不定式作定语的用法

不定式作定语的用法

不定式及其短语作定语，与其他短语作定语一样，一般都放在被修饰的词之后，通常表示一个将来的动作，有时也可以表示某一过去的特定动作。

一些名词后常用不定式作定语，如：chance(机会），way(方法），time(时间）等；另外，

the first,the second,the last,the only等作名词或者它们作形容词用来修饰代词，它们或它们所修饰的代词后，也常用不定式作定语。

不定式作定语时，不定式与被修饰词之间存在的关系复杂，有的是主谓关系；有的是动宾关系；有的是动状关系，还有的不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系。

1、主谓关系的（1）We must find a person to do the work.

(2) There is no one to take care of her.

(3) In my family,my mother is always the first one to get up.

(4) He is always the first to come and the last to leave.

(5) We need someone to go and get a doctor.

2、动宾关系的如果不定式与被修饰的词在逻辑上存在动宾关系，不定式里的动词必须是及物动词。注意：是及物动词的，后面不要再加宾语，因为前面的被修饰词是它的宾语；是不及物动词的，要加上适当的介词或副词让它变成及物动词，只有这样，它才能带上前面的宾语。

（1） He has a lot of books to read.(2) I would like a magazine to look at.

(3) Here is some advice for you to follow.(4) Do you have anything else to say?

(5) There is no one to take care of.(6) She has nothing to worry about.

3、动状关系的被修饰词如果是不定式里动词的状语，应多用介词短语。由于被修饰词前没有介词，所以只能在不定式里的动词后加介词。（1）Please give me some paper to write on.

(2) Let"s find a room to put these things in (3） I have no house to live in.

(4) He has no pen to write with.(5) There are five pairs to choose from.

4、不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系的被修饰词与不定式里的动词不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系的，被修饰词多是些抽象名词。（1）I have no time to go to the movie.

（2）There"s no need to send for a doctor. (3) Where"s the best place to meet?

(4) Is that the way to do it?(5） I"m not sure about his ability to complete the task alone.

现在分词作定语状语的用法

现在分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用。现在分词用定语时相当于一个定语从句；作状语表示时间、原因、条件等时相当于一个状语从句。然而，我们在使用现在分词时应注意两方面的问题。

一、作定语

现在分词短语作定语通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后，现在分词短语作后置定语时，应注意下列三点：

1.现在分词表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作是一先一后发生而不是同时发生时，不能用现在分词作定语，应使用定语从句表示。如：

（误）The teacher criticized the student having broken the window.

（正）The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.

（误）Do you know anyone having lost a car ?

（正）Do you know anyone who have lost a car ?

2.being可用状语或补语，但不可作定语。如：

（误）Anybody being outside after ten o’clock will be criticized.

（正）Anybody who is outside after ten o’clock will be criticized.

3.表示经常性或已完成的非进行动作的时候，不用现在分词作定语。例如：

（误）The boy bringing us milk everyday is my brother.

（正）The boy who brings us milk everyday is my brother.

二、作状语

现在分词作状语，我们必须注意以下四点：

1.现在分词作状语与谓语动词的时间关系。

现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生时，现在分词用一般式。如：The secretary worked late into the night, preparing a long speech for the president.

He sent me an E-mail, hoping to get further information.

现在分词所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作时，现在分词要用完成式。如：

Having suffered from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him whenever he goes.

Having finished his homework, the boy went out to play football.

2.现在分词作状语与主语的关系。现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子主语必须保持一致。如果不一致，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。如：Looking out of the window of our hotel room, we could see lots of mountains around.

They came into the classroom, talking and laughing.

Mr. Smith being absent, the meeting had to be put off.

It being a fine day, we all wanted to go outing.

3.现在分词作状语时，前面可用连词when, while, once 等。如：

When talking to you, I always feel happy.

Be careful while crossing the street.

4.现在分词作状语时与主语之间不能有并列连词or, and, but等，因为并列连词连接的是两个并列的成分，而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分，但分词与主语之间可用逗号。如：

（误）Having been told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.

（正）Having been t old many times, he still couldn’t understand it.

过去分词的主要用法

非谓语动词除了包括不定式、动名词和现在分词之外,还包括过去分词。过去分词又称-ed分词,在句中可以构成句子的谓语和复合宾语,也可以用作句子的表语、定语和状语。

一、过去分词构成谓语和作表语的情况

1. 和某些助动词一起构成句子的谓语:

I haven’t been out much recently.我最近没太出门。

分析:过去分词been和have的否定形式haven’t一起构成句子的谓语(完成否定形式)"haven’t been"。

It was said that he had been arrested. 据说他被捕了。

分析:过去分词arrested和be的完成形式had been一起构成句子的谓语(用了被动语态)。

2. 在句中用作表语:I am awfully worried. Daddy is ill.我很着急,我爸爸病了。分析:

过去分词worried作表语,和am一起构成系表结构。

二、过去分词和它所补充说明的名词一起构成复合宾语

这种用法又可分为两种情况: