7 长句和复杂句翻译
日语学习-日语句子的翻译技巧---复杂长句专题
日语句子的翻译技巧---复杂长句专题一、如何分析理解长句和复杂句（一）掌握日语句子结构特点:1、谓语位于句子的末尾。
2、谓语是整个句子的重点和核心。
（二）分析日语的句子结构:日语和汉语一样，有单句和复句。
单句主要是由句节和词组构成，而复句是由分句构成，还可分为联合复句（由表示并列、选择、递进等关系的分句构成）和偏正复句（由表示转折、假设、因果、推论、取舍、让步等关系的分句构成）。
分析单句着眼于分析各句节或词组在句中所属的成分；分析复句则应该弄清分句与分句之间的关系。
再逐一分析各个分句。
○約束の時間にたがわずはいってこられたその方はわたしの隣の椅子に腰を下ろすや否や、十年の知己でもあるかのように、日中友好運動の発展ぶりについて質問され、運動の現状をいろいろ聞かれた。
●他按约定的时间走了进来，刚在我旁边的椅子上坐下，就像十年的知己似的，问起中日友好运动的发展情况，并详细询问了运动现状。
○同様に、西欧的文明圏に普遍的なエチケットで無作法とされている行為の中で、食卓で音をたてて飲み食いすることの与える不快感の度は、今日の日本人の想像しうるよりもはるかに強いものがあるのである。
●同样，在西欧文明世界所普遍通行的礼节中，餐桌上吃喝时发出响声被认为是不礼貌的行为。
这种行为给人们带来的不愉快的程度是远非日本人所能想象得到的。
○頭脳全体の働きは非常に複雑なもので、神秘的にさえ見えるが、これを構成する個々の脳細胞に関しては、それが他の脳細胞に刺激を与える興奮状態にあるか、逆に非興奮状態にあるかの二つの状態の差があるに過ぎない。
●整个大脑的活动非常复杂，甚至令人觉得神秘。
然而，构成人脑的每一个细胞却只有两种状态的差别：或处于刺激其他脑细胞的兴奋状态，或与此相反，处于非兴奋状态。
（三）分析长句和复杂句的方法和步骤:第一步：抓住句子的重点和核心：句子末尾的谓语第二步：找出与句末位于相呼应的主语以及与句末谓语有直接关系的其他谓语，并分析其关系第三步：逐一找出与上述主语、谓语有直接关系的部分，并分析其关系第四步：分析剩余的部分，并准确理解它们在句中的作用二、句子类型以及翻译探讨:（一）长修饰语型：1、按原修饰语形式译:○私たちの遠い祖先から伝わってきたこの挨拶というものは、いわばお互いの毎日暮らしの潤滑油とでもいった尊い働きを果たしているのである。
中考长难句翻译
中学英语长难句子的翻译一、英语汉语的不同1、英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念,而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句,作层次分明的叙述;Although these stores aren’t very attractive, and they usually do not have individual dressing rooms, not only are the prices low, but you can often find the same famous brands that you find in high-priced department stores.天目山林深人少,古树掩映,清泉石上流,雾生半山腰,如仙境一般;英语句子的结构: “葡萄藤型”结构grapevine structure,意为在短短的主干上派生出长长的枝蔓和丰硕的果实；汉语句子因为很少叠床架屋,节外生枝,而是一个短句接一个短句地往下延伸,因此被称为“竹竿型”结构bamboo structure;因此,在进行英译汉时,要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异,将英语的长句分解,翻译成汉语的短句;2、英译汉的翻译方法和技巧是建立在英汉两种语言的对比之上的;这两种语言在词汇和句法方面的一些表达手段上各有其特点;语序调整主要指词序、句序两方面的调整;首先我们谈谈词序的调整;英汉语句中的主要成分主语、谓语、宾语或表语的词序基本上是一致的,但各种定语的位置和各种状语的次序在英、汉语言中则有同有异;汉语说“他正在卧室里睡觉”,而在英语中却说He is sleeping in the bedroom.他睡觉在卧室;；英语汉语都说“他出生于北京”,"He was born in Beijing";一定语位置的调整1. 单词作定语英语中,单词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词前,汉语中也大体如此;有时英语中有后置的,译成汉语时一般都前置;something important后置重要的事情前置如果英语中名词前的定语过多,译文中则不宜完全前置,因为汉语不习惯在名词前用过多的定语;a little, yellow, ragged beggar前置一个要饭的,身材矮小,面黄肌瘦,衣衫褴褛;后置2. 短语作定语英语中,修饰名词的短语一般放在名词之后,而汉语则反之,但间或也有放在后面的,视汉语习惯而定;their plan to cross the river 后置他们渡江的企图前置One day an earthquake rocked the mountain, causing one of the eggs to roll down the mountain to a chicken farm, located in the valley below.二状语位置的调整1. 单词作状语英语中单词作状语修饰形容词或其他状语时,通常放在它所修饰的形容词或状语的前面,这一点与汉语相同;He was very active in class.前置他在班上很活跃;前置英语中单词作状语修饰动词时,一般放在动词之后,而在汉语里则放在动词之前;Modern science and technology are developing rapidly．后置现代科学技术正在迅速发展;前置英语中表示程度的状语在修饰状语时可前置也可后置,而在汉语中一般都前置;He is running fast enough.后置他跑得够快的了;前置2．短语作状语英语中短语状语可放在被修饰的动词之前或之后,译成汉语时则大多数放在被修饰的动词之前,但也有放在后面的;Seeing this, some of us became very worried．前置看到这种情况,我们有些人心里很着急;前置A jeep full sped fast, drenching me in spray．后置一辆坐满人的吉普车急驶而过,溅了我一身水;后置英语中地点状语一般在时间状语之前,而汉语中时间状语则往往放在地点状语之前;He was born in Beijing on May 20,1970．地点在前他是1970年5月20日在北京出生的;时间在前英语中时间状语、地点状语的排列一般是从小到大,而汉语中则是从大到小;三其次我们谈谈句序的调整这里,句序是指复合句中主句和从句的时间和逻辑关系叙述的顺序;1时间顺序的调整1．英语复合句中,表示时间的从句可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后,汉语中则通常先叙述先发生的事,后叙述后发生的事;I went out for a walk after I had my dinner．从句在主句之后我吃了晚饭后出去散步;从句在主句之前2. 英语复合句中有时包含两个以上的时间从句,各个时间从句的次序比较灵活,汉语则一般按事情发生的先后安排其位置;He had flown yesterday from Beijing where he spent his vocation after finishing the meeting he had taken part in Tianjin．他本来在天津开会,会议一结束,他就去北京度假了,昨天才坐飞机回来;2英汉语复合句中的逻辑顺序的调整1. 表示因果关系的英语复合句中,因果顺序灵活,在汉语中多数情况是原因在前,结果在后;He had to stay in bed because he was ill．后置因为他病了,他只好呆在床上;前置2. 表示条件假设与结果关系的英语复合句中,条件假设与结果的顺序也不固定,在汉语中则是条件在前,结果在后;I still hope you will come back if arrangements could be made．后置如果安排得好,我还是希望你来;前置3. 表示目的与行动关系的英语复合句中,目的与行动的顺序比较固定,多数是行动在前,目的在后,汉语也如此,但有时为了强调,也可把目的放在行动之前;Better take your umbrella in case it rains．后置最好带上伞以防下雨;前置二、对长句的认识英语多长句,这是因为英语可以有后置定语;扩展的后置定语可以是带从句或长修饰语的复杂句;英语长句的特点是什么一般说来,英语长句有如下几个特点:1结构复杂,逻辑层次多;2常须根据上下文作词义的引申;3常须根据上下文对指代词的指代关系做出判定;4并列成分多;5修饰语多,非凡是后置定语很长;6习惯搭配和成语经常出现;三、如何构成长句英语长句一般指的是各种复杂句,复杂句里可能有多个从句,从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、嵌套,也可能并列,平行;所以翻译长句,实际上我们的重点主要放在对各种从句的翻译上;从功能来说,英语有三大复合句,即:①名词性从句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;②形容词性从句,即我们平常所说的定语从句;③状语从句;造成长句的原因有三方面: 1 修饰语过多;2 并列成分多; 3 语言结构层次多;四、英语中长句的处理手段英文长句皆由充当定语、状语、介词短语、不定式、分词短语或由关系代词、关系副词引导的各种从句所形成;这些成分所处的位置通常就是应该作拆分处理的位置;可以拆分的句子通常带有从句、较多短语或较多并列成分;有时,意义比较复杂的形容词或副词也可能被译为短句,甚至于分拆成独立的句子;这些从句、短语或并列结构等成分分拆出来后,单独译成句子,对句子主干部分进行补充说明;有些句子仅仅剥离其修饰成分还不够,还需要将句子结构打乱,重新组合;有时需要在译文句子当中添加表示逻辑关系的词;1. 长难句拆分原则：把主句和从句拆分出来,把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来;2. 5个拆分信号：①标点符号：或显或隐隔离主干—两个逗号形成插入语、破折号解释说明、分号两句并列;②连词：并列句的并列连词and,or,but,yet,for；从句的从属连词which,that,when,if等;③介词：引导介词短语,充当修饰语;④不定式符号to：引导不定式做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和补语;⑤分词：过去分词和现在分词充当修饰语;3. 五步拆分步骤：①隔离插入成分,寻找特殊标点②寻找连词,确定句子种类——并列句,主从句；③寻找句中的动词或动词结构④确定整句框架——标出主句主干部分及从属连词；⑤确定从句框架——标出从句主谓部分；⑥分別翻译——主从句分别进行翻译；⑦词句推敲——中文语言进行表述;注：部分为翻译要求步骤;We all know that it is difficult to learn everything in the classroom, for example, the ways English people are living and working today can be learnt by reading.One of the common problems with making excuses is that people, especially young people, get the idea that it’s okay not to be totally honest all the time.You have noticed — and yet, not being blind, perhaps you won't — how the sun shines into the tower through the windows here and there, so that one can feel the cool steps suddenly become quite warm, even in winter.The 20 students, aged 10 to 19 from Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanjing, began talking to Clayton C. Anderson, a 48-year-old American astronaut at 18:50 . at Nanjing No. 3 Middle School when the ISS was passing over Nanjing.五、翻译方法在英语长句的翻译过程中,一般采取下列的方法：1 顺译法;即顺着英文原有的顺序翻译,条件是英语句子的内容与叙述方式同汉语习惯基本一致; 如：Thirty years ago, he tells Friedman, if you had to choose between being born a gifted person in Shanghai and a common person in Poughkeepsie A city in southeast New York, you would have chosen Poughkeepsie because your chances of living a successful life were much greater there.Although this kind of loneliness can cause physical problems, such as headaches and sleeplessness, it usually does not last for more than a year.2 逆译法;即不再遵照英文原有的顺序,甚至完全逆着原有顺序翻译,如果英文的表达次序和汉语的表达习惯不同甚至相反的话;The world itself is becoming much smaller by using modem traffic and modern communication means 通讯设备.“At present they largely remain in the period of research studies,” notes Dr Greg Feero, special advisor to the director of genomic medicine at the US National Human Genome Research Institute.3分译法;如果句子中的从句或修饰语与主句的关系不是很密切,可以将它们与主句分割开来,使译文变成好几个短句;这与英汉两种语言表达较复杂的意思的习惯是一致的：前者偏向于使用含有许多重层次的主从复合句或并列复合句,而后者往往崇尚“言简意赅”;如：Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining.4综合法;上面讲述了英语长句的顺译法、逆译法和分译法,事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时,并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法,而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用,这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现;尤其是在一些情况下,英语长句如果单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便,这就需要我们仔细分析,或按照时间的先后,或按照逻辑顺序,顺逆结合,主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子;如：people were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.I think it would be a mistake to use these tools to control or lie to people, but we need to realize the signals we are giving so we can show people that they really do matter to us.Teaching them small acts of kindness,such as letting someone else go through a door first as they hold it open,may seem unimportant, but it can go a long way toward helping students realize how to be polite and thank others .2.从句的译法英语中主从复合句十分常见,但汉语中却没有这样频繁使用从句句式的习惯;因此,在翻译时需要将各种从句进行处理,使之符合汉语习惯;1名词性从句名词性从句包括：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等等;通常名词性从句可被译成名词词组,有时原文语序不需变化;①主语从句What he said was recorded in this book.译文：他的话被记录在这本书里;主语从句译为名词词组,原句语序不变;From some time past it has been widely accepted that babies --- and other creatures --- learn to do things because certain acts lead to rewards译文：婴儿和其他动物由于某些做法有回报才学着做事情,这种观点在过去一段时间里一直为人们所广泛接受;主语从句提前,符合汉语习惯;②宾语从句宾语从句译为汉语时,通常不需要改变语序;Many people believe that man is not solving these problems of pollution quickly enough and that his selfish pursuit of possessions take him past the point of no return before he fully appreciates the damage.译文：许多人认为,人类没有尽快的解决这些污染问题而只顾谋求私利,以至于错过了悔改的机会,以后才充分认识到这种损害;原文中有两个由that引导的宾语从句,从句由and连接,翻译时根据其逻辑关系,添加“而”;③表语从句表语从句翻译时通常也不用改变原文语序;What he cares is how much profit he can get from the project.译文：他关心的是他从该项目中能获得多少利润;句中表语从句仍按原文顺序,主语从句译为名词词组;④同位语从句同位语从句的翻译主要按照该从句与主句的逻辑关系来确定,在汉语中译为宾语、定语或补语等,通常不改变原句顺序;The belief that failure is the mother of success has kept him go on experimenting.译文：失败是成功之母的信念使他继续进行实验;同位语从句说明主语内容,译做定语从句;They jumped to the conclusion that all our flights out of China had been made from Beijing.译文：他们匆忙作出了结论：我们从中国飞出的飞机都是从北京起飞;同位语从句前用冒号,原句顺序不变;There were indications that the enemy had retreated.译文：有种种迹象表明敌军已经撤退;根据逻辑关系同位语从句译为宾语从句,原句顺序不变;2定语从句的译法定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句;由于二者在翻译时无大差异,所以讨论时不加严格区分;定语从句的译法一般有三种：1译成含“的”字结构的定语,放在先行词之前;由于定语从句的作用相当于定语,所以这种译法是最普遍的;不过,条件是定语不可过长;2采用“分译法”,将较长的定语从句独立出去,并将先行词重复一次;3译成状语从句;如：Walking together, my father and I used to have a lot of conversations through which I learned lessons from his experiences.走在一起,我父亲和我曾经有很多对话,我从他的经历中吸取了教训;Doctors and other scientists who study the human mind and try to explain why people behave in the way that they do, called psychologists, are starting to believe it.研究人类大脑并试图解释为什么人们如此行为的医生和其他科学家,被称为心理学家,开始相信这一点;He called himself “the first clown in space”who ente r-tained the crew of the ISS and hosted a show from space他自称是“太空中的第一个小丑”,他参加了国际空间站的机组人员,并在太空举办了一场表演;3状语从句的译法由于在句中用来表示时间、原因、条件、目的、让步、比较等等,这类从句往往用在主句后面,而汉语的习惯则要求将状语的内容先于主句表达,即要用逆译法;结果状语从句例外;Because I want students to fully study the material and discuss with each other in the classroom, I have a rule – no computers, iPads, phones, etc. When students were told my rule, some of them were not happy.He often drew pictures on the floor with chalk and when his mother saw what he had done, she would quickly clean them with a mop.因为我想让学生在教室里充分学习这些材料,互相讨论,所以我有一个规则——没有电脑、iPad、电话等等;当学生被告知我的规则时,他们中的一些人并不开心;他经常用粉笔在地板上画画,当他母亲看到他做了什么时,她会用拖把迅速清洗干净中考英语常见长难句子分析The world itself is becoming much smaller by using modem traffic and modern communication means 通讯设备.利用现代交通和现代通讯手段,世界变得越来越小;Life today is much easier than it was hundreds of years ago, but it has brought new problems.今天的生活比几百年前要容易得多,但它带来了新的问题;They stop people from burning coal 煤in houses and factories in the city, and from putting dirty smoke into the air.他们阻止人们在城市里的房屋和工厂里燃烧煤,并把脏烟放在空气中;Third,compare prices: that is, you should examine the prices of both different brands品牌and different sizes of the same brand.第三,比较价格：也就是说,你应该检查不同品牌品牌和同一品牌不同尺寸的价格Although these stores aren’t ver y attractive, and they usually do not have individual dressing rooms, not only are the prices low, but you can often find the same famous brands that you find in high-priced department stores.虽然这些商店不是很有吸引力,而且通常没有单独的更衣室,不仅价格很低,而且你经常可以找到与高价百货公司相同的名牌Wise shoppers read magazine ads and watch TV commercials商业广告,but they do this with one advantage: knowledge of the psychology behind the ads.聪明的购物者看杂志广告和电视广告商业广告,但他们这么做有一个优势：对广告背后的心理知识;Today, though, a growing number of mental health experts think that anger is a serious problem that needs its own treatment.今天,越来越多的心理健康专家认为愤怒是一个严重的问题,需要自己的治疗;An example: While most people would get upset if a driver cut them off, someone with disordered anger might try to chase down the car and force it off the road.举个例子：虽然大多数人会因为司机拦截他们而感到不安,但是有些怒气冲冲的人可能会试图追下车子并强迫它离开公路;But people with anger problems often stay angry for days, weeks or even years; their feelings of anger don’t disappear over time.但是,有愤怒问题的人往往会生气好几天、好几周甚至好几年；他们的愤怒情绪不会随着时间而消失The programs sometimes include life-skills training as well: increasing someone’s level of competence 竞争– whether on the job or as a parent or partner – helps bring down stress and cut angry feelings.这些计划有时也包括生活技能培训：提高某人的能力水平,无论是在工作中还是作为父母或伙伴,都有助于降低压力并减少愤怒情绪Not only can the whole family get involved, but everyone can benefit from the harvest.全家人不仅可以参与,而且每个人都可以从收获中受益Taking part in nature clean-ups or volunteering to do path maintenance维护teaches kids that they have the ability to do something positive for the environment and communities.参与自然清理或志愿做道路维护维护教育孩子他们有能力为环境和社区做一些积极的事情;When parents get involved, they can set a good example for their children to follow, which will help children realize their responsibility to protect the environment.当父母参与时,他们可以为孩子树立一个好榜样,帮助孩子认识到保护环境的责任;Just remember: be prepared,know your subject and your audience,say what you have to say and be yourself so that your ideas will bring you and your audience together.只要记住：做好准备,了解你的主题和听众,说出你要说的话,做你自己,这样你的想法就会把你和你的听众聚集在一起;Twenty Chinese students talked directly to an astronaut spaceman in the International Space Station ISS on radio in Nanjing, capital of east China's Jiangsu Province on Sunday, 2007.2007年星期日,中国东部江苏省省会南京,20名中国学生通过无线电与国际空间站ISS的宇航员宇航员直接交谈;The 20 students, aged 10 to 19 from Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanjing, began talking to Clayton C. Anderson, a 48-year-old American astronaut at 18:50 . at Nanjing No. 3 Middle School when the ISS was passing over Nanjing.这20名学生年龄从10岁到19岁,分别来自上海、广州和南京,当国际空间站经过南京时,他们在南京第三中学下午18:50开始与48岁的美国宇航员克莱顿·安德森交谈;Keep this space, which may be a desk or simply a corner of your room, free of everything but study materials.保持这个空间,它可以是一个书桌或者仅仅是你房间的一个角落,除了学习材料之外什么都没有;You have noticed — and yet, not being blind, perhaps you won't — how the sun shines into the tower through the windows here and there, so that one can feel the cool steps suddenly become quite warm, even in winter.你已经注意到——然而,不是盲目的,也许你不会注意到——太阳是如何通过窗户照进塔里的,到处都是,这样你就可以感觉到凉爽的台阶突然变得相当温暖,甚至在冬天也是如此;Then, in March, he entered a free-throw competition at the school, and the town saw just how big a team player Guei really is—both on and off the court 球场.然后,在三月份,他在学校参加了一个罚球比赛,全镇的人都看到了盖伊到底有多大——场上场下;Since that time, a growing number of private companies have come on the market mostly through the Internet, offering to scan 扫描your personal DNA and compare it to some disease markers of the blueprint, called DTC genetic tests.从那时起,越来越多的私营公司主要通过互联网进入市场,提供扫描扫描你的个人DNA,并将其与蓝图的一些疾病标志物称为DTC基因测试进行比较;But over the last five years the medical world has been discussing excitedly about whether these DTC tests are helpful or harmful, scientifically believable or completely useless.但是在过去的五年里,医学界一直在兴奋地讨论这些DTC测试是有益还是有害,科学上是可信的还是完全无用的;“At present they largely remain in the period of research studies,” notes Dr Greg Feero, special advisor to the director of genomic medicine at the US National Human Genome Research Institute. 美国国家人类基因组研究所基因组医学主任的特别顾问格雷格·费罗博士指出：“目前,它们基本上还停留在研究阶段;Other worries include the privacy of the results and how your personal genetic information might be used by insurance 保险companies to refuse your insurance or your boss to dismiss you. 其他的担心包括结果的隐私以及你的个人基因信息如何被保险公司用来拒绝你的保险或者你的老板解雇你;It was Professor Albert Mehrabian who discovered that we express our feelings and attitudes with 55 percent body language, 38 percent tone of voice and only 7 percent actual words.正是Albert Mehrabian教授发现,我们用55%的肢体语言、38%的语调和7%的词语来表达我们的情感和态度A person touching his nose, pulling at his ear or rubbing his eye with his left hand might be lying to you.一个人触摸他的鼻子,拉着他的耳朵或者用左手揉揉眼睛可能对你撒谎;I think it would be a mistake to use these tools to control or lie to people, but we need to realize the signals we are giving so we can show people that they really do matter to us.我认为使用这些工具来控制或欺骗人是错误的,但是我们需要意识到我们正在传递的信号,这样才能让人们知道他们确实对我们很重要;We all know that it is difficult to learn everything in the classroom, for example, the ways English people are living and working today can be learnt by reading.我们都知道,在课堂上学习每一样东西都很难,例如,今天英国人的生活和工作方式可以通过阅读来学习;Because I want students to fully study the material and discuss with each other in the classroom, I have a rule – no computers, iPads, phones, etc. When students were told my rule, some of them were not happy.因为我想让学生在教室里充分学习这些材料,互相讨论,所以我有一个规则——没有电脑、iPad、电话等等;当学生被告知我的规则时,他们中的一些人并不开心;I’ve se ldom had students make wrong use of technology in my classes; however, I have been e-mailed by students while they were in other teachers’ classrooms.The real reason why I ask students to leave technology at the door is I think there are very few places in which we can have deep conversations.我很少让学生在我的课堂上错误地使用技术；然而,我在其他老师的课堂上被学生发电子邮件; 我让学生们把技术放在门口的真正原因是我认为很少有地方可以让我们进行深入的交谈;I want them to push each other to think differently and to make connections between the course material and the class discussion.我希望他们互相推动不同的想法,并在课程材料和课堂讨论之间建立联系I have been teaching my history class in this way for many years and the evaluations 评价show student satisfaction with the environment that I create.我已经用这种方式教历史课很多年了,这些评价评价表明学生对我创造的环境很满意;Students realize with deep conversation and difficult tasks, they learn at a deeper level – a level that helps them keep the course material beyond the classroom.学生们意识到,通过深入的对话和艰巨的任务,他们在一个更深的层次上学习——这个层次帮助他们将课程内容保持在课堂之外;I am not saying that I won’t ever change my mind about techno logy use in my history class, but until I hear a really good reason for the change, I will continue my plan.我并不是说我永远不会改变我对历史课中使用技术的看法,但是直到我听到一个真正好的改变原因,我才会继续我的计划Common sense tells you that you take an umbrella out into a rainstorm, but you leave the umbrella home when you hear a weather forecast for sunshine.常识告诉您,您带伞出门遇到暴雨,但是当您听到天气预报说有阳光时,您将伞留在家里;One of the common problems with making excuses is that people, especially young people, get the idea that it’s okay not to be totally honest all the ti me.When students and parents are asked to grade subjects according to their importance, the arts are usually at the bottom of the list. Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important.找借口的一个常见问题是,人们,尤其是年轻人,会认为不总是完全诚实是可以的;当学生和家长被要求根据他们的重要性给课程打分时,艺术通常排在列表的底部;音乐似乎很好,人们似乎说,但并不重要;Because music is an expression of the beings who create it, it shows their thinking and values, as well as the social environment it came from.因为音乐是创造它的人的一种表达,它显示了他们的思想和价值观,以及它来自的社会环境When we do not give children an important way of expressing themselves such as music, we take away from them the meanings that music expresses.当我们不给孩子一种表达自己的重要方式,比如音乐,我们就剥夺了他们音乐所表达的意义;Thirty years ago, he tells Friedman, if you had to choose between being born a gifted person in Shanghai and a common person in Poughkeepsie A city in southeast New York, you would have chosen Poughkeepsie because your chances of living a successful life were much greater there.30年前,他告诉弗里德曼,如果你必须选择在上海出生的天才和波基普西纽约东南部的一个城市的普通人,你会选择波基普西,因为你在那里过上成功生活的机会要大得多;Globalization全球化, as he calls it, is driven by those persons: free writers and totally new businesses all over the world, especially in India and China.全球化全球化,正如他所说的,是由这些人推动的：自由作家和全球各地,尤其是印度和中国的全新企业;“I just wanted to share my online shopping experience,” said a deeply red-faced Mi, who deleted her photos from the website the next day.Sina’s Weibo, for example, requires users to register注册with their real name, yet people do not shy away from using dirty words whenever they disagree with each other.“我只是想分享一下我在网上购物的经历,”米红着脸,第二天从网站上删除了她的照片;例如,新浪微博要求用户用真实姓名注册注册,但是人们不会因为彼此意见不同而羞于使用脏话;It’s a bit like drinking: wine might make us feel good, but too much wine harms our minds and makes us lose our self-control.这有点像喝酒：葡萄酒可能会让我们感觉良好,但是太多的酒会伤害我们的思想,使我们失去自我控制;。
长句、复杂句的翻译
日汉翻译技巧朱蒲清武汉武汉大学出版社1998.3日语中有大量的助词、助动词，用言和助动词又有词尾变化，因此，日语中常常出现长句或复杂句。
日语中有些句子之所以长、复杂，有的是因为句中有比较长或者层次比较复杂的修饰语；有的则是因为句中并列成分多，这样就构成了长句或复杂句。
实践证明，翻译长句、复杂句的难点首先是对原文的理解。
只有理解好了原文，才能谈得上翻译。
否则就会感到无从下手、难以动笔。
要准确理解好长句、复杂句，首先必须抓住整个句子的重点，然后再逐一地完完全全地弄清句子中的每一个成分乃至每一个词语。
一、掌握日语句子结构的特点1、谓语位于句子的最末尾。
除倒装句或特殊场合外，日语句子中的谓语总是位于句子的最末尾，换句话说，日语句子最末尾的句节一般都是谓语。
这一点是日语句子结构最显著的特点。
2、谓语是整个句子的重点和核心。
长句，不管它有多长；复杂句，不管它多么复杂，一般都是由单句联合或扩充而成的。
要准确理解好长句，首先就必须理解好每一个单句。
谓语是日语句子的重点、核心，要理解好每一个句子，首先应抓谓语；同时，又因谓语位置相对固定（一般位于句子最末尾），所以为首先抓谓语提供了极为方便的条件。
也就是说，要理解好长句、复杂句，最重要、最关键的句节是句子末尾的谓语，而这个最重要、最关键的句节也是最容易找到的句节。
二、分析日语的句子结构日语和汉语一样，有单句和复句。
一般来说，构成日语单句的单位是句节或词组，而构成复句的单位是分句。
分句与分句之间只有意义上的联系，它们彼此不作另一分句的任何成分。
因此，在分析单句时，着眼点应放在分析各句节（或词组）在句中所属的成分；而分析复句时，则应首先弄清分句与分句之间的关系，然后再逐一分析各个分句。
三、分析长句、复杂句的方法和步骤第一步：抓住句子的重点和核心部分，即句子末尾的谓语。
第二步：找出与句末谓语相呼应的主语，以及与句末谓语有直接关系的部分，并分析它们之间的关系。
第三步：逐一找出与上述主语、谓语有直接关系的部分，并分析其关系。
英语长句的翻译
Step 2: distinguishing between the principal and subordinate elements and find out the interrelations between principal and subordinate clauses 区分句中的主要结构及次要结构，并找出两者之间的逻辑关 系。
例1. Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.
① For a family of four 对于一个四口之间来说 ② for example 例如
③ it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home 舒舒服服地坐在家里(看电视）既方便又便宜
④ with almost unlimited entertainment available 有数不清的娱乐节目 ⑤ than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere. 比到外面别的地方去消遣更….
Three reasons can explain for the existence of long sentences: (1) There are too many modifiers; (2) There are too many coordinate elements; (3) The sentence structure is too complex.
长句复杂句翻译PPT课件
• 我心中思衬（1），在一个黑人面前表现得如此有失女士 风度（4），倘若得知这个黑人其实是白人时（3），不知 她作何感想（2）。
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• Finally，because the ultimate take holders are patients，the health research community should actively recruit应该积极争取to its cause not only well -known personalities such as Stephen Cooper，who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research，but all who receive medical treatment.
• 译文：最后，因为最有发言权的人是病人，医疗 研究机构不仅应该积极争取斯蒂芬·库柏这样曾大 胆陈述动物研究价值的名人来支持自己的事业， 而且应该争取所有接受过治疗的人的支持。
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• 英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概 念， 汉语不同，常常使用若干短句，清晰 简洁地表达，
• 在进行长句翻译时，要特别注意英语和汉 语之间的差异，一般采取下列方法
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长句翻译的操作方法： 理顺原句内部关系，理出句中包含的各语义点
• I wondered （1）how she would feel（2）if she learned that the Negro（3）before whom she had behaved in such an unladylike manner（4）was in fact a white man（3）.
英语复合句长句带翻译例句
英语复合句长句带翻译例句1、We heard the news that our team had won.我听到消息说我们的队伍获胜了。
2、Whether he will come is not clear.他会不会赴会仍是未知数。
3、What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。
4、It is known to us how he became a writer.我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
5、He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
6、I insist that she (should) do her work alone.我坚持要她自己工作。
7、She always thinks of how she can work well.她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
8、You should have put the book where you found it.你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。
9、Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.尽管我很尊敬他，我却不同意他的建议。
10、Food is to men what oil is to machine.食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。
11、As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.他小时候就学会了骑自行车。
12、Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店。
13、Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
14、He won't go there with us unless (he is) invited.除非受到邀请,否则他不会和我们一道去那里。
《《良好心态快乐生活》(第二章)日译汉实践报告》范文
《《良好心态快乐生活》（第二章）日译汉实践报告》篇一良好心态快乐生活（第二章）——日译汉实践报告引言本报告旨在分享一次日译汉的实践经历，重点探讨如何通过保持良好心态来实现快乐生活。
在翻译实践中，我们不仅需要掌握语言技巧，更需以积极的心态面对挑战，以实现高质量的翻译成果和个人的生活品质提升。
实践背景本次日译汉实践项目，我们接手了一项涉及日常生活用语、文化差异以及专业领域的翻译任务。
在翻译过程中，我们面临着多种语言和文化的挑战，这要求我们不仅要精通日语和汉语，还需具备跨文化交际的能力。
良好心态的建立保持积极态度在翻译过程中，我们始终保持积极向上的心态。
面对复杂的句子结构、生僻词汇以及文化差异，我们不气馁、不抱怨，而是以乐观的态度去面对每一个挑战。
我们认为，只有积极的态度才能激发出我们的潜能，才能让我们在翻译的道路上走得更远。
善于学习和总结面对不懂的词汇和复杂的句式，我们不直接跳过或猜测，而是主动查阅资料、请教他人，并做好总结。
通过不断学习和总结，我们不仅提高了翻译水平，也拓宽了知识面，增强了自信心。
合理规划时间和任务在翻译任务繁重时，我们学会了合理规划时间和任务。
将大任务分解成小目标，分步骤完成，避免了因为任务繁重而产生的焦虑情绪。
同时，我们也学会了合理安排休息时间，保证工作效率和身体健康。
实践过程中的挑战与应对文化差异的处理在翻译过程中，我们遇到了很多因文化差异而产生的难题。
例如，某些日本特有的表达方式、习俗和习惯在汉语中无法找到完全对应的词汇。
面对这些挑战，我们通过查阅相关资料、请教日本友人以及结合上下文语境进行理解，力求将原文的文化内涵准确地传达给目标语读者。
专业领域的翻译本次翻译任务中涉及多个专业领域，如科技、医学、经济等。
面对这些陌生领域，我们不仅需要查阅大量的专业资料，还需要与领域内的专家进行沟通，以确保翻译的准确性和专业性。
在这个过程中，我们深感学习的重要性，也体会到了团队合作的力量。
长句复杂句翻译
实训3：长句复杂句的翻译目录注意树形结构与线形结构、形合与意合 (1)注意语言单位的推移 (1)注意从句性质的转变 (2)注意句界的调整 (2)各种策略的综合 (3)短文翻译 (3)注意树形结构与线形结构、形合与意合1.Carbon-rich compounds extracted from a meteorite that fell in Australia in1969 spontaneously formed vesicles when the compounds were dissolved in water.2.When shot into turbines on wings, oil has shrunk the planet in a way that wasonce the stuff of science fiction.3.From a long-term perspective, Internet shopping is but a low-level aspect ofthe Net, and it is not very likely to become the most important trend.4.Aflash plant sends water through a series of chambers on the surface thatrapidly reduce the water’s pressure, causing it to vaporize; the steam is then used to make electricity.注意语言单位的推移1.The deepest holes of all are made for oil, and they go down to as much as25,000 feet.2.Because talking computers will do it more easily, quickly, efficiently,universally, and cheaply, they will replace written language.3.Oxford has been ruined by the motor industry. The peace which Oxfordonce knew, and which a great university city should always have, has beenswept ruthlessly away.4.Where an environment is undisturbed, the ecology of an area is in balance,but if a creature is exterminated or an alien species introduced, then theecology of the district will be upset.注意从句性质的转变1. A.C. can also be changed into D.C. by a device called rectifier, which letscurrent flow only one way.2.Freeing aluminum from its compounds is something very difficult, whichaccounts for its recent introduction into general use.3.Record of human behavior must be obtained in a form that can be matchedby the output of a computer.4.If the amount of sugar in the blood falls below a critical level, a possibleconsequence of the enzyme defect, the brain’s activity ceases and death canstrike suddenly.5.When Hutton and Lyell presented evidence to refute the notion that earthwas created 6,000 years ago, the people raged.6.Others will respond negatively the suggestion that human problem-solvingcan be related to computer information processing.注意句界的调整1.Many engineers work on projects in teams that include scientists,technicians, and other engineers; however, some engineers act asindependent consultant who sell their services to people who needengineering assistance.2.Lovins proposes a nifty scheme, which would reduce the consumer price ofsuch energy-efficient cars while increasing the price of gas guzzler.各种策略的综合1.Examining brain scans of 320 healthy men and women aged 66 to 90,researchers found that for each year of education the subjects had, there was greater shrinkage of outer layer of the brain known as the cortex.2.For example, Coffey’s team reported, among subjects of the same sex andsimilar age and skull size, those with 16 years of education had 8 percent to10 percent more cerebrospinal fluid compared with those who have fouryears of schooling.3.In a typical procedure for investigating eidetic imagery, the experimenterplaces a richly detailed picture against an easel painted a neutral grey, gives the child 30 seconds to look at it, removes the picture, and then asks the child to describe what he sees on the easel.短文翻译So what causes a volcano to erupt and how do scientists predict eruptions? When a part of the earth’s upper mantle or lower crust melts magma forms. A volcano is essentially an opening or a vent through which this magma and the dissolved gases it contains are discharged. Although there are several factors triggering a volcanic eruption, three predominate: the buoyancy of the magma, the pressure from the excluded gases in the magma and the injection of a new batch of magma into an already filled magma chamber.As rock inside the earth melts, its mass remains the same while its volume increases- producing a melt that is less dense than the surrounding rock. This lighter magma then rise toward the surface by virtue of its buoyancy. If the density of the magma between the zone of its generation and the surface is less than that of the surrounding and overlying rocks, the magma reaches the surface and erupts.Determining the timing of an eruption in a monitored volcano depends on measuring a number of parameters, including, but not limited to, seismic activity at the volcano (especially depth and frequency of volcanic earthquakes), ground deformations (determined using a tilt meter and/or GPS, and satellite radio interferometry), and gas emission (sampling the amount of sulfur dioxide gas emitted by correlation spectrometer). An excellent example of successful forecasting occurred in 1991. Volcanologists from the U.S. Geological Survey accurately predicted the June 15 eruption of the Pinatubo Volcano in the Philippines, allowing for the timely evacuation of the Clark Air Base and saving thousands of lives.。
中考英语阅读复杂句式带翻译
1.You can find the card in the pocket [on the backof the seat in the front of you].介词短语的复杂修饰其他2.So at the least sign of intoits shell and 其他3.amongwomen in their 20s and 30s and even among teenagers.其他在20到40岁之间的女性当中，4.for kids to understand andwith beautiful hand-drawn pictures, songs and music. 动词短语5.the similarities and differences inways of life around the world. 其他6.〔working for this project〕easy ways to search the collection and read the books. 其他致力于该工程的人们努力设计出简单的方法来搜索那些集册，来阅读那些书籍。
7.as the soup du jour in Chinese restaurants. 其他是以du jour8.looking at the microbes on it. 其他有者。
9.With each problem he shouted angrily, more at himselfthan at his things. shout at …短语活。
10.Since that time, even more trains stations have been builtand the train lines in the city are over 50 kilometers long.公里。
11.It is thought that most of the people 〔who goes to watchdifferent sports during the Games〕will travel usingtrains.铁。
7 长句和复杂句翻译
Translation Methods for Translation of Long, Complex Sentences in EST
• Read P159
• 英译汉长句翻译的关键在于两点：一是对 原文的准确理解，二是恰如其分的表达。 理解阶段可分为3个步骤： 1.扼要拟出全句的主要轮廓； 2.辨清该句的主从结构，并根据上下文领会 全句的要旨； 3.找出句与句之间的从属关系，理清每句原 文的意思。 • 表达可分为2个步骤进行：1.试将每个划开 的单句逐一翻译；2.将译出的句子进行调整、 组合，对译文作加工润色。
翻译方法
• Read P162-164
1. 顺译法
• Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quantity of the natural products cannot meet our ever-increasing requirement, or more often, because the physical properties of the synthetic substances, which is the common name for man-made materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized so that it would be of the greatest use in the field which it is to be applied.
• The loads a structure is subjected to are divided into dead loads, which include the weights of all the parts of the structure, and live loads, which are due to the weights of people, movable equipment, etc. • 一个结构受到的载荷可以分为静载和动载两 类。静载包括该结构各部分的重量。动载则 是由于人和可移动设备等的重量而引起的载 荷。
长难句分析(翻译版)
Translation from English to Chinese1.Halfway across the room, a small pistol in his hand, stood a man. （倒装）一个男人站在屋当中，手里拿着一把小手枪。
2.Splendid is the architecture of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its one hundred and moreskyscrapers. （倒装）市中心曼哈顿的建筑有着百余座摩天大厦，甚为壮观。
3.On the job, Chinese women seem more confident, despite their traditional pretty manners, thando American women in their work places. （倒装）在工作单位里，尽管中国妇女有着她们传统的温文尔雅的举止，但她们在工作中所表现的自信心似乎比美国妇女更强。
4.Along with this disparagement（轻视、蔑视）of a compliment is the American tendency to laughat one’s own mistakes and admit one’s weaknesses. （倒装结构）美国人在自贬别人对自己称赞的同时，还有一种倾向，那就是嘲笑自己的错误并承认自己的弱点。
5.But unpopular as red has been in the past, at the moment it is a favorite hair style. （倒装）但是，尽管在过去红色不受欢迎，眼下红色染发剂却是最招人喜爱的颜色。
6.No less costly to Third World nations is the steady migration of well-trained professionals insearch of a life, any life, in America. （倒装）使第三世界国家付出同样高昂代价的是，受过良好训练的专业人士不断涌向美国去谋生，无论什么样的生活。
长句翻译
before
in the light of which （定语从句）
instead of vice versa
（插入现有机界的规律一样，马克思发 现了人类历史的发展规律，即历来被繁茂芜杂的意识形 态所掩盖着的一个简单事实：人们首先必须吃、喝、住、 穿，然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术、宗教等活动；所 以，直接的物质生活资料的生产和一个民族或一个时代 的一定的经济发展程度，便构成为基础，人们的国家制 度，法律的概念，艺术以至宗教概念，就是从这个基础 上发展起来的，因而，也必须由这个基础来解释，而不 像过去那样做得正好相反。 9
12
返回章重点 退出
1.3 语序变化难辨
句子打破了习惯的框架结构， 为了强调，有些句子成分倒装置前， 语序发生了变化。一般主者放前， 次者置后，前增后加，上添下补。 虽然结构变形，可能变得臃肿，但 表达丰富，生动有力，引人注意。
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例1：Among the great questions of the last decades of the 20th century and most of the 21st will be how long the Sino-Soviet split lasts, how permanent the new U.S.-China relationship will be, how far along the paths of pragmatism the Chinese will go in order to develop their immense economic potential, what sort of world view the Chinese leaders will hold and what sort of world role they will play. 【译文】20世纪末和21世纪大部分时间内的重大问 题有：中苏分裂状况要持续多久，新的美中关系有多 大程度的永久性，中国人为发挥他们巨大的经济潜力 在务实主义的道路上要走多远，中国领导人对世界的 观点如何，以及他们在世界事务中将起什么作用。
翻译技巧——长难句翻译
S
weakening and hooking their children,
eventually killing themselves.
就像在美国的市中心和印第安人的居留地上发 生的事一样，在这些贫困的国家里，那些本应 该花在食物上的钱却流进了烟草公司。久而久 之，人们不但缺少食物，而且还缺少空气，这 样不但大大削弱了孩子们的体质，还使他们染 上了烟瘾, 最终使他们丧命。
P
S P
S
P
现在，我意识到了，当我还是一个孩子的时候，许 多年中，我实际上是一直坐在旁边，看着我父亲自 杀。对于那些生意兴隆的烟草公司的巨头们来说， 能在我家取得这样一种胜利，肯定是够满意了。
总分（先笼统后明确）
分总（先明确后笼统）
And yet this is only a part, and probably
1.
2. 复合句 （main clause + subordinate clause） 主语从句 名词性从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句
形容词性从句 定语从句
主句 + 从属分句
副词性从句
状语从句
时间 地点 原因 结果 条件 方式 目的 让步 比较
2.
换序 状语提前
I realize now that as a child I sat by, through the years, and literally watched my father kill himself : surely one such victory in my family, for the prosperous leaders who own the tobacco companies, is enough.
句子结构英语七大结构英文缩写
句子结构英语七大结构英文缩写English:The seven sentence structures in English can be abbreviated as follows:1. S – Simple Sentence: A sentence consisting of one independent clause.2. C – Compound Sentence: A sentence containing two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions like "and," "but," or "or."3. CX – Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.4. CX-CX – Compound-Complex Sentence: A sentence that includes multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.5. F – Fragment: An incomplete sentence that lacks either a subject, a predicate, or both.6. RO – Run-On Sentence: Two or more independent clauses joined together without proper punctuation or conjunctions.7. MS – Misplaced Sentence: A sentence in which the elements are improperly arranged, affecting clarity or meaning.中文翻译:英语中的七种句子结构可以缩写如下：1. S –简单句：由一个独立主句组成的句子。
长句难句的翻译
I
believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community.
我坚信，英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极 的和充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民利益 的。（部分倒置）
长句难句的翻译—逆译法
长句难句的翻译—逆译法
And he know how ashamed he would have been if he had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born. 他出生在这样一类人中间，他出生在这种 地方，他有这样的母亲；这些要是让他知 道了的话，他知道该多么丢人。 分析：这个句子由一个宾语从句，一个条 件从句（在从句中的主语用and连接另外两 个名词词组作宾语）和两个定语从句
长句难句的翻译—重组法
What the New Yorker would find missing is what many outsiders find oppressive and distasteful about New York--its rawness, tension,urgency; its bracing competitiveness; the rigor of its judgement; and the congested, democratic presence of so many other New Yorkers encased in their own world.
(优选)长句复杂句翻译
第十五页，共29页。
practice
• From radio-active water and soil around a nuclearweapons plant in Colorado to man-made deserts in Soviet Central Asia, the world is peppered with examples of what poor education or unneighborly attitudes can do to the planet that must feed and
• 许多年中,台湾曾容留了成千上万的非法外来劳工.现 在它正逐渐打开门户,接纳来自东南亚的合法劳工,以
努力缓解岛内劳动力的长期短缺.
第十二页，共29页。
逆序法/逆译法
• 有些英语长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯
不同，甚至完全相反，这时就必须从原文后 面译起，逆着原文的顺序翻译，进一步解释。
也就是说在英语中，许多定语、状语修饰语
• 我毕生认识了许多人，他们一生中大部分时间都是单身（2） ，但在朋友群中却无可非议地是个核心人物（3）。他们经常帮人 解决问题，广受尊敬，广受爱戴（4）。要把这些人的姓名一一 列出的话，恐怕要写一本书（1）
第十九页，共29页。
• One of the most heartwarming aspects（1）of people who are born with a facial disfigurement（2 ）, whether minor or major（3）, is the number of them（1） who do not allow it to upset their lives（ 4）, even reaching out to help others with the same problem（5）.
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Translation Process
• 1. A thorough understanding of the original sentence • 2.appropriate translation methods involved • 3. checking (content; language)
• The loads a structure is subjected to are divided into dead loads, which include the weights of all the parts of the structure, and live loads, which are due to the weights of people, movable equipment, etc. • 一个结构受到的载荷可以分为静载和动载两 类。静载包括该结构各部分的重量。动载则 是由于人和可移动设备等的重量而引起的载 荷。
Translation of Long, Complex Sentences
Long, Complex Sentences
English: nouns + attributive phrases/ clauses prepositional phrases/adverbial clauses added to verbs or those at the beginning of a sentence. • one in another several layers of meanings • Hypotactic structure (包孕结构) Chinese: with one short sentence a meaning; a sequence of sentences • Paratactic structure (流水结构)
2. 逆序法
Various machine parts can be washed very clean and will be as clean as new ones when they are treated by ultrasonics, no matter how dirty and irregularly shaped they may be. 各种机器零件无论搞得多么脏,形状弄得多么 不规则,一旦用超声波处理后,就可以被洗得干 干净净,甚至干净得像新机器零件一样。
翻译方法
• RБайду номын сангаасad P162-164
1. 顺译法
• Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quantity of the natural products cannot meet our ever-increasing requirement, or more often, because the physical properties of the synthetic substances, which is the common name for man-made materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized so that it would be of the greatest use in the field which it is to be applied.
1 A colorless or white crystalline solid, chiefly sodium chloride, used extensively as a food seasoning and preservative. Also called common salt, table salt 盐：一种无色或白色结晶固体，主要成分是 氯化钠，广泛用于食物调料和防腐剂也作 common salt， table salt 2 A chemical compound formed by replacing all or part of the hydrogen ions of an acid with metal ions or electropositive radicals. 盐类：由金属离子或正电原子团替代酸中所 有或部分的氢离子而得到的化合物
Translation Methods for Translation of Long, Complex Sentences in EST
• Read P159
• 英译汉长句翻译的关键在于两点：一是对 原文的准确理解，二是恰如其分的表达。 理解阶段可分为3个步骤： 1.扼要拟出全句的主要轮廓； 2.辨清该句的主从结构，并根据上下文领会 全句的要旨； 3.找出句与句之间的从属关系，理清每句原 文的意思。 • 表达可分为2个步骤进行：1.试将每个划开 的单句逐一翻译；2.将译出的句子进行调整、 组合，对译文作加工润色。
One of the most important things which the economic theories can contribute to the management science is building analytical models which help in recognizing the structure of managerial problem, eliminating the minor details which might obstruct decision making, and in concentrating on the main issue. 经济理论对于管理科学的最重要贡献之一， 就是建立分析模型。这种模型有助于认识管理 问题的构成，排除可能妨碍决策的次要因素， 从而有助于集中精力去解决主要的问题。
4. 综合法
• With the advent of the space shuttle, it will be possible to put an orbiting solar power plant in stationary orbit 24000 miles from the earth that would collect solar energy almost continuously and convert this energy either directly to electricity via photovoltaic cells 光电池 or indirectly with flat plate or focused collectors that would boil a carrying medium to produce steam that would drive a turbine that then in turn would generate electricity.
• 随着航天飞机的出现,有可能把一个沿轨道 运行的太阳能发电站送到离地球24000英里 的一条定常轨道上去。这个太阳能发电站 几乎不间断地采集太阳能。它还能够用光 电池将太阳能直接转换成电能,或者用平板 集热器或聚焦集热器将太阳能转换成电能, 即集热器使热传导体汽化,驱动涡轮机发电。
• The super-cooling effects of the cryogenics 低温学which convert liquid helium and other gases into “superfluids” and metals into “superconductors”, making them nonresistant to electricity, could change the world in a number of ways. • 低温学的过冷作用将液态氦及某些气体变成 “超流体”,将某些金属变成 “超导体”, 使 它们没有电阻,从而可以用许多方法改变世界 面貌。
• 最常见的长句处理方法是化整为零，分散 解决。此外，还有拆译法、插入标点法、 重组法等。对于译者来说，最重要的问题 是怎样把握好译文的要点，安排好译文的 框架结构，形成准确、通顺的译文。除了 准确理解原文之外，译文的成功与否很大 程度上取决于译者的母语的驾驭能力以及 对翻译技巧的灵活运用。
One of the most important things which the economic theories can contribute to the management science is building analytical models which help in recognizing the structure of managerial problem, eliminating the minor details which might obstruct decision making, and in concentrating on the main issue.
• 许多人造材料正在取代天然材料,这或者因 为天然产品的数量不能满足人类不断增长 的需要,或者更多地因为合成物(这是各种人 造材料的统名称)的物理性能被选中,甚至受 到极大重视,因而使得它会在准备加以采用 的领域获得最大量的重视。
• No such limitation is placed on an alternatingcurrent machine; here the only requirement is relative motion, and since a stationary armature and a rotating field system have numerous advantages, this arrangement is standard practice for all synchronous machines rated above a few kilovolt-amperes. • 交流机不受这种限制,唯一的要求是相对移动, 而且由于固定电枢和旋转磁场有很多优点,这 种安排是所有容量超过几千伏安的同步机的标 准做法。