《社会研究方法》(课堂PPT)
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4. Illogical Reasoning 非逻辑推理 • Use systems of logic explicitly.有意识 地运用逻辑体系来避免这样的情形
.
13
▪ Our attempts to learn about the world are only partly linked to direct, personal inquiry or experience.我们对世界的认识和了解，只有部分来自于个人研
究或经验。
▪ A larger part comes from agreed-on knowledge that others give us, things “everyone knows.” 大
.
4
How We Know What We Know（我们如何形成对世界的认知）
▪ Direct Experience and Observation 个人体验与观察 ▪ Personal Inquiry 个人研究 ▪ Tradition 传统（约定俗成的知识） ▪ Authority 权威
.
5
Looking for Reality 寻求真实
.
3
Chapter Outline
▪ Looking for Reality 寻求真实 ▪ The Foundations of Social Science 社会研究的基础 ▪ Some Dialectics of Social Research 社会研究中的一些辩证关系 ▪ The Ethics of Social Research 社会研究的伦理
部分来自于别人告知的约定俗成的知识。
▪ This agreement reality both assists and hinders our attempts to find out for ourselves.这
些约定俗成的真实，既可能帮助也可能阻碍我们亲手去发掘真实。
.
6
Sources of Secondhand Knowledge
same results are produced each
time.重复进行同一项研究，看是否每次都得到同
样结果
.
12
Inquiry: Errors and Solutions
研究中常见的错误及解决办法
3. Selective observation 选择性观察
• Make an effort to find cases that do not fit the general pattern.找出不符合 一般情形的异常案例
might be called the science of finding out. ▪ 方法论（认识论的一支）或许可以称为寻
找解答的科学
.
8
Question
▪ How do individuals learn all they need to know? A. personal experience 个人体验 B. Discovery 探究发现 C. from what others tell us 别人说的 D. all of these choices 以上都是
The Practice of Social Research
社会研究方法
Earl Babbie （艾尔·巴比）
Chapman University
.
1
Part 1
An Introduction to Inquiry 研究概论
.
2
来自百度文库 Chapter 1
Human Inquiry and Science 人类研究与科学
▪ Humans aim to answer “what” and “why” questions, and pursue these goals by observing and figuring out. 人类研究的目的在于回答“是什么”
和“为什么”，通过观察和推理来达到目标。
.
11
Inquiry: Errors and Solutions
研究中常见的错误及解决办法
1. Inaccurate observations 不确切观察
• Measurement devices add precision.测量手段增加了准确性
2. Overgeneralization 过度概括化
• Enough cases 足够样本观察
• Repeat a study to make sure the
1. Tradition 传统 2. Authority 权威
.
7
Science and Inquiry科学与研究
▪ Epistemology is the science of knowing. ▪ 认识论是认识的科学 ▪ Methodology (a subfield of epistemology)
.
10
Ordinary Human Inquiry一般的人
类研究
▪ Humans recognize that future circumstances are caused by present ones.首先，人们认识到， 未来的环境多少是由现在的状况造成的。
▪ Humans learn that patterns of cause and effect are probabilistic in nature. 其次，人类知道因果 关系牵涉到概率问题
▪ Both provide a starting point for inquiry, but can lead us to start at the wrong point and push us in the wrong direction.
▪ 二手知识既给我们提供了研究的起点（站在巨人的肩 上），但也可能误导我们（错误的起点、错误的方向）
.
9
Answer: D
▪ Individuals learn all they need to know from personal experience, discovery and from what others tell us.
▪ 个体通过个人体验、主动探究发现和别人 告知的，来获取所需的知识
.
13
▪ Our attempts to learn about the world are only partly linked to direct, personal inquiry or experience.我们对世界的认识和了解，只有部分来自于个人研
究或经验。
▪ A larger part comes from agreed-on knowledge that others give us, things “everyone knows.” 大
.
4
How We Know What We Know（我们如何形成对世界的认知）
▪ Direct Experience and Observation 个人体验与观察 ▪ Personal Inquiry 个人研究 ▪ Tradition 传统（约定俗成的知识） ▪ Authority 权威
.
5
Looking for Reality 寻求真实
.
3
Chapter Outline
▪ Looking for Reality 寻求真实 ▪ The Foundations of Social Science 社会研究的基础 ▪ Some Dialectics of Social Research 社会研究中的一些辩证关系 ▪ The Ethics of Social Research 社会研究的伦理
部分来自于别人告知的约定俗成的知识。
▪ This agreement reality both assists and hinders our attempts to find out for ourselves.这
些约定俗成的真实，既可能帮助也可能阻碍我们亲手去发掘真实。
.
6
Sources of Secondhand Knowledge
same results are produced each
time.重复进行同一项研究，看是否每次都得到同
样结果
.
12
Inquiry: Errors and Solutions
研究中常见的错误及解决办法
3. Selective observation 选择性观察
• Make an effort to find cases that do not fit the general pattern.找出不符合 一般情形的异常案例
might be called the science of finding out. ▪ 方法论（认识论的一支）或许可以称为寻
找解答的科学
.
8
Question
▪ How do individuals learn all they need to know? A. personal experience 个人体验 B. Discovery 探究发现 C. from what others tell us 别人说的 D. all of these choices 以上都是
The Practice of Social Research
社会研究方法
Earl Babbie （艾尔·巴比）
Chapman University
.
1
Part 1
An Introduction to Inquiry 研究概论
.
2
来自百度文库 Chapter 1
Human Inquiry and Science 人类研究与科学
▪ Humans aim to answer “what” and “why” questions, and pursue these goals by observing and figuring out. 人类研究的目的在于回答“是什么”
和“为什么”，通过观察和推理来达到目标。
.
11
Inquiry: Errors and Solutions
研究中常见的错误及解决办法
1. Inaccurate observations 不确切观察
• Measurement devices add precision.测量手段增加了准确性
2. Overgeneralization 过度概括化
• Enough cases 足够样本观察
• Repeat a study to make sure the
1. Tradition 传统 2. Authority 权威
.
7
Science and Inquiry科学与研究
▪ Epistemology is the science of knowing. ▪ 认识论是认识的科学 ▪ Methodology (a subfield of epistemology)
.
10
Ordinary Human Inquiry一般的人
类研究
▪ Humans recognize that future circumstances are caused by present ones.首先，人们认识到， 未来的环境多少是由现在的状况造成的。
▪ Humans learn that patterns of cause and effect are probabilistic in nature. 其次，人类知道因果 关系牵涉到概率问题
▪ Both provide a starting point for inquiry, but can lead us to start at the wrong point and push us in the wrong direction.
▪ 二手知识既给我们提供了研究的起点（站在巨人的肩 上），但也可能误导我们（错误的起点、错误的方向）
.
9
Answer: D
▪ Individuals learn all they need to know from personal experience, discovery and from what others tell us.
▪ 个体通过个人体验、主动探究发现和别人 告知的，来获取所需的知识