国际贸易实务英文名词解释(英to英)
《国际贸易实务》(英文版)_词汇
《国际贸易实务》（英文版）词汇Chapter 1 Introduction to International TradeTrade Surplus 贸易顺差National Development and Reform Commission 国家发展和改革委员会Export Tax Rebates 出口退税Export Taxes 出口关税Export-driven Economic Growth 出口导向型经济增长Excess Liquidity 流动性过剩Trade Frictions 贸易摩擦International Trade 国际贸易World Trade 世界贸易Foreign Trade 对外贸易Overseas Trade 海外贸易Trade in Goods 货物贸易Trade in Services 服务贸易Self-sufficient 自给自足Economic Resources 经济资源Barter 物物交换，以货易货，实物交易，易货贸易Visible Trade 有形贸易Invisible Trade 无形贸易Transportation 运输Insurance 保险Tourism 旅游业Balance of Trade 贸易差额A Favorable Balance of Trade 贸易顺差Trade Surplus 贸易顺差An Unfavorable Balance of Trade 贸易逆差Trade Deficit 贸易逆差Balance of Payments 国际收支平衡，国际收支差额A Favorable Balance of Payments 国际收支顺差An Unfavorable Balance of Payments 国际收支逆差International Monetary Fund（IMF）国际货币基金组织Foreign Direct Investment（FDI）对外直接投资，外商直接投资Portfolio Investment 间接投资Chapter 2 International Trade PolicyProtectionism 贸易保护主义Free Trade 自由贸易The National Interest 国家利益Doha Trade Talks 多哈贸易谈判Acquisitions 购并Trade Barriers 贸易壁垒Infant Industries 幼稚产业Tariffs 关税Subsidies 补贴Quantitative Restrictions 数量限制Encouragements 鼓励Import Tariff 进口关税Non-tariff Barriers（NTB）非关税壁垒Export Taxes 出口关税Export Subsidies 出口补贴Protective Tariffs 保护性关税Revenue Tariff 财政关税Specific Duties 从量税Ad Valorem Duties 从价税Compound Duties 复合税Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States（HTS）美国协调关税明细表Harmonized System 商品名称及编码协调制度International Harmonized Commodity Coding and Classification System 商品名称及编码协调制度World Customs Organization 世界海关组织Customs Tariff of Import/Export of the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国进出口关税条例Import Quota 进口配额Binding Quota 限制性配额Non-binding Quota不具约束力的配额Zero QuotaAbsolute Quotas 绝对配额Tariff-rate Quotas 关税配额Voluntary Export Restraint（VER）自动出口限制Multi-Fiber Arrangement 多种纤维协定Market Failures 市场失灵Domestic Content Requirements 国内成分要求Government Procurement Policies 政府采购政策Buy America Act of 1933 1933年购买美国货法案Red-tape Barriers进口环节壁垒Domestic Supply 国内供给Domestic Demand 国内需求Floor Price 最低限价Shortfall of Supply 供应短缺Export Enhancement Program（EEP）美国的出口促进计划Dairy Export Incentive Program（DEIP）奶制品出口激励项目Chapter 3 Trade Bloc and Trade BlockAsia-Pacific Economic Co-operation Organization （APEC）亚太经合组织Hanoi 河内（越南首都）Stalemate 僵局Open Regionalism 开放的区域主义Trade Liberalization 贸易自由化Most Favored Nation 最惠国Multilateralism 多边贸易Doha Round 多哈回合Free Trade Agreement of Asia and the Pacific（FTAAP）亚太自由贸易协定Free Trade Area 自由贸易区Preferential Trade Agreements（PTAs）特殊优惠贸易协议Bilateral Free Trade Agreements 双边自由贸易协定Discriminatory Tariffs 歧视性关税Tariff Rates 关税税率Trade Discrimination 贸易歧视Trade Bloc 贸易集团Trade Block 贸易禁运EU（European Union）欧盟（欧洲联盟）NAFTA（North American Free Trade Agreement）北美自由贸易协定，北美自由贸易区MERCOSUR（Mercado Comun del Cono Sur）南方共同市场SCCM（Southern Common Markets）南方共同市场ASEAN（Association of Southeast Asian Nations）东南亚国家联盟EFTA（European Free Trade Area）欧洲自由贸易区ASEAN Free Trade Area（AFTA）东盟自由贸易区Customs Union 关税同盟EEC（European Economic Community）欧洲经济共同体EC（the European Community）欧洲共同体Economic Union 经济同盟，经济联盟Trade Embargoes 贸易禁运Economic Sanctions 经济制裁United Nations 联合国Stamp Act 印花税法案Townshend Acts 汤森条例Trade Elasticity 贸易弹性Chapter 4 WTO：A Navigation GuideFranchises 特许经营World Trade Organization（WTO）世界贸易组织Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade（GATT）关税与贸易总协定Doha Development Agenda 多哈发展议程（多哈回合谈判）WTO Agreements 世界贸易组织协议The World Bank 世界银行International Monetary Fund（IMF）国际货币基金组织Appellate Body 上诉机构Dispute Settlement Panels 争端解决专门小组Plurilateral Committees 诸边协议委员会Ministerial Conference 部长会议The General Council 常务理事会The Dispute Settlement Body 争端解决机构The Trade Policy Review Body 贸易政策审议机构Goods Council 货物贸易理事会Services Council 服务贸易理事会TRIPS Council 与贸易有关的知识产权理事会The Textiles Monitoring Body 纺织品监督机构Heads of Delegations（HOD）代表团首脑The Secretariat 秘书处Sustainable Development 可持续发展Plurilateral Trade Agreement 诸边贸易协定Marrakesh Ministerial Meeting 马拉喀什部长会议（摩洛哥）TRIPS Agreement 与贸易有关的知识产权协定Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights（TRIPS）与贸易有关的知识产权Contracting Parties 缔约国Trade Without Discrimination 贸易无歧视Most-Favored-Nation Treatment 最惠国待遇National Treatment 国民待遇Transparency 透明度Access to Markets 市场准入Navigation Guide 导航General Agreement on Trade in Services（GATS）服务贸易总协定Trade-Related Investment Measures TRIMS 与贸易有关的投资措施Chapter 5 Terms of Commodity——QualityCommodity 商品、货物Manufactured Goods 工业制成品Name of Commodity 货物的品名Description of Goods 货物的名称，货物的描述Quality of Commodity 货物的品质Sample 样品Representative Sample 代表性样品Original Sample 原样Type Sample 标准样品Reference Sample 参考样品Duplicate Sample 复样Sale by Sell’s Sample 凭卖方样品买卖（销售）Sale by buyer’s Sample 凭买方样品买卖（销售）Return Sample 回样Counter Sample 对等样品Sealed Sample 封样The Parties to the Contract 合同的当事人Quality to be about equal to the Sample 品质与样品大致相同Specifications 规格Grade 等级Standard 标准Fair Average Quality（F.A.Q.）良好平均品质Good Merchantable Quality（G.M.Q.）上好可销品质Brand 品牌Trademark 商标Description，Drawing and Diagram 说明书，图纸和技术协议书等Quality Tolerance 品质公差Chapter 5 Terms of Commodity——QuantityQuantity of Commodity 货物的数量Unit of Measurement 计量单位The Metric System 公制The British System 英制The U.S. System 美制Numbers 个数Weight 重量Length 长度Area 面积Volume 体积Capacity 容积International Measurement Conference 国际测量会议International System of Units（SI）国际单位制Gross Weight 毛重Net Weight 净重Gross for net 以毛作净Conditioned Weight 公量Theoretical Weight 理论重量More of Less Clause 溢短装条款Chapter 5 Terms of Commodity——PackingPaking 包装Nude Cargo 裸装货Cargo in Bulk 散装货Outer Packing 外包装Baling 打包Hogsheads 美国橡木桶Inner Packing 内包装Pallet 托盘Shipping Mark 运输标志（唛头）Additional Mark 附属性标志Indicative Mark 指示性标志Warning Mark 警告性标志Neutral Packing 中性包装Neutral Packing with Designated Brand 定牌中性包装Neutral Packing without Designated Brand 无牌中性包装Chapter 6 International Trade TermsL/C Issuing Date 信用证的开证日期Partial Shipment 分批装运Transshipment 转运Shipment 装运Terms of Payment 支付条件Draft 汇票Liner 班轮Trade Terms，Price Terms，Delivery Terms 贸易术语，价格术语，交货术语Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932 1932年华沙——牛津规则International Law Association 国际法律协会Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 1941年美国对外贸易定义修正本INCOTERMS 2000 2000年国际贸易术语解释通则International Chamber of Commerce（ICC）国际商会Carrier 承运人Frontier 边境Clear 清关Value added tax（VAT）增值税United Nations Commission on International Trade Law（UNCITRAL）联合国国际贸易法律委员会Ship’s Rail 船舷Quay 码头Multi-modal Transport 多式联运Trim 平舱Stow 理舱EXW 工厂交货FCA 货交承运人FOB 装运港船上交货FAS 货交船边CFR 成本加运费CIF 成本加保险费加运费CPT 运费付至CIP 运费、保险费付至DAF 边境交货DES 目的港船上交货DEQ 目的港码头交货DDU 未完税交货DDP 完税后交货。
贸易实务名词解释
国际贸易实务名词解释汇总第一章B2B：business to business trade 企业对企业贸易B2C：business to consumer trade 企业对消费者贸易the export office：出口办公室transport modes：运输方式the export contract：出口合同customs：关税cargo/credit insurance：货物/信用保险documentation：单据EU：European Union 欧盟E-commerce：电子商务globalization：全球化logistics：物流importer：进口商assembly：组装out-sourcing：外包the monopolistic control：垄断，控制the theory of comparative advantage：比较优势理论dumping grounds ：倾销市场TOT：the terms of trade 贸易条件balance of trade ：贸易差额International Chamber of Commerce（ICC）:国际商会Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development（OECD）：经济合作与发展组织World Trade Organization（WTO）:世界贸易组织Regional trade agreements（RTA）:区域性贸易协定Central European Free Trade Agreement（CEFTA）:中欧自由贸易区协定ASEAN Free Trade Area（AFTA）:东盟自由贸易区MERCOSUR：南方共同市场Uniform Customs and Practice for Commercial Documentary Credits（UCP）:跟单信用证统一惯例International Maritime Bureau（IMB）：国际海事局European Free Trade Association（EFTA）：欧洲自由贸易协定North American Free Trade Agreement（NAFTA）：北美自由贸易协定Association of Southeast Asian Nations（ASEAN）：东南亚国家联盟ANDEAN：安第斯共同市场Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation（APEC）：亚太经合组织SAFTA：南亚自由贸易协议Common Market for Eastern and Southern African （COMESA）：东南非共同市场CARICOM ：加勒比海共同市场Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) ：美洲自由贸易区Labor-intensive ：劳动密集型Gulf Markets ：海湾市场Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) ：独联体Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI) ：拉丁美洲一体化协会Central American Common Market (CACM) ：中美洲共同市场Colombo Plan for Co-operative Economic and Social Development in Asia and the Pacific ：亚洲和太平洋地区经济和社会发展合作的科伦坡计划Communaute Francaise Africaine(CFA)(The Franc Zone)：非洲法郎区Co-operation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf：海湾合作委员会Council of Arab Economic Unity：阿拉伯经济统一体理事会Economic Community of West African States（ECOWAS)：西非国家经济共同体League of Arab States：阿拉伯国家联盟Nordic Council：北欧理事会Organization of African Unity（OAU）：非洲统一组织Organization of Amercian States（OAS）：美洲国家组织General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade：关税及贸易总协定Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)：贸易工业部The World Trade Organization（WTO）：世界贸易组织Uruguay Round of negotiations：乌拉圭回合谈判Marrakesh Declaration：马拉喀什宣言Most-favoured-nation clause（MFN）：“最惠国待遇”条款Customs unions：关税同盟Free trade areas：自由贸易区National treatment：国民待遇Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Right（TRIPS）：与贸易有关的知识产权协定The General Agreement on Trade in services（GATS）：服务贸易总协定Trade Policy Review Mechanism：贸易政策审议机制Free trade：自由贸易Tokyo Round：东京回合Generalized system of preferences （GSP）：普遍优惠制UN Conference on Trade and Employment ：联合国贸易就业会议ITO Chapter：ITO 宪章Congressional ratification of the Havana Charter：哈瓦那宪章第三章贸易术语EXW (EX works) 工厂交货（……指定地点）FCA （Free Carrier）货交交承运人（……指定地点）FAS （Free Along Side）船边交货（……指定装运港）FOB （Free On Board）船上交货（……指定装运港）CFR （Cost and Freight）成本加运费（……指定目的港）CIF （Cost,Insurance and Freight）成本、保险加运费付至（……指定目的港）CPT （Carriage Paid to）运费付至（……指定目的港）CIP （Carriage and lnsurance Paid to）运费、保险费付至（……指定目的地）DAF （Delivered at Frontier）边境交货（……指定地点）DES （Delivered EX Ship）目的港船上交货（……指定目的港）DEQ （Delivered EX Quay）目的港码头交货（……指定目的港）DDU （Delivered Duty Unpaid）未完税交货（……指定目的地）DDP （Duty Paid）完税后交货（……指定目的地）FOB:FOB Liner Terms (FOB班轮条件)FOB Sowed (FOB 并理舱)FOB under Tackle (FOB吊钩下交货)FOB Trimmed （FOB平并舱）CIF:CIF Liner Terms (CIF班轮条件)CIF Ex Ship’s Hold (CIF船底交货)CIF Ex Tackle (CIF吊钩下交货)CIF Landed (CIF卸到岸上)Dead freight 空舱费Demurrage 滞期费Symbolic delivery 象征性交货19.理舱费是指货物入舱后进行安置和整理的费用。
国际贸易实务简答名词解释
提单：是指用以证明海上货物运输合同和货物已经由承运人接收或者装船，以及承运人保证据以交付货物的单证。
清洁提单：清洁提单（Clean B/L）指货物在装船时外表状况良好，承运人未加任何货损，包装不良或其他有碍结汇批注的提单。
大陆桥：是指连接两个海洋之间的陆上通道，是横贯大陆的、以铁路为骨干的、避开海上绕道运输的便捷运输大通道。
主要功能是便于开展海陆联运，缩短运输里程。
不可抗力：非当事人所能控制，而且没有理由预期他在订立合同时所能考虑到或能避免或克服它或它的后果而使其不履行合同义务的障碍。
推定全损：指实际全损已不可避免，或受损货物残值，如果加上施救、整理、修复、续运至目的地的费用之和超过其抵达目的地的价值时，视为已经全损。
共同海损：是指为了使船舶或船上货物避免共同危险，而有意地、合理地作出的特殊牺牲或支付的特殊费用。
共同海损损失应由船、货（包括不同的货主）各方共同负担。
所采取的共同海损措施称共同海损行为。
良好平均品质(FAQ): 是指一定时期内某地出口货物的平均品质水平，一般是指中等货而言。
大路货：从经济角度上讲，大路货指的是市场上价值/品质关系比值最一般的产品。
所谓的“最一般”，主要是指其合理性。
我们需要特别提示的是，大路货不是指劣质货，其内涵是指服务于大众的产品。
仲裁：仲裁一般是当事人根据他们之间订立的仲裁协议，自愿将其争议提交由非官方身份的仲裁员组成的仲裁庭进行裁判，并受该裁判约束的一种制度。
发盘：交易的一方为了销售或购买一批商品，向对方提出有关的交易条件，并表示愿按这些条件达成一笔交易，这种意思表示的行为称作发盘。
还盘：又称还价，是受盘人对发盘内容不完全同意而提出修改或变更的表示，是对发盘条件进行添加，限制或其他更改的答复。
还盘只有受盘人才可以做出，其他人做出无效。
接受：被发价人声明或做出其他行为表示同意一项发价，即是接受。
缄默或不行动本身不等于接受。
本票：本票是出票人签发的，承诺自己在见票时无条件支付确定的金额给收款人或者持票人的票据。
国际贸易实务 名词解释
1、FOBFOB-是Free On Board(…named port of shipment)的简写，即船上交货（…指定装运港），习惯称为装运港船上交货。
按此术语成交，由买方负责派船接运货物，卖方应在合同规定的装运港和规定的期限内，将货物装上买方指派的船只，并及时通知买方，货物在装船时完成交货，风险即由卖方转移至买方。
FOB 是国际贸易中最常用的贸易术语之一。
2、CIFCIF，英文全称为Cost ,Insurance and Freight (….named port of des tination)，即成本加保险费、运费（….指定目的港），指卖方须将货物按照合同规定装上船并负责运输和保险及其费用；与FOB术语一样，CIF 亦是只适用于水上运输,也是国际贸易中最常用的贸易术语之一。
3、贸易术语又称价格术语，它是在国际贸易中用以表示商品的价格构成，以及买卖双方在商品交接过程中有关风险责任和费用划分问题的以文字或缩写字母组成的专门用语。
国际商会在《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》（以下简称《通则》）中规定了13种贸易术语。
其中最常用的装运港船上交货的贸易术语有3种：FOB、CIF、CFR，向承运人交货的常用贸易术语也有3种：FCA、CPT、CIP。
4、共同海损是指载货的船舶在海上遇到灾害事故，威胁到船货等各方的共同安全，为了解除这种威胁，维护船货安全，或者使航行得以继续，由船方有意识地合理地采取措施，造成某些特殊损失或付出某些额外特殊费用；这些损失和费用叫共同海损。
这种共同海损应由船、货等各有关获得好处的方面，按各方最后获救价值的比例分摊，称之为共同海损分摊。
5、定牌即定牌中性包装，又称定牌生产，指卖方按买方要求在其出售的商品包装上标明买方指定的商标或牌号。
这是为了适应世界上许多国家的超级市场、大百货公司和专业商店对其经常出售的商品，都要标有本商店使用的商标或牌号（商号）的销售方式所需而产生的一种包装方式。
国际贸易实务期末名词解释整理
进出口贸易实务1. 法定重量(legal weight)：纯商品的重量加上直接接触商品的包装材料，如内包装等的重量，即为法定重量。
2. 对等样品(counter sample)：在实际业务中，如卖方认为买方来样供货没有切实把握，卖方可根据买方来样仿制或从现有货物中选择品质相近的样品提交买方。
这种样品称“对等样品”。
3. 经销(distributorship)：指出口企业与国外经销商达成书面协议，主要规定经销商品的种类、经销期限和地区范围，利用国外经销商就地推销商品的一种方式。
4. 公量(conditioned weight)：在计算货物重量时，使用科学方法，抽去商品中所含水分，再加标准水分重量，求得的重量称为公量。
5. 仲裁(arbitration)：指买卖双方达成协议，自愿将有关争议交给双方所同意的仲裁机构进行裁决(award)，而这个裁决是终局的，对双方都有约束力，双方必须遵照执行。
6. 单独海损(particular average)：指除共同海损以外的部分损失，即被保险货物遭遇海上风险损失后，其损失未达到全损程度，而且该损失应由受损方单独承担的部分损失。
7. 推定全损(constructive total loss)：指被保险货物在运输途中受损后，实际全损已不可避免，或者为避免发生实际全损所支付的费用与继续将货物运抵目的地的费用之和超过保险价值，也就是恢复、修复受损货物并将其运送到原订目的地的费用将超过该目的地的货物价值。
8. 拼箱货(less than container load, LCL)：指货量不足一整箱，需由承运人在集装箱货运站(container freight station, CFS)负责将不同发货人的货物拼装在一个集装箱内，货到目的港或目的地后，由承运人拆箱后分拨给各收货人。
9. 索赔(claim)：指买卖合同的一方当事人因另一方当事人违约致使其遭受损失而向另一方当事人提出要求损害赔偿的行为。
国际贸易实务 常用贸易术语中英对照
外销员资格考试重要考点一、国际货物买卖适用的法律与惯例INCOTERMS 2002，International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》URC 522，Uniform Rules for Collection《托收统一规则522》UCP 500，Uniform Customs and Practice for Commercial Documentary Credits 500《跟单信用证统一惯例》Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932《1932年华沙一牛津规则》Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》二、价格术语EXW(ex works)工厂交货FCA(free carrier)货交承运人FAS(free alongside ship)装运港船边交货FOB(free on board)装运港船上交货CFR(cost and freight)成本加运费CIF(cost，insurance and freight)成本加保险费、运费CPT(carriage paid to)运费付至CIP(carriage and insurance to)运费、保险费付至DAF(delivered at frontier)边境交货DES(delivered ex ship)目的港船上交货DEQ(delivered ex quay)目的港码头交货DDU(delivered duty unpaid)未完税交货DDP(delivered duty paid)完税后交货FOB liner terms FOB班轮条件FOB under tackle FOB吊钩下交货FOB stowed FOB理舱费在内FOB trimmed FOB平舱费在内FOBST(FOB stowed and trimmed) FOB包括理舱费和平舱费在内的各项装船费用CFR liner terms CFR班轮条件CFR landed CFR卸至码头CFR ex tackle CFR吊钩下交货CFR ex ship's hold CFR舱底交货CIF liner terms CIF班轮条件CIF landed CIF卸至码头CIF ex tackle CIF吊钩下交货CIF ex ship's hold CIF舱底交货the seller's obligations卖方义务三、货物的品名、质量、数量与包装name of commodity 品名quality 0f goods品质condition合同要件actual quality实际品质sample样品sale by sample凭样品买卖quality as per seller's sample品质以卖方样品为准buyer's sample买方样品counter sample对等样品confirming sample确认样品for reference only仅供参考colour sample色样pattern sample款式样quality shall be about equal to the sample 品质与样品大致相同quality shall be nearly same as the sample品质与样品近似specification of goods商品规格sale by specification凭规格买卖FAQ，fair average quality 良好平均品质sale by descriptions and illustrations凭说明书和图样买卖trade mark商标sophisticated market精致市场name of origin产地名称quality tolerance 品质公差weigh重量metric ton公吨long ton长吨short ton短吨kilogram公斤gram克ounce盎司number数量piece件pair双set套dozen打roll卷ream令gross罗bag袋bale包length长度meter米foot英尺yard码area面积square foot平方英尺volume体积cubic yard立方码capacity容积bushel蒲式耳litre升gallon加仑the metric system公制the british system英制the U.S.system美制SI，the international system of units国际单位制gross weight毛重net weight净重gross for net以毛作净actual tare实际皮重real tare实际皮重average tare平均皮重customary tare 习惯皮重computed tare 约定皮重conditioned weight公量theoretical weight理论重量legal weight法定重量net net weight实物净重about大约circa近似approximate左右nude pack裸装in bulk散装full packed全部包装part packed局部包装shipping mark运输标志，唛头indicative mark指示性标志warning mark警告性标志UCC，Universal Code Council统一编码委员会UPC，Universal Product Code统一产品编码European Article Number Association欧洲物品编码协会EAN，European Article Number欧洲物品编码neutral pacing中性包装seaworthy packing海运包装inquiry询盘offer发盘counter offer还盘acceptance接受五、货物的保险general average共同海损particular average单独海损CIC，china insurance clauses中国保险条款FPA，free from particular average平安险WA，with average水渍险WPA，with particular average水渍险all risks一切险warehouse to warehouse clauses仓至仓条款ICC，Institute Cargo Clauses协会货物保险条款ICC(A)协会货物条款(A)ICC(B)协会货物条款(B)ICC(C)协会货物条款(C)Institute War Clauses协会战争险条款Institute Strikes Clauses协会罢工险条款Malicious Damage Clauses恶意损害险条款overland transportation risks陆运险overland transportation all risks陆运一切险air transportation risks航空运输险air transportation all risks航空运输一切险parcel post risks邮包险parcel post all risks邮包一切险insurance policy保险单insured被保险人premium保险费六、货物的价格of account计价货币money of payment支付货币commission佣金discount折扣allowance 折扣quantity discount数量折扣special discount特别折扣turnover bonus年终回扣七、货款的收付bill of exchange汇票draft汇票promissory note本票cheque 支票check支票drawee受票人payer付款人payee受款人banker's draft银行汇票commercial draft商业汇票clean bill光票documentary bill跟单汇票sight draft即期汇票time draft远期汇票usance draft远期汇票at×× days after sight见票后××天付款at××days after date出票后××天付款at ×× days after date of B/L提单签发日后××天付款fixed date指定日付款issue出票pay to the order of付给指定人pay to bearer付给持票人presentation提示acceptance承兑endorsement 背书negotiable instrument流通工具endorsee被背书人dishonour拒付dishonour by non-acceptance拒绝承兑protest拒付证书right of recourse追索权notary public法定公证人remittance汇付collection托收beneficiary收款人remitter汇款人remitting bank汇出行，托收银行collecting bank代收银行presenting bank提示银行paying bank汇人行M/T，mail transfer信汇T/T，telegraphic transfer 电汇remittance by banker's demand draft票汇open account transaction赊账业务financial documents金融单据commercial documents商业单据principal委托人clean collection光票托收documentary collection跟单托收D/P，document against payment付款交单D/A，document against acceptance承兑交单D/P at sight即期付款交单D/P after sight远期付款交单trust receipt信托收据IVC，letter of credit信用证applicant开证申请人opening bank开证行issuing bank开证行advising bank通知行notifying bank通知行negotiating bank议付行paying bank付款银行drawee bank付款银行confirming bank保兑银行reimbursement bank偿付银行reimbursement agent偿付代理人transferee受让人to open by airmail信开本to open by cable电开本brief cable简电本full cable全电本full details to follow详情后告SWIFT.Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication全球银行金融电讯协会undertaking clause承诺条款documentary credit跟单信用证clean credit光票信用证irrevocable L/C不可撤销信用证confirmed L/C保兑信用证sight payment credit即期付款信用证deferred payment credit延期付款信用证acceptance credit承兑信用证negotiatiorl credit议付信用证open negotiation credit公开议付信用证freely negotiation credit公开议付信用证restricted negotiation credit限制议付信用证transferable credit可转让信用证divisible credit可分割信用证fractionable credit可分开信用证assignable credit可让渡信用证transmissible credit可转移信用证revolving credit循环信用证reciprocal credit对开信用证back to back credit对背信用证anticipatory L/C预支信用证standby L/C备用信用证commercial Paper L/C商业票据信用证guarantee L/C担保信用证L/G，letter of guarantee保函demand guarantee见索即付保函unconditional L/G无条件保函guarantor担保人counter guarantor反担保人performance guarantee履约保函repayment guarantee还款保函八、商检commodity inspection商检shipping quality and wei曲t装运港检验，即离岸品质和离岸重量landed quality and wei曲t 目的港检验，即到岸品质和到岸重量shipping weight and landed quality离岸重量和到岸品质检验authentic surveyor公证行sworn measurer宣誓衡量人FDA美国食品药物管理局Underwriter's Laboratory担保人实验室Lloyd's Surveyor劳氏公证行SGS.Societe Generale de Surveillance S.A. 瑞士日内瓦通用鉴定公司inspection certificate商检证书inspection certificate of quality品质检验证书inspection certificate of quantity数量检验证书inspection certificate of weight重量检验证书inspection certificate of value价值检验证书inspection certificate of origin产地检验证书sanitary inspection certificate卫生检验证书veterinary inspection certificate兽医检验证书disinfection inspection certificate消毒检验证书inspection certificate on damaged cargo验残检验证书ISO.the ntemational Organization for Standardazation国际标准化组织九、索赔discrepancy and claim clause异议与索赔条款penalty clause罚金条款force majeure不可抗力frustration of contract合同落空arbitration仲裁Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Award《承认与执行外国仲裁裁决公约》，简称《1958年纽约公约》cargo manifest载货清单 .international factoring国际保理factor保理商Convention on International Factoring国际保理公约import factor进口保理商c.c.V.O.，Combined Certificate of Value and Origin估价和原产地联合证明书certified invoice证实发票receipt invoice(货款)收妥发票consular invoice领事发票GSP，Generalized System of Preferences普惠制packing list装箱单weight memo重量单short delivery短交short unloaded短卸10st in transit短失tally list理货单marine protest海难报告breach of contract违约十、贸易方式distribution经销distributor经销商sole distribution独家经销exclusive sMes包销agency代理agent代理人principal本人general agent总代理sole agent独家代理exclusive agent独家代理commission agent佣金代理consignment寄售consignor寄售人consignee代销人fairs and sales展卖international fair国际博览会Chinese Export Commodities Fair 中国出口商品交易会Guangzhou Trade Fair广州交易会invitation to tender招标submission of tender投标auction拍卖auctioneer拍卖人bidder竞买人Dutch auction荷兰式拍卖sealed bids密封递价拍卖closed bids密封递价拍卖brokerage经纪费futures trading期货交易CBOT芝加哥商品交易所CME芝加哥商业交易所COMEX纽约商品交易所NYMEX纽约商业交易所LME伦敦金属交易所futures market期货市场futures exchanges期货交易所spot现货to-arrive contract “到货”合同forward contract远期交货合同FCM，futures commission merchant期货佣金商clearing house 清算所margin system保证金制度，押金制度initial margin初始保证金original margin初始保证金variation margin追加保证金call margin追加保证金marking to the market逐日盯市hedger套期保值者hedging套期保值，海琴speculator投机者selling hedge卖期保值buying hedge买期保值basis trading基差交易ex-pit trade场外交易ex-change for physicals期货换现货ex-change for actuals期货换现货counter trade对销贸易barter trade易货贸易compensation trade补偿贸易counter purchase反购，互购switch trade转手贸易offset抵销十一、电子商务IT，information technology信息技术internet国际互联网VANs，value-added networks增值网络BBSs，bulletin board systems电子公告牌online services企业在线服务B2B，business-to-business商业机构对商业机构B2C，business-to-consumer商业机构对消费者B2A，business-to-administrations商业机构对行政机构C2A，consumer-to-administrations消费者对行政机构electronic marketplace电子虚拟市场digital economy数字化经济model law on electronic commerce电子商务示范法tlle buyer's obligations买方义务。
国际贸易实务常用术语翻译
国际贸易实务常用术语翻译装运港船上交货（ Free on Board ， FOB）装运港船边交货（ Free Alongside Ship ， FAS）货交承运人（ Free Carrier ， FCA）成本加运费（ Cost and Freight ， CFR）成本加保险费、运费（ Cost ， Insurance and Freight ，CIF）运费付至（ Carriage Paid To ， CPT）运费、保险费付至（ Carriage and Insurance Paid To ，CIP）边境交货（ Delivered At Frontier ， DAF）目的港船上交货（ Delivered EX Ship ， DES）目的港码头交货（ Delivered EX Quay ， DEQ）未完税交货（ Delivered Duty Unpaid ， DDU）完税后交货（ Delivered Duty Paid ， DDP）象征性交货 ( Symbolic Delivery )实际交货 ( Physical Delivery )班轮运输 ( Liner Transport )租船运输 ( Shipping by Chartering )班轮条件 ( Gross Terms;Liner Terms;Berth Terms )集装箱 ( Container )整箱货 ( Full Container Load,FCL ）良好平均品质（ Fair Average Quality,FAQ ）对等样品；回样（ Counter Sample ）拼箱货（ Less than Container Load,LCL ）国际多式联运（ International Multimodal Transport 或International Combined Transport ，美国也称International Intermodal Transport ）“ OCP”即“陆路共通点”（ Over Common Points ）货物经美国西海岸港口转运分批发运（ Partial Shipment ）海运提单（ Bill of Lading ， B/L ）清洁提单（ Clean B/L ）提示提单（ Order B/L ）单独海损（ Particular Average ， PA）共同海损（ General Averages ， GA）平安险（ Free from Particular Average,FPA ）水渍险（ With Average or With Particular Average,WA or WPA ）一切险（ All Risks ）“仓至仓”条款（ Warehouse to Warehouse Clause ）汇票（ Bill of Exchange ； Draft ）本票（ Promissory Note ）支票（ Cheque ； Check ）承兑（ Acceptance ）背书（ Endorsement ）空白背书（ Blank Endorsement ）托收（Collection ）付款交单（ Documents against Payment ， D/P ）承兑交单（ Documents against Acceptance ， D/A ）信用证（ Letter of Credit,L/C ）跟单信用证（ Documentary Credit ）不可撤销信用证（ Irrevocable Letter O f Credit ）保兑信用证（ Confirmed Letter of Credit ）开证申请人（ Applicant ）开证行（ Issuing Bank ）通知行（ Advising Bank ）受益人（ Beneficiary ）议付银行（ Negotiating Bank ）不可抗力（ Force Majeure ）仲裁（Arbitration ）询盘（Inquiry ）发盘（Offer ）还盘（Counter Offer ）接受（Acceptance ）保险单（Insurance Policy）独家经销（Sole Distribution）产地说明书（Certificate of Origin）招标（Invitation to Tender）投标（ Submission of Tender）富不贵只能是土豪，你可以一夜暴富，但是贵气却需要三代以上的培养。
国际贸易实务英文名词解释英to英
国际贸易实务英文名词解释英to英国际贸易实务英文名词解释英to英1. 货物品质：货物本质性的质量和外观形态。
2. 凭样品买卖：买卖双方约定以样品作为交货品质依据的买卖方式。
3. 品质条款的基本内容：货物品名、规格、等级、标准或商标、牌名或产地等。
4. 溢短装条款：在买卖合同中的数量条款中明确可以增减的百分比，但增减幅度以不超过数量的百分比为限。
5%（国际贸易规定）5. 约量：在交货数量前加“约”字的规定机动幅度方式。
6. 中性包装：指在商品包装上和商品本身，不注明生产国别和原产地的商品包装。
7. 定牌：指按买方要求在出口商品和包装上使用买方指定的商标或牌名的做法。
8. 国际贸易术语：是指用一个简短的概念或简短的外文缩写字母表明货物价格的构成和买卖双方各自承担的责任、费用和保险，交货方式和地点。
9. FOB：卖方在合同规定的日期或期间内，在指定的装运港将货物装到买方派来的船上，并负责办理出口清关手续。
10. CIF：卖方在合同规定的时间内租船订舱支付运费并负责支付保险费，在指定装运港运至指定目的港。
11. 背书：即签字，标志着货物所有权转移及保险权利的转移。
12. CFR：卖方在合同规定的期限内负责租船订舱支付运费，买方负责办理货物运输保险，卖方在合同规定的装运港，将货物装船运至指定目的港。
13. FCA：指卖方在合同规定的交货期间内将货物交给买方指定的承运人接管，卖方负责出口清关手续，风险转移以货物在起运地交给承运人接管为止。
14. CPT：指卖方在合同规定的交货期间内，同承运人签订运输合同并在指定的交货地点，将货物交给承运人接管，卖方负责办理出口、进口手续。
15. CIP：是指卖方在合同规定的期间内同承运人签订运输合同，并将货物交给承运人接管，卖方负责办理货物运输保险。
16. 佣金（C）：中间商因介绍买卖而取得的报酬。
17. 折扣（R）：卖方按原价格给买方一定比例的减让。
一方给另一方单方面的价格。
国际贸易实务术语总结
国际贸易实务术语总结国际贸易实务术语总结一：贸易术语1. 出口（Export）: 指将商品、服务或资本从一个国家出售到另一个国家。
2. 进口（Import）: 指从一个国家购买并引入商品、服务或资本。
3.贸易逆差（Trade deficit）: 当一个国家的进口超过其出口时，经济上出现贸易逆差。
4.贸易顺差（Trade surplus）: 当一个国家的出口大于进口时，经济上出现贸易顺差。
5.关税（Tariff）: 是对进出口商品征收的税费，可以用来控制进口、保护本国产业或增加收入。
6.关税配额（Tariff quota）: 是限制特定商品进口数量的措施，通常在达到配额后需支付更高的关税。
7.非关税壁垒（Non-tariff barrier）: 是指非关税形式的贸易限制，包括配额、进口许可、技术标准等。
8.自由贸易区（Free Trade Area）: 是指一组国家通过降低或取消关税和非关税壁垒来促进自由贸易的区域。
9.关税同盟（Customs Union）: 是自由贸易区的一种更深度的一体化形式，成员国在对外贸易时实行统一的关税政策。
10.最惠国待遇（Most Favoured Nation treatment）: 是指一个国家给予其他国家的最优惠贸易条件，不能对某个国家给予更好的贸易待遇。
二：国际支付术语1.信用证（Letter of Credit）: 是银行以买方为指示人，在购买商品后为卖方提供保付款项的文件。
2.跟单信用证（Documentary Letter of Credit）: 除了支付任务，还要求卖方提供与货物相关的文件，如提单、装箱单等。
3.保函（Bank Guarantee）: 是银行为了保证某人或企业履行合同、支付款项等义务而出具的书面保证。
4.电汇（Telegraphic Transfer）: 是一种通过银行电子转账方式进行的国际支付。
5.托收（Collection）: 是一种付款方式，出口商通过银行要求进口商支付，银行收取费用并帮助卖方收款。
国际贸易实务术语英汉互译
FDI (对外直接投资):making a physical investment by building a factory in another country.Trade surplus( 贸易顺差)when the value of a country’s export is more than that of its imports. Trade deficit(贸易逆差)when the value of a country’s export is less than that of its imports. Barter(物物交换 ):buy or sell goods or services without the use of money. Duping (倾销) :sell the goods with a price lower than its cost or lower than its domestic price to a foreign market. Free trade (自由贸易): the movement of goods and services among nations without political or economic barriers. Export tax rebate (出口退税):government pays back the tax for the export commodities to encourage export. Export subsidies (出口补贴):payments given by the government to domestic companies to encourage export.Import quota(进口配额): a limit on the quantity of a certain import in a specific period. Trade Protectionism（贸易保护主义）:the use of government regulations to limit the import of goods and services. Advocates of protectionism believe it allows domestic producers to survive, grow and produce jobs. Embargo（贸易禁运）:a complete ban on the import or export of a certain product or the stopping of all trade with a particular country. Contract（合同）: is an agreement signed by the seller and the buyer which regulates t he both parties’ right and obligation as well as the detailed information on the transaction. Time regulation of submitting the Documents: the original documents must be presented within 21 working days after the date of shipment, and before the expiry date of L/C in any case. Commission（佣金）:commission is a payment given to the middleman for his service.Time charter (定期租船)：rent a ship for a period of time. Time of shipment (发货时间)：the time for loading the goods on board at the port of shipment. Partial shipment（分批运输）:means goods in one contract would be shipped in more than one lot. Transshipment (转运)：means the goods should be transferred to another ship during the transportation. Lay time （装卸时间）:the time used for loading or unloading the goods. Demurrage（逾期费）:the money paid by the charterer to the ship owner for the delay of loading or unloading .B/E (汇票):is a payment advice made by the exporter (drawer) to the importer (drawee),Drawee should pay the money to payee when he receive the B/E. Sight B/E（即期汇票）:Drawee should pay money to the payee when he receives the B/E immediately. B/E（远期汇票）:Drawee should pay money to payee in a specific date in future.Drawee should accept the time B/E. L/C（信用证）:is a conditional written promise for payment of bank .L/C is issued by the bank to the seller. Sight L/C（即期信用证）:the bank should pay the money immediately when the exporter provides the qualified documents . Usance L/C（远期信用证）:bank would pay the money in a specific date in future. Collection （托收）:The exporter authorizes the bank to collect the payment from the importer by drawing a draft. Packing list（装箱单）:is adocument made by the exporter to indicate the detailed information on shipment. Pro forma invoice(形式发票):is an informal invoice made by exporter indicating the transaction information. Commercial invoice(商业发票)formal. Customs invoice(海关发票)is the invoice made by the exporter based on the special form regulated by the importer’s customs. B\E(汇票)is a payment advice made by the exporter to the importer. Drawee should pay the money to the payee when he receives the B\E.Bill of Lading（提单）: Bill of Lading is a receipt from the shipping company giving detailed information about shipment issued by shipping company to shipper.Shipped BL(已装船提单): showing the goods have been shipped on board. Received BL(备运提单): showing the goods received by the shipping company but have not shipped on board. Endorsement（背书）: The document would be transferred by its owner signing the name on the back of the document. Insurance Document(保险单据):It‘s the insurance contract made by the insurer and the insured：the insurer would take the insurance responsibility according to the insurance coverage. Certificate of Inspection（检验证书）：It‘s a document certifying the result of commodity inspection insured by an inspection institution. Certificate of Origin(原产地证书)：It‘s a document issued by governmental institution to certify the place where the goods have been produced.公式：insurance amount (保额)=CIF×(1+10%)Premium(保险费)=CIF×(1+10%)×premium rateCFR=CIF×(1-1,1×Premium rate)Net price =C－included price ×(1-commission rate)Commission=C－included price×commission rateFreight =W/M(choose the higher one )Total freight =unit price ×units×(1+surcharge)。
国际贸易实务名词解释
1．品质公差：是产品品质的公差。
因科技水平，生产加工能力所限，产品的质量指标出现必然的误差。
2．品质机动幅度：买方允许卖方所交商品品质指标可以在必然的幅度内机动。
3．公定重量：指用科学方式抽掉商品中的水分后，再加上标准含水量所求得的重量。
公定回潮率。
4．数量的机动幅度：即两边在合同的数量条款中规定卖方实际交货数量可在必然幅度内多于或少于合同所规定的数量，一般称为数量增减条款或溢短装条款。
5．唛头：是指运输标志。
一般是由一个简单的几乎图形和一些字母数字以简单的文字组成。
6．指示性标志：针对一些易碎，易损，易变质商品的性质，用夺目的图形和简单的文字提示有关人员在装卸，搬运和贮存时应注意的实现。
7．中性包装：指在商品上和内外包装上不标明生产国家，地址和厂商名称的包装。
包括无牌中性包装和定牌中性包装两种。
8．班轮运输：指依照固定的船期表，沿着固定的航线和口岸来往运输，并按相对固定的运费率收取运费。
9．租船运输：又称不按期租船运输。
既无固定的船期表，又无固定的航线和停泊口岸，有关船舶的航线和停泊口岸，运输货物的种类和航行时间等，都按承租人的要求…10．集装箱: 指具有必然规格强度的专为周转利用的金属货箱.11．集装箱运输: 以集装箱作为运输单位进行货物运输的方式. 装卸效率高,船舶周转快,货运本钱低,手续简便等长处.12．国际多式联运: 以集装箱为媒介,把海陆空各类传统的单一运输方式有机地结合起来,组成一个国际的连贯运输.13．滞期费: 未按规定的装卸时间和装卸率完成装离任务,延误了船期,则应向船方支付必然金额的罚款.14．速遣费: 若是依照规定的装卸时间和装卸率,提前完成装离任务,使船方节省了船舶在港的费用开支,船方将其获取的利益的一部份给租船人作为奖励.15．海运提单：是船方或其代理人在收到其承运的货物时签发给托运人的货物收据，也是承运人与托运人之间的运输契约的证明。
在法律上具有物权证书的效用。
16．海损：被保货物在海洋运输中，因蒙受海上风险而引发的损失与灭失即为海上损失，简称海损。
国际贸易实务名词中英文对译
合同的标的至货物的交付商品的名称name of commodity凭买方样品买卖sale by seller’s sample凭买方样品买卖sale by buyer's sample代表性样品representative sample=原样original sample =标准样品type sample复样duplicate sample=留样keep sample对等样品counter sample= 0^ return sample色彩样品color sample花样款式样品pattern sample参考样品reference sample免费样品free sample推销样品selling sample装运样品shipping sample ， shipment sample到货样品outturn sample检验用样品sample for test凭文字说明买卖sale by description凭规格买卖sale by specification凭等级买卖sale by grade 凭标准买卖sale by standard 良好平均品质Fair Average Quality或凭产地名称或凭地理标志买卖sale by name of origin , or sale by geographical indication凭说明书和图样买卖sale by description and illustration Quality and technical data to be strictly in conformity with the description submitted by the seller 仅供参考For Reference Only 质量公差quality tolerance 毛重gross weight 以毛作净gross for net 净重net weight按实际皮重real tare ,or actual tare 按平均皮重average tare 按习惯皮重customary tare 按约定皮重computed tare 按公量计重conditioned weight 按理论重量计重theoretical weight 法定重量legal weight百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我净净重net net weight溢短装条款more or less clause散装货物bulk cargo , cargo in bulk运输包装transport packing大包装，外包装outer packing板条箱crate瓦楞纸箱corrugated carton纸箱carton漏孔箱skeleton case桶drum，cask包bundle ，bale运输标志，唛头shipping mark指示性标志indicative mark警告性标志warning mark商品条码bar code for commodities中性包装neutral packing贸易术语trade termsLoad the goods on board the vessel关键点critical points风险划分点point for division of risk =交货点point of delivery装运合同shipment contract百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我到货合同arrival contract空仓费dead freight滞期费demurrage单据买卖 a sale of documents象征性交货symbolic delivery单价unit price外汇保值条款exchange clause 佣金commission经纪人middleman ；broker代理人agent折扣discount销售佣金selling commission累计佣金accumulative commission 数量折扣quantity discount特别折扣special discount含佣价price including commission净价net price交货delivery装运shipment收妥待运accepted for carriage 邮局收据日期date of post receipt 收货日期date of pick-up百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我迅速装运 prompt shipment立即装运 immediate shipment尽快装运 shipment as soon as possible以获取舱位为准 subject to shipping space available 获得出口许可证为准 subject to approval of export 分批装运 shipment by installments转运 transshipment班轮运输 liner transport租船运输 charter transport定程租船 voyage charter ; trip charter定期租船time charter光船租船 bare boat charter单程航次租船single trip charter来回程航次租船return trip charter连续航次租船consecutive voyages航次期租 time charter on trip basis , TCT重量吨weight ton尺码吨 measurement ton从价运费.or ad val.按货物重量或尺码从高征收W/M临时议定运价open rate百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我接受监管 taking in chargelicense燃油附加费bunker adjustment factor , BAF货币贬值附加费currency adjustment factor CAF超重附加费heavy lift additional超长附加费long length additional直航附加费direct additional转航附加费transshipment surcharge港口附加费port surcharge港口拥挤附加费port congestion surcharge选择港附加费optional surcharge变更卸货港附加费alteration surcharge整船包价slump-sum fright班轮条件gross terms; liner terms; berth terms船方管装不管卸free out ,.船方管卸不管装free in，.船方装和卸均不管free in and out,工作日working days 按晴天工作日weather working days货物所有权凭证document of title货物收据receipt for the goods运输合同的证明evidence of the contract of carriage已装船提单on board B/L; shipped B/L备运提单received for shipment B/L记名提单straight B/L不记名提单bearer B/L指示提单order B/L直达提单direct B/L转船提单transshipment B/L联运提单through B/L班轮提单liner B/L正本提单original B/L副本提单copy B/L过期提单stale B/L甲板提单on deck B/L整箱货full container load, FCL拼箱货less than container load, LCL集装箱堆场container yard, CY集装箱货运站container freight station，CFS 被保险人the insured =投保人applicant 保险人insurer =承保人underwriter保险标的subject matter insured保险利益insurable interest最大诚信utmost good faith保证warranty补偿原贝U principle of indemnity近因原则principle of proximate cause海上风险perils of the sea自然灾害natural calamity意夕卜事故fortuitous accidents外来风险extraneous risks推定全损constructive total loss共同海损general average单独海损particular average施救费用sue and labor expenses救助费用salvage charges平安险free from particular average, FPA水渍险with average, with particular average WA, WPA 一切险all risks仓至仓条款warehouse to warehouse clause , W/W Clause 一般附加险general additional risk砰损、破碎险clash and breakage 串味险taint of odor淡水雨淋险fresh water and/or rain damage偷窃，提货不着险theft, pilferage and non-delivery ,TNPD 短量险shortage渗漏险leakage混杂、玷污险intermixture and contamination钩损险hook damage百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我受潮受热险sweet and heating锈损险rust包装破裂险breakage of packing特殊附加险special additional risk 战争险war risks 罢工险strike risks黄曲霉素险aflatoxin交货不到险failure to delivery舱面险on deck进口关税险import duty拒收险rejection保险单insurance policy保险凭证insurance certificate预约保单open policy批单endorsement相对免赔率franchise绝对免赔率deductible代位追索权right of subrogation^匚票bill of exchange, draft, bill 即期汇票sight draft, demand draft百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我10。
国际贸易实务常用术语翻译
国际贸易实务常用术语翻译装运港船上交货(Free on Board，FOB）装运港船边交货(Free Alongside Ship，FAS）货交承运人（Free Carrier,FCA）成本加运费（Cost and Freight，CFR)成本加保险费、运费（Cost,Insurance and Freight ，CIF）运费付至(Carriage Paid To，CPT）运费、保险费付至(Carriage and Insurance Paid To,CIP）边境交货（Delivered At Frontier，DAF)目的港船上交货（Delivered EX Ship，DES）目的港码头交货（Delivered EX Quay，DEQ）未完税交货(Delivered Duty Unpaid,DDU）完税后交货（Delivered Duty Paid，DDP）象征性交货（Symbolic Delivery )实际交货( Physical Delivery )班轮运输( Liner Transport ）租船运输（Shipping by Chartering ）班轮条件（Gross Terms；Liner Terms;Berth Terms )集装箱( Container )整箱货( Full Container Load，FCL ）良好平均品质（Fair Average Quality,FAQ）对等样品;回样（Counter Sample)拼箱货（Less than Container Load，LCL ）国际多式联运（International Multimodal Transport 或International Combined Transport，美国也称International Intermodal Transport ）“OCP”即“陆路共通点”（Over Common Points )货物经美国西海岸港口转运分批发运（Partial Shipment ）海运提单（Bill of Lading，B/L )清洁提单（Clean B/L ）提示提单（Order B/L )单独海损(Particular Average，PA）共同海损(General Averages,GA）平安险（Free from Particular Average,FPA ）水渍险（With Average or With Particular Average,WA or WPA )一切险（All Risks)“仓至仓”条款（Warehouse to Warehouse Clause ）汇票（Bill of Exchange;Draft ）本票（Promissory Note ）支票（Cheque;Check ）承兑（Acceptance ）背书（Endorsement ）空白背书（Blank Endorsement）托收（Collection )付款交单（Documents against Payment,D/P ）承兑交单（Documents against Acceptance，D/A ）信用证（Letter of Credit，L/C ）跟单信用证(Documentary Credit）不可撤销信用证（Irrevocable Letter O f Credit）保兑信用证(Confirmed Letter of Credit)开证申请人（Applicant)开证行( Issuing Bank ）通知行（Advising Bank）受益人（Beneficiary )议付银行（Negotiating Bank ）不可抗力（Force Majeure ）仲裁( Arbitration ）询盘（Inquiry ）发盘（Offer ）还盘（Counter Offer ）接受( Acceptance ）保险单( Insurance Policy ）独家经销（Sole Distribution ）产地说明书（Certificate of Origin )招标（Invitation to Tender）投标（Submission of Tender）。
国际贸易实务_名词解释
1、FOBFOB-是Free On Board(…named port of shipment)的简写，即船上交货（…指定装运港），习惯称为装运港船上交货。
按此术语成交，由买方负责派船接运货物，卖方应在合同规定的装运港和规定的期限内，将货物装上买方指派的船只，并及时通知买方，货物在装船时完成交货，风险即由卖方转移至买方。
FOB 是国际贸易中最常用的贸易术语之一。
2、CIFCIF，英文全称为Cost ,Insurance and Freight (….named port of des tination)，即成本加保险费、运费（….指定目的港），指卖方须将货物按照合同规定装上船并负责运输和保险及其费用；与FOB术语一样，CIF 亦是只适用于水上运输,也是国际贸易中最常用的贸易术语之一。
3、贸易术语又称价格术语，它是在国际贸易中用以表示商品的价格构成，以及买卖双方在商品交接过程中有关风险责任和费用划分问题的以文字或缩写字母组成的专门用语。
国际商会在《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》（以下简称《通则》）中规定了13种贸易术语。
其中最常用的装运港船上交货的贸易术语有3种：FOB、CIF、CFR，向承运人交货的常用贸易术语也有3种：FCA、CPT、CIP。
4、共同海损是指载货的船舶在海上遇到灾害事故，威胁到船货等各方的共同安全，为了解除这种威胁，维护船货安全，或者使航行得以继续，由船方有意识地合理地采取措施，造成某些特殊损失或付出某些额外特殊费用；这些损失和费用叫共同海损。
这种共同海损应由船、货等各有关获得好处的方面，按各方最后获救价值的比例分摊，称之为共同海损分摊。
5、定牌即定牌中性包装，又称定牌生产，指卖方按买方要求在其出售的商品包装上标明买方指定的商标或牌号。
这是为了适应世界上许多国家的超级市场、大百货公司和专业商店对其经常出售的商品，都要标有本商店使用的商标或牌号（商号）的销售方式所需而产生的一种包装方式。
国际贸易实务名词中英文对译
合同的标的至货物的交付商品的名称name of commodity凭买方样品买卖sale by seller’s sample凭买方样品买卖sale by buyer’s sample代表性样品representative sample=原样original sample =标准样品type sample复样duplicate sample=留样keep sample对等样品counter sample=回样return sample色彩样品color sample花样款式样品pattern sample参考样品reference sample免费样品free sample推销样品selling sample装运样品shipping sample ，shipment sample到货样品outturn sample检验用样品sample for test凭文字说明买卖sale by description凭规格买卖sale by specification凭等级买卖sale by grade凭标准买卖sale by standard良好平均品质Fair Average Quality 或F.A.Q凭产地名称或凭地理标志买卖sale by name of origin , or sale by geographical indication凭说明书和图样买卖sale by description and illustration Quality and technical data to be strictly in conformity with the description submitted by the seller仅供参考For Reference Only质量公差quality tolerance毛重gross weight以毛作净gross for net净重net weight按实际皮重real tare , or actual tare按平均皮重average tare按习惯皮重customary tare按约定皮重computed tare按公量计重conditioned weight按理论重量计重theoretical weight法定重量legal weight净净重net net weight溢短装条款more or less clause散装货物bulk cargo , cargo in bulk运输包装transport packing大包装，外包装outer packing板条箱crate瓦楞纸箱corrugated carton纸箱carton漏孔箱skeleton case桶drum，cask包bundle ，bale运输标志，唛头shipping mark指示性标志indicative mark警告性标志warning mark商品条码bar code for commodities中性包装neutral packing贸易术语trade termsLoad the goods on board the vessel关键点critical points风险划分点point for division of risk =交货点point of delivery装运合同shipment contract到货合同arrival contract空仓费dead freight滞期费demurrage单据买卖 a sale of documents象征性交货symbolic delivery单价unit price外汇保值条款exchange clause佣金commission经纪人middleman；broker代理人agent折扣discount销售佣金selling commission累计佣金accumulative commission 数量折扣quantity discount特别折扣special discount含佣价price including commission 净价net price交货delivery装运shipment收妥待运accepted for carriage邮局收据日期date of post receipt 收货日期date of pick-up接受监管taking in charge迅速装运prompt shipment立即装运immediate shipment尽快装运shipment as soon as possible以获取舱位为准subject to shipping space available获得出口许可证为准subject to approval of export license 分批装运shipment by installments转运transshipment班轮运输liner transport租船运输charter transport定程租船voyage charter ; trip charter定期租船time charter光船租船bare boat charter单程航次租船single trip charter来回程航次租船return trip charter连续航次租船consecutive voyages航次期租time charter on trip basis , TCT重量吨weight ton尺码吨measurement ton从价运费 A.V. or ad val.按货物重量或尺码从高征收W/M临时议定运价open rate燃油附加费bunker adjustment factor , BAF货币贬值附加费currency adjustment factor CAF超重附加费heavy lift additional超长附加费long length additional直航附加费direct additional转航附加费transshipment surcharge港口附加费port surcharge港口拥挤附加费port congestion surcharge选择港附加费optional surcharge变更卸货港附加费alteration surcharge整船包价slump-sum fright班轮条件gross terms; liner terms; berth terms船方管装不管卸free out , F.O.船方管卸不管装free in， F.I.船方装和卸均不管free in and out, F.I.O.工作日working days按晴天工作日weather working days货物所有权凭证document of title货物收据receipt for the goods运输合同的证明evidence of the contract of carriage 已装船提单on board B/L; shipped B/L备运提单received for shipment B/L记名提单straight B/L不记名提单bearer B/L指示提单order B/L直达提单direct B/L转船提单transshipment B/L联运提单through B/L班轮提单liner B/L正本提单original B/L副本提单copy B/L过期提单stale B/L甲板提单on deck B/L整箱货full container load, FCL拼箱货less than container load, LCL集装箱堆场container yard, CY集装箱货运站container freight station，CFS 被保险人the insured =投保人applicant保险人insurer =承保人underwriter保险标的subject matter insured保险利益insurable interest最大诚信utmost good faith保证warranty补偿原则principle of indemnity近因原则principle of proximate cause海上风险perils of the sea自然灾害natural calamity意外事故fortuitous accidents外来风险extraneous risks推定全损constructive total loss共同海损general average单独海损particular average施救费用sue and labor expenses救助费用salvage charges平安险free from particular average, FPA水渍险with average, with particular average WA, WPA一切险all risks仓至仓条款warehouse to warehouse clause , W/W Clause 一般附加险general additional risk砰损、破碎险clash and breakage串味险taint of odor淡水雨淋险fresh water and/or rain damage偷窃，提货不着险theft, pilferage and non-delivery ,TNPD 短量险shortage渗漏险leakage混杂、玷污险intermixture and contamination钩损险hook damage受潮受热险sweet and heating锈损险rust包装破裂险breakage of packing 特殊附加险special additional risk 战争险war risks罢工险strike risks黄曲霉素险aflatoxin交货不到险failure to delivery舱面险on deck进口关税险import duty拒收险rejection保险单insurance policy保险凭证insurance certificate预约保单open policy批单endorsement相对免赔率franchise绝对免赔率deductible代位追索权right of subrogation 汇票bill of exchange, draft, bill即期汇票sight draft, demand draft。
国际贸易实务英文名词解释（英to英）
国际贸易实务英⽂名词解释（英to英）国际贸易实务英⽂名词解释（英to英）What’s International Trade?The international trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services producedin another country.EXPORTINGExporting is the process of earning money by providing the right product at the right price at the right time in the right place beyond your home boundary. The ultimate goal is to make sure that the exporter is to be paid for the goods he sells.EXWEXW means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises (法定地址) or another named place. The seller doesn’t not declare the goods for export and he needn’t load goods on any collecting vehicle.FASFree alongside ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of the goods from that moment.FOBFree on Board means the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all the costs and risks from that point. The FOB terms require the seller to clear the goods for export. CFRCost and freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass ship’s rail at the named port of shipmentCIFCIF means that the seller bears the same obligations as under CFR. In additional that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pay the insurance premium.FCA, Free carrier (…Named place)It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by the buyer, the seller may choose within the place or range stipulated where the carrier shall take charge of the goods. When, according to commercial practices, the seller’s assistance is required in making the con tract with the carrier, the seller may act at the buyer’s risk and expenses.CPT, Carriage paid to (…named place of destination) 运费付⾄（…指定⽬的地）It means that the seller pays the freight for the carriage of the goods to the named destination, the risk of, loss of, or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered to the carrier, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been delivered into the custody of the carrier.CIP, Carriage and insurance paid to (…named place of destination) 运费保险费付⾄（…指定⽬的地）It means that the seller has the same obligations as under CPT but with the addition that the seller has to procure cargo insurance against the buyer’s risk of, loss of, or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium.DES, Delivered Ex Ship(…named port of destination) 船上交货（…指定⽬的港）It means that the seller shall make the goods available to the buyer on board the ship at the destination named in the sales contract. The seller has to bear the full cost and risks involved in bringing the goods there.DEQ, Delivered ex Quay(…names port of destination) 码头交货（…指定⽬的港）It means that the seller makes the goodsavailable to the buyer on the quay at the destination named in the sales contract. The seller has to bear the full cost and risks involved on bringing the goods there.DDU, Delivered Duty Unpaid (…named place of destination) 未完税交货（…指定⽬的地）It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods there, as well as the cost and risk of carrying out customs formalities for export. The buyer has to pay any additional costs and bear any risks caused by his failure to clear the goods for import in time.DDP，Delivered Duty Paid(…named place of destination)完税后交货（…指定⽬的地）It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. The seller has to bear all the risks and costs including duties, taxes and other charges for delivering the goods, clearing for importation. It represents the maximum obligation borne by the seller.DAF, Delivered At Frontier (…named place) 边境交货（…指定地点）It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available, cleared for export, at the named point of place at the frontier, but before the customs border of the country named in the sales contract.Quality of goodsThe quality of goods refers to the outward appearance and the essential quality of the goods, such as shape, structure, color, flavors well as chemical composition, physical and mechanical property, biological feature, etc.In international trade, quality of the goods not only concerns the value in use and the price of the goods, but also concerns the sales of the goods and credit standing of the manufacturer.Sale by samples.The sample refers to the article which can be used to represent the quality of the whole lot. Sale by sample includes tree cases, i.e., sale by the seller’s sample and sale, sale by the buyer’s sample a nd sale by counter sampleSale by actual quality:（以实际品质交货）In this case, the buyer or his agent examines the goods at seller’s place at first. After they conclude a deal, the seller shall deliver the goods according to the goods examined.Sale by description:（以说明表⽰）In international business, most commodities are suitable to sale by description which can be subdivided into 7 kindsSale by specification:（凭规格买卖）The specification of the goods refers to certain main indicators which indicate the quality of the goods, such as composition, content, purity, size, length, etc.Sale by grade: （凭等级买卖）The grade of the goods refers to the classifications of the commodity of the goods which is indicated by words, numbers or symbols. The classifications are usually decided by different qualities, weights, compositions, appearances, properties, etc. Sale by standard: （凭标准买卖）The standard refers to the specifications or grades which are stipulated and announced by the government or the chambers of commerce, etc.F.A.Q.: （良好平均品质）In the international agricultural and by-product market, there is a commonly adopted standard, i.e., fair average quality. F.A.Q. refers to the average level of the export commodity within a certain period of time.Sale by brand name or trademark: 凭商标品牌买卖As to the goods whose quality is stable, reputation is sound and with which the customers are quite familiar, we may sell it by brand name or trade mark.(奔驰汽车)Sale by name of origin: 凭产地名称买卖There are some agricultural products and by-products whose origins are well- known all over the world.Sale by description: 凭说明书和图样买卖The quality of some commodities, such as technological instruments, electric machines, etc. can not be simply indicated by quality indexes, instead it is quite necessary to explain in detail the structure, material, performance as well as method of operation. If necessary, pictures, photos, etc. must also be provided.Quality Tolerance品质公差The quality tolerance is used in the trade of industrial products, which means that the quality of the goods delivered by the seller is allowed to have certain differences within a certain range since such differences are usually unavoidable and commonly accepted as the usage of the same special trade. Quality tolerance is mainly used for industrial productsQuality latitude 品质机动幅度The quality latitude means that the quality indexes of the goods delivered by the seller may be controlled flexibly within a certain latitude.The packing of goodsIn international trade packing is one of the essential component parts of commodity production. Generally speaking, only packed commodities can enter into the circulation field, and attain the commercial value and use value of the goods. Packing can protect commodity and keep it good in quality and intact in quantity in the circulation process.Neutral packing and brand designated by the buyer 中性包装和定牌It means that there is neither a name of the origin, nor a name of the factory, nor a trade mark, a brand, or even any words on the packing of the commodity and the commodity itself. It includes two kinds: packing with trade mark designated by the buyer but without the mark of the manufacturers and origins packing and without trade mark and origins as well as the mark of the manufacturersBrand designated by the buyer:It means that the seller addresses the trade mark or brand on the package of the commodity or the commodity itself as buyer’s request.定牌是指卖⽅按买⽅要求在其出售的商品或包装上标明买⽅指定的商标或品牌，这种做法叫定牌⽣产。
国际贸易实务名词中英文对照
国际贸易实务名词中英文对照1．International Settlement 国际结算2．International Customs 国际惯例3．booklet of authorized signatures 签字样本4．test key 密押5．Correspondent Bank代理行6．SWIFT 环球银行金融电讯协会1．bill of exchange 汇票2．b anker’s draft 银行汇票3．commercial bill 商业汇票4．banker’s acceptance bill 银行承兑汇票5．trader’s acceptance bill 商业承兑汇票6．documentary bill 跟单汇票7．clean bill 光票8．sight draft，demand draft 即期汇票9．time bill，usance bill 远期汇票10．drawer，payee，drawee 出票人，收款人，付款人；11．endorsement 背书12．acceptance 承兑13．without recourse 免于追索14．notice of dishonour 拒付通知15．protest 拒绝证书16．promissory note 本票17．cheque / check 支票18．cash cheque 现金支票19．cheque for transfer 转帐支票20．crossed check 划线支票1．T/T：Telegraphic Transfer，电汇2．M/T：Mail Transfer，信汇3．D/D：Banker's Demand Draft，票汇4．O/A：Open Account，赊销交易5．CAD：Cash against documents，交单付现6．B/O：By order of，汇款人1．Remittance：汇款2．payment order：汇款委托书3．M/T advice：信汇委托书4．telegraphic transfer：电汇5．banker's demand draft：票汇6．mail transfer：信汇1．Financial Documents金融单据2．Commercial Documents 商业单据3．Collection 托收4．Principal 委托人5．Remitting Bank 托收行6．Collecting Bank 代收行7．Clean Collection光票托收8．Documentary C ollection 跟单托收9．Documents against Payment 付款交单10．Documents against Acceptance 承兑交单11．Trust Receipt 信托收据12．Outward Bills 出口押汇13．Uniform Rules for Collection 托收统一规则14．Documentary Bill for Collection 跟单托收1．Documentary Credit 跟单信用证2．Cover Letter或Bill of Purchase 寄单面函3．Credit Opened by Mail 信开本信用证4．Credit Opened by Teletransmission 电开本信用证5．Operative Instrument 有效文本6．Expiry Date and Plac e 有效日期和地点7．Nominated Bank 指定银行8．Partial Shipment 分批装运9．Special Condition 特别条款10．Discrepancy 不符点11．Issuing Bank 开证行12．Applicant 申请人13．Advising Bank 通知行14．Beneficiary 受益人15．Negotiating Bank 议付行16．Confirming Bank 保兑行17．Reimbursing Bank 偿付行18．Sight Payment Credit 即期付款信用证19．Deferred Payment Credit 迟期付款信用证20．Acceptance Credit 承兑信用证21．Confirmed Credit 保兑信用证22．Usance Credit Payable at Sight 假远期信用证23．Anticipatory Credit 预支信用证24．Transferable Credit 可转让信用证25．Back to Back Credit 背对背信用证26．Reciprocal Credit 对开信用证27．Revolving Credit 循环信用证28．Strict Compliance 严格相符29．Substantial Compliance 实质相符30．Fraud Exception Principle 欺诈例外原则五、将下列英文译成中文1．Independent guarantee：独立性保函2．Accessory Guarantee：从属性保函3．reissuing bank：转开行4．counter-guarantor：反担保人5．Standby letter of credit：备用信用证六、将下列英文译成中文1．International Factoring 国际保理2．Credit Control 信用销售控制3．Collection of Receivables 带收账款4．Financed Factoring 融资保理5．Non-Financed Factoring非融资保理6．Maturity Factoring 到期保理7．Non-Recoursed Factoring无追索权保理8．Recoursed Factoring 有追索权保理9．Disclosed Factoring公开型保理10．Undisclosed Factoring 隐蔽型保理11．Two Factor System双保理商保理型式12．Single Factor System 单保理商保理型式13．Maintenance of Sales Ledger 销售账务管理14．Protection for buyer's Credit 信用担保15．Export Trade Finance 贸易融资16．Application for a Credit Approval 信用额度申请表1．Commercial Invoice 商业发票2．Transport Documents 运输单据3．Insurance Documents 保险单据4．Receipt Invoice 收妥发票5．Shipping Mark 唛头6．Ocean Bill of Lading 海运提单7．Shipped B/L 已装船提单8．Received for Shipment B/L 备运提单9．Transshipment B/L 转船提单10．Through B/L 联运提单11．Direct B/L 直达提单12．Order B/L 指示提单13．Anti-datedB/L 倒签提单14．Non-negotiable Sea Waybill 不可转让海运单15．Air Waybill 空运运单16．Master Air Waybill 主运单17．Cargo Receipt，C/R 承运货物收据18．Parcel Post Receipt 邮包收据19．Insurance Policy 正式保险单20．Multimodal Transport Document 多式运输单据21．Insurance Certificate 保险凭证22．Open Policy 预约保险单23．Insurance Declaration 保险声明24．Cover Note, Binder 暂保单25．Certificate of Origin 原产地证明书26．Inspection Certificate 检验证明书。
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国际贸易实务英文名词解释（英to英）What’s International Trade?The international trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services producedin another country.EXPORTINGExporting is the process of earning money by providing the right product at the right price at the right time in the right place beyond your home boundary. The ultimate goal is to make sure that the exporter is to be paid for the goods he sells.EXWEXW means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises (法定地址) or another named place. The seller doesn’t not declare the goods for export and he needn’t load goods on any col lecting vehicle.FASFree alongside ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of the goods from that moment.FOBFree on Board means the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all the costs and risks from that point. The FOB terms require the seller to clear the goods for export.CFRCost and freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass ship’s rail at the named port of shipmentCIFCIF means that the seller bears the same obligations as under CFR. In additional that he has to procure marine insurance against th e buyer’s risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pay the insurance premium.FCA, Free carrier (…Named place)It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by the buyer, the seller may choose within the place or range stipulated where the carrier shall take charge of the goods. When, according to commercial practices, the seller’s assistance is required in making the contract with the carrier, the seller may act at the buyer’s risk and expenses.CPT, Carriage paid to (…named place of destination) 运费付至（…指定目的地）It means that the seller pays the freight for the carriage of the goods to the named destination, the risk of, loss of, or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered to the carrier, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been delivered into the custody of the carrier.CIP, Carriage and insurance paid to (…named place of destination) 运费保险费付至（…指定目的地）It means that the seller has the same obligations as under CPT but with the addition that the seller has to procure cargo insurance against the buyer’s risk of, loss of, or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium.DES, Delivered Ex Ship(…named port of destination) 船上交货（…指定目的港）It means that the seller shall make the goods available to the buyer on board the ship at the destination named in the sales contract. The seller has to bear the full cost and risks involved in bringing the goods there.DEQ, Delivered ex Quay(…names port of destination) 码头交货（…指定目的港）It means that the seller makes the goods available to the buyer on the quay at the destination named in the sales contract. The seller has to bear the full cost and risks involved on bringing the goods there.DDU, Delivered Duty Unpaid (…named place of d estination) 未完税交货（…指定目的地）It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods there, as well as the cost and risk of carrying out customs formalities for export. The buyer has to pay any additional costs and bear any risks caused by his failure to clear the goods for import in time.DDP，Delivered Duty Paid(…named place of destination)完税后交货（…指定目的地）It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. The seller has to bear all the risks and costs including duties, taxes and other charges for delivering the goods, clearing for importation. It represents the maximum obligation borne by the seller.DAF, Delivered At Frontier (…named place) 边境交货（…指定地点）It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available, cleared for export, at the named point of place at the frontier, but before the customs border of the country named in the sales contract.Quality of goodsThe quality of goods refers to the outward appearance and the essential quality of the goods, such as shape, structure, color, flavors well as chemical composition, physical and mechanical property, biological feature, etc.In international trade, quality of the goods not only concerns the value in use and the price of the goods, but also concerns the sales of the goods and credit standing of the manufacturer.Sale by samples.The sample refers to the article which can be used to represent the quality of the whole lot. Sale by sample includes tree cases, i.e., sale by the seller’s sample and sale, sale by the buyer’s sample and sale by counter sampleSale by actual quality:（以实际品质交货）In this case, the buyer or his agent examines the goods at seller’s place at first. After they conclude a deal, the seller shall deliver the goods according to the goods examined.Sale by description:（以说明表示）In international business, most commodities are suitable to sale by description which can be subdivided into 7 kindsSale by specification:（凭规格买卖）The specification of the goods refers to certain main indicators which indicate the quality of the goods, such as composition, content, purity, size, length, etc.Sale by grade: （凭等级买卖）The grade of the goods refers to the classifications of the commodity of the goods which is indicated by words, numbers or symbols. The classifications are usually decided by different qualities, weights, compositions, appearances, properties, etc.Sale by standard: （凭标准买卖）The standard refers to the specifications or grades which are stipulated and announced by the government or the chambers of commerce, etc.F.A.Q.: （良好平均品质）In the international agricultural and by-product market, there is a commonly adopted standard, i.e., fair average quality. F.A.Q. refers to the average level of the export commodity within a certain period of time.Sale by brand name or trademark: 凭商标品牌买卖As to the goods whose quality is stable, reputation is sound and with which the customers are quite familiar, we may sell it by brand name or trade mark.(奔驰汽车)Sale by name of origin: 凭产地名称买卖There are some agricultural products and by-products whose origins are well- known all over the world.Sale by description: 凭说明书和图样买卖The quality of some commodities, such as technological instruments, electric machines, etc. can not be simply indicated by quality indexes, instead it is quite necessary to explain in detail the structure, material, performance as well as method of operation. If necessary, pictures, photos, etc. must also be provided.Quality Tolerance品质公差The quality tolerance is used in the trade of industrial products, which means that the quality of the goods delivered by the seller is allowed to have certain differences within a certain range since such differences are usually unavoidable and commonly accepted as the usage of the same special trade. Quality tolerance is mainly used for industrial productsQuality latitude 品质机动幅度The quality latitude means that the quality indexes of the goods delivered by the seller may be controlled flexibly within a certain latitude.The packing of goodsIn international trade packing is one of the essential component parts of commodity production. Generally speaking, only packed commodities can enter into the circulation field, and attain the commercial value and use value of the goods. Packing can protect commodity and keep it good in quality and intact in quantity in the circulation process.Neutral packing and brand designated by the buyer 中性包装和定牌It means that there is neither a name of the origin, nor a name of the factory, nor a trade mark, a brand, or even any words on the packing of the commodity and the commodity itself. It includes two kinds: packing with trade mark designated by the buyer but without the mark of the manufacturers and origins packing and without trade mark and origins as well as the mark of the manufacturersBrand designated by the buyer:It means that the seller addresses the trade mark or brand on the package of the commodity or the commodity itself as buyer’s request.定牌是指卖方按买方要求在其出售的商品或包装上标明买方指定的商标或品牌，这种做法叫定牌生产。