高中英语知识讲解 Unit4 Astronomy 语言点

Unit 4 Astronomy 语言点
目标认知
重点词汇：
explode，escape，depend，encourage，violent，presence，allow，lay，exist，remain，prevent，force，pull，cheer，exhaust，warn，possible，puzzle
重点短语：
in one’s turn，in time，a bit of，break out，now that，watch out for
重点句型：
“be to+动词原形”的用法
it作形式宾语
whether的用法
知识讲解
重点词汇
【高清课堂：403623 Astronomy 探秘天文学精讲词汇】
explode
【原句回放】It exploded loudly with fire and rock.
【点拨】explode (v.) 爆炸，爆发
(1) explode with anger勃然大怒
explode into laughter放声大笑
the exploding world population迅速增长的世界人口
(2) explosion (n.)爆炸
explosive (adj.) 易爆的
(n.) 爆炸物；炸药；迸发(感情)；(人口等)突增
完成句子
(1)Two bombs ________ (爆炸) in front of the park gate，causing two deaths.
(2)Suddenly Charles _______________________ (勃然大怒)．
(3)There will be no standing room on the earth _______________________________________ (由于激增的世界人口)．
Keys: (1) exploded (2) exploded with anger (3) exploding world population
escape
【原句回放】They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevent heat from escaping from the earth into space.
【点拨】escape v. 逃跑，逃避n. 逃脱
常用结构：
escape from... 从……逃走
escape sth. 逃避某事
escape doing sth. (不能接to do形式)逃避做某事
sth. escape sb./sb.’s attention/sb.’s notice
某物没引起某人的注意；某人没记住某物
翻译句子
(1)这个男孩逃过了处罚，真幸运。

____________________________________________________________
(2)我想不起这个单词。

____________________________________
(3)四个罪犯从监狱中逃出来了。

____________________________________
Keys：(1) The boy was lucky enough to escape being punished.
(2) The word escapes me.
(3) Four criminals escaped from prison.
depend
【原句回放】Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to e will depend on whether this problem can be solved. 在未来的几百万年里，生命在地球上是否会持续将取决于这个问题是否能够解决。

【点拨】depend (v.) 依靠，依赖
常用搭配：
depend on/upon sb./sth./v.ing 依赖，依靠，信赖
depend on sb. to do sth. 依靠/相信某人做某事
depend on sb./sth. for sth. 靠某人供给某物
depend on sth./wh- 视……而定，取决于……
depend on it（常用于句首或句末）请放心，没问题
It/That (all) depends. 那得看情况而定。

Children depend on their parents for food and clothing.
小孩依赖他们的父母供给衣食。

It all depends on whether she likes the boss or not.
一切都取决于她喜欢还是不喜欢这个老板。

(2016 浙江高考) The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation.
谣言的影响随着情况的不同而不一样。

【拓展】depend on的同义短语：
count on=rely on sb. 信任/相信/依赖/依靠
believe sb.相信某人(所说的话)
believe in sb.相信/信任/信赖某人
trust (in) sb.相信/信任/信赖某人
encourage
【原句回放】They multiplied and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen，which encouraged the later development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish．(P26)它们繁殖起来就使得海洋充满了氧气，这为早期的贝类及其他各种鱼类的发育进一步创造了条件。

【点拨】encourage vt.鼓励，鼓舞；激励，促进
常用搭配：encourage sb. to do sth．鼓励某人做某事
High prices encouraged farming．高价格刺激了农业。

I encouraged her to work hard and to try for the examination.
我鼓励她用功并为这次考试做努力。

(2015 福建高考) Surround yourself with people who uplift, encourage and understand you!
让你自己处于那些使你向上的、鼓励你的、理解你的人之中。

【拓展】
encouraging adj.令人鼓舞的
encouragement n.鼓舞，鼓励
courage n.勇气
discourage vt.使泄气
discouraging adj.令人泄气的，令人沮丧的
discourage sb. from doing阻止某人做……
violent
【原句回放】The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not．(P25)地球(开始)变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。

【点拨】violent adj.
①剧烈的，猛烈的，使用暴力的
a violent attack猛烈的攻击
He gave the man a violent blow．
他给了那个人猛烈的一击。

②(人)暴力的，粗暴的
He was violent when he got drunk．
他喝醉后很粗暴。

【拓展】
violence n.暴力，猛烈
violently adv.激烈地，粗暴地
presence
【原句回放】What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas．(P26)很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，它使得地球把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。

【点拨】presence n．存在；出席，在场
常用结构
in the presence of sb.＝in sb’s presence当着某人的面；有某人在场
presence of mind危难中镇定自若；遇事不慌
lose one’s presence of mind心慌意乱
Your presence is requested．敬请光临。

She asked them not to discuss the matter in her presence．
她请求他们不要当着她的面讨论这个问题。

【拓展】
present adj.出席的，在场的；现在的，当前的
absence n.缺席，不在场
absent adj.缺席的，不在场的
absent-minded adj．心不在焉的
be absent from school / work / a meeting不上学/上班/到会
allow
【原句回放】What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas．(P26)很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，它使得地球把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。

【点拨】allow v.允许，许可
doing sth. 允许做某事
allow + sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
allow sb. sth. 允许某人某事
My boss doesn’t allow me to use the telephone．
我的老板不允许我使用电话。

Passengers are not allowed to smoke．
乘客不得吸烟。

We d on’t allow smoking in our house．
我们不允许有人在我们家里吸烟。

Their teacher allowed them three days for the assignment．
他们的老师给他们三天时间完成作业。

lay
【原句回放】They produced young generally by laying eggs．(P26)它们一般是通过孵蛋而繁衍后代的。

【点拨】lay v.下蛋，放置
lay the book on the table把书放在桌上
The hens are not laying well．现在那些母鸡不爱下蛋。

【拓展】
lay的相关短语：
lay off(暂时)解雇
lay out展开；布局，安排
lay down放下
lay aside把……放一边
lay sth. up储备某物
lay sth. on供应某物
易混辨析
exist
【原句回放】They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years．(P26)它们也生蛋，在地球上生存了1.4亿多年。

【点拨】exist vi.存在；生存
There always exists a force of attraction between two bodies.
两物体间总是存在着吸引力。

Fish can’t exist out of water. 鱼离开水就不能生存。

(2015 重庆高考) According to Hume，some works of art can exist for centuries because they appeal to unchanging features of human nature. 休姆认为，一些艺术作品会存在几个世纪，因为它们所吸引的是人类恒常不变的天性。

【拓展】existence n.存在
existing adj.目前的，现存的
常用搭配：e into existence开始存在
in existence 存在
the most magnificent bridge in existence 现有的最雄伟的大桥
remain
【原句回放】Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery ．(P26)它们为什么会突然灭绝至今仍是个谜。

【点拨】 remain link v . 保持不变，仍是
常用结构
remain modest and prudent 保持谦虚谨慎
I went to the city ，but my brother remained at home ．
我去了城市，可弟弟留在了家里。

In spite of their quarrel ，they remained the best of friends ．
他们尽管吵过架，却仍不失为最好的朋友．
【拓展】
remains n . 剩余物，废墟
remaining adj . 剩余的(作前置定语)
the remaining money 剩下的钱
温馨提示
remain 不能用于被动结构。

prevent
【原句回放】... which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space ．(P26)……这使得地球上的热不能释放到太空中去。

【点拨1】prevent v . 阻止，预防
Vitamin C is supposed to prevent colds ．
维生素C 被认为能预防感冒。

They came in time to prevent an accident ．
他们及时赶到避免了一场事故。

【拓展】
“阻止某人/某物做某事”的表达方法：
prevent sb . /sth . (from )doing sth .
stop sb . /sth . (from )doing sth .
keep sb . /sth . from doing sth .
Who prevents their plans (from ) being carried out?
谁阻止他们的计划被实施?
【点拨2】escape v . & n . 逃脱，避开，溜走；安全出口
escape from... 逃离……
escape doing... 逃避……
n . remain a beginner
adj . remain silent
doing remain standing
done remain untouched
to be done remain to be seen
介词短语 remain in London remain+
escape from prison越狱
escape being punished＝escape punishment 逃脱被惩罚，免受惩罚
Gas is escaping from the pipe．煤气正从管中溢出。

We were lucky to escape being punished．我们很幸运，没有受罚。

force
【原句回放】Before we left，Li Yanping explained to me that the force of gravity would change three times on our journey...(P30)在我们离开之前，李彦平解释说旅途中引力将变化三次……
【点拨】force
1. n.力量，威力，影响；暴力，武力；部队，兵力
常用搭配：
put...into force 使……生效
e into force 生效，实施
by force 用暴力，用武力
the air force空军
She hits the ball with amazing force for someone so small.
对于这么小的人，她击球的力气惊人。

When do the new safety rules e into force? 新的安全规则何时生效？
He changed our world through the force of his ideas.
他以其思想的强大影响力改变了我们的世界。

2. vt.强迫
常用搭配：force sb. to do / into doing强迫某人做……
force the door open强行打开门
force a smile勉强一笑
The soldiers took the prisoners away by force．士兵们强行把犯人带走了。

He forced himself to speak to her．他硬着头皮和她搭话。

pull
【原句回放】... because we were trying to escape the pull of the earth’s gravity．(P30)……因为我们正在努力脱离地球的引力。

【点拨】pull
(1)n.拉(力)，引力
the pull of the earth地球的引力
He gave a strong pull at the rope．
他用力拉了拉绳子。

(2)vt.拉，牵
Pull the door open．Don’t push it．
把门拉开。

不要推。

【拓展】
pull相关短语：
pull sb. up把某人往上拽
pull apart把……拉开
pull down拆毁
pull in(车)停下，(车)到站；(船)到岸
pull off(＝take off)脱去，驶离(道路至路边停下)
pull over(车辆)停在路边
pull out(火车)驶出车站
pull on(＝put on)穿上
pull through(使)渡过危机／难关
cheer
【原句回放】I cheered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin...(P31)我立刻感到很高兴。

由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去……
【点拨】cheer n. 愉快，激励，欢呼
vi. 欢呼，喝彩
vt. 使高兴，使振奋
常用搭配：cheer sb. 使某人高兴起来
cheer (sb.) up (=cheer up sb.)（使某人）感到振奋，感到高兴
Cheers! 干杯！祝你健康！(用于祝酒)
with good cheer 欣然地
They cheered loudly．他们大声欢呼起来。

The good news of our football team winning the game cheered up everybody who heard it．
我们足球队获胜的喜讯使每一个听到的人都感到高兴。

Every time an English runner won a race, the crowd cheered.
每次英国选手赢得赛跑冠军，观众就欢呼。

He’s always full of cheer in summer．夏天他总是高高兴兴的。

exhaust
【原句回放】That was very exhausting but very exciting too…(P31)真是精疲力竭了，但也很激动人心……
【点拨】exhaust vt.使疲惫不堪；耗尽
常用搭配：
exhaust the supply of water 耗尽供水
exhaust one’s patience/strength 失去耐性/用尽力气
Caring for young children can exhaust you physically and mentally.
照顾小孩子会使你身心疲惫。

The long cycle ride exhausted her．她因长途骑车而疲惫不堪。

【拓展】exhausting adj.令人疲倦的
exhausted adj. （人）筋疲力尽的
The hard work is exhausting．艰苦的工作令人疲惫。

What’s wrong? You look absolutely exhausted. 你怎么了？你看上去筋疲力尽的。

warn
【原句回放】The spaceship warned Li Yanping and me to be ready...(P66)飞船警告我和李彦平做好准备……
【点拨】warn v.警告
常用结构
warn sb. of/about/against(doing) sth．警告某人当心某事
warn sb. to do/not to do sth.警告某人做／不要做某事
warn sb. +that从句警告某人……
She has been warned of the danger of driving the car in that state．
已经警告过她，汽车那样开起来有危险。

They warned her that if she did it again she would be sent to prison．
他们警告她说她再这么做就把她关进监狱。

They were warned not to climb the mountain in such bad weather．
已经劝过他们天气这么坏不要攀登那座山。

【拓展】warning n.警报，警告
possible
【原句回放】This produced a chain reaction，which made it possible for life to develop．(P26)这就产生了连锁反应。

使得生命有可能开始发展了。

【点拨】possible adj.可能的
易混辨析
possible，probable，likely
①含义的不同
possible指客观上有可能性，但往往含有希望很小的意味。

probable比possible可能性大，表“很可能、大概”，指有实际依据或逻辑上的合情合理。

likely指从外表迹象进行判断有可能。

②句型搭配不同
It is possible / probable / likely + that从句
sb. is likely to do sth．(不能用possible/probable)
It is possible for sb. to do sth.
as...as possible
It is possible for me to do it．
我可能做那件事。

(不能说I’m possible to do it．)
He made it possible for me to do it．
他使我可能做这件事。

(不能说He made me possible to do it．)
He is likely to e．＝It is likely that he will e．
他可能来。

(不能说It is likely for him to e．)
I need to see you fight away，if possible．
可能的话，我要马上看到你。

温馨提示
①名词前有all，every，the only，the best及其他形容词最高级修饰时，possible宜置于名词之后，作后置定语。

如：
This is the only way possible．这是唯一可行的方法。

②(√)I’ll study as hard as possible(as I can)．
(×)I’ll study hard as possible as I can．
重点短语
in one’s turn
【原句回放】Thus they have，in their turn，bee the most important animals on the planet．(P26)于是，他们接着成为这个行星上最重要的动物。

【点拨】in one’s turn轮到某人
The increase of production in turn influences their ine．
产量增加反过来影响了他们的收入。

The girls called out their names in turn．
那些女孩儿逐一报出自己的名字。

We did the work by turns．
我们是轮流做这项工作的。

【拓展】
It’s one’s turn to do sth．轮到/该某人做某事
in turn依次；反之，反过来
by turns轮流；交替地
in time
【原句回放】They were in time to produce carbon，nitrogen，water vapour and other gases，which were to make the earth’s atmosphere．(P25)最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。

【点拨】in time
迟早；最后You’ll succeed in time．
及时in time for sth. / in time to do
They were just in time for the bus．
他们及时赶上了公共汽车。

We arrived at the concert hall in good time．
我们及时到达音乐厅。

【拓展】
time相关词组：
ahead of time提前
all the time一直
at any time在任何时候
at no time在任何时候都不
in no time立刻
at a time一次，每次
at one time曾经，同时
at the same time同时
from time to time时不时地，偶尔
on time准时
take one’s time从容不迫，不着急
as time goes on随着时间的推移
a bit of
【原句回放】... walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed．(P31)……既然重力改变了，走路也的确需要练一练了。

【点拨】a bit of
易混辨析
a bit，a little
a bit of+不可数名词＝a little+不可数名词
a bit+形容词、副词原级或比较级
＝a little+形容词、副词原级或比较级
not a little＝very非常
not a bit＝not at all一点儿也不
quite a bit很多，相当多
quite a little＝much很多
for a bit＝for a little＝for a while＝for a short time一会儿
Tom has a little money．＝Tom has a bit of money．
汤姆有一点钱。

We need a bit / a little more time．
我们需要多一点的时间。

break out
【原句回放】We watched，amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earth’s gravity increased．(P31)我们惊奇地看着，随着地球引力的增加，太空船的外层燃烧起火。

【点拨】break out (战争、瘟疫、火灾等)爆发
The Second World War broke out in September，1939．第二次世界大战于1939年9月爆发。

A fire broke out in this hotel last night．昨晚这家旅馆发生了火灾。

Fighting has broken out on the border and is expected to continue until a settlement is reached．
战斗在边界打响了，预料会继续下去直到问题得到解决。

The whole meeting broke out in cheers．整个会场爆发出阵阵欢呼声。

He broke out：“That is not so！”他猛然吼道：“并不是这么回事。

”
【拓展】break相关短语：
break down出故障，(身体)垮掉；打破，破除
break into闯入，突然……起来
break away (from) （从……）挣脱，逃脱；脱离（……），背离（……）
break off(使)断开，折断
break the rules违反规则
break the records打破纪录
The telephone system，has broken down．电话系统失灵了。

His house was broken into last week．上星期有人闯入他的房子。

now that
【原句回放】...walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed. ……既然重力改变了，行走的确需要一些练习。

【点拨1】now that 既然，由于（引导原因状语从句，相当于since，that可省略）
Now that you have finished your work, you’d better have a rest.
既然工作已经做完了，你最好休息一下。

Now that everyone is here let’s start work．
现在人都齐了，咱们开始干吧。

(2015 湖南高考) Now that Chicago's waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River, the city's next step was to clean the polluted river. 既然芝加哥的污水正高效率地排入芝加哥河，城市的下一步正清理污染的河流。

【点拨2】do用来强调谓语动词
注意：do (does，did)常用来强调谓语动词的语气，放在谓语动词前，同时把谓语动词改成原形，在句中要重读，译为“真的、的确、确实”等。

在祈使句中，do表示强烈的请求，有时可以使邀请对方的心意显得更加客气、热情、
友好，而且亲切，此时的do可译为“千万，务必”等。

You do look nice today. 你今天看起来真的很漂亮。

Jack said he would e and he did e.杰克说他要来，他果真来了。

Please do sit down. 务必请坐下。

Do be careful next time. 下次千万要小心。

watch out
【原句回放】watch out for...
【点拨】watch out 注意，当心
watch out for ＝look out for 密切注意，留神
Watch out! There is a car ing! 当心！有车来了！
Watch out for cars while crossing the road. 过马路时要当心车辆。

【拓展】近义短语
take care 留神，注意
be careful 仔细，留神
watch it 当心，小心
watch over 照看；看守
keep a close watch/eye on 密切注视
重点句型
“be to+动词原形”的用法
【原句回放】What it was to bee was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago...(P25)随后它会变成什么没人能知道，直到38亿至45亿年前……
【点拨】“be to+动词原形”的用法
(1)表示按计划或安排要做的事。

When are you to leave for home?
你什么时候回家?
(2)表示命中注定要发生的事。

He was to bee a pianist after so many years of hard work．
这么多年的艰苦训练之后他注定会成为一个钢琴家。

(3)表示“应该”，相当于should，ought to。

You are to report to the police．你应该报警。

(4)表示“必须”，相当于must，have to。

You are to finish your homework before you watch TV．
看电视之前你得先做完作业。

【拓展】
be about to do正要去做，常与when引导的状语从句连用。

whether的用法
【原句回放】The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not．(P25)地球(开始)变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。

【点拨】whether在本句中引导主语从句，该从句还可变为：whether the shape would last or not was not clear。

whether(...) or not还可用于其他的名词性从句(宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)或状语从句中。

Tell me whether or not you ’re interested ．/Tell me whether you ’re interested or not ． 告诉我你有没有兴趣。

Whether or not it rains / Whether it rains or not ，we ’re playing football on Saturday ． 无论下不下雨，我们星期六都将踢足球。

it 作形式宾语
【原句回放】This produced a chain reaction ，which made it possible for life to develop ．(P26)这就产生了连锁反应，使得生命有可能开始发展了。

【点拨】it 作形式宾语
句中it 作形式宾语，真正的宾语是life to develop ，possible 作宾语补足语。

常用于此结构的词还有think ，feel ，find ，consider 等。

构成：
He feels it his duty to help me ．他觉得帮我是他的责任。

I find it pleasant to work with him. 我感觉与他一起工作很令人愉快。

I think it my honor to be invited to speak here. 应邀在这儿演讲是我的荣耀。

【拓展】it 代替的其它宾语
it 除了代替不定式在句子作形式宾语，也可以代替动词-ing 形式和宾语从句等。

The professor considers it no good reading without understanding.
那位教授认为不理解就读没有好处。

He found it no use arguing with him.
他发现与他争吵没有用处。

We all thought it a pity that the conference should have been cancelled.
我们都认为会议竟然被取消真是遗憾的事。

+it+宾语补足语+to do
think
feel
find
consider。