”but they portray an idealized version of themselves.26.According to the first paragraph,social psychologist have found that______.[A]our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B]illusory superiority is baseless effect[C]our need for leadership is unnatural[D]self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27.Visual recognition is believed to be people’s______[A]rapid watching[B]conscious choice[C]intuitive response[D]automatic self-defence28.Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tendedto______[A]underestimate their insecurities[B]believe in their attractiveness[C]cover up their depressions[D]oversimplify their illusions29.The word“Viscerally”(Line2,para.5)is closest in meaning to_____.[A]instinctively[B]occasionally[C]particularly[D]aggressively30.It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can_____.[A]present their dishonest profiles[B]define their traditional life styles[C]share their intellectual pursuits[D]withhold their unflattering sidesText4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads,railways,broadband andenergy.Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that?To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame.We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth.Then there is the scale of the typical housing project.It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project,so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere.But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.Nevertheless,the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this.It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister,Don Foster,has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer,may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt.Evidence shows that60,000extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment,which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments fromrevenues.But it is not just down to the government.While these measures would be welcome in the short term,we must face up to the fact that the existing£4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in2015,is unlikely to be extended beyond then.The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition’s spending plans if returns to power.The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale public grants.We need to adjust to this changing climate.36.The author believes that the housing sector__[A]has attracted much attention[B]involves certain political factors[C]shoulders too much responsibility[D]has lost its real value in economy37.It can be learned that affordable housing has__[A]increased its home supply[B]offered spending opportunities[C]suffered government biases[D]disappointed the government38.According to Paragraph5,George Osborne may_______.[A]allow greater government debt for housing[B]stop local authorities from building homes[C]prepare to reduce housing stock debt[D]release a lifted GDP growth forecast39.It can be inferred that a stable rental environmentwould_______.[A]lower the costs of registered providers[B]lessen the impact of government interference[C]contribute to funding new developments[D]relieve the ministers of responsibilities40.The author believes that after2015,the government may______.[A]implement more policies to support housing[B]review the need for large-scale public grants[C]renew the affordable housing grants programme[D]stop generous funding to the housing sector本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。