郑和下西洋与西方新航路开辟的比较

郑和下西洋与西方新航路开辟的比较明代航海家郑和出使“西洋”,前后七次，访问了三十几个国家和地区，为中外经济文化交流、中国与亚非人民的友好关系史，揭开了新的一页。

郑和率领的庞大船队，就其活动的性质看，既不是一般的商船队，也不是一般的外交使团，而是封建统治者组织的具有朝廷贸易商队和外交使团双重性质的船队。

郑和船队每到一处，都了解各国的物产，并且有目的地用以物易物的方式同这些国家进行和平贸易。

船队所买的东西，除了一些药材外，多是奢侈品和观赏物。

这反映了郑和船队所进行的贸易，主要是为封建帝王和官僚贵族服务的。

当时，中国以先进的手工业品换取各国的土特产品，是平等自愿的交易；这同后来到东方的西方殖民者的名为交易，实为拐骗、欺诈、劫掠、烧杀的海盗行为，是完全不同的。

郑和船队七次出使，每到一处，都宣读明朝皇帝的书信诏谕，赠送礼物，表示愿意建立友好关系。

它的主观目的，虽是宣扬大明帝国的国威，招徕各国使臣朝贡，扩大海外贸易，增加朝廷在对外贸易上的收入，并换取封建统治者所需要的各种奢侈品，但客观上加强了中国与亚非各国人民的经济文化交流和友好往来，使中国的先进文化更多地传播到亚非各地，也使亚非各地的土特产品，特别是药材等传到了中国。

这对各国人民，显然都是有益的。

因此，郑和船队的出使，为中国与南海和印度洋地区的经济文化交流和各国人民的友谊作出了贡献。

然而，我们应当看到，郑和远航与西方人开辟新航路的结局，却有着截然不同的后果。

郑和下西洋的航海活动虽然声势浩大，但明成祖和郑和死后不久，中国船队便绝迹于印度洋和阿拉伯海，中国的航海事业突然中断了，这使得中国与西洋各国业已建立起来的联系戛然而止。

从此，中国人传统的海外贸易市场逐渐被欧洲人所占据，并最终退出了正在酝酿形成中的世界性市场。

相反，哥伦布和达·伽马开辟新航路后，在西欧激起了远洋航海的热潮。

在中国，作为国家的政治任务，郑和下西洋对于中国的经济的刺激作用微乎其微。

而在西方，东方的商品和航海贸易的利润直接加速了资本主义的原始积累。

欧洲人对美洲的新开发，绕过非洲的航行，给新兴的资产阶级开辟了新的活动场所，从而揭开了资本原始积累的序幕。

从这一点来看，哥伦布等人的航海活动，对于西欧乃在世界历史的发展，产生了深远的影响，这是先前的郑和下西洋所无法比拟的。

在郑和下西洋之前，中国经济特别是东部沿海地区经济结构的转型，已出现了符合世界历史潮流的新趋向。

然而，随着郑和下西洋活动的终止，中国政府将自己与当时正在形成的世界市场隔绝开来。

而新航路的开辟，为西欧新兴的资产阶级开辟了新的活动场所，使欧洲商路和贸易中心从地中海区域转移到大西洋沿岸，欧洲人在海外广阔的领域里建立了众多的殖民地，从而为西欧资本主义的原始积累创造了条件。

大量的黄金，白银流入欧洲，引起“价格革命”——金银贬价，使得物价上涨，而“价格革命”则是资本原始积累的重要因素之一，它加速了西欧封建制度的解体和资本主义关系的发展。

在我看来，郑和下西洋是中国统治者宣扬国威的一种活动，而西方殖民者却是掠夺财富的目的。

两者出发点不同，结果不同。

郑和下西洋对世界的影响较小。

Zheng He Atlantic and western new route opens comparisonMing Dynasty navigator Zheng He is on a mission to" western", around seven times, visited thirty countries and regions, for Chinese and foreign economic and cultural exchanges between China and Africa, the friendly relation between the people of history, has opened a new page. Zheng He led a large fleet, on its activities to the nature, is neither a general merchant fleet, nor the general diplomatic corps, but the feudal rulers tissue with the trade caravans and diplomatic missions to the dual nature of the fleet. Zheng He fleet at each, are aware of all products, and purposefully by means of barter trade with these countries for peace. Fleet purchases, apart from some medicinal herbs, is a luxury and ornamental material. This reflects the Zheng He fleet of trade, mainly for the feudal emperors and lords service. At that time, China advanced handicraft industry goods for the native products, is the equal voluntary transactions; it later to the east of the western colonists named transactions, is kidnapped, fraud, looting, burning and killing of piracy, is completely different. Zheng He fleet seven mission, everywhere, all read the emperor of the Ming Dynasty Zhaoyu letters, gifts, indicated is willing to establish friendly relations. It 's subjective purpose, although it is about the power of the Ming Empire, attract countries envoys tributary, expand foreign trade, increase the income in foreign trade, and exchange for the feudal rulers need all kinds of luxury, but objectivelystrengthened the Chinese and African peoples economic and cultural exchanges and friendly contacts, so that the advanced Chinese culture more spread to the African country, also make the development around the native products, especially herbs to china. The people of all countries, is clearly beneficial for both. Therefore, Zheng He fleet to, as China and the South China Sea and India Ocean region economic and cultural exchanges and the friendship among people contributed. However, we should see the voyage, Zheng He and the west opening up new routes ending, have very different consequences. Zheng He Western nautical activity although great in strength and impetus, but emperor and shortly after the death of Zheng He, China fleet would extinct in India ocean and the Arabia sea, China 's naval career was suddenly broken, which makes the Chinese and the western countries have established links cease abruptly. Since then, Chinese traditional overseas trade market has gradually occupied by Europeans, and finally exit the brewing in the formation of world market.In contrast, Kolumb and da Gama opening up new routes, in Western Europe provoked the upsurge of ocean navigation. In China, as the country's political task, Zheng He West to China's economic stimulus action very little. While in the west, the east of goods and maritime trade profit directly accelerated the capitalist primitive accumulation. TheEuropeans to America's new development, the rounding of the Cape, to the emerging bourgeoisie opens new venues, which opened a prelude to the primitive accumulation of capital. From this point of view, Kolumb et al maritime activities in Western Europe, but in the development of world history, produced far-reaching effect, which was previously the Zheng He West incomparable. Zheng He in the west, Chinese economy especially in the eastern coastal areas of economic structure transformation, has appeared with the new trend of the world history. However, along with the Zheng He West activity termination, the Chinese government will own and then being formed from world market. And the opening of the new sea route, for Western Europe bourgeois opens new venues, the European trade routes and trading center from the Mediterranean region to transfer to the Atlantic coast, Europeans in the vast overseas field established numerous colonies, thereby for Western European capitalist primitive accumulation to create the conditions. Large quantities of gold, silver from Europe, cause" price revolution" -- gold and silver prices, the price rises, and the" price revolution" is the primitive accumulation of capital is one of the important factors in Western Europe, it accelerated the disintegration of the feudal system and the capitalist relations development.In my opinion, Zheng He West is the Chinese ruler advocates Paul an activity, while the western colonists was plundered wealth purpose. Boththe starting points are different, the results of different. Zheng He West 's impact on the world is small.Zheng He's voyages and the West opened up new routes moreMing Dynasty navigator Zheng He mission "Western" before and after seven times, visited 30 countries and regions, foreign economic and cultural exchanges between China and the history of friendly relations between the Asian and African peoples, opened a new page. Zheng He led a large fleet, look at the nature of their activities, not a general merchant fleet, not ordinary, diplomatic missions, but the feudal rulers of the organization team and traders with the court the nature of diplomatic double-vessel team. Everywhere Zheng He's fleet, are aware of national property, and purposeful manner with a barter trade with these countries for peace. Fleet by buying things, except for some herbs, the more luxury and ornamental objects. This reflects the Zheng He's fleet carried out by trade, primarily for the nobility of feudal emperors and bureaucrats services. At that time, the Chinese in exchange for advanced industrial countries in the hands of local products, voluntary transactions are equal; it was to the East with Western colonizers called the deal, in fact, abduction, fraud, looting, burning and piracy, is completely different. Zheng He's fleet of seven mission, Wherever he went, and read lettersZhao Yu Ming emperor, gifts, expressed willingness to establish friendly relations. It's subjective purpose, although the Ming empire to promote national prestige, to attract national tribute envoys to expand overseas trade, increase court revenue in foreign trade, and the feudal rulers in exchange for a variety of luxury required, but the objective is to strengthen the China, Asia and Africa to the economic and cultural exchanges and friendly contacts, so that more of China's advanced culture spread throughout Asia, Africa, Asia and Africa also around local products, especially medicinal herbs and so spread to China. This is for people of all countries, are clearly beneficial. Thus, Zheng He's fleet of mission for China and South China Sea and Indian Ocean region's economic and cultural exchanges and friendship between people of all countries to make a contribution.However, we should see that Zheng He's voyage and the outcome of the West to open up new routes, but it has different consequences. Zheng He's maritime activities, while massive, but shortly after the death of the Yongle Emperor, and Zheng, China's fleet will be extinct in the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea, the Chinese suddenly interrupted the maritime industry, which makes China and Western countries has been established Contact screeching halt. Since then, traditional Chinese overseas trade market has been dominated by Europeans, and eventually formed out of the brewing market in the world.Instead, Columbus and Vasco da Gama, after opening up new routes in Western Europe sparked the wave of ocean sailing. In China, as the country's political task, Zheng He's voyages to China's economic stimulus is minimal. In the West, the East and the maritime trade of goods directly to the profit of the capitalist primitive accumulation accelerated.Europeans in the Americas new development, sailing around Africa, to the emerging bourgeoisie has opened a new venue, which opened a prelude to capital accumulation.From this point of view, Columbus and others sailing activities, for Western Europe is the development in world history, had a profound impact, which is the previous Zheng unmatched. In Zheng, the Chinese economy, especially in the eastern coastal areas of economic restructuring, have been a trend in line with new trends in world history.However, with Zheng He's voyages to the termination, the Chinese government was being formed to own and cut off from the world market. The opening of the new route for the emerging bourgeoisie in Western Europe has opened up new venues, and trade center of European trade routes shifted to the Atlantic from the Mediterranean coast, Europeans in the field of foreign vast number of established colonies, so as to Western capitalism, primitive accumulation created the conditions. A lot of gold, silver into Europe, causing the "price revolution" - reduce the price of gold and silver, making price increases, while the "price revolution" is an important factor in capital accumulation,which accelerated the disintegration of the feudal system in Western Europe and the capital doctrine relations.In my opinion, Zheng He is China's rulers promote the prestige of an activity, while the Western colonizers is the purpose of plundering the wealth. Two different starting point, the results are different. Zheng He's influence on the world smaller.Zheng's opening of the new route and western comparisonZheng he's expeditions in Ming dynasty "western", before and after seven times, visit the 30 countries and areas, for the Chinese and foreign economic and cultural exchange, China and Asian and African people's friendly relations, unveiled a new page. The massive fleet of zheng he, the activities of the nature of the look, not the general merchant fleet, also is not a diplomatic corps, but the feudal rulers of the organization has court trade caravan and diplomatic corps of duality fleet. Zheng he's fleet of each to one place, and all know how the countries of the property, and that the way to destination by barter trade on a peace with these countries. Fleet of things bought, except for some outside medicinal materials, it is more luxury and ornamental objects. This reflects the zheng he's fleet of trade, mainly is for feudal emperors and bureaucratic nobility service. At that time, China with advanced industrial countries in exchange for the hand of native products, is equal voluntary trade; The eastern with later western colonists called transaction, actually abducted, fraud, plunder, orchestrated the pirates act, it is completely different. Zheng he's fleet seven expeditions, each to one place, and read all the Ming dynasty emperor's letters if anyone tampers, gifts, says it is willing to establishfriendly relations. It's subjective purpose, though is to promote national prestige of the Ming empire, all countries to attract him tribute, expand the overseas trade, increase in foreign trade of the court on income, and exchange for the feudal rulers need various luxury, but objectively to strengthen the people all over the China and Asian and African economic, cultural exchange and friendly exchanges, and bring Chinese advanced culture spread to more Asian and African country, also make all over Africa native products, especially medicine spread to China. The people of all countries, are obviously is beneficial. Therefore, zheng he's fleet response of China and the south China sea and the Indian Ocean region economic, cultural exchange and the people of other countries contributed to the friendship.However, we shall see, zheng he's voyage and westerners to open new route ending but has a distinct consequences. Zheng he nautical activity although vocal, but Ming emperor and zheng he died soon after, Chinese ships to the Indian Ocean before dying out and the Arabian sea, China's maritime career was suddenly broken, this makes China and western countries have established links to an abrupt end. From then on, the Chinese traditional overseas trade market gradually by europeans occupied, and eventually quit is brewing in the formation of the world market.Instead, Columbus and da gama open up the new route, in WesternEurope aroused the maritime upsurge. In China, as the state's political task, zheng he's voyage to Chinese economic the stimulating effect of the remote. And in the west, the east of goods and sailing trade profits directly accelerated the capitalist primitive accumulation. People in Europe America's new development, around Africa sailing, to the new bourgeoisie has opened up a new activity places, so revealed the prelude of the primitive accumulation of capital. From this perspective, the Columbus sailing activity, to Western Europe is in the development of world history, have had a profound impact, this is the previous zheng he could comprehend. Before in zheng he's voyage, the Chinese economy especially the east coast in the transformation of economic structure, has appeared in line with the world to the historical trend of the new trend. However, with the activities of the termination of zheng he's voyage, the Chinese government will himself and was formed the world market isolation to spread. And the new air route opened up, for Western Europe emerging bourgeois opened up a new activity places, and to make European trade route and trade center from the Mediterranean area transferred to the Atlantic coast, the europeans in the field of overseas broad established many colonies, thus for Western Europe capitalist primitive accumulation created the conditions. A lot of gold and silver into Europe, cause "price revolution"--and the silver and the gold BianJia, makes the price rise, and "the price revolution" primitive accumulation ofcapital is one of the important factors, it accelerates the Western Europe the collapse of the feudal system and the development of the relationship between capitalism.In my opinion, zheng he's voyage is China's rulers of the national prestige that an activity, while the western colonists is robbing the purpose of wealth. Two different starting point, different results. Zheng's influence to the world smaller.In 1405, zheng he sent envoys to (native with a fleet of yunnan) mission western. At that time the western refers to the west of south China sea of the coastal areas. Zheng he's brought twenty thousand DuoRen, in addition to soldiers and sailors outside, and officialsat all levels, technical personnel, translation and the doctor. They took 62 ship from the article, jiangsu province of fujian province taicang, through the coastal vastly sail south. Zheng he each to a country, he put in to the country's letter submitted the king, and brought the gift to them, hope to establish friendly relations with them. Three years later, he took the angel of the western countries returned to China, Ming emperor saw this voyage so successful, very happy. In the later twenty DuoNian, Ming emperor again and again to western countries zheng he sent. Zheng he's seven times before and after go out to sea, to the Indian Ocean DuoGe 30 countries, had reached farthest in Africa. Zheng he's seven trips that at that time, China shipbuilding and navigation technology has reached very high levels. More important is, it broke the between the east and the state is relatively isolated from the, let foreigners understand more about China.1405年，明成祖派郑和（祖籍云南）带领一支船队出使西洋。