Lecture5
Lecture 5 英汉动静态差异与语态转换
英汉动态和静态的差异 及翻译中的词性转化
一、英汉之别：静动之分
英语倾向于多用名词，因而叙述成静态（stative）；汉语倾 向于多用动词，因而叙述成动态（dynamic）。Quirk对静态 和动态的解释如下 Broadly speaking, nouns can be characterized naturally as „stative‟ in that they refer to entities that are regarded as stable, whether these are concrete (physical) like house, table, paper or abstract (of the mind) like hope, botany, length. At the opposite pole, verbs can be equally naturally characterized as „dynamic‟: they are fitted (by their capacity to show tense and aspect, for example) to indicate action, activity and temporary or changing conditions. These relations between the open classer can be summarized thus: STATIVE noun adjective | | DYNAMIC verb adverb
我被老师叫到办公室去作检讨。＝我被老师叫＋ 我到办公室去＋我作检讨，被字式与连动式套叠 I was called to the office by the teacher to make a self-criticism.
lecture 5 汉英词语翻译
7). 昨天看电影我没有买到好票：
* I did not buy a good ticket for yesterday’s film. I did not buy a good seat for yesterday’s film.
8). 这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批人才
(batches of )。 * The national heavy university has sent/transported batches of qualified talents to the society. The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society. 9). 他们省吃俭用，为的是攒钱买房子。 * They save food and expenses to accumulate more funds to buy an apartment. They live frugally/economically/thriftily to accumulate more funds to buy an apartment.
Appropriateness in word selection-ii
To choose word according to the collocation 2). 好： 好教徒 好父母 好儿女 好妻子 好丈夫 3). 水平： 英语水平 生活水平 游泳水平
2) good a faithful/devout/pious/sincere/ devoted Christian/believer a loving/caring parent an obedient/filial child a virtuous/devoted wife a dutiful/responsible husband 3) level English proficiency/ level living standard swimming skill
Lecture_5
investment equals saving in an economy with no G and NX
The vertical distance between the AD and consumption schedules is equal to planned investment spending, I The vertical distance between consumption schedule and the 45° line measures saving at each level of income at Y0 the two vertical distances are equal and S = I
7
Consumption, AD, and Autonomous Spending
• Now we incorporate the other components of AD:
G, I, taxes, and foreign trade,
Consumption now depends on disposable income, YD Y TA TR and C C cYD C c(Y TR TA)
13
Saving and Investment
• The equality between planned investment and
saving can be seen directly from national income accounting Y C I Income is either spent or saved: Y C S
lecture5
实验区（过渡区）：在缓冲区的周围划出一定 地段的保护区。可根据自然资源条件，开展科 学试验、教学实习、参观考察、驯养繁殖和多 种经济活动。
七、自然保护区的发展历史
世界的第一个自然保护区为1864年美国为保 护红杉树而在约西迈特山谷建立的自然保护区。 1872年美国建立了世界上第一个国家公园， 即黄石国家公园。 1879年，澳大利亚在悉尼附近建立了世界上 第二个国家公园。自此以后，尤其是本世纪三 十年代以后，世界各国都陆续开展建立自然保 护区的工作。
6 多种经营管理区（Multiple-use 多种经营管理区（Multiplemanagement areas）与自然资源保护区 areas）与自然资源保护区 （Resource reserve） reserve） 单项自然资源的保护地或储备地、禁猎 区等。目的是为资源持续利用创造条件。 具有相当大面积的区域，可以进行木材 生产、水资源利用、放牧、养殖等活动。 要计划经营，并进行一定的保护管理， 划分为多个小区，分别经营和管理。
我国自然保护区的发展历史 ---创建时期（1956-1965） ---创建时期（1956-1965）
1957年在福建建立了以保护中亚热带常绿阔 叶林为主的万木林自然保护区。 1958年在云南西双版纳建立了小勐养、勐后、 勐腊三个保护区，对热带雨林及珍稀动物亚 洲象、野牛、犀鸟等进行保护。 1961年，全国各地规划的自然保护区和禁猎 区有70多处，其中自然保护区级20处，面积 814万ha，约占我国国土面积的0.1％。 到1965年为止，我国正式建立的自然保护区 19处，面积为64.8874ha。
2 国家公园（National Parks） 国家公园（ Parks）
国家公园与其它保护区的区别主要有： 国家公园与其它保护区的区别主要有： （1）面积较大。 （2）区内具有一种或几种未被人类开发利用 的生态系及一些可供观赏的自然景观。 （3）在区域内严禁开发自然资源的大规模生 产性活动。 （4）可以参观访问。
清华大学量子力学讲义Lecture5
e
i pr
1
3 a0
e
r / a0
。 (a0 p )
2 2 2
2a0
3/ 2
由于 p 只与动量大小有关，动量大小的平均值
dp p 3 p p 2 dp p p
2 2
。
5
x1 x2
ˆ, p ˆ 例 2：在坐标表象计算 x
ˆˆ dx1dx2 x ˆ x1 x 1 p ˆ x2 x2 dx1dx2 x1 x1 -i xp ( x1 x2 ) x2 x1 dx1dx2 ( x 1 x2 ) x2 -i （分步积分） x1 x1 x1 dx1 x1 -i x1 x1 dx1 x1 x1 -i x1 x1 x1 （分步积分）
例如，
ˆi , p ˆj xi , p j P ij x i ij 。
4）坐标表象 ˆ 的矩阵元： x 由 和
ˆ x x1 x 2 x2 ( x1 x2 ) x1 ( x1 x2 )
i ˆ dx ˆ (dx T ) 1 p
y
D dy A dx
B
C
x
3）正则量子化 Dirac， 1925： 经典力学系统的量子化 分析力学的 Poisson 括号 量子力学的对易关系
A, B P
s
A B A B 1 ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ A, B AB BA i i qs ps ps qs
为对角矩阵
Lecture 5 Internet-Computer
2. When did you first use the Internet? Who taught you?
Personal Engbsite, Public interest website
2. Email & letters
• 1. What are the main reasons people use email in your country?
Lecture 5 Internet/Computer
Tutor: Lv Yan
1. Internet
1. Do you often surf online?
Frankly speaking, I never use internet, because I am allergic to computers, if I use computer for about one hour, I would have acnes on my face the next day. Well, I am afraid that I am a little addicted to internet, because I spend about 5 hours a day online to play computer games.
6. What are the effects of computers on children? Positive or negative effects?
• Children can use computers in effective and positive ways. Computers, however, can also be used in ways that may be harmful to the child. Using a computer every day can have more negative than positive effects on young children. Children like to play computer games. They play computers for long time every day after school. So I think computers are not good for their study.
lecture5
第五讲 载流子产生与复合（续）9月12，2001内容：1.热平衡之外的G&R率2.表面产生与复合阅读作业del Alamo Ch. 3，§§3.4 ,3.6主要问题●当载流子浓度被扰动而偏离热平衡时的值时，对产生和复合之间的平衡发生了什么影响？●对每个G&R机制是如何打乱的？●决定G&R率平衡的主要因素是什么？●如何能表征表面G&R？⒈ 平衡之外的G&R率●在热平衡时：●在热平衡之外（载流子浓度被扰动而偏离热平衡时的值）：如果,G R 载流子浓度随时间变化。
定义净复合率U 是十分有用的：U R G=−反映内部G&R 机制的平衡：如果0R G U >，净复合占优势如果0R G U <，净产生占优势如果几个机制同时作用，定义：i i iU R G =−而iU U =在热平衡之外的不同机制对G&R 率会发生什么影响？a ）能带到能带光学G&R●光产生率没有变化，因为键合数目没有变化：00rad rad rad G g r n p ==●如果电子和空穴浓度发生变化时，光复合率受到影响：rad rad R r np=●定义净复合率：()00rad rad rad rad U R G r np n p =−=− －如果00np n p >，0rad U >，净复合占优势－如果00np n p <，0rad U <，净产生占优势●注意：我们假定rad g 和rad r 与平衡时无变化b ） 俄歇G&R●包括热电子 ：eeh eeh G g n= 2eeh eeh R r n p=如果eeh g 和eeh r 间关系和TE 时无差别：()00eeh eeh eeh eeh U R G r n np n p =−=−●同样，包括热电子：()00ehh ehh U r p np n p =−●总的 俄歇 ：()()00Auger eeh ehh U r n r p np n p =+−c ） 与陷阱有关的热G&R在平衡之外，如果产生复合率常数不受影响：复合：捕获一个电子＋一个空穴净复合率＝净电子捕获率＝净空穴捕获率tr ec ee hc heU r r r r =−=−从这，推导出t n ，并最终得到tr U ：()()00tr ho i o inp n p U n n p n ττ−=+++d ） 所有过程组合起来□ 特殊情况：低水平掺杂定义过剩载流子浓度：'0n n n =+ '0p p p=+LLI ：平衡的少数载流子浓度占主导但对多数载流子浓度扰动可以忽略－对n 型：－对p型：在LLI中：U的所以表达式仿效下面形式：τ为过程i的载流子寿命，每个G&R过程的一个特征常数：i在LLI 情况下，净复合率作为材料和温度的一个常数，线性的取决于过剩载流子浓度。
Lecture 5气候经济学
5.1. Public goods5.1. Public goods - IntroductionIn the perfectly competitive market, property rights are assumed to be perfectly defined and enforced. This implies goods and services are excludable and rivalrous in consumption.Excludable Non-excludableRivalrous Non-rivalrousClub goods Common resources Public goodsIn reality, many goods and services are associated with property rights problems:Private goodse.g. ice-cream, clothing e.g. cable TV, club membershipe.g. fish in the ocean, the environment e.g. basic research, national defenceDefinitions: non-excludable: once produced, no one can be prevented from using the good; and non-rivalrous: one person’s use of the good does not diminish other people’s use.5.1. Public goods - Market failurePrivate goods and club goods do not present market failure – they have prices attached to them. Public goods and common resources present market failure – externalities arise because something of value has no price attached:• If a person were to provide a public good, for e.g. national defence, others would be better off and yet they are not charged for this benefit;• If a person uses a common resources, for e.g. fish in the ocean, others would be worse off and yet they are not compensated for this loss.Due to these externalities, private decisions about production and consumption can lead to inefficient outcomes (market failure).Government intervention (public solutions) can potentially correct inefficiency and raise economic well-being.5.1.1. Public goodsDue to these two features, people have an incentive to be free riders:The existence of free riders lead to the under-provision of public goods in the market (the free rider problem ).The market fails to provide the efficient outcome because those who gain a benefit fromconsuming the public good do not compensate the supplier for the production costs. Hence, the supplier has no incentive to provide the good.The government can remedy this problem by providing or subsidising the public good and paying for it with tax revenue, to make everyone better off. This is a public solution.Some examples: fireworks displays, lighthouses, national defence, basic research (knowledge), free-to-air TV and radio.Definition: public goods are goods that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous.Definition: free rider is a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.National defence - one of the most expensive public goods.• Solution: People may disagree on the appropriate levels, but most will agree that some government spending on defence is necessary.Basic research (knowledge) – general knowledge is a public good; profit seeking firms have incentive to free ride on the knowledge created by others.• Solution: Government subsidises the basic research carried out by universities and other research organisations (this is a corrective subsidy on the positive externality generated). Fighting poverty – everyone prefers living in a society without poverty, but fighting poverty is not a ‘good’ that private actions will adequately provide.• Solution: Many government programs are aimed at helping the poor, for e.g. unemployment benefits, old-age pensions, disability support, funded by tax revenue.Before providing a public good, government conducts a cost-benefit analysis to determine whether it is efficient to do so.Definition: cost-benefit analysis is a study that compares the costs and benefitsto society of providing a public good.Free-to-air TV and radio - non-excludable and non-rivalrous, yet provided by private firms as for-profit business. For e.g. Freeview.How is revenue generated, when consumers enjoy for free?• Solution: broadcasters sells a complementary, private good i.e. advertising. Sells airtime to advertisers.Advertisers are willing to pay more if their ads are shown during a program that has many viewers. This gives broadcasters incentive to show programs that viewers want to watch. Hence, viewer demand drives what is shown.Other examples of the private provision of public goods: search engines e.g. Google and Bing; and video sharing sites e.g. YouTube and Vimeo. These are funded by the revenue from the ads displayed on the webpages.5.1.2. Common resourcesThe tragedy of the commons refers to the overgrazing of communal land surrounding medieval English villages.Each family in the village has the right to graze sheep on the commons. When one family ’s flock grazes on the common land, it reduces the quality of the land available for other families. Because people neglect this negative externality when deciding how many sheep to own, the result is an excessive number of sheep. Overgrazing eventually damages the land ’s ability to replenish itself, destroying the common resource for all families in the village.Some examples: clean air and climate change, oil deposits, congested non-toll roads, fish, whales and other wildlifeSolutions to the common resource problem can be private and/or public. Definition: common resources are goods that are non-excludable but rivalrous.Definition: the tragedy of the commons is a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole.Clean air and climate change – greenhouse gasses emitted in one country spread around the world contributing to climate change in every country. When a government in one country regulates emissions, it considers only its own environment, not the effects on other countries. • Solution: the Coase Theorem suggests that nations can enter into a treaty (e.g. the Kyoto Protocol) which commits them to reduce their own emissions. The treaty behaves like contract, internalising the externality.Oil deposits – a large oil field lies under many properties with different owners. Any of the owners can extract the oil, but when one owner extracts oil, less is available for the others. Because each owner who drills a well imposes a negative externality on the other owners, the benefit to society of drilling a well is less than the benefit to the owner who drills it. If owners of the properties decide individually how many oil wells to drill, they will drill too many.• Solution: some type of joint action or agreement among the owners is necessary to solve the problem and ensure that oil is extracted at lowest cost.Overgrazing on the commons - the community can prevent the tragedy in a number of ways. • Solution: regulate the number of sheep in each family ’s flock or divide up the land among the families.Congested roads - yield a negative externality. When one person drives on the road, it becomes more crowded, and other people must drive more slowly.• Solution: Government levies a toll or a congestion charge. A toll is a corrective tax on the externality of congestion. Sometimes congestion is a problem only at rush hour. Government can charge higher tolls at rush hour as an incentive for drivers to alter their schedules.Many species of animals (fish, whale, other wildlife) – are common resources.Fish, for instance, have commercial value, and anyone can go to the ocean and catch whatever is available. Each person has little incentive to maintain the species for the next year. Just as excessive grazing can destroy the commons, excessive fishing can destroy marine populations. • Solution: ??Two problems prevent successful Government regulation of fish stocks:(1) many countries have access to the oceans, so any solution would require internationalcooperation among countries that hold different values;(2) because the oceans are so vast, enforcing any agreement is difficult.5.2. Government intervention - IntroductionGovernments intervene in markets to correct market failures, such as inequality, externalities and public goods. Objective: to restore efficiency and increase economic well-being of society. Government can intervene: • Directly – by controlling prices in the markets• Indirectly – by taxing and/or subsiding demand and supplySome policy tools used bygovernment:• Price controls• Taxes• Subsidies5.2.1. Price controlsInequality and fighting poverty are market failures.Governments can directly control prices in different markets by using price ceilings and price floors to ensure all members of society enjoy a certain standard of living.Definition: price ceiling is a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold. Definition: price floor is a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold.5.2.1. Price controls: price ceilingA binding price ceiling is set below the equilibrium price.Price ceilings result in shortages of the good, as the market cannot achieve equilibrium.To manage the shortage, somemechanism for rationing the good will naturally develop, for e.g. queuing. In the case of rent control , landlords may be discouraged from maintaining their buildings.A price ceiling is only binding if set belowthe equilibrium price. If set above , it is non-binding as it does not prevent the market from achieving equilibrium.SupplyDemandPrice ceiling $3 $2100 75 125Price QuantityQuantity supplied Quantity demandedShortage5.2.1. Price controls: price floorA binding price floor is set above the equilibrium price.Price floors result in surpluses of the good. Some sellers are able to sell their goods at the higher price, but others will not be able to.Some method for rationing will naturally develop, for e.g. appealing to the personal biases of the buyers. In the case of minimum wage , the surplus is unemployment.Rationing may lead to discriminatory hiring practices in the labour market.A price floor is only binding if set above theequilibrium price. If set below , it is non-binding as it does not prevent the market fromachieving equilibrium. SupplyDemandPrice floor$3$4 100 75 125 Price Quantity Quantity suppliedQuantity demanded SurplusDefinition: tax incidence is the study of who bears the burden of taxation, the degree to which buyers and sellers will be worse off due to the tax.5.2.2. TaxesGovernment taxes firms and households in different markets.Taxes fulfill two functions:(1) Provide government with the resources required for intervention, for e.g. government uses taxrevenue to provide or subsidise public goods;(2) Corrective measure to internalise externalities, for e.g. government can tax activities that havenegative externalities an amount equaling its external cost.Definition: tax is a payment to government, from buyers or sellers, for each unit of good that is bought or sold.The government requires buyers to pay a tax of $0.50 on each unit purchased.This shifts demand to the left (demand falls) by the amount of the tax.The tax creates a wedge between the price buyers effectively pay ($3.30), and the price sellers receive ($2.80).Although the tax is levied on buyers, the burden of the tax falls on both buyers and sellers. The price buyers pay is $0.30 higher than before, the price sellers receive is $0.20 lower than before.Moreover, the quantity traded falls (100 to 90).SupplyDemand 1 $3 $2.8010090 Price QuantityEquilibrium without tax Demand 2$3.30 Equilibrium with taxTax $0.50The government requires sellers to pay a tax of $0.50 on each unit sold.This shifts supply to the left (supply falls) by the amount of the tax. Otherwise, the effects are identical to tax incidence on buyers.How taxes affect market outcomes:Taxes discourage market activity:• When a good is taxed, the quantity traded falls;• Buyers pay more for the good and sellers receive less.Buyers and sellers share the tax burden. It does not matter who the tax is levied on. The effects on the market and the tax incidence are identical.Supply 1Demand$3 $2.8010090 PriceQuantityEquilibrium without tax$3.30 Equilibrium with taxTax $0.50Supply 25.2.2. Taxes: elasticity and tax incidenceSupply 1DemandPrice without tax PriceQuantityEquilibrium without taxEquilibrium with taxTaxSupply 2Price buyers payPrice sellers receiveTax incidence on buyersTax incidence on sellersSupply 1DemandPrice without tax PriceQuantityEquilibrium without taxEquilibrium with taxTaxSupply 2Price buyers pay Price sellers receiveTax incidence on buyersTax incidence on sellersBecause supply is elastic , the price sellers receive does not fall much, so sellers bear only a small burden. In contrast, the price buyers pay risessubstantially, so buyers bear most of the tax burden.Because demand is elastic , the price buyers pay does not rise much, so buyers bear only a small burden. In contrast, the price sellers receive falls substantially, so sellers bear most of the tax burden.5.2.3. SubsidiesGovernment sometimes subsidises firms and households in different markets.Definition: subsidy is a payment from government, to buyers or sellers, for each unitof good that is bought or sold.Definition: subsidy incidence is the study of who receives the benefit of the subsidy,the degree to which buyers and sellers will be better off due to the subsidy.Subsidies fulfill two functions:(1) It can be regarded as negative taxes, for e.g. government subsidises the provision of publicgoods;(2) Corrective measure to internalise externalities, for e.g. government can subsidise activitiesthat have positive externalities an amount equaling its external benefit.5.2.3. Subsidies: subsidy incidence on sellersThe government pays sellers a subsidy of $1.00 for each unit sold.This shifts supply to the right (supply increases) by the amount of the subsidy.Like a tax, the subsidy creates a wedge between the price buyers pay ($2.40), and the price sellers receive ($3.40).In this case the subsidy is paid to sellers, yet the benefits areenjoyed by both buyers and sellers. The price buyers pay is lower than before and the price sellers receive is higher. Moreover, the quantity traded rises as a result of the subsidy.The market outcomes are identical if the subsidy is paid to buyers.How subsidies affect market outcomes:Subsidies encourage market activity:• When a good is subsidised, the quantity traded rises;• Buyers pay less for the good and sellers receive more (the government makes up the difference).Buyers and sellers share the benefit. It does not matter whoreceives the subsidy. The effects on the market and the subsidy incidence are identical.Supply 2Demand$3 $2.40120100 PriceQuantity $3.40 Equilibrium with subsidySubsidy $1.00Supply 1Equilibrium without subsidyThe demand of first home buyers for housing tends to be relatively elastic. The supply of housing tends to be relatively inelastic.The subsidy creates a wedge between the price paid by buyers and the price received by sellers.The price buyers pay does not fall much, so buyers gain a small benefit. In contrast, the price sellers receive rises substantially, indicating that sellers gain most of the benefit.Price QuantityPrice buyers payDemand1SupplyPrice sellers receivePrice without subsidy Subsidy ($7000)Sellers’ shareBuyers’ shareUnder this scheme, to assist first time home buyers,the government pays buyers a subsidy of $7000 when they purchased their first home.Using the tools of demand, supply and elasticity, we can determine who gets the benefits from this scheme.Demand2 5.2.3. Subsidies: application - who benefits from the First Home Owner Grant scheme?。
lecture5[1]PPT课件
![lecture5[1]PPT课件](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/95f759b3ddccda38366bafad.png)
Engels: The Great Time
这是一次人类从来没有经历过的 最伟大的，进步的变革，是一个 需要巨人而且产生了巨人－－在 思维能力，热情和性格方面，在 多才多艺和学识渊博方面的巨人 的时代．给现代资产阶级统治打 下基础的人物，决不受资产阶级 的局限．相反地，成为时代特征 的冒险精神，或多或少地推动了 这些人物．
Hamlet’s puzzle
人是怎么一回事：理想多么 崇高！能力多么无限！在形 状同行动上多么敏捷而可羡！ 在举动上多么像天使！在体 会上多么像个神！是世界上 的奇迹！是万物的精英！但 是，对于我，这烂泥捏成的 究竟是个什么？我看见人简 直不能喜欢．“一个被毁掉 了的高贵心胸”
Respond to Hamlet from a Humanist
Luther’s Reform: Free Theology from Politics
路德的改革和体现这种改革的德意志各公国的革命，通过清除教会的 权能打破了教会法和世俗法这种罗马天主教的二元制。在路德主义获 得成功的地方，教会逐渐地被作为无形的、无政治意义的和无法律意 义的东西；仅有的主权和法律（政治意义上的）是世俗王国或公国的 主权和法律。事实上，刚好在此前，马基雅维里曾以一种新的方式使 用“国家”一词，用来表示纯粹的世俗社会秩序。路德教的改革者们 在一种意义上是马基雅维里派：他们对人能够创造反映永久法的人法 的权力这一点持怀疑态度，他们明确否认发展人法是教会的任务。这 种路德派的怀疑论使法律实证主义的法律理论的出现成为可能，它把 国家的法律视为在道德上中立的，是一种手段而不是目的，是一种表 现主权政策和确保服从它的办法。但法律的世俗化和实证主义法律理 论的出现只是路德宗教改革对西方法律传统贡献的一个方面。另一个 方面是同等重要的：通过使法律摆脱神学教条和基督教教会的直接影 响，这种宗教改革能够使法律经历一种新的和有前途的发展。用德国 伟大的法学家鲁道夫·索姆的话讲：“路德的改革不仅使对信仰的革新 而且也是对世界--宗教生活世界和法律世界--的革新”。 Berman
Lecture5BookReport英语专业写作教学课件
2) Background information: Supply any information about the author which shows their credentials for writing in this field or which reveals any influences, which may have affected the author’s point of view. Note any interesting circumstances that led to the writing of the book.
4) Classification on the basis of the author’s intention: The author's intention may be apparent by the way the author treats the subject. Is the material meant for specialists, students, or the general public? Is it limited to a narrow area or is it a survey of the subject? Several areas may provide clues: appendices(appendix 的复数形式), bibliographies and general indexes usually accompany scholarly works; prefaces and introductions often contain an author's explicit statement of intention; the content and style of expres of the intended audience.
语言学笔记 Lecture5
语言学笔记陈银2014/4/5Lecture 5Chapter 2 Speech Sounds (Lecture 2)2.3.1 From Phonetics to PhonologyPretest⏹Q1. Define phonology⏹Q2. Explain the relation between phonetics and phonology.A1: Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.A2: Relation between Phonetics and Phonology:•Similarity: both studying speech sounds;⏹Dissimilarity:•Phonetics --- sounds‟ classification & description;•Phonology --- rules of sound system.Q3: why does “a” in “map” has a nasal quality?A: If a nasal consonant (such as [m]) precedes an oral vowel (such as [æ] in map) , some of the nasality will carry forward so that the vowel [æ] will begin with a somewhat nasal quality. This is because in producing a nasal the soft palate is lowered to allow airflow through the nasal tract. To produce the course it takes time for the soft palate to move from its lowered position to the raised position. This process is still in progress when the articulation of [æ] has begun.Coarticulation⏹When simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved, we call the processcoarticulation.⏹If the sound becomes more like the following sound, it is known asanticipatory coarticulation.⏹lamb⏹s eat / s oup⏹If the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound, it is perseverativecoarticulation. mapPhonetic transcription⏹Nasalization•l a mb [ æ ]⏹(with a diacritic ~ to indicate the vocal [æ] has been nasalized.)⏹Aspiration•p eak[ph]⏹(with a diacritic h to indicate the voiceless bilabial stop [p] isaspirated.)•[p] is aspirated in peak and unaspirated in speak.⏹Phonetic transcription⏹When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called a broadtranscription.⏹The use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as a narrowtranscription.⏹Diacritics: the set of symbols in IPA, which are added to the letter-symbols to bring outfiner distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.pit [phit]⏹ Broad transcription with letter-symbols only spit [spit]⏹Narrow transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. pit [p h it]e.g.clear [ l ] as in let, play ( before a vowel: clear)[ l ]dark [ ɫ ] as in tell, feel (after a vowel: dark)aspirated [ ph] as in pit, peak[ p]unaspirated [ p] as in spit, speed1. The space between the two vocal cords is called ______.2.The most flexible speech organ in articulation is the ______.3. When produced with somewhat obstruction of the airflow somewhere in the mouth, thesounds must be ______.4. Phoneticians apply two standards to classify consonants: one is _____________________,i.e. the part of the vocal tract at which the constriction, obstruction or block is formed; theother is____________________, i.e. the way that the airstream is blocked, constricted, or obstructed.5. The consonants that are produced by closing the two lips first and let them open with theburst of the airflow are called_________.6. The two interdentals in English are the voiceless ___ and the voiced ___ respectively.7. The English consonants are either ______ or ______ depending on whether thevelum is raised or lowered.2.3.2 Phonemes⏹Phonology is not specifically concerned with the physical properties of the speechproduction system.•Phoneticians are concerned with how sounds differ in the way they are pronounced while phonologists are interested in the patterning of such soundsand the rules that underlie such variations.⏹Crystal: …Phonological analysis relies on the principle that certain sounds cause changesin the meaning of a word or phrase, whereas other sounds do not‟.•Minimal pairs test•PhonemesMinimal pairs(最小对立体):Phonological analysis relies on the principle that certain sounds cause changes in the meaning of a word.e.g. [t] and [d]: tin/din, tie/die[i:] and [i]: beat/bit, bead/bidThese important units are called phonemes2.2.1 Minimal PairDefinition:• A minimal pair refers to two different words which are identical in every way in pronunciation except one sound that takes place at the same position.Examples:•[pit] vs. [bit]•[bet] vs. [bæt]Minimal pairs最小对立对⏹Three requirements for identifying minimal pairs:•1) different in meaning;•2) only one phoneme different;•3) the different phonemes occur in the same phonetic environment.⏹ e.g. p at vs. fat⏹Minimal set: pat, mat, bat, fat, cat, hat, etc.The phoneme theoryPhoneme: units of explicit sound contrast, built on the idea of contrastLanguages differ in the selection of contrastive sounds.In English, the distinction between aspirated [ph] and unaspirated [p] is not phonemicBy convention, phonemic transcriptions are placed between slant lines (//), while phonetic transcriptions are placed between square brackets ([ ]).In phonetic terms, phonemic transcriptions represent the “broad” transcriptionPhone /phonemebead bean pit spit[bi:d] [b ĩ:n] [phit] [spit]⏹/b/ /i:/ /d/ /n/ /p//i/ /s/ /t/—phonemes⏹[b] [i:] [d] [ ĩ:] [n] [ph ] [p] [ i ] [t] [s]—phonesPhoneDefinition:A phone refers to the smallest perceptible discrete segment of sound in a stream of speechExamples:•[p], [e], [n] in [pen]•[b], [u], [l], [i], [t] in ['bulit];Phoneme音位⏹Any speech sound segments that can distinguish or contrast words in sound andmeaning are called phonemes.⏹ A phoneme is the minimal or smallest distinctive linguistic unit in a language.⏹Languages differ in the selection of contrastive sounds.⏹In English, the distinction between aspirated [ph]and unaspirated [p]is notphonemic. [fəuˈni:mik]⏹In Chinese, however, the distinction between /p/ and /ph/ is phonemic.Phone vs. phonemePhone:phonetic unit A phone refers to the smallest perceptible discrete segment of sound in a stream of speech.physical as heard or produced marked with [ ]Phoneme: phonological unit Any speech sound segments that can distinguish or contrast wordsin sound and meaning are called phonemes. /A phoneme is the minimal or smallest distinctive linguistic unit in a language. Abstract marked with / /2.3.3 Phoneme & Allophones⏹Definitions:A phoneme is the minimal or smallest distinctive linguistic unit in a language.Allophones are phonic variants of a phoneme, which share more phonetic features in common and which are phonetically conditioned each.Allophones are possible variants or realization of a phoneme in different phonetic environment. allophone 音位变体⏹allophone: phonic variants/realizations of a phoneme⏹ A phoneme is realized as allophone1+allophone2+….• e.g. /p/=[ ph ] + [ p]⏹In this case the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution because theynever occur in the same context:⏹ALLOPHONES (音位变体): the variants of a phoneme⏹ALLOPHONY/ALLOPHONIC V ARIATION: the phenomenon of variation in thepronunciation of phonemes in different position⏹COMPLMENTARY DISTRIBUTION(互补分布): the allophones never occur in thesame context(1) /p/ [p=] / [s] __________[ph] elsewhere(2) /l/ [l] / _______ V[ł]/ V _______●Q: Are all the phones in complementary distribution allophones?⏹PHONETIC SIMILARITY (语音相近): allophones of a phoneme must bear somephonetic resemblanceE.g. [l, ł] lateral approximants only differing in places of articulation●NOTE: Allophy: complementary distribution + phonetic similarity⏹FREE V ARIANTS: the pronunciation difference may be caused by dialect, habit, region,or individual preference, instead of by any distribution ruleIndividual differenceE.g., cup: [khΛph], [khΛp┐]┐: no audible releaseDialectical differenceE.g., either: [i:ðə], [aiðə]2.4 Phonological processes and phonological rules2.4.1 AssimilationNasalization, dentalization, and velarization are all instances of assimilation, a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.1.If a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, we call it regressiveassimilation.2.If a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, it is known as progressiveassimilation.⏹These changes exhibit PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES in which a TARGET orAFFECTED SEGMENT undergoes a structural change in certain ENVIRONMENTS or CONTEXTS.⏹In each process the change is conditioned or triggered by a following sound.⏹Any phonological process must have three aspects to it:⏹A) a set of sounds to undergo the process⏹B) a set of sounds produced by the process⏹C) a set of situations in which the process applies⏹/v/ ◊ [f] /z/ ◊ [s] etc.⏹voiced fricative ◊ voiceless / ____ voiceless⏹This is a PHONOLOGICAL RULE.⏹ A voiced fricative is transformed into the corresponding voiceless sound when itappears before a voiceless sound.⏹Nasalization rule:[-nasal] ◊ [+nasal] / ____ [+nasal]⏹Dentalization rule:[-dental] ◊ [dental] / ____ [dental]⏹Velarization rule:[-velar] ◊ [+velar] / ____ [+velar]⏹DEVOICING(清音化): a process by which voiced sounds become voiceless, in suchcontexts does not occur with other sounds (such as stop and vowels)E.g., [f, v; θ, ð; s, z; ʃ; ʒ; t ʃ; dʒ]●/v/ [f]V oiced fricatives are transformed into voiceless fricatives before voiceless segments.●voiced fricative voiceless/ ________ voiceless“A voiced fricative is transformed into the corresponding voiceless sound when it appears before a voiceless sound.”⏹PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES :a process in which a TARGET or AFFECTED SEGMENT undergoes a structural change in certain ENVIRONMENTS or CONTEXTS⏹Three aspects of phonological processa set of sounds to undergo the process;a set of sounds produced by the process;a set of situations in which the process applies.⏹PHONOLOGICAL RULE“/” : to specify the environment in which the change takes placeFocus bar (焦点横线): to indicate the position of the target segmentE.g., Nasalization rule[- nasal] [+nasal]/_____[+ nasal]Dentalization, velarization rule2.4.2 Epenthesis, Rule Ordering and Elsewhere ConditionEx.a. a hotel, a boy, a white houseb. an apple, an honour, an old lady●NOTE: It is the lack of a consonant that requires the nasal [n] to be added to the article“a”.⏹EPENTHESIS : the process of inserting a nasal soundØ [n] / [ə] ________ V●NOTE: The regular plural and past tense forms also exhibit similar rules.Ex.a. desk [dεsk] desks [dεsks]b. chair [tʃeə] chairs [tʃeəz]c. bus [bΛs] buses [bΛsəz]⏹-(e)s: [s], [z], [əz] (See pp. 45)⏹/s/ is found after /t, k/ (the preceding sound is a voiceless consonant other than / s, ʃ, tʃ/)⏹/z/ appears after: /l, ə, n, b, d, g, əu/ (the preceding sound is a vowel or a voiced consonant)other than /z, ʒ, dʒ /⏹/əz/ occurs after /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ /SIBILANTS(咝擦音): a speech sound (consonant) which is produced with friction and which has an s-like quality, e.g., /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ /For the plural forms:⏹The /s/ appears after voiceless sounds.⏹The /z/ appears after voiced sounds.⏹The /əz/ appears after sibilants.UNDERLYING FORM / UNDERLYING REPRESENTATION (UR): the basic form (or the form which appears in most cases), e.g., /z/SURFACE FORM / SURFACE REPRESENTATION (SR):the derived form, e.g., /s, əz/⏹z s/[-voiced, C]________⏹Ø [ə]/sibilant _____ [z]a. //si:t + z//b. //bε d + z//c. //keIs + z//s N/A *s Devoicing N/A N/A N/A Epenthesissi:ts bεdz *keIss Outputa. //si:t + z//b. //bε d + z//c. //keIs + z//N/A N/A ə Epenthesiss N/A N/A Devoicingsi:ts bεdz keIsəz OutputConclusion:Epenthesis is applied before devoicing.⏹Rule ordering⏹Elsewhere Condition: The more specific rule applies first.2.4.3 Distinctive features⏹The idea of Distinctive Features was first developed by Roman Jacobson (1896-1982) inthe 1940s as a means of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular aspects of language sounds.Distinctive Feature Theory⏹Distinctive feature theory was proposed by Roman Jakobson in the1950s.⏹The core of it is binary opposite.⏹The purpose of it to reduce the number of phonemic features to the minimum so thatsome main features can be used to explain all the oppositions of phonemes in all the languages in the world.⏹For example, aspiration is a distinctive feature in Chinese . While voicing is a distinctivefeature in English.⏹Distinctive features⏹phonetic features :contrast meanings of words / distinguish onephoneme from another.Distinctive featurese.g. [±voiced]Examples:•[b it]vs.[p it]•[d ip]vs.[t ip]•[g id]vs.[k id]Nondistinctive featurese.g [ ±aspirated ]; [ ±nasal ]Examples:•[spit] [phit];•[stik] [sthik];•[skip] [skhip];•[b i:n] [sbĩ:n]Distinctive features⏹Some of the major distinctions include [consonantal], [sonorant], [nasal] and [voiced].•[consonantal] : consonants [+consonantal]vowels [–consonantal]•[sonorant] : obstruents [–sonorant]•others [+sonorant]⏹[sonorant] distinguishes between obstruents (stops, fricatives andaffricates) and sonorants (all other consonants and vowels)⏹These are known as binary features denoted by ‘ + ’ and ‘–’.ReviewDistinctive features Exercises⏹Specify the difference between each pair of sounds using features.⏹l.[l] [ɫ] 2.[ph] [p] 3.[ tʃ] [d3] 4.[k] [g] 5.[i] [u]2.5 Suprasegmentals⏹Suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than singlesound segments.⏹The principal suprasegmentals are:2.5.1 The syllable structurec.f. Chinese and English syllable structure⏹Chinese: MONOSYLLABIC (with one syllable)⏹English: MONOSYLLABIC or POLYSYLLABIC (with more than one syllable)⏹NUCLEUS/PEAK (核心/峰): vowel or consonant, e.g., table [teibl]:[tei], [bl]⏹RHYME (or RIME) (韵基), ONSET (节首)⏹NUCLEUS (核心): the vowel within the rhyme⏹CODA (节尾): the consonant(s) after the nucleus⏹Open syllable: bar, tie⏹Closed syllable: bard, tied⏹Maximal Onset Principle (MOP)•When there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.•This explains the question of why /l/ in telling is pronounced as the clear [l].2.5.2 Stress⏹Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable. In transcription, araised vertical line [│] is often used just before the syllable it relates to.• A basic distinction i s made between stressed and unstressed syllables, the former being more prominent than the latter, which means that stress is a relativenotion.⏹At the word level, it only applies to words with at least two syllables.⏹At the sentence level, a monosyllabic word may be said to be stressed relative to otherwords in the sentence.⏹The stress pattern in English is no easy matter. In principle, the stress may fall on antsyllable. They also change over history and exhibit regional or dialectal differences. Changing English Stress PatternBecoming norm⏹inTEGral⏹coMMUNal⏹forMIDable⏹conTROVersy⏹INtegral⏹COMMunal⏹FORmidable⏹CONtroversyRP vs. GARP⏹laBORatory⏹DEBris⏹GARage GA⏹LABoratory⏹deBRIS⏹gaRAGEV vs. NVerb⏹conVICT⏹inSULT⏹proDUCE⏹reBEL Noun⏹CONvict⏹INsult⏹PROduce⏹REbelCompound vs. PhraseCompound Phrase⏹BLACKboard ⏹BLACKbird ⏹black BOARD ⏹black BIRDPrimary vs. Secondary StressepiphenomenalunsatisfactorydiscriminationstandardizationcommunicationindustrializationSentence Stress⏹Sentence stress is much more interesting. In general situations, notional words arenormally stressed while structural words are unstressed.⏹Sentence stress is often used to express emphasis, surprise, etc. so that in principle stressmay fall on any word or any syllable.e.g.John bought a red car.JOHN bought a red car.John BOUGHT a red car.John bought a RED car.John bought a red CAR.2.5.3 Intonation⏹Intonation involves the occurrence of recurring fall-rise patterns, each of which isused with a set of relatively consistent meanings, either on single words or on groups of words of varying length.For example, the fall-rise tone in English typically involves the meaning of a contrast within a limited set of items stated explicitly or implicitly.(Isn’t her name Mary?) No / ∨ Jenny⏹The old man didn‟t come / whereas the ∨young man / did come and actually enjoyedhimself⏹∨I didn‟t do it2.5.4 ToneChinese tone changes are used in a different way, affecting the meanings of individual words.Languages like Chinese are known as tone languages.Study Questions1. Define the following terms:coarticulation phonemeallophone assimilationstress intonation2. What is the difference between an allophone and a phoneme?3. Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs?ban, fat, pit, bell, tape, heat, meal, more, pat, pen, chain, vote, bet, far, bun, goat, heel,sane, tale4. What is assimilation and what is a phonological rule?5. What is the difference between an open and a closed syllable?6. Individual sounds are described as segments. What are suprasegmentals? Group WorkGroup 5 Chapter 3 3.1。
Lecture5
Calligraphy’s purpose is to retain the beauty of nature and illuminate man’s spiritual beauty. 书法的目的在于保持自然之美，突显人类精神之 美。 It was believed that the force used in writing betrayed one’s disposition and the written characters revealed the calligrapher’s understanding of life and arts. 人们认为，书写中运用的力度表露了人的性情， 而书写的文字则能彰显书法家对生活和艺术的理解。
The Seal Form (篆书)
The Official Form (隶书)
The cursive Form (草书)
The regular form (楷书)
The running Form (行书)
Painting
Since similar tools and lines were used for the earliest painting and writing, painting is said to have the same origin as calligraphy. 由于最早期的绘画和书法皆使用相同的工具和线 条，故有“书画同源”一说。
西方脱口秀是由一个或几个主持人和嘉宾谈论社会热 门话题或其他议题的电台或电视节目。听众可以通过电话 或电子邮件参与节目。这种节目的娱乐性很强，和中国的 相声功能相似。尽管与相声的形式完全不一样，但它们的 目的是一致的：让人们欢笑、给人启示。 The western talk show is a radio or television program where one or more hosts discuss current issues or other topics with guests. The listeners are allowed to join in the talk show through telephone calls or e-mails. All talk shows are meant to entertain, which is similar to cross-talk in China. Although they are completely different in forms, their aim is the same: to make people laugh and think.
最优化方法Lecture5 灵敏度分析
0 cr cr 0
目标函数值 cB cB B1b cB B1b cB B1b
cB B1b cr br
cr变为cr’ 后，只要把原单纯形表中xr所在的行乘以(cr’-cr)加到
判别数行，并使xr对应的判别数为0，继而可用单纯形法继续做下去。
例：min x1 2x2 x3 s.t x1 x2 x3 4 3x1 2x2 6 xj 0 j 1,2,3
2. 基列Pj→Pj’ 重新计算
练习题
一个LP问题为 min z 10x1 16x2 x3
s.t
x1 2x2 x3 2 2
x1 x2
4
x j 0, j 1, 2,3
其中 0,求：
1）当 0 时，求解上述LP问题；
2） 在什么范围内变化，原问题的最优性不变。
有两个LP问题如下：
5 0 2 1 14
-3+5 0 -3+5 0 -8+20
x* 0, 0, 4, 6T
fmin 4
x3 1 1 1 0 4 x4 3 -2 0 1 6
0 -2 0 0 4
问题：c2在什么范围变化时，最优解不变？
二、改变右端向量b
设b→b’,而且改变前的最优基矩阵为B
1. B1b ' 0 此时，原来的最优基仍为最优基，
x1 x2 x3 x4 x3 1 1 1 0 4 x4 3 -2 0 1 6
0 3 0 04
最优表为：
x1 x2 x3 x4 x2 1 1 1 0 4 x4 5 0 2 1 14
-3 0 -3 0 -8
x* 0, 4, 0, 14T
fmax 8
x1 x2 x3 x4
x3 1 1
1 04
操作系统课件：Lecture5 进程的控制与调度
➢简单、可靠；
公平性
➢容易理解、实现方便；
吞吐量
➢非抢占式的。
及时性
缺点：
周转时间
➢作业的平均等待时间过长，系统效率低下；
➢不适合于分时系统。
例，几乎同时到达的三个作业j1、j2、j3。j1运行2 小时，j2和j3只需1分钟。三个作业的平均周转时 间为2个小时多。增长了短作业的周转时间。
（系统先运行j1，j2和j3要等2个小时。j1完成之后 ，j2和j3再分别运行1分钟。）
（3）为支持可剥夺调度，即使没有新就绪进程,为了让 所有就绪进程轮流占用处理机，可在下述情况下申请 进行进程调度： 当时钟中断发生,时钟中断处理程序调用有关时间片 的处理程序，发现正运行进程时间片到，应请求重新 调度。以便让其他进程占用处理机。 在按进程优先级进行进程调度的操作系统中，任何原 因引起进程的优先级发生变化时，应请求重新调度。 如进程通过系统调用自愿改变优先级时或者系统处理 时钟中断时，根据各进程等待处理机的时间长短而调 整进程的优先级。
内核 进程1 调度
时间片到
进程2
内核 调度
I/O请求
进程3
内核 调度
时间片到
进程1
内核 调度
进程3
...
时间片到
时间片到
引起进程调度因素（3大类）:
（1）进程主动放弃处理机时：
正在执行的进程执行完毕。操作系统在处理进程结束 系统调用后应请求重新调度。 正在执行的进程发出I/O请求，当操作系统代其启动 外设I/O后，在I/O请求没有完成前要将进程变成阻塞 状态，应该请求重新调度。 正在执行的进程要等待其它进程或系统发出的事件时。 如等待另一个进程通讯数据，这时操作系统应将现运行 进程挂到等待队列，并且请求重新调度。 正在执行的进程暂时得不到所要的系统资源，如要求 独占资源，但其被其它进程占用，这时等待的进程应阻 塞到等待队列上，并且请求重新调度。
Lecture 5
• It is difficult for a non-specialist to understand the implications of this and how it interacts with other requirements.
Domain Requirements Problems
• Example
▫ The system shall implement patient privacy provisions as set out in HStan-03-2006-priv.
Domain Requirements
Insurance
Embedded Systems
Telecom
Organizational Requirements
• Requirements which are a consequence of organisational policies and procedures e.g. :• process standards used, • implementation requirements, • etc.
Types of Requirements
• Functional Requirements
• Non – Functional Requirements
▫ Also called as Quality Requirements
Functional Requirements
• A functional requirement is a requirement defining functions of the system under development
• If domain requirements are not satisfied, the system may be unworkable
Lecture5 表面等离激元ppt课件
可编辑课件PPT
32
Band-structure effects
微观描述的关键
n 1 ( r ,) d 3 r 1 ( r ,r ,) s( c r ,f)
1 (r ,r , ) k ,k (fk fk )k * (r ) k (r k ) k * k ( r i )k (r )
z=0
n（ D2 D1 )
n ( E2 E1 ) 0
可编辑课件PPT
11
z≠0
代入
z=0
0,(z 0) (z) 1,(z 0)
可编辑课件PPT
12
Retarded regime (light speed c is finite)
由麦克斯韦方程组：
可编辑课件PPT
13
可以证明：s-polarized wave (TE mode) 在表面上不能存在！ 因此，我们只考虑 p-polarized wave (TM mode)：
39
几种极限情况
可编辑课件PPT
40
Free-standing Ag薄膜的表面等离激元
反对称模式 -+-+-++-+-+-+
对称模式 +-+-+-+ +-+-+-+
可编辑课件PPT
41
Z. Yuan and S. Gao, Phys. Rev. B 73, 155411 (2006)
表面等离激元的杂化理论
可编辑课件PPT
37
模型（Non-retarded regime）
z
v 1 v
c
1
2 c
2
c
lecture5 定态薛定谔方程及可解问题(I)
及 可解问题(I)
1.定态薛定谔方程
2 2 U (r , t ) 1) 薛定谔方程: i t 2
2) 得到定态薛定谔方程的前提条件:势能不显含时间变量 U ( r )
3) 由2)条件,薛定谔方程变为: 2 i 2 U (r ) t 2 4) 利用分离变量法,考虑方程一特解: (r , t ) (r ) f (t )
几率密度与时间无关
i b.几率流密度: J ( * * ) 2 i J ( * * ) 2
( r , t ) ( r )e
几率流密度与时间无关
定态下,几率密度和几率流密度都不随时间而变化！
11) 由5)和6)得与时间无关的关于 (r ) 的方程:
？ (r ) 中,得薛定谔方程特解 8) 将7)中的任意常数并入
( r , t ) ( r )e
iE t
因为 (r ) 中也有任意常数
9) e
iE
t
E
为角频率
E
E 为系统能量 E 是确定常数
iE
薛定谔方程特解 (r , t ) (r )e
t
对应着确定的能量 E
* ( x ) 3)所以, 和 ( x) 都是定态薛定谔方程的相应于 E 的解
4)推论: 如果关于 E 的解无简并,则该解总可以表示为实数
E 解无简并 C C C C C 为实数 取C 1
*
* * *
2
C 1
2
定理2 设 V ( x) 具有空间反射不变性 V ( x) V ( x) ，如果 ( x)
( x) C ( x)
lecture 5
• 我们应继续采取措施进一步提高常规教育、成人 教育以及在职培训。 A: We should continue to take measures to further improve regular education, adult education and on-the-job training program. B: We should continue to improve regular education, adult education and on-the-job training program. [- “Continue” to improve=“further” improve. -take measures to improve, unnecessary verb phrase, should be dropped.]
• [- “Make vigorous efforts to” is a variant of “make great efforts to.” • - “To establish the institution of regulating”= “to regulate”.
Unnecessary Modifiers
• 今年从国外进口的汽车数量急剧下滑。 A: Imports of foreign automobiles have declined sharply this year. B: Imports of automobiles have declined sharply this year. [we cannot import a domestic product.]
• Adverbs of time: • 过去我们经常过分强调阶级斗争的需要。 A：Previously we used to overemphasize the need for class struggle. B：We B We used to overemphasize the need for class struggle. [Such adverbs of time as “at present”, “in the future”, “and in the past” appear in the Chinese publications. Actually their function is served by the tense of the verb.
lecture 5 超验主义
Life
A. born in a clergyman’s family in New England B. graduated from Harvard C. founded a Transcendentalists' Club and published a journal D. traveled and gave lectures; quite influential
Resources
• A. Puritan heritage At the eቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱd of the 18th century people gradually felt boring about the strict Calvinism. At the same time with the development of science and technology, Americans suspected the old religion. Thus, Unitarianism（唯一神教） appeared. It stressed ―continual progress of mankind‖. • Emerson once was a preacher of Unitarianism, but he thought there were too many rituals. Then he resigned from the position. Emerson also believed in individuality. He inherited the ideas of inward communication with God and the divine symbolism of nature.
• A foolish consistancy is the hobgoblin of little minds… • With consistancy a great soul has simply nothing to do.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
▪ tests hypotheses
Example:
proc reg data=mydata; model weight = height age; run;
proc reg
Syntax: proc reg <options>;
model response = effects </options>; plot yvariable*xvariable = ’symbol’; by varlist; output <OUT=SAS data set>
can specify several plots optional symbol to mark points yvariable and xvariable can be variables
specified in model statements or statistics available in output statement
proc reg
the model statement
model response=<effects></options>;
required variables must be numeric many options can specify more than one model
statement
SAS Lecture 5 – Some regression procedures
Aidan McDermott, April 17, 2007
What will the output from this program look like? How many variables will be in the dataset example, and what will be the length and type of each variable? What will the variable package look like?
creates SAS data set all original variables included keyword=names specifies the statistics to
include
Example:
output out=pvals p=pred r=resid;
Example: NMES
What will the output from this program look like?
Modeling with SAS
examine relationships between variables
estimate parameters and their standard errors
Example:
plot weight * age / pred; plot r. * p. / vref = 0;
proc reg
some statistics available for plotting:
P.
predicted values
R.
residuals
L95. lower 95% CI bound for individual prediction
<output statistic list>; run;
proc reg
proc reg statement syntax:
data = SAS data set name input data set outest = SAS data set name creates data set with parameter estimates simple prints simple statistics
e:
Weight 0 1Height 2 Age
Note: outcome variable must be continuous and normal given independent variables
the linear model with proc reg
▪ estimates parameters by least squares ▪ produces diagnostics to test model fit
calculate predicted values evaluate the fit or lack of fit of a model test hypotheses
design outcome
The linear model
y 0 1x1 2x2 k xk ~ N (0, 2 )
U95. upper 95% CI bound for individual prediction
L95M. lower 95% CI bound for mean of dependent variable
U95M. upper 95% CI bound for mean of dependent variable
Example:
model weight = height age; model weight = height age / p clm cli;
proc reg
the plot statement
plot yvariable*xvariable <=symbol> </options>;
produces scatter plots - yvariable on the vertical axis and xvariable on the horizontal axis
Example:
plot weight * age / pred; plot r. * p. / vref = 0; plot (weight p. l95. U95.) * age / overlay;
proc reg
the output statement
output <OUT=SAS data set> keywords=names;