文体与修辞考试复习4

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2.2 using conjunctions (for greater clarity) E.g. coordinate conjunctions: and, or correlative conjunctions: either … or; neither … nor; both … and; not only … but also; whether … or; rather … than (14) You may either go with them or stay behind. (15) She was both their friend and teacher. (16) Neither he nor I know the answer. (17) I would rather go shopping than visit the parks.
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Another example: (8) There is a time for everything, and a season for every activity under heaven: a time to be born and a time to die, a time to plant and a time to uproot, a time to kill and a time to heal, a time to tear down and a time to build, a time to weep and a time to laugh, a time to mourn and a time to dance, … a time to be silent and a time to speak
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a time to love and a time to hate, a time for war and a time for peace. --- from The Bible Antithesis is often used with simile, metaphor, paradox and other figures of speech. E.g. (9) A man may talk like a wise man, and yet act like a fool. (simile) (10) Speech is silver; silence is gold. (metaphor) (11) More haste, less speed. (paradox)
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(12) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the era of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of Despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us. (paradox with partial repetition) ---from Dickens
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(6) The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. (7) If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich. The form of antithesis is very important for its effect, because its force of emphasis depends chiefly on the juxtaposition of direct opposites, of glaring contrasts.
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(12) Here is where the hot wind blows and the old ways do not seem relevant, where the divorce rate is double the national average and where one person in every thirty-eight lives in a trailer. (13) Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty.
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(7) She was a good hostess and an accomplished pianist. (8) I will wait until you call or until she comes. (9) She likes to read, (to) swim and (to) play tennis. (10) We can go there by bus, (by) train or (by) plane. (11) Becoming drunkards, deserting their families, or committing suicide proved the only answers for these immigrants.
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(1) He is a swimmer and an artist. (2) He lay down and fell asleep. (3) The child was pretty and intelligent. (4) You can get there on foot, by bus or by train. (5) It is important to know how to study and learn how to plan one’s time. (6) Do you know who will come and when they will arrive? 2. formation of parallel constructions 2.1 using word/phrase/clause parallels E.g.
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(22) I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land … I see them guarding their homes … I see the ten thousand villages of Russia … I see advancing upon all this in hideous onslaught the Nazi war machine … I see also the dull, docile, the brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on … I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky … (23) We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air …
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II. Antithesis Antithesis is a contrast of ideas expressed by parallelism of strongly contrasted words, generally for a tuneful rhythm and wisdom of brevity. E.g. (1) Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. (2) If the economy stays down, can the Conservatives stay up?
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(18) He not only read the book but also wrote a report about it. 2.3 repeating words (for greater emphasis) (19) Studies serve for delight, for ornament and, for ability. (20) We live in deeds, not years; in thoughts, not breaths; in feelings, not in figures on a dial. (21) …that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall never perish from the earth.
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(3) The brave men, living or dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our power to add or detract. (4) I had walked into that reading room a happy healthy man, but crawled out a decrepit wreck. ( 进入那间阅览室时，我幸福愉快、年轻体壮； 出来时却步履蹒跚、年老体衰。) (5) What is written without effort is in general read without pleasure.
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Antithesis is also often used in proverbs. E. g. (13) Honey is sweet, but the bee stings. (14) Few words and many deeds. (15) Fat paunches make lean pates. （肚子虽肥 ，头脑贫瘠。） (16) Faults are thick where love is thin. (17) Art is long, life is short. (18) Marriage is easy, housekeeping is hard. (19) Small sorrows speak, great sorrows are silent.
Session 4 Syntactic Devices (III)
I. Parallelism 1. Definition Parallelism is a device which emphasizes meaning by means of grammatically parallel construction. In parallelism, it is necessary to balance word with word (e.g. noun with noun, verb with verb, adjective with adjective, etc.), phrase with phrase, clause with clause, sentence with sentence. E.g.