语言和认知

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3.1 Construal 识解

Construal: the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in different ways
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Figure-ground reversal
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The tree is in front of the man. The man is behind the tree.

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Six subjects of research

Language acquisition (L1 / L2)


Language comprehension
Language production
Language disorders
Language and Thought Neurocognition
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2.1 Language Acquisition
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Three-word-utterance stage

Give doggie paper. Put truck window. Tractor go floor.
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2.2 Language comprehension

Mental lexicon: information about the properties of words, retrievable when understanding language
(George Bernard Shaw: Augustus Does His Bit)
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Lexical factors in comprehension

The human sentence processor is primarily guided by information about specific words that is stored in the lexicon.
Similar to spoken language. Orthographic form instead of phonological form. However, phonology plays an important role in this process.


Writers have more time available for conceptual preparation and planning.

Access to words
Conceptualization: what to express Word selection: a competitive process Morpho-phonological encoding: target words

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Written language production
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一天，我在看中央三台的 中国音乐电视。我正看得 津津有味的时候，老妈回 来了说：“这是谁啊？” 当时正是龙宽九段在唱歌。 我就说：“龙宽九段。” 这时，老妈一本正经的问： “九段？下围棋的啊？她 还能唱歌啊？”
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Pragmatic ambiguity


There is a fly in my soup. Today is Sunday.
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3. Cognitive Linguistics



Cognition is the way we think. Cognitive linguistics is the scientific study of the relation between the way we communicate and the way we think. It is an approach to language that is based on our experience of the world and the way we perceive and conceptualize it.
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Prominence view

The selection and arrangement of the information that is expressed.

The car crashed into the tree. The tree is hit by the car.
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Attentional view
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Syntactic ambiguity


Different possible ways in which words can be fit into phrases. Ambiguous category of some of the words in the sentence.
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John painted the car in the garage.
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1.
John went into a restaurant. He asked the waitress for coq au vin. He ate it, paid the bill and left. (perfectly understandable)
2.
John went into a restaurant. He saw a waitress. He got up and went home. (does not seem to make sense)
Chapter Six Language and Cognition
1. What is Cognition?

Mental processes, information processing Mental process, including awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.

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纳米 高分子 碳纤维 蓝色农业 贫铀弹 燃料电池 人文发展指数
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Basic level
Superordinate level
Animal Horse Chihuahua Subordinate level
Vertical organization
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Dog German shepherd

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Lexical ambiguity


All the meanings related to the word are accessed. Only one meaning is accessed initially.
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Are you engaged ? My friend drove me to the bank. They passed the port at midnight. Please give me a camel. 上课 做手术
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The clerk (entering): Are you engaged? Augustus: What business is that of yours? However, if you will take the trouble to read the society papers for this week, you will see that I am engaged to the Honourable Lucy Popham, youngest daughter of. . . The clerk: That isn’t what I mean. Can you see a female? Augustus: Of course, I can see a female as easily as a male. Do you suppose I am blind?
“Do you enjoy sitting beside me?” she asked coldly. “Oh, no, ”I said. “Well, you are not wanted here. ” (W. E. B. DuBois, “On Being Crazy”)

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2.3 Language production
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My brother wasn’t reading all the time. The chairman appointed Mr. Brown an assistant. The scholar wrote long thesis and books. Flying planes can be dangerous.

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2. Psycholinguistics
Psychological aspects of language. Psychological states and mental activity with the use of language. Language acquisition, language production & comprehension.
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Three main approaches




The Experiential View 经验观 The Prominence View 凸显观 The Attentional View 注意观
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Experiential view

Car: a box-like shape, wheels, doors, windows comfort, speed, mobility, independence, social status

认知—cognition ，指通过心理活动（如形 成概念、知觉、判断或想象）获取知识。 习惯上将认知与情感、意志相对应。
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The formal approach: 形式法. The psychological approach: 心理学方法. The conceptual approach: 认知法
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3.2 Categorization

The process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences “范畴”一词在认知语言学中是个用途很广 而且含义模糊的术语。一种事物及其类似成 员可以构成一个范畴，一类事物及其包含的 事物可以构成一个范畴。
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For example, we may use morphological rules to decompose a complex word like rewritable the first few times we encounter it and after several exposures we may store and access it as a unit or word. It means that frequency of exposure determines our ability to recall stored instances.

WhaΒιβλιοθήκη Baidu we actually express reflects which parts of an event attract our attention.
a. b.
c.
The car crashed into the tree. How the car started to swerve; How it skidded across the road; How it rumbled onto the verge.
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May likes the vase on the cupboard which she bought yesterday. The students will discuss their plan to hold a dancing party in the classroom. I know Simon better than you. Tell me if you have time.