第四篇 Smoking(2015年职称英语阅读判断译文)
2015年职称英语考试卫生类C级新增加文章及全文翻译(全)
第五篇 Tracking Down HIVIn the summer of 1980, a patient had a strange purplish spot removed from below his ear. It was Kaposi’s sarcoma, a rare form of skin cancer. This patient also had lymph node swelling and exhaustion. In November 1980, a Los Angeles immunologist examined a young man who had diseases linked to immune system malfunctions. The doctor had a T-cell count taken of the patient’s blood. T-cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role1 in immune responses. The patient had no helper T-cells.By the end of 1980, 55 Americans were diagnosed with infections related to immune system breakdown; four had died. A year later the death toll was 74. Intravenous drug users had T-cell abnormalities. People who had received blood transfusions showed symptoms of immune system breakdown. By July 1982, 471 cases of the disease, now called Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), had been reported; 184 people had died.In April 1984, American virologist Dr. Robert Gallo isolated the pathogen, or disease producer, responsiblefor2 AIDS. He called it HTLV-III. In Paris, Dr. Luc Montagnier identified a virus he called LAV. An international panel of scientists determined that both men had found the same virus. It became known as Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Blood banks began screening for HTV in 1985, but by then about 29,000 people had been infected through blood transfusions. Some 12,000 hemophiliacs had contracted HIV through blood-clotting products. By 1995, 477,900 Americans had AIDS; 295,500 had died.In 1996, researchers announced drugs that reduced HIV in infected people. Today scientists are testing vaccines and believe that if HIV can be suppressed, then perhaps it can be eradicated3, but it is still a race against time.词汇：spot n. 地点，斑点，斑块，青春痘lymph n. 淋巴结sarcoma n. 肿瘤，肉瘤，恶性毒瘤exhaustion n. 衰竭，耗尽，精疲力竭immunologist n.免疫学家malfunction n. 故障，失灵，疾病count n. 计数，计算infection n. 传染病，感染breakdown n. 故障，衰弱，崩溃toll n. 代价，死亡人数intravenous drug n. 静脉注射药物abnormalities n. (abnormality的复数形式)畸形，异常情况blood transfusion n. 输血symptom n.症状virologist n. 病毒学家virus n. 病毒panel n.座谈小组，仪表板hemophiliac n. 血友病患者vaccine n. 疫苗注释：1．play a key role...扮演一个关键角色，有至关重要的作用2．be responsible for...对……负责，是……的原因3．can be eradicated可以被根除的练习：1．This passage is mainly about ____.A the spreading of the disease known as HIVB the work of Dr. Robert GalloC infectious diseasesD the symptoms of HIV2．A T-cell is a ____.A patient’s bloodB deadly strain of tuberculosisC white blood cell important in providing immunity to diseaseD red blood cell3．The final paragraph leads the reader to see that scientists ____.A have no hope in ever finding a cure for HIVB have hope that a cure for HIV will be foundC have run out of time to find a cure for HIVD are in a contest against each other to find a cure for HIV4．The basic pattern used to develop this passage is ____.A chronological orderB personal narrativeC comparison and contrastD question and answer5．The word u eradicated the last paragraph means ____.A made extremeB celebratedC remove by rubbingD gotten rid of entirely答案与题解：1．A从开篇的病例介绍，到后面感染人数的不断上升可以推断出，这篇文章的主旨是讲艾滋病病毒在美国的传播。
职称英语卫生类B级考试真题及答案
职称英语卫生类B级考试真题及答案2015年职称英语卫生类B级考试真题及答案不少考生开始备考2017职称英语考试啦，店铺整理了职称英语考试历年真题，下面是yjbys网店铺提供给大家关于2015年职称英语卫生类B级考试真题及答案，希望对大家的备考有所帮助。
第1部分：词汇选项(第1〜15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1.It was unfortunate that she had erased the message.A. heard ofB. rubbed outC. looked atD. spoken out2.He was obsessed with American horror movies.A. kept thinking aboutB. took advantage ofC. paid no attention toD. cared nothing about3. The firemen made a spectacular rescue yesterday.A. timelyB. wonderfulC. cleverD. cooperative4. I have earned a lot of money，but that is not the issue.A. goalB. taskC. pointD. key5 He endured unbearable agonies before he finally passed away.A. leftB. diedC. relaxedD. key6 The union called off the strike at the last minute yesterday.A. stagedB. lengthenedC. organizedD. cancelled.7. Oil leaking from a boat or ship may pose a hazard to drinking water.A. odorB. dangerC. diseaseD. smell8. There has been a lot of debate among us about the necessity to save money.A. discussionB. talkC.suggestionsD.ideas9. Your accusation is wholly without foundation.A. almostB. probablypletelyD. evidently10. The woman living next door is extremely slender.A. tallB. weakC.slimD. pale11. He came back home fatigued.A. exhaustedB. scaredC. worriedD. frightened12. She was unwilling to go, but she had no choice.A. readyB. angryC. sorryD. reluctant13. The economy continued to exhibit signs of decline in October.A. markB. recordC. carryD. show14. I believe that her account of what happened is very accurate.A. simpleB. vividC. closeD. satisfied15. He based his conclusion on the evidence given by the prisoner.A. offeredB. workedC. madeD. satisfied第2部分：阅读判断(第16〜22题，每题1分，共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断;如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的.信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
2015全国职称英语等级考试必看卫生类阅读理解译文
2015全国职称英语等级考试必看_卫生类__阅读理解__译文第四部分阅读理解第一部分 (ABC级)第一篇第一篇：纳米保健技术走向贫困国家纳米技术的应用对象都是分子级和原子级的物质。
如今，长度为一纳米，即十亿分之一米的粒子已被开发出多种用途，如制造美容产品和抗污型服装等。
但其中一个领域科学家认为潜力尤为巨大，那就是医药领域。
•在上周于华盛顿Woodrow Wilson国际中心召开的一个项目会议上，科学家们探讨了如何将纳米技术应用于贫困国家人口保健的事宜。
来自多伦多大学的Peter Singer声称一项名为量子点的纳米技术可被应用于疟疾的诊断。
相对于传统的仅用显微镜观察血液样本的方法，此技术要先进得多。
由于贫困国家往往没有条件应用此项新技术，许多健康人被误诊为疟疾患者，而药物的滥用又导致了抗药性的产生。
所谓量子点是指一些被激活后会发光的粒子，如今科学家正在研究为它们编程的方法，以便当靶分子存在的时候就能够通过发光来诊断疾病。
纳米技术的优越性不光体现在疾病的诊断，还包括疾病的治疗。
国立卫生研究所的Piotr Grodzinski与大家共同探讨了如何运用纳米技术来增强药效。
以一些已经使用了纳米技术的抗癌药物为例，他指出，如果药物可以针对癌症病灶而不是整个人体，治疗所需药量就会大大减少，副作用也会降低。
Andrew Maynard是Woodrow Wilson中心新兴的纳米技术工程部骨干科学家，他注意到巴西、印度、中国及南非正在开发可被贫困国家所应用的纳米技术。
与此同时他指出，与较大分子不同，纳米材料的颗粒在人体内和体外环境中的作用可能有所不同，因此纳米技术的应用存在一定风险，若要深入研究这些风险则需要更大的资金投入。
第二篇：医学期刊医学杂志医学杂志是向医生和其他医务人员提供医学信息的出版物。
在过去，这些杂志只有印刷版。
随着电子出版的发展，许多医学杂志现在都有网站了，有些杂志只有网络版。
少数的医学杂志，如《美国医学会杂志》，被看做是普通医学杂志，因为它们涵盖了医学的许多领域。
职称英语考试之阅读判断
第二部分阅读判断第一篇 Studies Show US Spending Doesn’t Get Best Health1、The US spends twice as much on health care as other rich counties. A Right2、The US is the place where people get the best heath care. B Wrong3、Each year ,the US spend more money on heath care than the previous one.C Not mentioned4．The more a country spends on health care．the better care its people enjoy．B Wrong5．The study involved 5 countries and lasted 5 years．A Right6．The other four countries provide better health care than the US．B Wrong7．The US is determined to do something about its health care system．C Not mentioned第二篇 Most Adults in US Have Low Risk of Heart Disease1．The 10-year risk of heart disease is low for most US adults．A Right2．Only 3 percent of US adults have a more than 10 percent 10一year risk of heart disease．B Wrong3．More than 100 thousand people participated in the survey．B Wrong4．There was a greater proportion of men than women in the survey．C Not mentioned 5．The distributions of the risk of heart disease al e closely related to race．B Wrong 6．Elderly people have a higher risk of heart disease than younger people．A Right 7．The US government will take measures to reduce the overall population risk． C.Not mentioned第三篇 Smoking1．It is easy to determine whether smoking is hazardous．B Wrong2．Smoking reduces one‟S life expectancy．A Right3．Smoking may induce lung cancer．A Right4．There is evidence that smoking is responsible for breast cancer．C Not mentioned 5．Male smokers have a lower death rate from heart disease than female smokers． B Wrong6．Nicotine is poisonous． A Right7．Filters and low tar tobacco make smoking safe． B Wrong第四篇 Some Sleep Drugs Do More Than Make You Sleep1．There are altogether 1 3 drugs treating sleep disorders in the United States．C Not mentioned2．FDA considers it the…producers‟duty to WalTI the users of sleeping pills about the serious side effects and to tell them‟h0W to use safely．A Right3．An allergic reaction to sleeping pills may sometimes cause a user to die．A Right4．A stomach sickness drug alone caused Patrick Kennedy to crash his car into a securitybarrier． B Wrong5. FDA based its．order upon a wide investigation of sleep—driving．C Not mentioned 6．Sleep-walking is also one of the serious side effects induced by taking sleeping pills．A Right7．The appearance of one or another side effect after taking some sleeping pill is unavoidable． B Wrong第五篇Dangers Await Babies with Altitude1．According'to the passage，one of the reasons why newborns in mountain communities are underweight is that their mothers are underweight．B Wrong 2．Giussani‟S team members are all British researchers and professors from Cambridge University． C Not mentioned3．Giussani did not expect to find that the weight of a baby had little to do with the financial conditions of the family he was born into． A Right4．The weight of a newborn has to do with the supply of oxygen even when he was still in his mother‟s womb．A Right5．High—altitude babies have heads that are larger than their bodies．B Wrong 6．High—altitude babies have longer but thinner limbs than average．C Not mentioned 7．Giussani has arrived at the conclusion that babies in high—altitude regions are more likely to have heart trouble when they grow up．B Wrong第六篇Privacy Worry May Keep HIV’Patients from Therapy1．All patients in the study refuse to receive any treatment because of the possibility to expose their HIV status． B Wrong2．Worry about breaches in confidentiality of the HIV status has nothing to do with the curative effects on patients．B Wrong3．Medical workers of an institution cannot freely provide their HIV patients‟information to those of other instituti．ons．A Right4．Whether a HIV—infected patient agrees to other(not his)medical workers‟s haring the information about his HIV status is one of the fights given by the constitution．C Not mentioned5．Most patients in the study strongly object to the breaches in the confidentiality of their HIV status．A Right6．Quite a few patients will firmly defend their own fight if such a breach occurs．B Wrong7．Breaches in confidentiality are common in medical circles all over the world．C Not mentioned第七篇 Food and Cancer1．The results of the new study are unexpected．B Wrong2．Among the scientists、that did the study，there are more Chinese than Americans．C Not mentioned3．The study lasted for about five years．A Right4．The rate of cancer of stomach and esophagus in Linxian is the highest in China．C．Not mentioned5．Fungus and molds in local foods may be partly responsible for the high cancer rate in Linxian．A Right6．All those people who took part in the study received vitamins and minerals．B Wrong7．The results of the study are of great significance to people everywhere．B.Wrong第八篇 Stomach Ulcer1．In the past，doctors couldn‟t do anything about stomach ulcers.B Wrong2．Now doctors can successfully cure stomach ulcers． B Wrong3．Some people are likely to suffer from the stomach pain at some time in their life．A Right4.Doctors have discovered a Cause of ulcers after many years of experiments．C Not mentioned5．There has been a change in doctors‟understanding of the cause of stomach ulcers．A Right6．Stomach ulcers can lead to stomach cancer．A Right7．People,who eat a lot of spicy food are also susceptible to stomach ulcers．C Not mentioned第九篇 Continuing Medical Education1．Health workers themselves are aware of the importance of continued training．A Right2．Health needs and health care policies always remain constant．B Wrong3．The phrase“health car。
英语四级作文：吸烟Smoking
英语四级作文：吸烟Smoking英语四级作文范文：吸烟 Smoking（精选24篇）在我们平凡的日常里，许多人都写过作文吧，作文是人们以书面形式表情达意的言语活动。
写起作文来就毫无头绪？下面是店铺整理的英语四级作文：吸烟 Smoking，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
英语四级作文：吸烟 Smoking 篇1It is almost known to all that smoking is bad for people's health. Scientific researchs show that smoking can lead to heart disease,cancer and other problems.The World Health Organization says diseases linked to smoking kill at least two million five hundred thousand people each year.Still,many people find it difficult to stop smoking.One reason is that smoking usually becomes a habitual behaviour,and habits,whether good or bad are not easy to be given up.Another reason is the effect of nicotine,the substance found in cigarettes works on people somewhat as drugs do.Measures have been taken to help people keep away from the harm of smoking. In many cities,smoking is forbidden in public places.The danger of smoking is warned of everywhere.And newspapers are asked not to publish advertisements for cigarettes.World "No Tobacco Day" is observed every year as the biggest compaign against smoking. 英语四级作文：吸烟 Smoking 篇2It has been estimated that smokers have made up half of the population in China. And the smokers are becoming younger and younger, even ineluding some middle school students.Nowadays more and more people have realized smoking can do harm to people'shealth. However, some people still enjoy smoking. Why?Because some of them think it is a kind of fashion,some think it is of great fun and others, think that smoking can refresh themselves.In fact, smoking is a bad habit. It can cause a lot of diseases. Meanwhile smoking is a waste of money. Besides, careless smokers may cause dangerous fires.Smoking is harmful and it is not only bad for smokers themselves, but also bad for non-smokers.Therefore, I hope all the smokers can give up smoking for themselves and also for the people around them.据估计，在中国吸烟者约占总人口的一半，而且烟民的年龄越来越年轻，甚至一些中学生也在抽烟。
Smoking Stinks
Smoking Stinks烟臭第一部分：Smoking is one of the worst things kids or adult can do to their bodies. Yet every single day about 3,900 kids between the ages 12 and 17 start smoking.Most middle school students don't smoke - only about 1 in 16does. And most high school students don't smoke either - about 1in 5 does (that means 4 out of 5 don't).But why do those who smoke ever begin?There's more than just one answer. Some kids may start smoking just because they're curious. Others may like the idea of doing something dangerous - something grownups don't want them to do. Still others might know lots of people who smoke and they might think it's a way to act or look like an adult.Fortunately, fewer people are starting smoking than a few years ago. Maybe that's because more and more people have learned that smoking and tobacco use can cause cancer and heartdisease.But sometimes kids can't really think that far into the future to worry about an illness they might not get for many years.So let's talk about the problems that might affect kids more quickly:▪ bad breath▪ yellow teeth▪ smelly clothes▪ more colds and coughs▪ difficulty keeping up with friends when playing sports▪ empty wallet - cigarettes and tobacco products are very expensive!第二部分：Let's find out more about cigarettes and tobacco.What Are Smoking and Smokeless Tobacco?Tobacco (say: tuh-BA-ko) is a plant that can be smoked in cigarettes, pipes, or cigars. It's the same plant that's in smokeless tobacco, known as dip, chew, snuff, spit, or chewing tobacco. Smokeless tobacco is not lit or inhaled like tobacco in cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. Instead, smokeless tobacco is put between the lip and gum and sucked on inside the mouth.Tobacco contains nicotine (say: NIH-kuh-teen), a chemical that causes a tingly or pleasant feeling — but that feeling only lasts for a little while. Nicotine is also addictive (say: uh-DIK-tiv). That means that if you start to use nicotine, your body and mind will become so used to it that you'll need to have it just to feel OK.Anyone who starts smoking could become addicted to it. If you're addicted to something, it's very hard to stop doing it, even if you want to. Some kids get addicted right away. And adults are often addicted, which is why so many of them have a hard time quitting smoking.Why Is It So Bad for You?Cigarettes and smokeless tobacco kill hundreds of thousands of Americans every year. You know those rubber bracelets that were created to bring attention to different causes? The Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids created a red one with the number 1,200 on it. Why 1,200? That's the number of people who die each day due to smoking.The nicotine and other poisonous chemicals in tobacco cause lots of diseases, like heart problems and some kinds of cancer. If you smoke, you hurt your lungs and heart each time you light up. It also can make it more difficult for blood to move around in the body, so smokers may feel tired and cranky. The longer you smoke, the worse the damage becomes.第三部分：The Other Cost of SmokingUsing tobacco eats up a lot of money, too. A pack of cigarettes costs about $6, on average. That means, even if you buy just one pack a week, you'll spend $312 in a year. Some people smoke a pack a day, which adds up to $2,190! That's a lot of computer games and clothes you could buy instead.What's It Like?Usually, people don't like smoking or chewing tobacco at first. Your body is smart, and it knows when it's being poisoned. When people try smoking for the first time, they often cough a lot and feel pain or burning in their throat and lungs. This is your lungs' way of trying to protect you and tell you to keep them smoke free.Also, many people say that they feel sick to their stomachs or even throw up. If someone accidentally swallows chewing tobacco, they may be sick for hours. Yuck.What if My Friend Smokes?If you have friends who smoke or use tobacco, you can help them by encouraging them to quit. Here are some reasons you can mention:▪ It will hurt their health.▪ It will make their breath stinky.▪ It will turn their teeth yellow.▪ It will give them less endurance when running or playing sports.▪ It's expensive.▪ It's illegal to buy cigarettes when you're underage.If you think it will help, you could print out articles like this one to give to a friend who smokes. He or she may be interested in learning more about the dangers of smoking.But people don't like to hear that they're doing something wrong, so your pal also could be a little angry. If that happens, don't push it too much. In time, your friend may realize you are right.In the meantime, it could help to talk with a parent or a school counselor if you're worried about your friend. When your friend is ready, a grownup can help him or she quit for good. If your friend decides to quit, lend your support. You might say it's time to kick some butts!Reviewed by: Steven Dowshen, MDDate reviewed: January 2013。
全国职称英语等级考试理工类试题及答案
【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】2015年全国职称英语等级考试理工类（A级）试题及答案第1部分：词汇选项（第1～5题，每题l分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1 With immense relief. I stopped running.A some B、enormous C little D extensive2 The scientists began to accumulate data.A collectB handleC analyzeD investigate3 Jack eventually overtook the last truck.A hit.B passedC reachedD led4 Sometimes it is advisable to book hotels in advance.A possibleB profitableC easyD wise5 The reason for their unusual behavior remains a puzzle.A factB mysteryC statementD game6 That guy is really witty.A smartB uglyC honorableD popular7 The world champion suffered a sensational defeat.A reasonableB dramaticC humiliatingD horrifying8 It seems that only Mary is eligible for the job.A preparedB trainedC qualifiedD guided9 This poem depicts the beautiful scenery of a town in the South.A praisesB writesC imitatesD describes10 The meaning is still obscure.A vagueB transparentC alienD significant11 Dumped waste might contaminate Water supplies.A destroyB decreaseC delayD pollute12 One theory postulates that the ancient Filipinos came from India and Persia.A assumesB expectsC predictsD considers13 It is very difficult for a child to adhere to rules.A rememberB followC understandD learn14 I hope that I didn't do anything absurd last night.A awkwardB strangeC stupidD awful15 There should be laws that prohibit smoking around children.A forbidB advocateC inheritD withdraw第2部分：阅读判断（第16～22垒题，每题1分，共7分）下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C.Green Roof ResearchThe concept of green roofs is basically about growing plants on roofs，thus helping to replace the green footprint that had been destroyed due to the construction of the building. Green roofs are the most prevalent（流行）in Germany，which is widely regarded as the leader in green roof research.The green roofs that are used these days can be classified as 'extensive' and'intensive' systems. Extensive green roofs use mosses，grasses and herbs，which are tolerant to droughts. These plants do not Reed much maintenance. can be grown in a layer of substrate（土层）that can be as shallow as inches，and generally are inaccessible to the public. In contrast, a wide range of species of plants are grown on intensive green roofs，such as shrubs（灌木）and even trees，which require deeper substrate layers，and are usually grown on flat roofs. They need intensive maintenance, and are usually areas that resemble parks which are accessible to people.There are several benefits of adopting green roof technologies. Apart from the obvious psychological and aesthetic（美学的）benefits of garden-like environments surrounding you，some of the common economic and ecological benefits are：a reduction in the consumption of energy；air and water purification；recovering green spaces；and the mitigation（缓解）of the heat island effect in urban areas.The green roof research that is currently ongoing is focused on evaluating the species of plants that are suitable to be grown on roofs，the methods of propagation（繁殖）as well as establishment，nutrient（养料）and water requirement，substrates，and the quantity and quality of water runoff. The evaluation criteria of plant species are：at what rate they can be established：their capacity to withstand invasive weeds：tolerance of cold and heat: tolerance of drought conditions: capacity of persistence and survival.A number of experiments are being conducted on roof platform simulations at various research centers. These sites are generally outfitted with equipment，which are used to measure temperatures at different depths of the growing substrates, and the rate and volume of the runoff of stormwaters from each of the platforms.Green roof technology is representative of a completely new market for landscape contractors. And all roofs that currently exist and the future ones to be constructed are the potential market-a market that is too huge to be overlooked.16 It is estimated that around 10 percent of the flat roofs in Germany are green.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned17 German people prefer extensive green roof systems to intensive ones.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned18 Small plants like grasses and herbs are grown widely on intensive green roofs.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned19 Green roof is an ecologically sound strategy of spreading green in urban areas.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned20 0ne of the benefits of green roofs is the reduction of the heat island effect in cities.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned21 0ne focus；n the green roof research is the evaluation of suitable plant species.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned22 Although green roof technology can create a garden-like environment，its potential market is rather small.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23～30题，每题l分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2—5段每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
2015年职称英语考试阅读判断(卫生类C级)
2015年职称英语考试阅读判断（卫生类C级）阅读判断(第1～7题，每题1分，共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C. Creating a World without SmokingSmoking will be banned in all pubs， clubs and workplaces from next year after historic votes in the Commons last night. After last-minute appeals from health campaigners， MPs opted for a blanket prohibition which will start in summer 2007， ending months of argument over whether smokers should be barred in pubs and restaurants only. They voted to ban smoking in all pubs and clubs by 384 to 184， a surprisingly large majority of 200. Smoking will still be allowed in the home and in places considered to be homes， such as prisons， care homes and hotels. Smokers lighting up in banned areas will face a fixed penality notice of ￡50 and spot fines of ￡200 will be introduced for failing to display no-smoking signs，with the possible penalty， if the issue goes to court， increasing to ￡1，000. Carpline Flint， the Public Health Minister， also announced that the fine for failing to stop people smoking in banned areas would be increased to ￡2，500-more than ten times the ￡200originally proposed.上学吧视频超市The Bill also allows the Government to increase the age for buying cigarettes. Ministers will consult on raising it from 16 to 18.The Bill now goes to the Lords but will be through by the summer recess.Even a plan to allow smoking to continue in private clubs was thrown out as MPs on all sides were given permission to vote with their conscience rather than on a party line.Patricia Hewitt， the Health Secretary， said the Health Bill would ban smoking in “virtually every enclosed public place and workplace” in England and save thousands of lives a year. Smoke-free workplaces and public places“will become the norm”。
Unit 4 Cigarettes
Word pretest
BBB BAA CBC
Reading Comprehension
1.C 5.C
2.B 3.C 4.B 6.B 7.C 8.C
Cigarette Brands
Marlboro 万宝路 万宝路
沙龙 Lucky Strike 好彩 登喜路 Dunhill 登喜路 骆驼 Camel 骆驼 Winston 云斯顿
Stit: set up ，place constitute v 构成；制定 constitution a 构成：宪法 destitute a 缺乏的；贫穷的 de 没有+stitute→没有建立→缺乏的） destitution n 缺乏；穷困 institute n 学会；学院 v.制定，设立（in 进入+stiute →建立进去→设立） institution n 制度；惯例（设立出的制度） prostitute n 妓女（pro 前面+stitute→放[站]在[路]前的 人→妓女） prostitution n 卖淫 substitute superstition superstitious a 迷信的 restitute a 偿还，赔偿
Youth and tobacco
3 million adolescents smoke 2600 children/day start smoking 1/3rd will become addicted, smoke through adulthood 60% of smokers started before age 14
Cigarette giants: big companies or organizations that are engaged in the cigarette industry. 香烟巨头 The Opium War 鸦片战争
高中英语 Module 2 No DrugsSection Ⅳ Other Parts of the
Module 2 No DrugsSection Ⅳ Other Parts of the Module[原文呈现] [读文清障]Stop Smoking①Now — We Can Help!In almost every US city and town,there are local organisations to helppeople stop smoking②. Participants③learn to recognise④smoking triggers⑤(things that start them smoking) and theytry to⑥ set a date⑦ in the future⑧whenthey will stop smoking⑨.One of the most popular and successfulis the California Smokers’ Helpline○10.Here is an extract⑪ from one of theirleaflets⑫.When you really want a cigarette —try the four Ds：1 Delay⑬： Look at your watch and waitfor a couple of⑭ minutes. If you can waittwo minutes, you won’t want to smoke.2 Distraction⑮：Whatever you’redoing when you want to smoke⑯—dosomething else! For example, if you’realone⑰， find someone to talk to. If you’re sitting down, take a short walk.①stop smoking戒烟②to help people stop smoking 为不定式短语作定语。
英语阅读材料翻译
禁止在公共场所吸烟据一项世界卫生组织最新估计，目前全世界约有1.1亿吸烟者。
这个数字正稳步上升，并有望在2025年上升到约16.4亿。
世界卫生组织估计，如果吸烟不被削减，那么到2030年每年将有约1000万人因此死亡。
如果目前的吸烟趋势继续下去，烟草有望成为全球死亡的首要原因，造成的死亡人数超过艾滋病，难产，汽车事故，杀人和自杀的总和。
而且这些影响远远超过吸烟者自身。
那些被动地暴露于烟雾环境中的人，也就是那些置身于有人吸烟的公共场合中的无辜的“旁观者”，他们不仅危害他们自己，而且危害他们周围的所有人。
由于这个原因，在公共场合出台一条吸烟禁令，引起了足够的重视。
因此在公共场合禁止吸烟的禁令将会被采纳。
Estimationn. 估计；尊重cut down v. 削减；砍倒；杀死；删节；胜过tobacco n. 烟草，烟叶；烟草制品；抽烟maternal mortality 产妇死亡率，母性死亡率；母死率passively adv. 被动地；顺从地stance n. 立场；姿态；位置；准备击球姿势move for 提议要求由于烟草行业规模庞大,且会影响几乎所有在美国居住的人。
烟草业所遵循的规章必须非常仔细地审查和实施。
减少美国各地的烟草消费是许多组织的宗旨,如美国肺健康协会。
有人认为:吸烟和吸烟相关的伤害应该对美国每年超过四十万人的死亡负责。
除了这些生命的无价损失,吸烟还花费了“美国每年在医保费用和损失生产力方面大约972亿美元”。
它对87%的肺癌病例负有直接责任并导致了大多数肺气肿和慢性支气管炎。
所以实际上,美国肺脏协会提出了一个规则和指导方针,由此可以实现控制全美烟草行业的广告生产制造及分配布局等方面。
生词：scrutinized 详细检查的审核的 Implemented 实施执行应用的Infliction 施加处罚刑罚 Approximately 大约近似于近于emphysema 肺气肿 chronic 慢性的长期的bronchitis 支气管炎 manipulate 操纵操作篡改巧妙的处理几年前，Koop/Kessler烟草和公共卫生咨询委员会向公众提出了一些关于香烟烟雾的摄入量的建议。
2016年职称英语理工类B级阅读判断历年真题及答案
2015年真题 ADHD finked to Air Pollutants Children have an increased of attention problems seen as early as grade school. If their noses inhaled ( 吸⼊) a certain type of air pollution when they were pregnant. That's the finding of a new study, released when things aren't burned completely, this pollution is known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of PAHs. The biggest sources of these PAHs: the bruning of fossile fuels, wood and trash. Frederica Perera works at Columbia University's Mailman School of public Health is Ne York City. She and her team studied the xposure to air pollution of 233 nonsmoking pregant women in New York City. Because burning tobacco can spew (排放) PAHs into the air and lungs. Perera's team focused on nonsmokers. The researchers investigated signs of attention problems in those children, now age 9. They asked each child's mother a series of questions. These included wahtever her child had problems doing things that needed sustained(长期的 )mental effort, such as homework or games with friends. The scientists also asked if the kids had trouble following instructions or made grequent, careless mistakes. All of these can be sumptoms of a disorder called Attention Deficit Hyperactiviety Disorder, or ADHD. About one in U.S. children has ADHD. Among the women stueied traffic and home heating were the primary sources of air pollution exposure. Perera and her team suspect. Some of these women had low levels of PAHs in their bolld. Others had ghigh levels. Those with high levels were five times as likely to have dhilren who showed attention problems by age 9. The new findings were published November 5 in the journal PLOS ONE. 16. Perera and her team chose nonsmiking pregnant women all over America. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 17. The main purpose of the research was to find out how exposure to PAHs played a role in harming the subjects' physical health. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 18. Nonsmoking mothers were selected because the effect of smoking on PAHs was unclear. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 19. The blood of each woman was tested once a month during pregnancy. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 20. Kids with ADHD commonly fail in school. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 21. The women with high levels of PAHs in their blood were more likely to have kids with ADHD. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 22. Traffic and home heating were considered to be the biggest sources of PAHs for the subjects in the research. A..Right B. Wrong D. Not mentioned 2014年真题 So Many "Earths" The Milky Way (银⾏) contains billions of Earth-sized planets that could support life. That's the finding of new study. It draws on data that came from NASA's top planet-hunting telescope. A mechanical failure recently put that Kepter space telescope out of service. Kepler had played a big role in creating a census of planets orbiting some 170,000 stars. Its date have been helping astronomers predict how common planets are in our galaxy. The telescope focused on hunting planets that might have conditions similar to those on Earth. The authors of a study published in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences conclude that between 14 and 30 out of every 100 stars with a mass and temperature similar to the Sun may host a planet that could support life as we know it. Such a planet would have a diameter at least as large as Earth's but no more than twice that big. The planet also would have to orbit in a star's habitable zone. That's where the surface temperature would allow any water to exist as liquid. The new estimate of how many planets might fit these conditions comes from studying more that 42,000 stars and identifying suitable worlds orbiting them. The scientists used those numbers to extrapolate (推算) to the rest of the stars that the telescope could not see. The estimate is rough, the authors admit. If applied to the solar system, it would define as habitable a zone starting as close ot the Sun as Venus and running to as far away as Mars. Neither planet is Earthlike (although either might have been in the distant pase). Using tighter limits the researchers estimate the between 4 and 8 out of every 100 sunlike stars could host an Earth-sized world. These are ones that would take 200 to 400 days to complete a yearly orbit. Four out of every 100 sunlike stars doesn't sound like a big number. It would mean however that the Milky Way could host more than a billion Earth-sized planets with a chance for life. 16. The Kepler space telescope has been in service for 15 years. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 17. The main task of the Kepler space telescope is to find out planets with similar conditions to Earth's. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 18. The planet that could support life might be a little bit smaller than Earth. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 19. The Earth is a planet orbiting in the Sun's habitable zone. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 20. The new finding is based on a thorough study of 170,000 stars on the Milky Way. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 21. The estimate of the number of planets that could support life is not very accurate. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 22. This is the first research finding about the planets with a chance for life. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 2013年真题 Wide World of Robots Engineers who build and program robots have fascinating jobs. These researchers tinker (修补) with machines in the lab and write computer software to control these devices. "They're the best toys out there,"says Howle Choset at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. Choset is a roboticist, a person who designs, builds or programs robots. When Choset was a kid, he was interested in anything that moved---cars, trains, animals. He put motors on Tinkertoy cars to make them move. Later, in high school, he built mobile robots similar to small cars. Hoping to continue working on robots, he studied computer science in college. But when he got to graduate school at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, Choset's labmates were working on something even cooler than remotely controlled cars: robotic snakes. Some robots can move only forward, backward, left and right. But snakes can twist (扭曲) in many directions and travel over a lot of different types of terrain (地形) . "Snakes are far more interesting than the cars, "Choset concluded. After he started working at Carnegie Mellon, Choset and his colleagues there bagan developing their own snake robots. Choset's team programmed robots to perform the same movements as real snakes, such as sliding and inching forward. The robots also moved in ways that snakes usually don't, such as rolling. Choset's snake robots could crawl (爬⾏) through the grass, swim in a pond and even climb a flagpole. But Choset wondered if his snakes might be useful for medicine as well. For some heart surgeries, the doctor has to open a patient's chest, cutting through the breastbone. Recovering from these surgeries can be very painful. What if the doctor could perform the operation by instead making a small hole in the body and sending in a thin robotic snake? Choset teamed up with Marco Zenati, a heart surgeon now at Harvard Medical School, to investigate the idea. Zenati practiced using the robot on a plastic model of the chest and they tested the robot in pigs. A company called Medrobotics in Boston is now adapting the technology to surgeries on people. Even after 15 years of working with his team's creations, "I still don't get bored of watching the motion of my robots," Choset says. 16. Choset began to build robots in high school. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 17. Snake robots could move in only four directions. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 18. Choset didn't begin developing his own snake robots until he started working at CamegieMellon. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 19. Choset's snake robots could make more movements than the ones others developed. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 20. The application of a thin robotic snake makes heart surgeries less time-consuming. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 21. Zenati tested the robot on people after using it in pigs. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 22. The robotic technology for surgeries on people has brought a handsome profit to Medrobotics. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 答案与解析 2015年真题 16．B。
2015年职称英语考试综合类阅读理解材料下载
A Life with BirdsFor nearly17years David Cope has worked as one of the Tower of London's yeoman warders(伦敦塔看守),_better(更…) known to tourists as beefeaters.David,64,lives in a three-bedroomed flat right at the top(顶部)of the Byward Tower, one of the gatehouses."From(从)our bedroom we have a marvelous(a.奇妙的，不可思议的)view of Tower Bridge and the Thames,"says David.The Tower of London is famous for(以..而著名)its ravens(n.乌鸦，黑色的鸟),the large black birds which have lived there for over three centuries.David was immediately fascinated(着迷，吸引)by the birds and when he was_offered(提供)__the post of Raven Master eight years ago he had no_ hesitation(犹豫)_in accepting it."The birds have now become my life and I'm always_aware(意识到)of the fact that I am _maintaining(保持)_a tradition.The legend(传奇，传说)says that if the ravens leave the Tower,England will fall to enemies, and it's my job to_make(确保)sure this doesn't happen!"David devotes(献身于)about four hours a day to the care of the ravens.He has grown to love them and the_fact(事实)that he lives right next to them is ideal."I can keep(关注)a close eye on them all the time,and not just when I'm working."At first(起初),David's wife Mo was not_keen(对..感兴趣)on the idea of life in the Tower,but she too will be sad to leave when he retires next year."When we look out of our windows,we see history all(所有)around us,and we are taking it in and storing it up for our future memories."有鸟陪伴的生活作为伦敦塔的守卫者之一的David Cope在那里工作了近17年，被游客们称为Beefeaters。
下半年大学英语四级阅读模拟题：吸烟
下半年大学英语四级阅读模拟题：吸烟2015下半年大学英语四级阅读模拟题：吸烟World's Nonsmokers Take up Fight for Cleaner AirIn country after country, talk of nonsmokers' rights is in the air. This fresh voice is heard from Australia to Sweden. Its force is freeing clean air for nonsmokers—and tightening the situation for smokers.In west Germany, for instance, taxi drivers—known for their independence—post signs saying "Nicht Raucher"(nonsmoker) and may refuse passengers who insist on smoking. . . Bans in Poland prevent smoking in factories, offices, snack bars, and other public places. . . And Venezuelans can be fined $ 230 to $ 1,000 for smoking in supermarkets, buses, and numerous other places. Many countries also are moving in step to limit tobacco promotion (despite a 7 percent jump in world tobacco production last year) and eliminate the "false claims of the glorification(美化) of smoking as a habit.. . " says Jean de Moerloose of the United Nations World Health Organization.While a majority of countries have taken little or no action yet, some 30 nations have introduced legislative steps to control smoking abuse. Many laws have been introduced in other countries to help clear the air for nonsmokers, or to cut cigarette consumption.In many developing nations, however, cigarette smoking is seen as a sign of economic progress—and is even encouraged."While it appears that in developed countries the consumption of cigarettes has become stabilized, there are some indications that it is still rising at a steady pace in Latin America," says Dr. Daniel J. Joly, an adviser to the Pan American HealthOrganization.Despite progress in segregating (隔离) nonsmokers and smokers, most countries see little change in the number of smokers. In fact, there is a jump in the number of girls and young women starting to smoke.As more tobacco companies go international, new markets are sought to gain new smokers in developing countries. For example, great efforts are made by the American tobacco industry to sell cigarettes in the Middle East and North Africa—where U. S. tobacco exports increased by more than 27 percent last year, according the U. S. Foreign Agriculture Service. So far, any cooperation between tobacco interests and governments' campaigns against smoking has been in the area of tobacco advertising.Restrictions on cigarette ads, plus health warnings on packages and bans on public smoking in certain places, are the most popular tools used by nations in support of nonsmokers or in curbing ( 限制) smoking.But world attention also is focusing on other steps which will: —make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit by publicizing public awareness of the decline of social acceptability of smoking.(This method is receiving strong support in the U. S. and other countries. )—prevent pro-smoking scenes on television and films.—remove cigarette vending machines.—provide support for those who want to kick the habit of smoking.—make it illegal to sell or hand over tobacco products to minors and prohibit smoking in meeting places for young people.—boost cigarette prices with higher tobacco taxes—and use the money for antismoking campaigns.At a June UN conference on smoking, a goal set by Sir George E. Godber, chairman of the expert committee on smoking and health for the World Health Organization, stated: " We may not have eliminated cigarette smoking completely by the end of this century, but we ought to have reached a position where relatively few addicts still use cigarettes, but only in private at most in the company of consenting adults. " NATIONS ATTEMPT SOLUTIONSHere are brief sketches of major or unique attempts around the world to insure nonsmokers' right to smoke-free air and to help smokers quit.SWEDENAn ambitious, concerted plan to raise a nation of nonsmokers is being implemented by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare.Swedish children born after 1975 will grow up in environments that will be nonsmoking and antismoking as much as possible. General cigarette consumption will cut from 1,700 cigarettes a year per person to 1920 level of under 300 cigarettes a year, according to the 25-year plan.A campaign to restrict tobacco advertising, raise cigarette prices to over $ 2 a pack, remove cigarette vending machines by 1979, ban pro-smoking content in films and television programs, restrict public smoking, and give intensive antismoking education in schools and the military, will promote the goal of a society which "should be so unfavorable toward smoking that smoking could not arise once again as a major factor harmful to public health. "By Swedish law, life-insurance premiums (保险费) are lowered for nonsmokers. WEST GERMANYAn image-reversing advertising campaign began a few years ago in West Germany whereby it is the nonsmoker who is shown to be living the swinging life previously claimed by the cigarette addict.A government-sponsored program to warn the public about the dangers of smoking includes an attempt to encourage consideration of the nonsmoker at work and in public places. Tobacco television ads were stopped in 1973.But there are no firm plans at the federal level to ban smoking in public places, although it is being considered as a legislative proposal. Health experts say that the legally required warning on cigarette packages in the United States has not helped. Hence there are strong doubts about strict laws in the whole area of smoking. The governing idea here is to encourage consideration of others. But this angle of attack (moral persuasion) does not rule out legislation. In two of Germany's 11 states there are laws to protect public employees who do not smoke from their smoking fellow workers. "Smoke breaks" are used to separate the smokers and nonsmokers."The nonsmoker today is just as much or more respected than the smoker. " Says one health official, "and this is a success in itself. " GREAT BRITAINA television advertising ban in 1965, a health warning on tobacco packages begun in 1971, a 20 percent price rise on cigarettes in 1974, and a constant campaign to isolate pubic smoking in airlines, trains, and other public places have fuelled a forceful antismoking and nonsmokers' program in Britain.In Ireland, an advertising code bans ads emphasizing thepleasure of smoking, featuring conventional heroes of the young as smokers, or implying that it is less harmful to smoke one brand than another.UNITED STATESU. S. airlines are subject to $ 1,000 fines for failing to provide a smoke free seat for any passenger who wants one. The Interstate Commerce Commission has made "no smoking" the rule, rather than the exception, on all interstate passenger trains and buses. The Military segregates smokers and no longer distributes cigarette in C rations.A growing number of restaurants now offer separate areas for nonsmokers. A ban on television and radio cigarette ads, health warnings and restrictions on public smoking in many states and cities make the United States a participant in world nonsmoking and antismoking efforts. The number of U. S. nonsmokers is rising as well.1. With the world's efforts, more and more smokers have realized the harmful effect of smoking on environment.2. 30 countries have introduced legislation to restrict smoking, though little has been done in most other countries.3. The total number of smokers decreases while the number of female smokers increases in most countries.4. Smokers in Latin America consume more cigarettes than in developed countries.5. The improved economic situation in developing countries is the explanation of the rising number of smokers there.6. Both Sweden and Great Britain raised cigarette prices to control the tobacco consumption.7. The increasing number of nonsmokers in U. S. is the evidence to show that the U. S. antismoking campaign has beensuccessful.8. Tobacco companies are now getting more profit in______than before.9. People aboard any flight in U. S. can get a10. In West Germany, consideration of nonsmokers is ______ in the campaign against smoking.答案：1. NG 2. Y 3. N 4. N 5. N 6. Y 7. Y 8. in developing countries 9. smoke free seat 10. encouraged。
关于smoking的英语作文题阅读
关于smoking的英语作文题阅读吸烟与健康一直都被人们某种程度上划了不等号，今天店铺在这里为大家介绍一些关于smoking的英语作文，希望这些吸烟的英语写作对大家能有所帮助!关于smoking的英语作文篇一It’s quite dangerous for us to smoke. Smokers only wanted to try it at first. But they smoke more and more, and when they want to give it up, they can’t. The habit is so strong that it is very hard to get rid of. Some people have got cancers. Some of them die of it. No one likes to stay together with smokers for a long time.Their family suffer from smoking.Please give up smoking for your and your family’s health.关于smoking的英语作文篇二Though smoking has been banned in public places in many cities, many people are still addicted to smoking, especially young people. Some smokers seem to ha ve “quite convincing” reasons for their continuing to smoke. They claim if smoking is forbidden in public places, it will infringe upon their personal freedom and human rights.But these smokers should know that they are not entitled to the freedom to smoke, which infringes upon non-smokers’ freedom to breathe clean and fresh air in public places. Unfortunately, these smokers make non-smokers victims of their bad habit. Some smokers ignore health problems and stress that the smoking ban will endanger the local economies. In their words, tobacco industry means money and millions of jobs. Indeed, tobacco industry, on the one hand, collects a large amount of revenue every year and helps develop local economies; on the other hand, they make people victims of lung cancer andother fatal diseases. Have they ever thought of the direct medical costs on treating smoking-related diseases?It is reported that the US Government has adopted even more severe measures to control the development of its tobacco industry. Having a hard time at home, some US tobacco companies are sparing no effort in finding their way into China, which has the world’s largest number of smokers. In modernChina, opium brought by British imperialists brought great suffering to Chinese people, who w ere then called “sick men ofEast Asia”. Have we forgotten this bitter experience? Is tobacco revenue so dear or smokers’ freedom so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of the health and life of our people? 关于smoking的英语作文篇三It is almost known to all that smoking is bad for people's health. Scientific researchs show that smoking can lead to heart disease,cancer and other problem.The World Health Organization says diseases linked to smoking kill at least two million five-hundred-thousand persons each year.Still,many people find it difficult to stop smoking.One reason is that smoking usually becomes a habitual behaviour,and habits,whether good or bad are not easy to be given up.Another reason is the effect of nicotine,the substance found in cigarettes works on people somewhat as drugs do.Measures have been taken to help people keep away from the harm of smoking.In many cities,smoking is forbidden in public places.The danger of smoking is warned of everywhere.And newspapers are asked not to publish advertisements for cigarettes.World "No Tobacco Day" is observed every year as the biggest compaign against smoking. 关于smoking的英语作文篇四No SmokingAs we know, smoking is harmful not only to our health but also to the environment. Smoking can lead to many diseases, such as lung cancer. Smoking affects non-smokers more than it does smokers. Ratio of passive smokers getting ill is higher than that of smokers. So, many nonsmokers are against smoking.Some people say that it takes away some of our freedom. I think it is a one-sided view. If one wants to smoke, he may smoke in private, not in the public places. In fact, smokers still have the freedom of smoking.So, I think, smokers had better give up smoking, not only in private places, but also in the public places, everywhere. It will be beneficial to all of us.关于smoking的英语作文篇五Smoking is harrnful to health. Medical science has now proved that smoking cancause lung cancer and other diseases such as emphysema. Your chances of having a heartattack also increase the more you smoke. Smoking is dafinitely health hazard.Getting rid of the smoking habit is not easy. Many inveterate smokers are never able to quit completely. Those who try to quit often experience depression, severe headaches, and sometimes get a lot of weight as they turn to food as a substitute.In order to protect non-smokers from being affected, measures must be taken to reduce the chances of smoking. Children must be warned about the dangers of smoking. Cigarette companies should not be allowed to advertise on TV or radio,or in newspapers and magazines. Remove cigarette vending machines. Raise cigarette prices by adding higher tobacco taxes and use the money for antismoking campaigns.吸烟(1)吸烟对健康有害。
英语四级阅读理解
英语四级阅读理解1. Passage Eighteen (Strictly Ban smoking)If you smoke and you still don’t believe that there’s a definite link betweensmoking and bronchial troubles, heart disease and lung cancer, then you are certainly deceiving yourself. No one will accuse you of hypocrisy. Let us just say that you are suffering from a bad case of wishful thinking. This needn’t make you toouncomfortable because you are in good company. Whenever the subject of smoking and health is raised, the governments of most countries hear no evil, see no evil and smell no evil. Admittedly, a few governments have taken timid measures. In Britain for instance, cigaretteadvertising has been banned on television. The conscience of the nation is appeased, while the population continues to puff its way to smoky, cancerous death.You don’t have to look very far to find out why the official reactions to medical findings have been so lukewarm. The answer is simply money. Tobacco is a wonderful commodity to tax. It’s almost like a tax on our daily bread. In tax revenue alone, the government ofBritain collects enough from smokers to pay for its entire educational facilities. So while the authorities point out ever so discreetly that smoking may, conceivable, be harmful, it doesn’t do to shout t oo loudly about it.This is surely the most short-sighted policy you could imagine.While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand, it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other. Enormous amounts are spent on cancer research and on efforts to cure people suffering from the disease. Countless valuable lives are lost. In the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether.Of course, we are not ready for such a drastic action. But if the governments of the world were honestly concerned about the welfare of their peoples, you’d thinkthey’d conduct aggressive anti-smoking campaigns. Far from it! The tobacco industry is allowed to spend staggering sums on advertising. Its advertising is as insidious as it is dishonest. We are never shown pictures of real smokers coughing up their lungs early in the morning. That would never do. The advertisement always depict virile, clean-shaven young men. They suggest it is manly to smoke, even positively healthy! Smoking is associated with the great open-air life, with beautiful girls, true love and togetherness. What utter nonsense!For a start, governments could begin by banning all cigarette and tobacco advertising and should then conduct anti-smoking advertising campaigns of their own. Smoking should be banned in all public places like theatres, cinemas and restaurants. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dire consequences of taking up the habit. A horrific warning –say, a picture of a death’s head – should be included in every packet of cigarettes that is sold. As individuals,1. Why do a few governments take timid measures toward smoking?[A] because they are afraid of people.[B] Because diseases cost a lot.[C] Because they are afraid of the cutting down of their revenue.[D] Because they are afraid of manufacturers.2. The tone of this passage is[A] critical.[B] ironical.[C] distaste.[D] amusing.3. What does the sentence “because you are in good company” mean?[A] you are backed by the government.[B] You are not alone.[C] You have good colleagues.[D] Governments are blind to evils of smoking too.4. What is the best title of this passage?[A] World Governments should conduct serious campaigns against smoking.[B] World governments take timid measures against smoking.[C] smoking is the most important source of income to many countries.[D] tobacco industry spends a large sum of money on medical research.Vocabulary1. a wishful thinking 根据愿望的想法，不顾事实的想法2. puff 喷puff its way to 一路吞云吐雾走向(指抽烟抽到死)3. lukewarm 冷淡/漠然4. insidious 阴险的，狡猾的5. virile 年富力强的写作方法与文章大意这是一篇“要求政府禁烟”的论说文，采用因果对比手法。
2015世界无烟日英语作文带翻译
2015世界无烟日英语作文带翻译Tobacco is a wild plant growth in central and South America, the first Indian to chewing tobacco or cigarette burning to suck. Tobacco in the global popular for over 200 years, until the 20th century, mankind began to realize that the dangers of tobacco to human. In 1977, the American cancer society first puts forward the control smoking is a form of publicity and education, no tobacco day. This day, in the United States for nationwide smoking harm health propaganda, dissuade smokers do not smoke in the day, shop a day halt to the sale of tobacco products. The United States put every November 3 weeks on Thursday as the country ‘s no tobacco day. Later, the United Kingdom, Malaysia, China and other countries and regions also successively formulated the no tobacco day.In November 1987, the UN ‘s world health organization recommends will every year on April 7, as the“world no tobacco day “, and was started in 1988. But in April 7th anniversary of establishment of the world health organization is. Since 1989, the world no tobacco day to May 31 of each year.烟草是生长在南美洲的一种野生植物，最初印第安人将烟叶口嚼或做成卷烟燃烧吸吮。
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Smoking
Since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy1.
Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.
Apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. As smoke is breathed in, all those components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point.
Filters and low tar tobacco2 are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards.
词汇：
vaporize /5veIpEraIz/ v. (使)蒸发nicotine /5nikEti:n/ n.尼古丁membrane /5membrein/ n.膜bronchus /5brCNkEs/ n.支气管filter /5filtE/ n.过滤嘴注释：
练习：
1. It is easy to determine whether smoking is hazardous.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
2. Smoking reduces one's life expectancy.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
3. Smoking may induce lung cancer.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
4. There is evidence that smoking is responsible for breast cancer.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
5. Male smokers have a lower death rate from heart disease than female smokers.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
6. Nicotine is poisonous.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
7. Filters and low tar tobacco make smoking safe；
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1. B 该题说的是：判断抽烟对健康是否有危害是容易的。
但是，文章的第一句话是这么说的：自1939年以来，进行了许多次研究，其目的都是为了判断抽烟对健康是否是一种危害。
可以看出判断抽烟对健康是否是一种危害并不容易。
2. A 该题说的是：抽烟会缩短人们的预期寿命。
该题源于第一段最后一个句子中的子句：tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy抽烟会缩短人们的预期寿命。
3. A 该题说的是：抽烟有可能诱发肺癌，文章的第二段和第三段都讲到了抽烟与肺癌的关系。
4. C该题说的是：有证据说明乳腺癌是抽烟诱发的。
文章没有提及乳腺癌与抽烟的关系。
5. B 该题说的是：男性烟民死于心脏病的比率小子女性烟民死于心脏病的比率。
文章没有直接比较男性烟民和女性烟民死于心脏病的比率，但有这么一句话：Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.据认为女性烟民并不把烟吸得很深，烟对她们的影响小子男性烟民。
从中可以推断出的是：男性烟民死于心脏病的比率高于女性烟民死子心脏病的比率。
因此该题的命题是错误的。
6. A 该题说的是：尼古丁是有毒的。
答案可在第三段找到。
7. B 该题说的是：有了过滤嘴和焦油含量低的烟草，抽烟是安全的。
文章的最后一段（也是最后一句)是这么说的：据称，过滤嘴和焦油含量低的烟草在某种程度上使抽烟变得较为安全，但是它们只是略微减少危害而不是消除危害。
因此该题的命题是错误的。
译文：
吸烟
自1939年以来，人们进行了无数次研究，以确定吸烟是否危害健康。
证据的趋向是一致的，并且显示出吸烟对健康有严重危害。
研究组进行的研究超出了所有合理的怀疑，表明吸烟与人的预期寿命的缩短有关。
这个领域的大部分研究人员都认为吸烟是肺癌和喉癌产生的重荽原因，并且和人体其他某些器官的癌症有关。
吸烟的男性因心脏病的死亡率禽于不吸烟的男性。
女性吸烟者被认为受的影响较小，因为她们不深吸烟。
除了统计之外，看一看吸烟对人体的作用也可能会有帮助。
烟是各种气体、蒸发的化学物、微小的灰和其他固体颗粒的混合物。
里面还有很强的毒素尼古丁和黑焦油。
当烟被玻入时，所有这些成分形成肺膜上的沉淀物。
集中的一点是气管和支气管分叉的地方。
大部分肺癌开始于这一点。
滤嘴和焦油含量低的烟草被宣称使抽烟在某种程度上安全一些，但是它们只能稍微降低危害而不是消除危害。