国际贸易名词解释英文及简答论述期末考试复习

《国际贸易》英文名词解释International Trade(国际贸易)

International trade is the international exchange of goods and services between countries. This type of trade gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global events.

Free Trade（自由贸易）

The main idea of free trade is that supply and demand factors, operating on a global scale, will ensure that production happens efficiently. Therefore, nothing needs to protect or promote trade and growth because market forces will do so automatically.

Protectionism（贸易保护主义）

In contrast, protectionism holds that regulation of international trade is important to ensure that markets function properly. Advocates of this theory believe that market inefficiencies may hamper the benefits of international trade and they aim to guide the market accordingly. Production Possibilities Curve /Frontier(生产可能性曲线/边界)

A Production Possibilities Frontier is a graph that shows the various combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce, given the available factors of production and the existing technology . Opportunity Cost(机会成本)

Opportunity Cost means whatever must be given up to obtain some item. Supply Curve(供给曲线)

A Supply Curve is a graph that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.

Demand Curve (需求曲线)

A Demand Curve is a graph that describes the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.

Excess Supply Curve（出口供给曲线）

Because Excess Supply is a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded, Excess Supply Curve can be defined as a graph that depicts the relationship between the price and the available quantity for export of a product. Excess Supply Curve can be derived from subtracting a supply curve with a corresponding demand curve. Excess Demand Curve（进口需求曲线）

Because Excess Demand is a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied, Excess Demand Curve can be defined as a graph that depicts the relationship between the price and the desirable quantity for import of a product. Excess Demand Curve can be derived from subtracting a demand curve with a corresponding supply curve. Consumer Surplus(消费者剩余)

Consumer Surplus means a buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays. Consumer surplus measures the benefit to buyers

of participating in a market.

Producer Surplus (生产者剩余)

Producer Surplus is the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost. Producer surplus measures the benefit to sellers of participating in a market.

Economies of Scale(规模经济)

Economies of Scale means the property whereby the long-run average cost falls as the quantity of output increases.

Diseconomies of Scale(规模不经济)

Diseconomies of Scale means the property whereby the long-run average cost rises as the quantity of output increases.

Constant Returns to Scale(规模报酬不变)

Constant Returns to Scale means the property whereby the long-run average cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes. Indifference Curve(无差异曲线)

Indifference Curve is a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfaction.

The Gravity Model(引力模型)

In its basic form, the gravity model assumes that only size and distance(经济规模和距离) are important for trade in the following way：Tij = A x Yi x Yj /Dij

两国之间的贸易规模与经济规模成正比，与两国之间的距离成反比。