独立主格结构图表解析

合集下载

(完整版)独立主格结构用法全解

独立主格结构独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。

独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。

这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。

需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。

二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）1. 名词(代词)+现在分词Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。

There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。

2. 名词(代词)+过去分词The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。

He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。

3. 名词(代词)+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。

The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。

Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。

（完整版）独立主格结构完整讲解

（完整版）独立主格结构完整讲解独立主格结构的用法一、独立主格结构的概念独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。

独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。

这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。

在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。

需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。

二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词(代词)+现在分词；过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）1. 名词(代词)+现在分词例句：The storm drawing near，the navvy decided to call it a day．The storm drawing near在句中作：原因状语＝Since the storm was drawing near，the navvy decided to call it a day．由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。

（call it a day 今天到此为止）例句：Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.Winter coming在句中作：伴随状语= The winter comes, and it gets colder and colder.冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。

造句：时间允许的话，我就和你一起走。

Time permitting, I will go with you. 独立主格作：条件状语=改写：If time permits, I will go with you.造句：那个姑娘望着他，他不知道说什么好。

The girl staring at him, he didn’t know what to say.独立主格作：时间状语=改写：As the girl stared at him, he didn’t know what to say.2. 名词(代词)+过去分词例句：He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。

人教高中英语必修4Unit2 独立主格结构 (共19张PPT)

独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。
独立主格结构的特点：
☞没有连接词，独立主格部分用“ ，”与主句分开。 ☞两个句子分别有自己的主语和谓语，即独立主格结构的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同。
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如：。
① 表示时间 ☞ The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
the meeting being over 相当于 when the meeting was over
☞ Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 her work done 相当于 when her work was done
② 表示条件 ☞ The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
要求：可以使用连词，请将句子合并为复合句。 ☞ Because it rained yesterday, I stayed at home.
要求：不适用连词，将两个句子合并为一个句子。 ☞ It raining, I stayed at home.
比较三句：
☞ It rain so/and I stayed at home. ☞ Because it rained yesterday, I stayed at home. ☞ It raining, I stayed at home.

独立主格结构及其用法 ppt课件

PPT课件
11
• With you to lead the way, we are sure to get there on time.
• With so many people communicating in English every day, it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.
• = So many people (being) absent, the
meeting had to be pPuPTt课o件ff till next week.
16
• 主格结构和with复合结构的差别,除了多了一个with外,还有三个不同之处：第一,with 复合结构没有完成时态；第二,with复合结构中的不定式没有被动语态,第三,如果前面的名词和宾语中的名词,都是单数形式,那么
状态，原因等。
The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while. 5. 名词(或代词)+副词；副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。
• He sat at the table, head down.
PPT课件
8
6. 名词(或代词)+介词短语；介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。 Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away.
• 如果从句的主语与主句主语一致，则只能变为分词短语；从句为主动语态时，变为现在分词短语；若从句为被动语态时，则变为过去分词短语。试比较：
• After he did the work, he went home.=

独立主格结构

独立主格结构专题讲解
独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部分是名
词或代词，后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。
一、独立主格结构的构成

1.名词(代词)+现在分词——主谓关系 The girl staring at him, he didn’t know what to say. Time permitting, we will go for an outing tomorrow. 2.名词(代词)+过去分词——动宾关系 The problems solved, the quality has been improved. Her glasses broken, she couldn’t see the words on the blackboard. 3.名词(代词)+形容词； So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 4.名词(代词)+副词； The meeting over, they all went home.
WБайду номын сангаасth的复合结构作独立主格
表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raised. The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。 A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 答案D

独立主格结构(完整版)with课件

02
独立主格结构的类型
名词性独立主格结构
总结词
名词性独立主格结构是由名词或名词短语构成的独立主格形式。
详细描述
名词性独立主格结构通常表示一种状态或情境，其中名词或名词短语作为主语，没有连接词连接主句，而是通过非谓语动词的形式与主句形成逻辑关系。
形容词性独立主格结构
总结词
形容词性独立主格结构是由形容词或形容词短语构成的独立主格形式。
不定式性独立主格结构
总结词
不定式性独立主格结构是由不定式或不定式短语构成的独立主格形式。
详细描述
不定式性独立主格结构通常表示一种目的或意图，其中不定式或不定式短语作为主语，没有连接词连接主句，而是通过非谓语动词的形式与主句形成逻辑关系。
03
独立主格结构的句法功能
做状语
状语功能
独立主格结构可以作为状语，修饰谓语或整个句子，表达时间、条件、原因、伴随等状态。例如：“The meeting being over, the guests left the hall.”（会议结束后，客
不定式性独立主格结构例句解析
不定式性独立主格结构
不定式短语在句子中充当独立主格，表示将要发生的动作或状态。
例句
To finish the project on time, everyone worked hard and stayed up late.（为了按时完成项目，大家都努力工作，熬夜加班。）
He lay on the bed, tired and exhausted, and fell asleep immediately.（他躺在床上，疲惫不堪，很快就睡着了。）
分词性独立主格结构例句解析
分词性独立主格结构

独立结构__独立主格结构_ppt

名词+介词短语的独立结构中，逻辑主语与介词短语中的名词都是单数，这些名词前习惯上不用冠词

He was standing there, pipe in mouth.

He stood under a tree, hand in pocket

He being very naughty , the teacher often punishes him.

在with/without后的限定词必须全部保留

He was standing there,பைடு நூலகம்with a pipe in his mouth
独立结构的转换
The river having risen in the night, the crossing was impossible. =As the river had risen in the night,……. Here are the first three novels, the fourth one to come out next month =?
There be句型表示存在

There being nothing else to do , they decided to stay at home . There being no bus , we had to walk home.

独立结构中某些词的删除或添加
The report having been read ,we had a lively discussion. = The report read ,…… Many passengers being absent ,the plane had to be postponed. =Many passengers absent,……

高中英语独立主格结构(共26张PPT)

当主语与分词形成逻辑动宾关系时，也就是被动关系时，用过去分词。
e.g. More money given, we should have sent more employees to the mother company to get trained.
2. 在独立主格结构中，如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动词之前，常用现在分词完成时态表示。
e.g. He stood there, his hand tied. 也可以用with的复合结构：
e.g. He stood there, with his hand tied.
独立主格结构使用介词的问题：当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词)，也不用复数。 e.g. A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
4. He (being) absent, no business was done.
5.She sat there alone, her face covered with her hands / her hands covering her face.
6.He was reading newspaper, (with) his back against the window.
The snow having stopped, she went out to the zoo.
The clock having struck 12, I went to bed.
The problem having been settled, we ended our meeting.
我们一起来改一下这个句子：
独立主格结构的用法

高二英语独立主格

A．fixing B．fixed C．to be fixed D．were fixed
7．____，the girls raced on to the second runners．
A．Stick in hand B．With a stick in hand
C．Sticks in hand D．Sticks in hands
5.with+名词(或代词)+副词例如:1)He fell asleep with the light on （伴随情况）. 2)The boy stood there with his head down.
这个男孩低头站在那儿。（伴随情况）
6.with+名词(或代词)+动词不定式:不定式表将发生的动作。例如:1)With no one to talk to, John felt miserable.
4）名词／代词（主格）＋不定式 Here are the first two volumes，the third one to come out next month． The two boys said good-bye to each other，one to go home， the other to go to his friend's． 5）名词／代词十介词短语 The huntsman entered the forest，gun in hand．注意：这里，gun in hand还可以说成with a gun in his hand，但不可以说a gun in hand或gun in his hand。 6）名词／代词十副词 Nobody in，the thief took a lot of things away． Lunch over，he left the house．But he was thinking． 7）名词／代词＋名词 He fought the wolf，a stick his only weapon．

独立主格结构英语句子结构

独立主格结构独立主格结构(Independent Genitive)有两局部组成,前一部份是或者代词,后一局部是非(不定式、动名词和)或形容词、、或介词短语.前后两局部具有逻辑主谓关系.独立主格结构在句中做状语,多用于书面语.独立主格结构本身不是句子,在句子xx状语,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等.详细概述非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑须与主句主语保持一致.假设不一致,非谓语动词形式须另带主语,从而构成复合结构的形式作状语.这种结构称为〃独立结构〃.其中,非谓语动词主动用V・ing,被动用V-ed.非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语,逻辑主语的又是主格,故常称为〃独立主格〃.〃独立结构〃在句中起状语作用,相当于状语从句,表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况.功能独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等.例如：表示时间The meeting being over, all of us went home,开完会后我们都回家了.Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea.她干完了活, 坐下来喝茶.表示条件The condition being favourable, he may succeed.假设条件有利,他或许能成功.表示原因There being no taxes, we had to walk,没有出租车,我们只好步行.1 / 15He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的.表示伴随情况Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银那么是最好的导体.(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)用法独立主格结构主要表示发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句.用作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 1：作完成后, 我们就回家了.用作条件状语Weather permitting(=lf weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次xx小游.用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 由于明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚.用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head),他躺在草地上,两手交叉枕在脑后.表示补充说明2/15We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.我们加倍努力,一个人干两个人的活.*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末.形式1> 一般独立主格形式:与主句逻辑关系松散形式为：n. + -ed/-ing形式；n. +不定式;n. +; n. + ; n. +副词.;名词/主格代词+现在分词名词/主格代词与之间是主谓关系.如：The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好.Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话,我们明天去郊游.名词/主格代词+过去分词名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系.如：The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决,质量已经提升了.Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard,由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字.名词/主格代词+不定式名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作. 如：3/15He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些I日零件,他要做一个飞机模型.They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店.名词/主格代词+形容词如：An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive.那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还.So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off,这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消.名词/主格代词+副词如：He put on his sweater,wrong side out,他把毛衣穿反了.The meeting over, they all went home.会议一结束,他们就都回家了.名词/主格代词+介词短语如：The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand,那男孩手里拿着书去教室.Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door.靠近火炉坐着,背对着门.2>with引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密形式为:with + n. + -ed/-ing 形式;with + n. +abj.; with +n. + 介词短语3>each引导的强调型独立主格:尾的复数名词4/15形式为:句子+复数名词结尾,each +介词短语/形容词短语/名词短语/・ing 形式/-ed形式如：4＞其他形式There being +名词〔代词〕如：There being nothing else to do, we went home.没有别的事可做,我们就回家了.There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会.It being +名词〔代词〕如：It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故, 政府机关都休息.It being a holiday, all the shops were shut,由于今天是,所有商店都关门了.特点1〕独立主格结构的与句子的主语不同,它独立存在.2〕名词或代词与后面的,形容词,副词,不定式,等是主谓关系.3〕独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开.举例：The test finished, we began our holiday.=When the test was finished, we began our holiday.5/15测试结束了,我们开始放假.The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.=After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中.Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许,我们明天去看你.This done, we went home.工作完成后,我们才回家.The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家.He came into the room,his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了.He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with.如：Don't sleep with the windows open.别开着窗睡觉.He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.他和衣躺在床上.She came in with a book in her hand,她手里拿着一本书走了进来.He fell asleep with the lamp burning.他没熄灯就睡着了.I won't be able to go on holiday with my mother being il 由于妈妈有病,我无法去度假.6/15He sat there with his eyes dosed,他闭目坐在那儿.All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作.I can't go out with all these clothes to wash.要洗这些衣服,我无法出去了.考前须知1•独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保存连词.如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.卜课后,学生很快离开了课室.2.不能省略being (having been)的情形：在以下两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being (或having been)不能省略.(1)独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时.如：It being Sunday, we went to church. 由于是星期天,我们去了做礼拜.(2)在There being+名词的结构中.如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.由于没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家.3.在〃名词(或代词)+介词短语〃构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用和冠词.如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.xx 走进了课室,手里拿着一本书.比拟with 的复合结构.如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand.4.独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.主编来了,我们开始开会.(比拟复合结构.)例如请看下面一道题：Not far from the school there was a garden,owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.7 / 15A. itsB. whoseC. whichD. that【分析】此题很容易误选B,许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的,whose在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词owner.此分析从外表上看,似乎天衣无缝,但实质上是错的,原因是空格后根本不是一个句子,由于没有谓语.尽管句中有两个动词,但它们都是非谓语动词.也许有的同学认为,其中的seated可视为谓语动词,但是注意,seat用作动词时,它总是及物的,其后要么接,要么它就用于,所以假设在seated前加上助动词is,那么可以选择B (当然假设将seated改为sitting,也应选择A).所以此题最正确答案选Ao请再看一个类似的例子：(1)He wrote a lot of novels, many of translated into foreignlanguages.A. itB. themC.whichD. that(2)He wrote a lot of novels, many of were translated into foreignlanguages.A. it B. them C. which D. that第⑴应选B,而不能选C,是由于句中的translated是过去分词(非谓语动词),假设选C,那么该从句无谓语；第⑵应选C,该句是典型的,由于该句修饰的是前面的novels,即指物,所以只能用which做of的宾语,故此题选C.再请看下面一例：(3)He wrote a lot of novels, and many of were translated intoforeign languages.A. itB. themC. whichD. that【分析】此题与上面的第⑵题不同,两句间多了一个并列连词and,说明这是一个并列句,故应选B,那么不能选C.请做做以下三题(答案均为B)：8/15（1）There I met several people, two of being foreigners.〔独立主格结构〕A. whichB. themC. whomD. that（2）There I met several people, two of were foreigners.〔非限制性定语从句〕A. whichB. whomC. whoD. that（3）There I met several people, and two of were foreigners.〔两个句子〕A. whichB. themC. whomD. that英语句子结构一.简单句：英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂,但仔细观察不外乎五个根本句式. 这五个根本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子.换言之,绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个根本句式生成的.这五个根本句式如下：S十V主谓结构S十V十P主系表结构S十V十.主谓XX结构S十V十.1十.2主谓xx结构S十V十.主谓xx结构说明：S=主语；V=谓语；P =表语；O=xx语；.1 =间接xx语；02 =直接xx语；C=xx语补足语五个根本句式详细解释如下：LS十V句式在此句式中,V是不及物动词,又叫自动词〔vi.例如：9/15He runs quickly.他跑得快.They listened carefully.他们听得很仔细.He suffered from cold and hunger.他挨冻受饿.China belongs to the third world country. xx 属于第三世界国家. The gas has given out.煤气用完了.My ink has run out.我的钢笔水用完了.S十V十P句式The story sounds interesting.这个故事听起来有趣.The desk feels hard.书桌摸起来很硬.The cake tastes nice.饼尝起来很香.The flowers smell sweet and nice. 花闻起来xx.You have grown taller than before.你长得比以前高了.He has suddenly fallen ill.他忽然病倒了.He stood quite still.他静静地站看.He could never turn traitor to his country.他永远不会背叛他的祖国.注意：有些动词同时也是及物动词,可构成SVO句式,例如：He looked me up and down.他上下打量我.He reached his hand to feel the elephant.他伸出手来摸象.They are tasting the fish.他,们在品尝鱼.They grow rice in their home town.他们在家乡种水稻.10 /15He's got a chair to sit on.他有椅子坐.Please turn the sentence into English. 请把这个句xx 英语.3.S十V十.句式在此句式中,V是及物动词(vt.),因此有宾语.例如：I saw a film yesterday.我昨天看了一部电影.Have you read the story?你读过这个故事吗？They found their home easily.他们很容易找到他们的家.They built a house last year.他们去年建了一所房子.They've put up a factory in the village.他们在村里建了一座工厂.They have taken good care of the children.这些孩子他们照看得很好.You should look after your children well.你应该好好照看你的孩子.4.S十V十.1十02句式在此句式中,V是带有双宾语的及物动词.常见的须带双宾语的动词有give, ask, bring, offer, send, pay, lend, show, tell, buy, get； rob, warn 等.例如：He gave me a book/a book to me.他给我一本书.He brought me a pen/a pen to me.他带给我一枝钢笔.He offered me his seat/his seat to me.他把座位让给我.注意下边动词改写后介词的变化：Mother bought me a book/a book for me.妈妈给我买了一本书.He got me a chair/a chair for me.他给我弄了一把椅子.11 / 15Please do me a favor/a favor for me. 请帮我一下.He asked me a question/a question of me. 他问我个问题.注意,下边动词只有一种说法：They robbed the old man of his money.他们抢了老人的钱.He's warned me of the danger,他警告我注意危险.The doctor has cured him of his disease.医生治好了他的病.We must rid the house of the rats.我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠.They deprived him of his right to speak.他们剥夺了他说话的权利.5.S十V十.句式在此句式中,V是有宾语补足语的及物动词.常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多,哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补,须根据动词的惯用法而定,不能统而概论.请看下面的例子.They made the girl angry.他们使这个女孩生气了.They found her happy that day.他们发现那天她很快乐.I found him out.我发现他出去了.I saw him in.我见他在家.They saw a foot mark in the sand.他们发现沙地上有脚印.They named the boy Charlie.他们给这个男孩起名为查理.They felt the car moving fast.他们感到汽车行驶得很快.I heard the glass broken just now.我刚刚听到玻璃碎了.12 /15He found the doctor of study closed to him.他发现研究所的大门对他关闭了.英语的并列句一般情况下引不起巨大的阅读障碍,由于在分句之间往往有固定的连接词说明前后分句的关系.这样的连接词有以and为代表的表示意义延伸的并列连词、以.r为代表的表示选择概念的并列连词、以but为代表的表示转折的并列连词和表示原因的for四个类型.第一种包括and, not only ... but (also )..., neither ( nor).第二种包括or, either …or …;第三种包括but, while, whereas等.第四种只有一个for.对此我们分别举一个例句说明问题：(l)As is reported, a trade agreement was signed and a cultural exchange was arranged.(2)Not only is he himself interested in the subject but all his students are beginning to show an interest in it.(3)Dr. Fisher neither loves the environment, nor is he accustomed to the weather.(4)The children can go with us, or they can stay at home.(5)You can either go it by yourself, or you can ask someone else to do it.(6)The young man has often been praised, but he is never conceited.(7)While our country has plenty of oil, theirs has none.(8)They want to live in town, whereas we would rather live in the country.(9)They apparently have a good drainage system, for the streets never seem to flood after a downpour.有必要说明的是以上的关联词并非只能有一个含义,比方and就可以表示意义增补、动作先后、转折或让步、条件和结果等等一些用法.这里笔者只是提醒大家区分从句,所以这方面的语言知识请参考相关的语法书.13 / 15另外我们还应该把并列分句和并列结构(coordinate construction)区分开来. 并列结构是由并列连词或者其他并列手段例如标点符号连接起来的语法结构序列,它包括并列分句,也包括并列的词或者词组.3、附属句构成附属关系的复杂句包括名词性分句(Nominal Clauses)(可以作主语、宾语、同位语、主语补语)、关系分句(Relative Clauses)、状语分句(Adverbial Clauses) o对于它们的连接词,在相应的语法书上都不难找到,这里就不再多讲了.需要提醒读者的是,在判定句子的类型之后,最主要的工作就是分析简单句的成分,找到主句的谓语,真正抓住句子的纲领.下面请作练习二,首先识别多重分句的类型,然后找出主句和附属分句的谓语.Laboratory scientists accustomed to noticing subtle changes in the properties of substances they are investigating are doubtless better than you or I at certain sorts of observations.这里的主语是Laboratory scientists,但是后面跟了一个过去分词定语,其中分词中的介词又跟了一个-ing形式,-ing形式后又接了一个宾语和一个带有定语的状语.本句的谓语是are doubtless better than o4 •英语的信息末端原那么的应用在英语中,信息含量大的局部往往出现在句子的末尾.这个特点一方面造就了一些非正常语序的句子,另一方面可以给我们提供线索,帮助我们正确理解英语中的长句.我们知道,一个信息发出者要表达丰富的信息,离开从句是寸步难行的.可是不管句子结构多么复杂,根本的句型还是只有五种.下面我们可以通过逐一的分析,探讨英语难句形成的规律.对于SV结构,由于英语句子一般是末尾的信息含量大,所以这种句子往往难以构成阅读困难,至多是主语位置有定语从句或者同位语从句.例如：(例子).SVO 结构的难点在于主语和宾语都可以连接定语从句；SVC结构也难以构成较复杂的句子；SVOC结构如果出现长句,那么往往是补语被调整到宾语的前面；SV..结构也要注意哪个是直接宾语,哪个是间接宾语.14 / 15SVOC： People often let their fear of speaking up and appearing more dull- witted than their peers interfere with their understanding.Derived from theoretical considerations and confirmed by observations, the velocity-distance law has made secure the concept of an expanding universe.下面请做练习,识别主句的根本类型.1.They would find relevant the antislavery attitudes of Northerners during the colonial period, the conflict over slavery in the Constitutional Convention, the Missouri Compromise, the militant abolitionist movement of the 1830, and the Compromise of 1850.2.The study made clear that the working class that is so over-represented in crime statistics consists of lower-class people living in the lower-class areas of large cities.from the People's Daily on current affairs in .15 /15。

英语语法--独立主格【优质PPT】

borrow some from his friend. 思考：划线部分改为独立主格结构 →________________，he had no choice but to borrow some from his friend. ③ With him sitting next to her，she felt safe.
2021/10/10
3
He fought against the thief, a stick (being) his onl y weapon.
思考：划线部分相当于并列句：
He has translated the whole book into English, an English-Chinese dictionary (being) his tool.
思考：划线部分相当于并列句：
2021/10/10
4
2.名词/主格代词+现在分词（表示主动含义和/或动作正在进行）
名词/主格代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
2021/10/10
5
① Weather permitting，we are going to visit you tomorrow. 思考：划线部分相当于状语从句：
The work having been finished, he left the
workshop. 思考：划线部分相当于状语从句：
2021/10/10
9
4.名词/主格代词+形容词/副词（表示状态或特征）形容词/副词常用来说明名词或主格代词的性质
特征及所处状态。在该结构中，形容词或副词前其实省略了being. ① Everything (being) ready, they started out. 思考：划线部分相当于状语从句：

独立主格结构图表解析

独立主格结构一、概念“独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。

该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句阴道词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。

独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。

二、独立主格的特点【注意】1.当独立主格结构中的being done表示“正在被做时”，being不可以被省略。

2.当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it, there时，being不可以省略。

三、独立主格结构的用法。

独立主格结构在句中往往做状语，表时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随状况。

【注意】独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。

四、非谓语动词独立主格结构。

“名词或代词+非谓语动词”结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。

名词或代词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。

1.不定式构成的独立主格结构2.不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的行为或状态，在句中常作原因状语，有时做条件状语。

3.Lots of homework to do, I have to stay home all day.4.由于很多作业要做，我只好待在家里。

5.So many children to look after, the mother has to quit her job.6.如此多的孩子要照顾，这个妈妈不得不辞掉她的工作。

7.动词+ing形式的独立主格结构8.动词-ing形式的句中作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，否则就是不正确的。

动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，就应在动词的-ing形式前加上逻辑主语，构成动词-ing 形式的独立主格结构，逻辑主语与动词间为主谓关系，是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作时逻辑主语发出的动作。