Lecture5(3)

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chap3-5

II. 色分辨本领
I0
j λ+δλ
j λ
相邻两谱线同一级强度恰能分辨的泰勒 (Taylor) 判据
δi = i半
I0 2
i半
即刚能分辨时，两亮纹中心的角刚能分辨时，距离恰等于每一亮纹的半角宽度
中央
δi
i
λ 1 R δλ = jπ R
第j级谱线中可以分辨的两谱线的最小波长间隔—分辨极限线的最小波长间隔分辨极限
4π
4π dδ =－ 2 n2hdλ = ε ,
λ
λ2ε λ2 1 R λ 1 R λ半 = = = 4πn2h 2πn2h R jπ R
ν半 = cλ半
λ
2
c (1 R) = jπλ R
( j = 1, 2,...)
3.法布里3.法布里-珀罗干涉仪的应用法布里
(1)应用应用: 应用光谱线的超精细结构分析, 光谱线的超精细结构分析即波长差很小的两条谱线分开 (2)应用的原理应用的原理: 应用的原理 (3) 装置: 装置:
δ
I0 = 2
式中: 式中:
4r 2 2 jπ + ε / 2 1+ sin 2 2 (1 r ) 2 ε 2 2 jπ + ε / 2 2 sin = sin ( jπ + )
2
I0
,
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2
ε
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ε
4
I0 = 2
I0 , 2 2 rε 1+ 2 2 4(1 r )
rε =1, 2 2 4(1 r )
P 点光振动的复振幅为
上式是无穷等比数列的求和，上式是无穷等比数列的求和，公比为

Lecture 5(1)

特色菜
日本菜
回转寿司 wui4 jyun2 sau6 si1
铁板烧 tit3 baan2 siu1
刺身 chik3 san1 天妇罗 tin1 fu5 lo4
韩国菜
石头饭 sek6 tau4 faan6 韩烧 hon4 siu1
泡菜 paau3 choi3 人参鸡 yan4 sam1 gai1
街头小食
生菜鱼肉 saang1 choi3 yu4 yuk6
碗仔翅 wun2 jai2 chi3
街头小食
蔗汁 je3 jap1
富豪软雪糕 fu3 hou4 yun5 syut3 gou1
街头小食
一碗
yat1 wun2
+
•碗仔翅
•猪皮萝卜 •生菜鱼肉
街头小食
一串
yat1 chyun3
+
•蛋
•鱼肉烧卖
街头小食
街头小食
鱼蛋
yu4 daan6
鸡蛋仔 gai1 daan6 jai2
煎酿三宝 jin1 yeung6 saam1 bou2
街头小食
鱼肉烧卖
yu4 yuk6 siu1 maai6
臭豆腐 chau3 dau6 fu6
街头小食
猪皮萝卜 jyu1 pei4 lo4 baak6
砵仔糕 but3 jai2 gou1
• 请问去[兰桂坊] 应该系边个出口出? (情景:地铁站) ching2 man6 heui3 [laan4 gwai3 fong1] ying1 goi1 hai2 bin1 go3 cheut1 hau2 cheut1 • 如果我想去 [星光大道] 可以点行? yu4 gwo2 ngo5 seung2 heui3 [sing1 gwong1 daai6 dou6] ho2 yi5 dim2 haang4 • 如果我想去[太空馆] 应该搭咩车? yu4 gwo2 ngo5 seung2 heui3 [taai3 hung1 gun2 ] ying1 goi1 daap3 me1 che1

Lecture 5 Peking opera

Many foreign friends first learn about Chinese culture through the numerous Chinese restaurants found all over the world, and soon discern that China is a country with delicious cuisine (菜肴).The second impression of Chinese culture is often Peking Opera, whose masks are now almost emblematic (标志性的) of China. Many countries design posters using Peking Opera masks to signal a “Year of Chinese Culture”. To understand Chinese culture, therefore, some knowledge about Peking Opera is indeed indispensable. Peking Opera contains the soul of Chinese national culture. Its unique charm inspires deep feeling in Chinese people.History:Peking Opera has been an integral part of Chinese culture for over 200 years. Originating from humble beginning in east China's Anhui and Hubei provinces, it was brought to Beijing by the Qing Emperor Qianlong who, during his periodic inspections of the southern regions, discovered and fell in love with the vibrancy and life in the performances he witnessed there. As an 80th birthday gift to himself, he ordered local troupes to perform for him and had the Anhui and Hubei groups incorporated into the palace opera. In this way Peking Opera was born.parison: Eastern and Western DramaThe actors of Ballet just dance; the actors of modern drama just speak; the actors of opera just sing songs; while only Peking Opera actors perform all four elements as “sing, speak, act and fight(the last two are also considered as dance) on the stage.芭蕾，只舞不说；话剧，只说不唱；歌剧，只唱不舞，京剧逢动必舞，有声必歌II. Main Features of Peking OperaIII. BEAUTY in Peking Opera3.1 The Delights of Peking Opera Masks3.2 Peking Opera Performance: Sing, Speak, Act, and FightIV. Mei Lanfang, Great Peking Opera ArtistV. How to appreciate Peking OperaI. Comparison: Eastern and Western DramaII. Main Features of Peking Opera1) Peking Opera is a comprehensive performing art that aesthetically combines music, singing, dialogue, pantomime, acrobatics and martial arts. Hence an actor or actress in Beijing Opera has to meet more requirements than that in other forms of performing art. All of these skills are expected to be performed effortlessly, in keeping with the spirit of the art form.2）Symbolism prevails in Peking Opera. The stage of Peking Opera knows no limit in space or time. The set can accommodate anything. For example, an actor can practice the scene of galloping the horse simply by using a horsewhip without riding a real horse on stage. A bridge is made up of two chairs standing on each side of a table. Storms are realized by performers dancing with umbrellas.These examples describe the function of the “virtual world” in the art of Peking Opera, which provides limitless room for the performances of actors; and in return, performers present the audience with a world of images full of appealing wit. Thefollowing pictures can help us understand the virtual world on the stage.3）A highly stylized art.Peking Opera follows other traditional Chinese arts in emphasizing meaning, rather than accuracy. The highest aim of performers is to inject beauty into every motion. The most common stylization method in Peking Opera is roundness. Every motion and pose is carefully manipulated to avoid sharp angles and straight lines. A character looking upon an object above them will sweep his eyes in a circular motion from low to high before landing on the object. Similarly, a character will sweep his hand in an arc from left to right in order to indicate an object on the right.The performers primarily use pantomime to express feelings and tell stories. Stylized footwork, gestures, and various kinds of body movements portray and symbolize actions such as opening a door, climbing a hill, going upstairs, or rowing a boat.The elaborate and gorgeous facial make-up and costumes are two distinguished characteristics of Beijing Opera. The audience can know what kind of character the role is from the colors and patterns.Generally speaking, red faces have the positive meaning symbolizing the brave, upright and wise men. Another positive color is purple. Black faces usually have neutral meaning, representative the just men and uprightness. Blue and green also have neutral meanings that symbolize the hero from the bushes. Meanwhile, the yellow and white represent the crafty men with negative meaning. Performers have gold or silver facial make-up standing for the monsters or Gods. Good-nature people are usually painted with relatively simple colors while make-up of hostile and doubtful characters, such as bandits, robbers, rebels and alike, bear complex marks 3.1 The Delights of Peking Opera MasksFace painting: Vivid face makeup fascinates foreigners watching Peking Opera. Actually this face painting is not done for the sake of beauty but rather it portrays different characters. Red stands for loyalty and bravery, black represents powerful and wise people, yellow and white depict fierce and cunning characters, blue and green indicate very virile Robin Hood type of outlaws, while gold and silver indicates mysterious or super-natural presences.•The Masks, applied to the two roles of the “jing” or “painted-face role” and the “chou” or “clown”, serve two pur poses.•One is to indicate identity and character of the role.•The other purpose is to express people’s appraisal of the roles from a moral and aesthetic point of view, such as respectable, hateful, noble, or ridiculous, etc.3.2 Peking Opera Performance: Sing, Speak, Act, and Fight。

lecture5

实验区（过渡区）：在缓冲区的周围划出一定地段的保护区。可根据自然资源条件，开展科学试验、教学实习、参观考察、驯养繁殖和多种经济活动。
七、自然保护区的发展历史
世界的第一个自然保护区为1864年美国为保护红杉树而在约西迈特山谷建立的自然保护区。 1872年美国建立了世界上第一个国家公园，即黄石国家公园。 1879年，澳大利亚在悉尼附近建立了世界上第二个国家公园。自此以后，尤其是本世纪三十年代以后，世界各国都陆续开展建立自然保护区的工作。
6 多种经营管理区（Multiple-use 多种经营管理区（Multiplemanagement areas）与自然资源保护区 areas）与自然资源保护区（Resource reserve） reserve）单项自然资源的保护地或储备地、禁猎区等。目的是为资源持续利用创造条件。具有相当大面积的区域，可以进行木材生产、水资源利用、放牧、养殖等活动。要计划经营，并进行一定的保护管理，划分为多个小区，分别经营和管理。
我国自然保护区的发展历史 ---创建时期（1956-1965） ---创建时期（1956-1965）
1957年在福建建立了以保护中亚热带常绿阔叶林为主的万木林自然保护区。 1958年在云南西双版纳建立了小勐养、勐后、勐腊三个保护区，对热带雨林及珍稀动物亚洲象、野牛、犀鸟等进行保护。 1961年，全国各地规划的自然保护区和禁猎区有70多处，其中自然保护区级20处，面积 814万ha，约占我国国土面积的0.1％。到1965年为止，我国正式建立的自然保护区 19处，面积为64.8874ha。
2 国家公园（National Parks）国家公园（ Parks）
国家公园与其它保护区的区别主要有：国家公园与其它保护区的区别主要有：（1）面积较大。（2）区内具有一种或几种未被人类开发利用的生态系及一些可供观赏的自然景观。（3）在区域内严禁开发自然资源的大规模生产性活动。（4）可以参观访问。

Lecture--5--Word-Formation-《英语词汇学》第五章教案

Lecture 5讲授题目：Word Formation Ⅰ❖所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》之第3章❖计划学时：4 periods❖教学方法：传统讲授法❖参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》❖教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对英语的构词法有初步了解，尤其是产出新词最多的三种主要构词法：词缀法、复合法、转类法。

❖教学重点：1) Affixation;2) Compounding;3) Conversion.❖教学难点：The above-mentioned word-formations.The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion.According to Pyles and Algeo (1982), words produced through affixation constitute 30% to 40% of the total number of new words; compounding yields 28% to 30% of all the new words; conversion gives us 26% of the new vocabulary. The rest of new words come form shortening including clipping andacronymy, amounting to 8% to 10%, together with 1% to 5% of words born out of blending and other means.Talking about word-forming patterns means dealing with rules. But a rule of word-formation usually differs from a syntactic rule. Not all the words that are produced by applying the rule are acceptable. For example, the existence of the actual English words unclean, unwise, unfair does not ensure the acceptance of unsad, unexcellent.Therefore, rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certain extent. For example, the Old English –th which is found in warmth, length, depth, width, derived from adjectives warm, long, deep, wide,but broad is no longer used to form new word broadth (※coolth)---(Quirk, et al 1985).By word-formation processes, we concentrate on productive or marginally productive rules. While applying the rules, we should remember that there are always exceptions.(在构词过程中，我们要注意到活跃性和边缘性问题。

Lecture 5气候经济学

5.1. Public goods5.1. Public goods - IntroductionIn the perfectly competitive market, property rights are assumed to be perfectly defined and enforced. This implies goods and services are excludable and rivalrous in consumption.Excludable Non-excludableRivalrous Non-rivalrousClub goods Common resources Public goodsIn reality, many goods and services are associated with property rights problems:Private goodse.g. ice-cream, clothing e.g. cable TV, club membershipe.g. fish in the ocean, the environment e.g. basic research, national defenceDefinitions: non-excludable: once produced, no one can be prevented from using the good; and non-rivalrous: one person’s use of the good does not diminish other people’s use.5.1. Public goods - Market failurePrivate goods and club goods do not present market failure – they have prices attached to them. Public goods and common resources present market failure – externalities arise because something of value has no price attached:• If a person were to provide a public good, for e.g. national defence, others would be better off and yet they are not charged for this benefit;• If a person uses a common resources, for e.g. fish in the ocean, others would be worse off and yet they are not compensated for this loss.Due to these externalities, private decisions about production and consumption can lead to inefficient outcomes (market failure).Government intervention (public solutions) can potentially correct inefficiency and raise economic well-being.5.1.1. Public goodsDue to these two features, people have an incentive to be free riders:The existence of free riders lead to the under-provision of public goods in the market (the free rider problem ).The market fails to provide the efficient outcome because those who gain a benefit fromconsuming the public good do not compensate the supplier for the production costs. Hence, the supplier has no incentive to provide the good.The government can remedy this problem by providing or subsidising the public good and paying for it with tax revenue, to make everyone better off. This is a public solution.Some examples: fireworks displays, lighthouses, national defence, basic research (knowledge), free-to-air TV and radio.Definition: public goods are goods that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous.Definition: free rider is a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.National defence - one of the most expensive public goods.• Solution: People may disagree on the appropriate levels, but most will agree that some government spending on defence is necessary.Basic research (knowledge) – general knowledge is a public good; profit seeking firms have incentive to free ride on the knowledge created by others.• Solution: Government subsidises the basic research carried out by universities and other research organisations (this is a corrective subsidy on the positive externality generated). Fighting poverty – everyone prefers living in a society without poverty, but fighting poverty is not a ‘good’ that private actions will adequately provide.• Solution: Many government programs are aimed at helping the poor, for e.g. unemployment benefits, old-age pensions, disability support, funded by tax revenue.Before providing a public good, government conducts a cost-benefit analysis to determine whether it is efficient to do so.Definition: cost-benefit analysis is a study that compares the costs and benefitsto society of providing a public good.Free-to-air TV and radio - non-excludable and non-rivalrous, yet provided by private firms as for-profit business. For e.g. Freeview.How is revenue generated, when consumers enjoy for free?• Solution: broadcasters sells a complementary, private good i.e. advertising. Sells airtime to advertisers.Advertisers are willing to pay more if their ads are shown during a program that has many viewers. This gives broadcasters incentive to show programs that viewers want to watch. Hence, viewer demand drives what is shown.Other examples of the private provision of public goods: search engines e.g. Google and Bing; and video sharing sites e.g. YouTube and Vimeo. These are funded by the revenue from the ads displayed on the webpages.5.1.2. Common resourcesThe tragedy of the commons refers to the overgrazing of communal land surrounding medieval English villages.Each family in the village has the right to graze sheep on the commons. When one family ’s flock grazes on the common land, it reduces the quality of the land available for other families. Because people neglect this negative externality when deciding how many sheep to own, the result is an excessive number of sheep. Overgrazing eventually damages the land ’s ability to replenish itself, destroying the common resource for all families in the village.Some examples: clean air and climate change, oil deposits, congested non-toll roads, fish, whales and other wildlifeSolutions to the common resource problem can be private and/or public. Definition: common resources are goods that are non-excludable but rivalrous.Definition: the tragedy of the commons is a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole.Clean air and climate change – greenhouse gasses emitted in one country spread around the world contributing to climate change in every country. When a government in one country regulates emissions, it considers only its own environment, not the effects on other countries. • Solution: the Coase Theorem suggests that nations can enter into a treaty (e.g. the Kyoto Protocol) which commits them to reduce their own emissions. The treaty behaves like contract, internalising the externality.Oil deposits – a large oil field lies under many properties with different owners. Any of the owners can extract the oil, but when one owner extracts oil, less is available for the others. Because each owner who drills a well imposes a negative externality on the other owners, the benefit to society of drilling a well is less than the benefit to the owner who drills it. If owners of the properties decide individually how many oil wells to drill, they will drill too many.• Solution: some type of joint action or agreement among the owners is necessary to solve the problem and ensure that oil is extracted at lowest cost.Overgrazing on the commons - the community can prevent the tragedy in a number of ways. • Solution: regulate the number of sheep in each family ’s flock or divide up the land among the families.Congested roads - yield a negative externality. When one person drives on the road, it becomes more crowded, and other people must drive more slowly.• Solution: Government levies a toll or a congestion charge. A toll is a corrective tax on the externality of congestion. Sometimes congestion is a problem only at rush hour. Government can charge higher tolls at rush hour as an incentive for drivers to alter their schedules.Many species of animals (fish, whale, other wildlife) – are common resources.Fish, for instance, have commercial value, and anyone can go to the ocean and catch whatever is available. Each person has little incentive to maintain the species for the next year. Just as excessive grazing can destroy the commons, excessive fishing can destroy marine populations. • Solution: ??Two problems prevent successful Government regulation of fish stocks:(1) many countries have access to the oceans, so any solution would require internationalcooperation among countries that hold different values;(2) because the oceans are so vast, enforcing any agreement is difficult.5.2. Government intervention - IntroductionGovernments intervene in markets to correct market failures, such as inequality, externalities and public goods. Objective: to restore efficiency and increase economic well-being of society. Government can intervene: • Directly – by controlling prices in the markets• Indirectly – by taxing and/or subsiding demand and supplySome policy tools used bygovernment:• Price controls• Taxes• Subsidies5.2.1. Price controlsInequality and fighting poverty are market failures.Governments can directly control prices in different markets by using price ceilings and price floors to ensure all members of society enjoy a certain standard of living.Definition: price ceiling is a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold. Definition: price floor is a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold.5.2.1. Price controls: price ceilingA binding price ceiling is set below the equilibrium price.Price ceilings result in shortages of the good, as the market cannot achieve equilibrium.To manage the shortage, somemechanism for rationing the good will naturally develop, for e.g. queuing. In the case of rent control , landlords may be discouraged from maintaining their buildings.A price ceiling is only binding if set belowthe equilibrium price. If set above , it is non-binding as it does not prevent the market from achieving equilibrium.SupplyDemandPrice ceiling $3 $2100 75 125Price QuantityQuantity supplied Quantity demandedShortage5.2.1. Price controls: price floorA binding price floor is set above the equilibrium price.Price floors result in surpluses of the good. Some sellers are able to sell their goods at the higher price, but others will not be able to.Some method for rationing will naturally develop, for e.g. appealing to the personal biases of the buyers. In the case of minimum wage , the surplus is unemployment.Rationing may lead to discriminatory hiring practices in the labour market.A price floor is only binding if set above theequilibrium price. If set below , it is non-binding as it does not prevent the market fromachieving equilibrium. SupplyDemandPrice floor$3$4 100 75 125 Price Quantity Quantity suppliedQuantity demanded SurplusDefinition: tax incidence is the study of who bears the burden of taxation, the degree to which buyers and sellers will be worse off due to the tax.5.2.2. TaxesGovernment taxes firms and households in different markets.Taxes fulfill two functions:(1) Provide government with the resources required for intervention, for e.g. government uses taxrevenue to provide or subsidise public goods;(2) Corrective measure to internalise externalities, for e.g. government can tax activities that havenegative externalities an amount equaling its external cost.Definition: tax is a payment to government, from buyers or sellers, for each unit of good that is bought or sold.The government requires buyers to pay a tax of $0.50 on each unit purchased.This shifts demand to the left (demand falls) by the amount of the tax.The tax creates a wedge between the price buyers effectively pay ($3.30), and the price sellers receive ($2.80).Although the tax is levied on buyers, the burden of the tax falls on both buyers and sellers. The price buyers pay is $0.30 higher than before, the price sellers receive is $0.20 lower than before.Moreover, the quantity traded falls (100 to 90).SupplyDemand 1 $3 $2.8010090 Price QuantityEquilibrium without tax Demand 2$3.30 Equilibrium with taxTax $0.50The government requires sellers to pay a tax of $0.50 on each unit sold.This shifts supply to the left (supply falls) by the amount of the tax. Otherwise, the effects are identical to tax incidence on buyers.How taxes affect market outcomes:Taxes discourage market activity:• When a good is taxed, the quantity traded falls;• Buyers pay more for the good and sellers receive less.Buyers and sellers share the tax burden. It does not matter who the tax is levied on. The effects on the market and the tax incidence are identical.Supply 1Demand$3 $2.8010090 PriceQuantityEquilibrium without tax$3.30 Equilibrium with taxTax $0.50Supply 25.2.2. Taxes: elasticity and tax incidenceSupply 1DemandPrice without tax PriceQuantityEquilibrium without taxEquilibrium with taxTaxSupply 2Price buyers payPrice sellers receiveTax incidence on buyersTax incidence on sellersSupply 1DemandPrice without tax PriceQuantityEquilibrium without taxEquilibrium with taxTaxSupply 2Price buyers pay Price sellers receiveTax incidence on buyersTax incidence on sellersBecause supply is elastic , the price sellers receive does not fall much, so sellers bear only a small burden. In contrast, the price buyers pay risessubstantially, so buyers bear most of the tax burden.Because demand is elastic , the price buyers pay does not rise much, so buyers bear only a small burden. In contrast, the price sellers receive falls substantially, so sellers bear most of the tax burden.5.2.3. SubsidiesGovernment sometimes subsidises firms and households in different markets.Definition: subsidy is a payment from government, to buyers or sellers, for each unitof good that is bought or sold.Definition: subsidy incidence is the study of who receives the benefit of the subsidy,the degree to which buyers and sellers will be better off due to the subsidy.Subsidies fulfill two functions:(1) It can be regarded as negative taxes, for e.g. government subsidises the provision of publicgoods;(2) Corrective measure to internalise externalities, for e.g. government can subsidise activitiesthat have positive externalities an amount equaling its external benefit.5.2.3. Subsidies: subsidy incidence on sellersThe government pays sellers a subsidy of $1.00 for each unit sold.This shifts supply to the right (supply increases) by the amount of the subsidy.Like a tax, the subsidy creates a wedge between the price buyers pay ($2.40), and the price sellers receive ($3.40).In this case the subsidy is paid to sellers, yet the benefits areenjoyed by both buyers and sellers. The price buyers pay is lower than before and the price sellers receive is higher. Moreover, the quantity traded rises as a result of the subsidy.The market outcomes are identical if the subsidy is paid to buyers.How subsidies affect market outcomes:Subsidies encourage market activity:• When a good is subsidised, the quantity traded rises;• Buyers pay less for the good and sellers receive more (the government makes up the difference).Buyers and sellers share the benefit. It does not matter whoreceives the subsidy. The effects on the market and the subsidy incidence are identical.Supply 2Demand$3 $2.40120100 PriceQuantity $3.40 Equilibrium with subsidySubsidy $1.00Supply 1Equilibrium without subsidyThe demand of first home buyers for housing tends to be relatively elastic. The supply of housing tends to be relatively inelastic.The subsidy creates a wedge between the price paid by buyers and the price received by sellers.The price buyers pay does not fall much, so buyers gain a small benefit. In contrast, the price sellers receive rises substantially, indicating that sellers gain most of the benefit.Price QuantityPrice buyers payDemand1SupplyPrice sellers receivePrice without subsidy Subsidy ($7000)Sellers’ shareBuyers’ shareUnder this scheme, to assist first time home buyers,the government pays buyers a subsidy of $7000 when they purchased their first home.Using the tools of demand, supply and elasticity, we can determine who gets the benefits from this scheme.Demand2 5.2.3. Subsidies: application - who benefits from the First Home Owner Grant scheme?。

Lecture 5：Important distinctions

According to Chomsky, a speaker has internalized a set of rules, about his or her language, which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognizes sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. A speaker still makes mistakes, caused by social and psychological factors.
Diachronic linguistics, on the contrary, will study relations that bind together successive terms not perceived by the collective mind but substituted for each other without forming a system.
*It exists only by virtue of a sort of contract signed by the members of a community. Moreover, the individual must always serve an apprenticeship in order to learn the functioning of language; a child assimilates it only gradually.
1. 2 Parole: speaking
Parole refers to the realization of language in use. Parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. Parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.

lecture 5

• 4. Subjects of the Ballads
– Border Ballads – Ballads about Robin Hood – Ballads with a love theme – Sea ballads – Ballads about domestic life
Ⅱ the Robin Hood
Ⅲ. Poetry
– In Western Literature, poetry is the oldest of written art forms. – Poetry has its roots in the oral tradition of our distant ancestors. – Poetry is an integral part of the human condition. – Written or oral, every culture on earth has a poetic tradition.
ⅠThe appearance of ballads
• • • • 1. historical background The Hundred Years’ war The war of the Roses(1455-1485) The discovery of America and the new sea routes • Reformation of the church
Chapter 4 British literature in the fifteenth century
• Teaching Aims: 1. Make acquaintance with the stylistic features of Ballads 2. the character analysis of Robin Hood 3. Summary of Poetry Teaching main and difficult points: 1. Make acquaintance with the stylistic features of Ballads 2. the character analysis of Robin Hood Teaching approaches: instruction, discussion

Lecture5BookReport英语专业写作教学课件

2) Background information: Supply any information about the author which shows their credentials for writing in this field or which reveals any influences, which may have affected the author’s point of view. Note any interesting circumstances that led to the writing of the book.
4) Classification on the basis of the author’s intention: The author's intention may be apparent by the way the author treats the subject. Is the material meant for specialists, students, or the general public? Is it limited to a narrow area or is it a survey of the subject? Several areas may provide clues: appendices(appendix 的复数形式), bibliographies and general indexes usually accompany scholarly works; prefaces and introductions often contain an author's explicit statement of intention; the content and style of expres of the intended audience.

Lecture5

Calligraphy’s purpose is to retain the beauty of nature and illuminate man’s spiritual beauty. 书法的目的在于保持自然之美，突显人类精神之美。 It was believed that the force used in writing betrayed one’s disposition and the written characters revealed the calligrapher’s understanding of life and arts. 人们认为，书写中运用的力度表露了人的性情，而书写的文字则能彰显书法家对生活和艺术的理解。
The Seal Form (篆书)
The Official Form (隶书)
The cursive Form (草书)
The regular form (楷书)
The running Form (行书)
Painting
Since similar tools and lines were used for the earliest painting and writing, painting is said to have the same origin as calligraphy. 由于最早期的绘画和书法皆使用相同的工具和线条，故有“书画同源”一说。
西方脱口秀是由一个或几个主持人和嘉宾谈论社会热门话题或其他议题的电台或电视节目。听众可以通过电话或电子邮件参与节目。这种节目的娱乐性很强，和中国的相声功能相似。尽管与相声的形式完全不一样，但它们的目的是一致的：让人们欢笑、给人启示。 The western talk show is a radio or television program where one or more hosts discuss current issues or other topics with guests. The listeners are allowed to join in the talk show through telephone calls or e-mails. All talk shows are meant to entertain, which is similar to cross-talk in China. Although they are completely different in forms, their aim is the same: to make people laugh and think.

操作系统课件：Lecture5 进程的控制与调度

➢简单、可靠；
公平性
➢容易理解、实现方便；
吞吐量
➢非抢占式的。
及时性
缺点：
周转时间
➢作业的平均等待时间过长，系统效率低下；
➢不适合于分时系统。
例，几乎同时到达的三个作业j1、j2、j3。j1运行2 小时，j2和j3只需1分钟。三个作业的平均周转时间为2个小时多。增长了短作业的周转时间。
（系统先运行j1，j2和j3要等2个小时。j1完成之后，j2和j3再分别运行1分钟。）
（3）为支持可剥夺调度，即使没有新就绪进程,为了让所有就绪进程轮流占用处理机，可在下述情况下申请进行进程调度：当时钟中断发生,时钟中断处理程序调用有关时间片的处理程序，发现正运行进程时间片到，应请求重新调度。以便让其他进程占用处理机。在按进程优先级进行进程调度的操作系统中，任何原因引起进程的优先级发生变化时，应请求重新调度。如进程通过系统调用自愿改变优先级时或者系统处理时钟中断时，根据各进程等待处理机的时间长短而调整进程的优先级。
内核进程1 调度
时间片到
进程2
内核调度
I/O请求
进程3
内核调度
时间片到
进程1
内核调度
进程3
...
时间片到
时间片到
引起进程调度因素（3大类）:
（1）进程主动放弃处理机时：
正在执行的进程执行完毕。操作系统在处理进程结束系统调用后应请求重新调度。正在执行的进程发出I/O请求，当操作系统代其启动外设I/O后，在I/O请求没有完成前要将进程变成阻塞状态，应该请求重新调度。正在执行的进程要等待其它进程或系统发出的事件时。如等待另一个进程通讯数据，这时操作系统应将现运行进程挂到等待队列，并且请求重新调度。正在执行的进程暂时得不到所要的系统资源，如要求独占资源，但其被其它进程占用，这时等待的进程应阻塞到等待队列上，并且请求重新调度。

lecture的用法和短语例句

lecture的用法和短语例句lecture有讲课;演讲;训话等意思，那么你知道lecture的用法吗?下面店铺为大家带来有关lecture的用法和短语例句，供大家参考学习!lecture的用法：lecture的用法1：lecture主要指教育性或学术性“演讲”,引申可指“冗长的训斥或谴责”。

lecture的用法2：lecture是可数名词,其后接介词on或about ,意为“关于…的演讲”“就…做演讲”“因…训斥或谴责某人”。

lecture的用法3：lecture作“讲演,讲课”解时,是不及物动词。

说“讲授某课程”时常与介词on连用,说“在某地讲演”时常与介词at〔in〕连用。

lecture的用法4：lecture也可用作及物动词,意思是“向…讲演,给…讲课”,接名词或代词作宾语。

lecture的用法5：lecture还可作“责备”“教训”“训斥”解,用作及物动词,接名词或代词作宾语。

“因…而受到训斥”可说lecture sb for n./v -ing。

lecture的常用短语：用作动词 (v.)lecture about〔on〕 (v.+prep.)lecture at (v.+prep.)lecture for (v.+prep.)lecture的用法例句：1. Chuck would lecture me, telling me to get a haircut.查克就会数落我，让我去理一下发。

2. Within this lecture I cannot pretend to deal adequately with dreams.在这一次讲座中，我不敢自诩能对梦境作透彻的分析。

3. Our captain gave us a stern lecture on safety.船长就安全问题严厉地训斥了我们一顿。

4. We picked up our conference materials and filed into the lecture hall.我们领了会议材料后鱼贯进入讲演厅。

LECTURE5种下数据分析方法

进化模式不同
? 大进化=种上分类单元进化：树状分歧进化为主。种间由于生殖隔离和突变以及分歧导致有完全不同的基因型的固定，从而形成非重叠的基因库（ nonoverlapping gene pools ）和相互的单系性 (reciprocally monophyletic lineages) 。
? 小进化=种下进化：网状形式的进化种内群体内 /间的个体因随机交配有发生重组的机会，从而使个体的基因谱系呈现网状关系（ reticulating relationships =tokogeny) 。
among taxa） (4) 性状进化（character evolution）
研究方法的区别
? 采用分子标记不同 ? 抽样策略不同（Sampling strategy） ? 数据分析方法不同
Molecules and their useful ranges in phylogenetic relationships
遗传方式
? 父系遗传标记
? Y Chromosome
? Haploid, none or little recombination ? 1.9×10－9～5.4×10 －9 per site per year ? 母系遗传标记
? Mitochondrial DNA
? Haploid, none or little recombination ? 3.5×10－8 per site per year ? 双亲遗传标记 ? nDNA ? Diploid, undergoes recombination
种下数据分析方法 Data Analysis at Intraspecies
Level
黄原 2010-3
主要内容

Lecture5 表面等离激元ppt课件

可编辑课件PPT
32
Band-structure effects
微观描述的关键
n 1 ( r ,) d 3 r 1 ( r ,r ,) s( c r ,f)
1 (r ,r , ) k ,k (fk fk )k * (r ) k (r k ) k * k ( r i )k (r )
z=0
n（ D2 D1 )
n ( E2 E1 ) 0
可编辑课件PPT
11
z≠0
代入
z=0
0,(z 0) (z) 1,(z 0)
可编辑课件PPT
12
Retarded regime (light speed c is finite)
由麦克斯韦方程组：
可编辑课件PPT
13
可以证明：s-polarized wave (TE mode) 在表面上不能存在！因此，我们只考虑 p-polarized wave (TM mode)：
39
几种极限情况
可编辑课件PPT
40
Free-standing Ag薄膜的表面等离激元
反对称模式 -+-+-++-+-+-+
对称模式 +-+-+-+ +-+-+-+
可编辑课件PPT
41
Z. Yuan and S. Gao, Phys. Rev. B 73, 155411 (2006)
表面等离激元的杂化理论
可编辑课件PPT
37
模型（Non-retarded regime）
z
v 1 v
c
1
2 c
2
c

中级宏观经济学lecture5 the labour market

Wages are set in many ways .Sometimes they are set by collective bargaining, that is bargaining between firms and unions. Today, in Canada, collective bargaining plays a limited role, between 25% and 30% of workers are covered by collective bargaining agreements. In the United States, less than 15% of the labor force is involved in collective bargaining. In European countries ,such as Germany and France, over 90% of the paid workers have wages determined by collective bargaining. What about China?
11
The Unemployment Rate
Also affecting the aggregate wage is the unemployment rate u. If we think of wages as being determined by bargaining, then higher unemployment weakens workers bargaining power, forcing them to accept lower wages. Higher unemployment also allows firms to pay lower wages and still keep workers willing to work.

Lecture 5 Restructuring 结构重组法

• 天快黑了，人家给了他一把椅子，请他坐下来等一会儿。忽然电灯全亮了，照出了整个大桥的轮廓。
• 上例在时间上都采取“倒叙”的手法，其中after, as soon as, before, when，as 引导的从句所表达的事件或动作都在主句动词表达的动作之前发生。但是翻译成汉语时，句子完全是按照时间顺序排列的。
• (6). Link inversion（连接倒装） • On this depends the whole argument. • 整个争论都以此为论据。
• 这种倒装主要是为了与上下文衔接紧密。这句话的正常语序为：The whole argument depends on this.
• (7). Signpost inversion（点题倒装） • By strategy is meant something wider. • 战略的意义比较广。 • 这种倒装主要是为了突出话题。这句话的正常语序为：Strategy means something wider.
• 像公鹿渴望清凉的小溪一样。 • 这种倒装主要是为了保持诗歌、谚语的音步（foot）一致。英语诗句讲究抑扬顿挫，读起来有节奏。如果按正常语序：As the hart pants for cooling streams, 音步就乱了，而倒装为As pants the hart for cooling streams，就形成了标准的抑扬格，读起来也就保持了“轻重、轻重”这样一种节奏。
• 抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。（先假设后可能） • 从上面的例子可以看出，英语句子对因果关系等逻辑顺序比较灵活，而汉语的词序则比较固定，通常按先——后，因——果，条件——结果的顺序排列。
• 三、在对某事发表评论时，英语通常先评论或表态，然后再说明有关情况。汉语则正好相反，通常先叙述（即事实或描写）后表态（即判断或结论）。例如：

lecture 5 超验主义

Life
A. born in a clergyman’s family in New England B. graduated from Harvard C. founded a Transcendentalists' Club and published a journal D. traveled and gave lectures; quite influential
Resources
• A. Puritan heritage At the eቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱd of the 18th century people gradually felt boring about the strict Calvinism. At the same time with the development of science and technology, Americans suspected the old religion. Thus, Unitarianism（唯一神教） appeared. It stressed ―continual progress of mankind‖. • Emerson once was a preacher of Unitarianism, but he thought there were too many rituals. Then he resigned from the position. Emerson also believed in individuality. He inherited the ideas of inward communication with God and the divine symbolism of nature.
• A foolish consistancy is the hobgoblin of little minds… • With consistancy a great soul has simply nothing to do.