稳定型心绞痛 英文
慢性稳定型心绞痛
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自我监测
教会患者如何进行自我监测,包括监测心绞 痛的症状、发作频率等,以及时发现异常情 况。
应急处理
指导患者掌握心绞痛发作时的应急处理措施 ,如立即休息、舌下含服硝酸甘油等,以缓 解症状并降低病情加重的风险。
05
CATALOGUE
预后和长期管理
预后评估和管理目标
要点一
预后评估
医生会根据患者的病史、体格检查、心电图和心脏影像学 检查结果,评估患者的心绞痛严重程度和预后。
03
CATALOGUE
治疗和管理
药物治疗
01
02
可以防止血栓形 成,降低心肌梗死等风险。
硝酸酯类药物
如硝酸甘油,可以扩张血管, 减轻心脏负担,缓解心绞痛症
状。
β受体拮抗剂
如美托洛尔,可以降低心率, 减少心肌耗氧量,缓解心绞痛
症状。
他汀类药物
如辛伐他汀,可以降低血脂, 稳定斑块,预防心肌梗死。
要点二
管理目标
慢性稳定型心绞痛的管理目标包括减轻症状、改善生活质 量、减少心肌梗死和死亡等不良事件的风险。
长期药物治疗和生活方式调整
药物治疗
医生会根据患者的具体情况,制定适合患者 的药物治疗方案,包括抗血小板药物、β受 体拮抗剂、钙通道阻滞剂等。
生活方式调整
改变不良的生活方式对于慢性稳定型心绞痛 的控制和治疗非常重要,包括戒烟、控制体
向患者提供心理咨询和心理支持,帮助其减轻焦虑、抑郁等情绪,增强治疗信心和依从性。
生活方式和饮食调整
生活方式
鼓励患者采取健康的生活方式,包括戒 烟、限制饮酒、适当运动等,以降低心 绞痛发作的风险。
VS
饮食调整
指导患者调整饮食结构,避免高脂、高盐 、高糖等不健康饮食,多吃蔬菜水果等富 含纤维的食物。
不稳定型心绞痛诊断标准
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不稳定型心绞痛诊断标准稳定型心绞痛(stable angina pectoris,SAP)是一种心血管疾病,由于冠状动脉狭窄所致,引起心肌缺血致使发生心绞痛。
一般来说,稳定型心绞痛发作与性格、情绪、生活习惯、冠状动脉狭窄等有关,且症状自觉得,早期被称为“冠心病的律动戏剧”。
稳定型心绞痛是冠状动脉粥样硬化的临床表现,具有明显的定位性疼痛,如果不及早诊断和治疗,会对患者的健康造成影响及危害。
以下是稳定型心绞痛的诊断标准:一、症状1、主诉:患者常有运动性胸痛或重压感,典型的症状为“挂灯笼”或“束绳子”、按摩、压迫所致;且随着活动量的增加而持续,随着休息而缓解。
2、伴随症状:可有恶心、呕吐、出汗、拔火罐感等,出汗多为冷汗。
二、实验室检查1、心电图:可显示心肌缺血;2、冠状动脉造影:可显示心绞痛背景下冠状动脉狭窄程度及病变;3、血液生化指标:可检测出尿素氮(BUN)空腹血糖及血脂(如总胆固醇、甘油三酯);4、其他:经颅核磁共振(NMR)检查可更加准确地确定心绞痛是否由心肌缺血引起,及确定缺血所侵犯的部位。
三、诊断1、症状与实验室检查结果支持:症状与实验室检查的结果相符,支持作出怀疑稳定型心绞痛的诊断;2、重复发作:经临床症状及心电图等综合分析,判断为重复发作的心绞痛,而非其他病因;3、心衰竭特征反常或异常:心电图显示ST-T改变和标志性Q波,证实该患者确实有心肌缺血症状。
四、治疗稳定型心绞痛治疗方案应根据患者临床病史、实验室检查结果及影像学检查指标个体化变化,按照当前最新的治疗原则制定。
通常包括中药调理、心血管保护、有氧运动等;同时,需要规范饮食、戒烟戒酒,服用相应的药物(典型的血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、硝酸咪辛/硝酸咪唑及心肌保护剂),采取有效的冠状动脉内治疗手段(如血管内支架植入术、血管内激光或钝化埋管术等),以较大程度改善患者的症状并控制并发症的发生。
心血管内科常用英文
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心血管内科常用英文Symptoms 症状chest distress胸闷dyspnoea呼吸困难:paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea breathlessness 气促a poor effort tolerancecough咳嗽palpitation 心悸precordial chest pain心前区胸痛retrosternally chest pain 胸骨后胸痛precipitation by exertion, promptly relief by rest or sublingual nitratea sense of oppression or tightness in the chest - like a band around the chest patients may close a hand around the throat ,put a hand or clenched fist on the sternummay radiate to the neck or jar, accompanied by discomfort in the arms(referred pain)occasionally epigastric or interscapular 上腹部的/肩胛间的sense of impending death 濒死感autonomic disturbance including sweating, nausea, vomitingSigns 体征Vital signs 生命体征blood pressure (systolic/diastolic, pulse pressure脉压):hypertension/hypotensionpulse rate 脉律: regular/irregulardropped beat脉搏短绌respitatory rate : tachypnea呼吸急促/ respiration ceases呼吸停止temperature: fever /clammy peripheries 四肢湿冷cyanosis 发绀loss of consciousness,unconsciousness意识丧失tic of limbs四肢抽搐gatism,urinary and fecal incontinence大小便失禁cardiac apex (4/5th ICS-MCL or displaced laterally) 心尖palpable liftthrill 震颤cardiac dilatation心脏扩大large right atrium 右房大dilated left ventricle 左室大beats per minute ,bpm (heart rate) 心率: tachycardia/bradycardia, regular/irregular rhythmheart sounds: S1,S2,S3,S4gallop奔马律, systolic click收缩期卡嗒音, opening snap(二尖瓣)开瓣音, pericardial knock 心包叩击音heart murmur 心脏杂音systolic/diastolic/continousgrade 1-5crescendo/decrescendo 递增/递减radiationlocationpitch音调quality 性质pericardial friction rub,pericardial rub心包摩擦音inspiratory crepitations over the lung bases, basal crackles 肺底湿啰音wheezing rale 哮鸣音cardiomegaly 心脏肥大elevated venous pressuredistention of jugular vein,jugular filling,jugular varicosity颈静脉怒张/充盈hepatojugular reflux sign肝颈静脉回流征ascites 腹水edema of lower extremity下肢水肿Hypertensive disease高血压病sphygmomanometer;blood pressure gauge,BPG血压计stethoscope听诊器hypertensionprimary hypertensionsecondary hypertensionchronic kidney disease, CKDdrugs: non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug,NSAID非甾体类抗炎药glucocorticosteroids糖皮质激素mineral corticoid ,MCH盐皮质激素oral contraceptives口服避孕药adrenomimetic拟肾上腺素药monoamine oxidase inhibitor单胺氧化酶抑制剂tricyclic antidepressant;TCA三环类抗抑郁药immunodepressant免疫抑制剂(如ciclosporin环孢素)erythropoietin,EPO 促红细胞生成素hyperthyrea, hyperthyroidism, hyperthyrosis甲状腺功能亢进primary hyperaldosteronism原发性醛固酮增多症adrenal cortical hyperplasia肾上腺皮质增生症chromaffin-cell tumor,chromaffinom,medullosuprarenoma,phaeochromocytoma,PCC嗜铬细胞瘤sleep apnea syndrome睡眠呼吸暂停综合征diabetes mellitus糖尿病coarctation of aorta,COA主动脉缩窄white coat hypertensionisolated systolic hypertension 单纯收缩期高血压hypertensive emergencies 高血压急症hypertensive urgencies 高血压亚急症hypertensive crisis 高血压危象hypertensive encephalopathy 高血压性脑病The coronary circulationleft anterior descending artery,LADleft circumflex coronary artery, LCXright coronary artery, RCACoronary artery disease;coronary heart disease,CAD,CHD冠心病atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化atheromatous plaques 动脉粥样斑块plaque rupture 斑块破裂angina pectoris 心绞痛stable angina pectoris 稳定性心绞痛variant angina pectoris 变异性心绞痛silent myocardial ischemia 无症状心肌缺血(latent coronary heart disease 隐匿性冠心病)myocardial bridging 心肌桥post-infarction angina pectoris 梗死后心绞痛acute coronary syndrome,ACS 急性冠脉综合征unstable angina pectoris ,UAP 不稳定心绞痛rest 静息型, new/initial初发型,accelerated 恶化型acute myocardial infarction ,AMI 急性心肌梗死non-ST segment elevation MI, NSTEMIST segment elevation MI,STEMIsudden cardiac death, SCD 心脏性猝死dysfunction/rupture of papillary muscle 乳头肌功能不全/断裂rupture of chordae tendineae腱索断裂rupture of the heart ,cardiac rupture心脏破裂embolism 栓塞(systemic体循环的)cardiac aneurysm 心脏室壁瘤postinfarction syndrome 心肌梗死后综合征Four chambers: left/right atrium/ventricle 心房/心室(atrial 心房的,ventricular 心室的)atrial septum房间隔interventricular septum 室间隔Cardiac insufficiency心功能不全,heart failure 心衰compensated/overt heart failure 代偿性/显性心衰congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭acute/chronic left-sided heart failure 急/慢性左心衰竭intractable heart failure难治性心衰systolic/diastolic insufficiency heart failure收缩/舒张功能不全的心衰The electrical conduction systemsinoatrial nodeHis bundleright and left bundlesleft anterior and posterior hemibundlesPurkinje networkArrhythmia 心律失常triggered activity 触发活动re-entry 折返afterdepolarization 后除极sinus bradycardia/ tachycardia窦性心动过缓/心动过速sinus pause (sinus arrest)窦性停搏(窦性静止)sinoatrial block (Wenckebach 文氏,Mobitz莫氏)sick sinus syndrome(SSS) 病态窦房结综合征:bradycardia-tachycardia syndromeatrial premature beats 房性期前收缩atrial tachycardia(automatic, reentrant,chaotic) (自律性,折返性,紊乱性)房性心动过速atrial flutter, AFLatrial fibrillation ,AFpremature atrioventricular junctional beats 房室交界性期前收缩AV junctional escape beats 逸搏paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia,PSVT阵发性室上性心动过速atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, AVNRTatrioventricular reentrant tachycardia, AVRTpreexcitation syndrome (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome)premature ventricular beatventricular tachycardia,VT (multiforme多形性,multifocal 多源性) accelerated idioventricular rhythm 加速性室性自主节律torsades de pointes ,TDP尖端扭转ventricular flutterventricular fibrillationatrioventricular block, AVBAdame-Strokes syndrome 阿-斯综合征intraventricular blockleft bundle branch block, LBBBleft anterior fascicular block, LAFBleft posterior fascicular block, LPFBright bundle branch block, RBBBbifascicular block 双分支传导阻滞trifascicular block 三分支传导阻滞Valvular disease of the heart,VDH, valvular heart disease心脏瓣膜病mitral/tricuspid/aortic/pulmonary valve disease 二尖瓣/三尖瓣/主动脉瓣/肺动脉瓣疾病acute/chronic mitral stenosis/incompetence/ insufficiency 狭窄/关闭不全rheumatic fever 风湿热rheumatic carditis 风湿性心脏炎Infective endocarditis ,IE 感染性心内膜炎acute/ subacute, native/prothetic/right heart IE 自体瓣膜/人工瓣膜clinical/fever thermometer体温计Cardiomyopathy 心肌病dilated cardiomyopathy, DCMhypertrophic cardiomyopathy, HCM (asymmetric septal 非对称性室间隔肥厚) restrictive cardiomyopathy, RCMarrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy ,ARVC 致心律失常性右室心肌病speciflc cardiomyopathy 特异性心肌病ischemic cardiomyopathy 缺血性心肌病diabetic cardiomyopathy 糖尿病性心肌病alcoholic cardiomyopathy 酒精性心肌病peripartum cardiomyopathy 围生期心肌病cardiac amyloidosis 心脏淀粉样变性drug-induced cardiomyopathy 药物性心肌病Keshan disease 克山病,endemic cardiomyopathy 地方性心肌病unclassified cardiomyopathy 未分类心肌病pericardium心包cardiopericarditis,cardipericarditis,pericarditis心包炎hydropericardium,pericardial effusion,pericardial fluid心包积液constrictive pericarditis缩窄性心包炎Congenital heart/cardiovascular disease先天性心脏病/心血管病,CHDatrial septal defect ASDventricular septal defect,VSDpatent ductus ateriosus, PDAtetralogy of fallot, TOFEisenmenger’s syndromecoarctation of the aortapulmonic stenosis 肺动脉狭窄primary pulmonary hypertensiondextrocardia右位心complete transposition of the great vessels 完全性大血管错位Disease of blood vessel,vascular disease,angiopathy血管疾病aortic dissection主动脉夹层primary arteritis or the aorta and its main branches 多发性大动脉炎peripheral arteriosclerosis obliterans 闭塞性周围动脉硬化thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger disease) 闭塞性血栓性脉管炎(Buerger病)thrombophlebitis血栓性静脉炎superficial thrombophlebitis 血栓性浅静脉炎deep venous thrombosis 深静脉血栓形成superior vena cava obstruction syndrome 上腔静脉阻塞综合征Cardiac arrest 心脏骤停cardiogenic shock 心源性休克syncope 晕厥vasovagal syncope, VVS 血管迷走性晕厥postural hypotension体位性低血压Cardiogenic syncope心源性晕厥transient ischemic attack, TIA 短暂性缺血发作syndrome X X综合征cardiac neurosis 心脏神经官能症Tests 常用检查electrolyte disturbance: hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, hypomagnesaemia, hyperkalaemiaaterial blood gas analysis: acidosis /alkalosis碱中毒(metabolic代谢性,respiratory呼吸性)hyperlipoidemia高脂血症:hypertriglyceridemia高甘油三酯血症triglyceride 甘油三酯hypercholesterolemia高胆固醇血症cholesterol胆固醇plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrationlipoprotein(a), LP脂蛋白Apo, apopoprotein 载脂蛋白enzymogram/zymogram of the cardiac muscle 心肌酶谱CK-MB , MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase 心肌型肌酸激酶同功酶AST, aspartate aminotransferase天冬氨酸转氨酶LDH, lactate dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶myohemoglobin 肌红蛋白troponin T and I 肌钙蛋白brain natriuretic peptide,BNP 脑钠肽blood culturechest radiograph:cardiothoracic ration < 0.5electrocardiography, ECG 心电图standard 12-lead ECG (limb leads, chest leads)exercise/stress ECG 负荷心电图Holter ECG monitoring, ambulatory ECG 动态心电图T wave flattening or inversionreversible ST segment depression/elevation (planar, downsloping,upsloping) wide QRS complexpathologic Q wavelate ventricular potential, LVP 心室晚电位T wave electrical alternations T波电交替upright tilt-table testing, head-up tilt testing 直立倾斜试验cardiac electrophysiologic study心电生理检查:programmed electrical stimulationsinus node recovery time, SNRT 窦房结恢复时间sinoatrial conduction time ,SACT 窦房结传导时间echocardiography 超声心动图two-dimensional echocardiographyDoppler echocardiographycolor Doppler flow imagingDoppler tissue imaging 多普勒组织成像技术transesophageal echocardiography经食管超声心动图intravascular ultrasound血管内超声stress echocardiography 负荷心超图ejection fraction (0.50-0.75)ambulatory blood pressure monitoring 动态血压监测coronary angiography 冠脉造影cardiac catheterization 心导管术cardiac radionuclide (blood pool) scanningManagement 处理avoid a high dietary salt intakeavoid severe exertion and vigorous exerciseavoid a heavy meal or very cold wateravoid agitation情绪激动stop smoking ,alcohol withdrawalkeep bowels open通便: lactulose乳果糖,Bisacody便塞停,senna leaves;sennae,folium番泻叶analgesia镇痛:morphine吗啡,meperidine,pethidine哌替啶take sublingual nitrate before undertaking exertion thar may induce angina interventional therapy for cardiovascular diseases 介入治疗radiofrequency catheter ablation ,RFCA经导管射频消融coronary revascularization therapy冠脉血运重建术;reperfusion therapy 再灌注治疗percutaneous coronary intervention ,PCI 经皮冠脉介入治疗percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, PTCA 经皮腔内冠脉成形术percutaneous intracoronary stent implantation 经皮冠脉内支架植入术thrombolysis溶栓:urokinase, UK尿激酶rt-PA重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂coronary artery bypass graft ,CABG 冠脉旁路手术great saphenous vein 大隐静脉internal mammary artery 内乳动脉percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty ,PBMV 经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术artifical cardiac pacing 人工心脏起搏:persistent/temporary,biatrial/biventricularantitachycardia pacing 抗心动过速起搏ATPcardioversion 心脏电复律defibrillation 电除颤thumpversion 捶击复律implantable cardioverter defibrillator, ICD 置入型心律转复除颤器cardiac resynchronization therapy, CRT 心脏再同步化治疗heart transplantationcombined heart and lung transplantation心肺联合移植percutaneous pericardiocentesis 心包穿刺术常用药物vasodilator血管扩张剂(phlebectasis静脉扩张,arteriectasis动脉扩张)nitrate-based vasodilating agents 硝酸酯类血管扩张剂nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油sodium nitroprusside 硝普钠isosorbide dinitrate 硝酸异山梨酯,消心痛diureticsthiazide diuretic:hydrochlorothiazide 双氢克尿塞(氢氯噻嗪)loop diuretic:furosemide呋塞米,速尿, bumetanide布美他尼torasemide托拉塞米,特苏尼potassium-sparing diuretic: antisterone, Spironolactone螺内酯,安体舒通inotropic agent 正性肌力药digitalis preparation洋地黄类:digoxin地高辛,cedilanid,lanatoside C西地兰adrenergic receptor stimulant: dopamine多巴胺,dobutamine 多巴酚丁胺adrenaline肾上腺素isopropylnoradrenalin异丙肾上腺素phosphodiesterase inhibitor 磷酸二酯酶抑制剂:Milrinone 米力农renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, RAAS肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ,ACEI 血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂angiotensin-II antagonist/receptor blockeraldosterone antagonist 醛固酮拮抗剂beta adrenergic receptor blocker(beta blockers)calcium channel blocker, CCBantiarrhythmic druglidocaine 利多卡因propafenone 普罗帕酮,心律平amiodarone 胺碘酮,可达龙propranolol 普萘洛尔,心得安verapamil 维拉帕米,异搏定HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors:simvastatin 辛伐他汀,舒降之atorvastatin 阿托伐他汀,立普妥fluvastatin 氟伐地汀,来适可antiplatelet drugs:aspirin 阿司匹林clopidogrel氯吡格雷,波利维tirofiban 替罗非班,欣维宁anticoagulation drugssubcutaneous low molecular weight heparin胸闷(chest distress)高血压肾病hypertensive nephropathy hypertensive renal disease心力衰竭:Heart failure 心力衰竭Congestive beart failure 充血性心力衰竭Acute left-sided heart failure 急性左心衰竭Chroinc heart failure 慢性心力衰竭Intractable heart failure 难治性心力衰竭Systolic insufficiency heart failure 收缩功能不全性心力衰竭Diastolic insufficiency heart failure 舒张功能不全性心力衰竭Congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭Cardiac dysfunction 心功能障碍心律失常:Arrhythmia (cardiac arrhythmia)心律失常Triggered activity 触发活动Afterdepolarization 后除极a.窦房结Sinus node recovery time SNRT 窦房结恢复时间Sinoatrial conduction time SACT 窦房传导时间Bradycardia 心动过缓Tachycardia 心动过速Sinus tachycardia 窦性心动过速Sinus bradycardia 窦性心动过缓Sinus pause (sinus arrest) 窦性停搏(窦性静止)sinoatrial block 窦房阻滞(Mobitz 莫氏, Wenckebach 文氏)Sick sinus syndrome(SSS) 病(态)窦(房结)综合征Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome 心动过缓-心动过速综合征b.心房Atrial premature beats 房性期前收缩Atrial tachycardia 房性心动过速Intrinsic heart rate 固有心率Automatic atrial tachycardia 自律性房性心动过速Reentrant atrial tachycardia 折返性房性心动过速Chaotic atrial tachycardia 紊乱性房性心动过速Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with A V block (PAT with block) 伴有房室阻滞的阵发性房性心动过速Multifocal atrial tachycardia 多源性房性心动过速Atrial flutter 心房扑动Atrial fibrillation 心房颤动c.房室交界区性Premature atrioventricular junctional beats 房室交界区性期前收缩A V junctional escape beats 房室交界区性逸搏A V junctional rhythm 房室交界区性心律Nonparoxysmal atrioventricular junctional tachycardia 非阵发性房室交界区性心动过速Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia(PSVT)阵发性室上性心动过速Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia(A VNRT)房室结内折返性心动过速Atrioventricular Reentrant Tachycardia(A VNRT)房室返性心动过速Preexcitation syndrome(Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) 预激综合征(WPW综合征)d.心室Premature ventricular beats 室性期前收缩Ventricular parasystole 室性并行心律Ventricular tachycardia 室性心动过速Accelerated idioventricular rhythm 加速性心室自主节律Torsades de pointes 尖端扭转Ventricular flutter 心室扑动Ventricular fibrillation 心室颤动Atrioventricular block 房室传导阻滞Wenckebach block 文氏阻滞Adame-Strokes syndrom 阿-斯综合征Intraventricular block 室内传导阻滞Right bundle branch block 右束支传导阻滞Left bundle branch block 左束支传导阻滞Left anterior fascicular block 左前分支传导阻滞Left posterior fascicular block 左后分支传导阻滞Bifascicular block 双分支阻滞Trifascicular block 三分支阻滞心脏骤停与猝死sudden cardiac death 心脏性猝死Cardiac arrest 心脏骤停Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) 无脉性电活动高血压:Hypertension 高血压Hypertensive urgencyes 高血压急症Hypertensive crisis 高血压危象Hypertensive emergencies 高血压危症Secondary hypertension 继发性高血压Primary hypertension 原发性高血压“White coat” hypertension 白大衣性高血压4Isolated systolic hypertension 单纯收缩期高血压Arteriolosclerosis 小动脉硬化先心病:Congenital heart disease 先天性心脏病Congenital cardiovascular disease 先天性心血管病Pulmonic stenosis 肺动脉狭窄Isolated pulmonic stenosis 单纯肺动脉口狭窄Coarctation of the aorta 主动脉缩窄Idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary artery 单纯肺动脉扩张Primary pulmonary hypertension 原发性肺动脉高压Persistent left superior vena cava 双侧上腔静脉(左上腔静脉残存)Isolated dextrocardia 孤立性右位心Atrial septal defect 房间隔缺损Partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage 部分性肺静脉畸形引流Ventricular septal defect (VSD) 室间隔缺损Eisenmenger’s syndrome 艾森门格综合征Patent ductus arteriosus(PDA)动脉导管未闭Tetralogy of Fallot 法洛四联症Trilogy of Fallot 法洛三联症Complete transposition of the great vessels 完全性大血管错位Atrial septal defect (ASD) 房间隔缺损心脏瓣膜病:Multivalve heart disease 多瓣膜疾病5Mitral valve disease 二尖瓣疾病Pulmonic valve disease 肺动脉瓣疾病Tricuspid valve disease 三尖瓣疾病Ebstein’s an omaly 三尖瓣下移畸形Dysfunction or rupture of papillary muscle 乳头肌功能失调或断裂Aortic valve disease 主动脉瓣疾病Aortic arch syndrome 主动脉弓综合征Valvular heart disease 心脏瓣膜病rheumatic heart disease 风湿性心脏病Rheumatic fever 风湿热Rheumatic carditis 风湿性心脏炎Mitral stenosis 二尖瓣狭窄Mitral incompetence 二尖瓣关闭不全Acute mitral insufficiency 急性二尖瓣关闭不全Chronic mitral insufficiency 慢性二尖瓣关闭不全Marfan’s syndrom 马凡氏综合征Aortic stenosis 主动脉瓣狭窄Aortic incompetence 主动脉瓣关闭不全Chronic aortic insufficiency 慢性主动脉瓣关闭不全Tricuspid stenosis 三尖瓣狭窄Tricuspid incompetence 三尖瓣关闭不全Pulmonary stenosis 肺动脉瓣狭窄Pulmonary incompetence 肺动脉瓣关闭不全冠心病:Atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease 冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病Coronary heart disease 冠状动脉性心脏病Angina pectoris 心绞痛Stable angina pectoris 稳定型心绞痛Unstable angina pectoris 不稳定心绞痛Initial onset angina pectoris 初发型心绞痛Accelerated angina pectoris 恶化型心绞痛Variant angina pectoris (Prinzmetal’s variant angina pectoris)变异型心绞痛Angina decubitus 卧位心绞痛Acute coronary insufficiency 急性冠状动脉功能不全Postinfarction angina pectoris 梗塞后心绞痛Acute coronary syndrome(ACS) 急性冠脉综合征Myocardial infarction(MI) 心肌梗死Acute myocardial infarction(AMI) 急性心肌梗死Dysfunction of papillary muscle 乳头肌功能失调Rupture of papillary muscle 乳头肌断裂Rupture of the heart 心脏破裂Embolism 栓塞Cardiac aneurysm 心脏室壁瘤Postinfarction syndrome 心肌梗死后综合征Latent coronary heart disease 无症状型冠心病(隐性冠心病)Ischemic cardiomyopathy 缺血性心肌病Sudden death 猝死感染性心内膜炎:Infective endocarditis (IE) 感染性心内膜炎Native valve endocarditis 自体瓣膜心内膜炎Prothetic valve endocarditis 人工瓣膜心内膜炎Endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers 静脉药瘾者心内膜炎Acute infective endocarditics(AIE) 急性感染性心内膜炎Subacute Infective endocarditis 亚急性感染性心内膜炎心肌疾病:Specific cardiomyopathy 特异性心肌病Viral myocarditis 病毒性心肌炎Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(HCM)肥厚性心肌病Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) 非对称性室间隔肥厚Restrictive cardiomyopathy(RCM)限制性心肌病Dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM)扩张型心肌病Alcoholic cardiomyopathy 酒精性心肌病Peripartum cardiomyopathy 围生期心肌病Drug-induced cardiomyopathy 药物性心肌病Keshan disease (KD) 克山病Endemic cardiomyopathy (ECD) 地方性心肌病Cardiomyopathies 心肌疾病Myocardial bridging 心肌桥Myocarditis 心肌炎Right ventricular cardiomyopathy 右室心肌病Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy(ARVC)致心律失常型右室心肌病Unclassified cardiomyopathies,UCM)心包疾病:Purulent pericarditis 化脓性心包炎Acute pericarditis 急性心包炎Tuberculous pericarditis 结核性心包炎Constrictive pericarditis 缩窄性心包炎血管疾病:Peripheral arteriosclerosis obliteration 闭塞性周围动脉粥样硬化Primary arteritis of the aorta and its main branches 多发性大动脉炎Raynaud syndrome 雷诺综合征Pulness disease 无脉病Thromboangitis obliterans 血栓闭塞性脉管炎Thrombophlebitis 血栓性静脉炎Aortic dissection 主动脉夹层其它疾病:Syndrome XCardiogenic shock 心原性休克Postpericardiostomy syndrome 心肌损伤后综合征Pulmonary embolism 肺动脉栓塞Syncope 晕厥Syphlitic cardiovascular disease 梅毒性心血管病Cardiovascular neurosis 心脏血管神经官能症药物Vasodilator 血管扩张剂(phlebectasis 静脉扩张,arteriectasis 动脉扩张)Diuretic 利尿剂(thiazide diuretic 噻嗪类利尿剂;loop diuretic 袢利尿剂;potassium-sparing diuretics 保钾利尿剂)inotropic agent 正性肌力药(digitalis preparation 洋地黄制剂;adrenergic receptor stimulant 肾上腺素能受体兴奋剂;phosphodiesterase inhibitor 磷酸二酯酶抑制剂)Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor(ACE inhibitors)(ACEI)血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂Aldosterone antagonist 醛固酮拮抗剂Beta adrenergic receptor blocker (beta blockers)ß肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂Calcium channel blocker(CCB)钙通道阻滞剂Angiotension Ⅱantagonist(Angiotension Ⅱreceptor blocker) 血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂Alpha blockers α1 受体阻滞剂Nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油Digoxin 地高辛Lanatoside C 西地兰10antiarrhythic drugs 抗心律失常药lidocaine 利多卡因Propafenone 普罗帕酮Amiodarone 胺碘酮调脂药降脂药HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors HMG-CoA 还原酶抑制剂Nicotinic acid 烟酸Clofibrate 氯贝丁酯抗血小板药物溶栓药recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator ,rt-PA 重组组织型纤维蛋白酶原激活剂抗凝药操作interventional therapy for cardiovascular diseases 心血管病介入性治疗Holter ECG monitoring 动态心电图Ultrasound angioplasty 超声消融术Directional coronary atherectomy 定向旋切术High frequency rotational atherectomy 高频旋磨术Laser angioplasty 激光血管成形术Catheter ablation 心导管消融Radiofrequency catheter ablation 经导管射频消融Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty(PBMV)经皮穿刺球囊二尖瓣成形术Percutaneous balloon pulmonic valvuloplasty(PBPV)经皮穿刺球囊肺动脉瓣成形术Percutaneous transluminal septial myocardial ablation,(PTSMA)经皮经腔间隔心肌消融术11Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) 经皮穿刺腔内冠状动脉成形术Percutaneous intracoronary stent implantation 经皮穿刺冠状动脉内支架安置术Transluminal Extraction catheter (TEC)经皮血管内切吸导管Artificial cardiac pacing 人工心脏起搏Multisite cardiac pacing 多部位心脏起搏Biatrial pacing 双心房起搏biventricular pacing 双心室起搏bifocal pacing 双灶起搏Heart transplantation 心脏移植Angiojet rheolytic thrombectomy 新鲜血栓吸引术Upright tilt-table testing 直立倾斜试验Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)置入型心律转复除颤器Thumpversion 捶击复律Cough-version 咳嗽复律Cardioversion 心脏电复律Defibrillation 心脏电除颤Revascularization 血管重建其它Hemolytic streptococcus 甲族乙型溶血性链球菌Antithymocyte globulin (ATG)抗胸腺细胞球蛋白Vagus nerve 迷走神经,Brainstem death 脑干死亡12Brain death 脑死亡Myocardial remodeling 心肌重塑Hemodynamics 血液动力学Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)心钠素Vasopressin 血管加压素,抗利尿激素Bradykinin 缓激肽Triggered activity 触发活动Afterdepolarization 后除极Late ventricular potential 心室晚电位Sinus node recovery time(SNRT) 窦房结恢复时间Sinoatrial conduction time(SACT) 窦房传导时间Intrinsic heart rate 固有心率Accessory atrioventricular pathways 房室旁路Atriohisian tracts 房希氏束Nodoventricular fibers 结-室纤维Fasciculoventricular fibers 分支室纤维Insulin resistance 胰岛素抵抗Vasodepressor response 血管减压反应Pulsus tardus 细迟脉Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC) 最小抑菌浓度Systolic anterior motion(SAM) (二尖瓣前叶)收缩期前向运动Intermittent claudication 间歇性跛行Symptoms 症状chest distress胸闷dyspnoea呼吸困难:paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea breathlessness 气促a poor effort tolerancecough咳嗽palpitation 心悸precordial chest pain心前区胸痛retrosternally chest pain 胸骨后胸痛precipitation by exertion, promptly relief by rest or sublingual nitratea sense of oppression or tightness in the chest - like a band around the chest patients may close a hand around the throat ,put a hand or clenched fist on the sternummay radiate to the neck or jar, accompanied by discomfort in the arms(referred pain)occasionally epigastric or interscapular 上腹部的/肩胛间的sense of impending death 濒死感autonomic disturbance including sweating, nausea, vomiting Signs 体征Vital signs 生命体征blood pressure (systolic/diastolic, pulse pressure脉压):hypertension/hypotensionpulse rate 脉律: regular/irregulardropped beat脉搏短绌respitatory rate : tachypnea呼吸急促/ respiration ceases呼吸停止temperature: fever /clammy peripheries 四肢湿冷cyanosis 发绀loss of consciousness,unconsciousness意识丧失tic of limbs四肢抽搐gatism,urinary and fecal incontinence大小便失禁cardiac apex (4/5th ICS-MCL or displaced laterally) 心尖palpable liftthrill 震颤cardiac dilatation心脏扩大large right atrium 右房大dilated left ventricle 左室大beats per minute ,bpm (heart rate) 心率: tachycardia/bradycardia, regular/irregular rhythmheart sounds: S1,S2,S3,S4gallop奔马律, systolic click收缩期卡嗒音, opening snap(二尖瓣)开瓣音, pericardial knock 心包叩击音heart murmur 心脏杂音systolic/diastolic/continousgrade 1-5crescendo/decrescendo 递增/递减radiationlocationpitch音调quality 性质pericardial friction rub,pericardial rub心包摩擦音inspiratory crepitations over the lung bases, basal crackles 肺底湿啰音wheezing rale 哮鸣音cardiomegaly 心脏肥大elevated venous pressuredistention of jugular vein,jugular filling,jugular varicosity颈静脉怒张/充盈hepatojugular reflux sign肝颈静脉回流征ascites 腹水edema of lower extremity下肢水肿Hypertensive disease高血压病sphygmomanometer;blood pressure gauge,BPG血压计stethoscope听诊器hypertensionprimary hypertensionsecondary hypertensionchronic kidney disease, CKDdrugs: non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug,NSAID非甾体类抗炎药glucocorticosteroids糖皮质激素mineral corticoid ,MCH盐皮质激素oral contraceptives口服避孕药adrenomimetic拟肾上腺素药monoamine oxidase inhibitor单胺氧化酶抑制剂tricyclic antidepressant;TCA三环类抗抑郁药immunodepressant免疫抑制剂(如ciclosporin环孢素)erythropoietin,EPO 促红细胞生成素hyperthyrea, hyperthyroidism, hyperthyrosis甲状腺功能亢进primary hyperaldosteronism原发性醛固酮增多症adrenal cortical hyperplasia肾上腺皮质增生症chromaffin-cell tumor,chromaffinom,medullosuprarenoma,phaeochromocytoma,PCC嗜铬细胞瘤sleep apnea syndrome睡眠呼吸暂停综合征diabetes mellitus糖尿病coarctation of aorta,COA主动脉缩窄white coat hypertensionisolated systolic hypertension 单纯收缩期高血压hypertensive emergencies 高血压急症hypertensive urgencies 高血压亚急症hypertensive crisis 高血压危象hypertensive encephalopathy 高血压性脑病The coronary circulationleft anterior descending artery,LADleft circumflex coronary artery, LCXright coronary artery, RCACoronary artery disease;coronary heart disease,CAD,CHD冠心病atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化atheromatous plaques 动脉粥样斑块plaque rupture 斑块破裂angina pectoris 心绞痛stable angina pectoris 稳定性心绞痛variant angina pectoris 变异性心绞痛silent myocardial ischemia 无症状心肌缺血(latent coronary heart disease 隐匿性冠心病)myocardial bridging 心肌桥post-infarction angina pectoris 梗死后心绞痛acute coronary syndrome,ACS 急性冠脉综合征unstable angina pectoris ,UAP 不稳定心绞痛rest 静息型, new/initial初发型,accelerated 恶化型acute myocardial infarction ,AMI 急性心肌梗死non-ST segment elevation MI, NSTEMIST segment elevation MI,STEMIsudden cardiac death, SCD 心脏性猝死dysfunction/rupture of papillary muscle 乳头肌功能不全/断裂rupture of chordae tendineae腱索断裂rupture of the heart ,cardiac rupture心脏破裂embolism 栓塞(systemic体循环的)cardiac aneurysm 心脏室壁瘤postinfarction syndrome 心肌梗死后综合征Four chambers: left/right atrium/ventricle 心房/心室(atrial 心房的,ventricular 心室的)atrial septum房间隔interventricular septum 室间隔Cardiac insufficiency心功能不全,heart failure 心衰compensated/overt heart failure 代偿性/显性心衰congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭acute/chronic left-sided heart failure 急/慢性左心衰竭intractable heart failure难治性心衰systolic/diastolic insufficiency heart failure收缩/舒张功能不全的心衰The electrical conduction systemsinoatrial nodeHis bundleright and left bundlesleft anterior and posterior hemibundlesPurkinje networkArrhythmia 心律失常triggered activity 触发活动re-entry 折返afterdepolarization 后除极sinus bradycardia/ tachycardia窦性心动过缓/心动过速sinus pause (sinus arrest)窦性停搏(窦性静止)sinoatrial block (Wenckebach 文氏,Mobitz莫氏)sick sinus syndrome(SSS) 病态窦房结综合征:bradycardia-tachycardia syndromeatrial premature beats 房性期前收缩atrial tachycardia(automatic, reentrant,chaotic) (自律性,折返性,紊乱性)房性心动过速2011-04-24 14:44回复2楼torasemide托拉塞米,特苏尼potassium-sparing diuretic: antisterone, Spironolactone螺内酯,安体舒通inotropic agent 正性肌力药digitalis preparation洋地黄类:digoxin地高辛,cedilanid,lanatoside C西地兰adrenergic receptor stimulant: dopamine多巴胺,dobutamine 多巴酚丁胺adrenaline肾上腺素isopropylnoradrenalin异丙肾上腺素phosphodiesterase inhibitor 磷酸二酯酶抑制剂:Milrinone 米力农renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, RAAS肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ,ACEI 血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂angiotensin-II antagonist/receptor blockeraldosterone antagonist 醛固酮拮抗剂beta adrenergic receptor blocker(beta blockers)calcium channel blocker, CCBantiarrhythmic druglidocaine 利多卡因propafenone 普罗帕酮,心律平amiodarone 胺碘酮,可达龙propranolol 普萘洛尔,心得安verapamil 维拉帕米,异搏定HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors:simvastatin 辛伐他汀,舒降之atorvastatin 阿托伐他汀,立普妥fluvastatin 氟伐地汀,来适可antiplatelet drugs:aspirin 阿司匹林clopidogrel氯吡格雷,波利维tirofiban 替罗非班,欣维宁心血管内科常用英文Symptoms 症状chest distress 胸闷dyspnoea 呼吸困难:paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea breathlessness 气促 a poor effort tolerance cough 咳嗽palpitation 心悸precordial chest pain 心前区胸痛retrosternally chest pain 胸骨后胸痛precipitation by exertion, promptly relief by rest or sublingual nitrate a sense of oppression or tightness in the chest - like a band around the chest patients may close a hand around the throat ,put a hand or clenched fist on the sternum may radiate to the neck or jar, accompanied by discomfort in the arms(referred pain) occasionally epigastric or interscapular 上腹部的/肩胛间的sense of impending death 濒死感autonomic disturbance including sweating, nausea, vomiting Signs 体征Vital signs 生命体征blood pressure (systolic/diastolic, pulse pressure 脉压):hypertension/hypotension pulse rate 脉律: regular/irregular dropped beat 脉搏短绌respitatory rate : tachypnea 呼吸急促/ respiration ceases 呼吸停止temperature: fever /clammy peripheries 四肢湿冷cyanosis 发绀loss of consciousness,unconsciousness 意识丧失tic of limbs 四肢抽搐gatism,urinary and fecal incontinence 大小便失禁cardiac apex (4/5th ICS-MCL or displaced laterally) 心尖palpable lift thrill 震颤cardiac dilatation 心脏扩大large right atrium 右房大dilated left ventricle 左室大beats per minute ,bpm (heart rate) 心率: tachycardia/bradycardia, regular/irregular rhythm heart sounds: S1,S2,S3,S4 gallop 奔马律, systolic click 收缩期卡嗒音, opening snap(二尖瓣)开瓣音, pericardial knock 心包叩击音heart murmur 心脏杂音systolic/diastolic/continous grade 1-5 crescendo/decrescendo 递增/递减radiationlocation pitch 音调quality 性质pericardial friction rub,pericardial rub 心包摩擦音inspiratory crepitations over the lung bases, basal crackles 肺底湿啰音wheezing rale 哮鸣音cardiomegaly 心脏肥大elevated venous pressure distention of jugular vein,jugular filling,jugular varicosity 颈静脉怒张/充盈hepatojugular reflux sign 肝颈静脉回流征ascites 腹水edema of lower extremity 下肢水肿Hypertensive disease 高血压病sphygmomanometer;blood pressure gauge,BPG 血压计stethoscope 听诊器hypertension primary hypertension secondary hypertension chronic kidney disease, CKD drugs: non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug,NSAID 非甾体类抗炎药glucocorticosteroids 糖皮质激素mineral corticoid ,MCH 盐皮质激素oral contraceptives 口服避孕药adrenomimetic 拟肾上腺素药monoamine oxidase inhibitor 单胺氧化酶抑制剂tricyclic antidepressant;TCA 三环类抗抑郁药immunodepressant 免疫抑制剂(如ciclosporin 环孢素)erythropoietin,EPO 促红细胞生成素hyperthyrea, hyperthyroidism, hyperthyrosis 甲状腺功能亢进primary hyperaldosteronism 原发性醛固酮增多症adrenal cortical hyperplasia 肾上腺皮心内科实习---2.常用英文简称来源:唐玉霞的日志。
心内科医学专业英语词汇
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心力衰竭(heart failure)心功能不全或心功能障碍(cardiac dysfunction)Systolic insufficiency heart failure 收缩功能不全性心力衰竭[si'stɔlik]Diastolic insufficiency heart failure 舒张功能不全性心力衰daiə’stɔlik] Congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭急性心力衰竭(acute heart failure,AHF)Acute left-sided heart failure 急性左心衰竭慢性心力衰竭(chronic heart failure,CHF)Intractable heart failure 难治性心力衰竭心律失常(cardiac arrhythmia)窦性心动过速(sinus tachycardia)窦性心动过缓(sinus bradycardia)窦性停搏或窦性静止(sinus pause or sinus arrest)窦房传导阻滞(sinoatrial block,SAB,窦房阻滞)病态窦房结综合征(sick sinus syndrome,SSS,简称病窦综合征)心动过缓一心动过速综合征(bradycardia—tachycardia syndrome)房性期前收缩(atrial premature beats)房性心动过速(atrial tachycardia)紊乱性房性心动过速(chaotic atrial tachycardia)=多源性房性心动过速(multifocal atrial tachycardia)自律性房性心动过速(automatic atrial tachycardia)折返性房性心动过速(reentrant atrial tachycardia)房室阻滞的阵发性房性心动过速(paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with A V block, PAT with block)心房扑动(atrial flutter)心房颤动(atrial fibrillation)房室交界区性期前收缩(premature atrioventicular junctional beats)房室交界区性逸搏(A V junctional escape beats)房室交界区性心律(A V junctional rhythm)非阵发性房室交界区性心动过速(nonparoxysmal atrioventricular junctional tachycardia)阵发性室上性心动过速(paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia,PSVT)房室结内折返性心动过速(atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia,A VNRT)利用隐匿性房室旁路的房室折返性心动过速(atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia,A VRT)预激综合征(preexcitation syndrome)Wolf—Parkinson-White综合征(WPW综合征)室性期前收缩(premature ventricular beats)室性并行心律(ventricular parasystole)Systole n. 心脏收缩室性心动过速(ventricular tachycardia)加速性心室自主节律(accelerated idioventricular rhythm)亦称缓慢型室速尖端扭转(torsades de pointes)心室扑动与颤动(ventricular flutter and ventricular fibrillation)房室传导阻滞(atrioventricular block)室内传导阻滞(intraventricular block)右束支阻滞(right bundle branch block,RBBB)左束支阻滞(left bundle branch block,LBBB)左前分支阻滞(left anterior fascicular block)左后分支阻滞(left posterior fascicular block)双分支阻滞与三分支阻滞(bifaseicular block and trifascicular block)心脏骤停(cardiac arrest)心脏性猝死(sudden cardiac death)无脉性电活动(pulseless electrical activity,PEA)=电—机械分离(electromechanical dissociation,EMD)先天性心血管病(congenital cardiovascular diseases)房间隔缺损(atrial septal defect,ASD)室间隔缺损(ventricular septal defect,VSD)动脉导管未闭(patent ductus arteriosus,PDA)先天性二叶主动脉瓣(congenital bicuspid aortic valve)先天性肺动脉瓣狭窄(congenital pulmonary valve stenosis)先天性三尖瓣下移畸形多称之为埃勃斯坦畸形( Ebstein anomaly) 先天性法洛四联症(congenital tetralogy of Fallot)艾森门格综合征(Eisenmenger syndrome)原发性高血压(primary hypertension)Secondary hypertension 继发性高血压Hypertensive crisis 高血压危象Hypertensive urgencyes 高血压急症Hypertensive emergencies 高血压危症Isolated systolic hypertension 单纯收缩期高血压平均动脉血压(MBP Mean arterial blood pressure)收缩压(SBP Systolic blood pressure)舒张压(DBP Diastolic blood pressure )动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis)动脉粥样硬化—血栓形成(atherosclerosis-thrombosis)冠状动脉性心脏病(coronary heart disease)=缺血性心脏病(ischemic heart disease)冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(coronary atherosclerotic heart disease)急性冠脉综合征( acute coronary syndrome,ACS)不稳定型心绞痛(unstable angina,UA)非ST段抬高性心肌梗死(non—ST—segment elevation myocardial infarction,NSTEMI)ST段抬高性心肌梗死(ST—segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)慢性冠脉病(chronic coronary artery disease,CAD=慢性缺血综合征chronic ischemic syndrome,CIS)稳定型心绞痛(stable angina pectoris)无症状性心肌缺血Cardiovascular neAsymptomatic myocardial ischemia缺血性心肌病Ischemic cardiomyopathy乳头肌功能失调或断裂(dysfunction or rupture of papillary muscle)心脏破裂(rupture of the heart)栓塞(embolism)心室壁瘤(cardiac aneurysm)心肌梗死后综合征(postinfarction syndrome)经皮冠状动脉介入(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)二尖瓣狭窄(mitral stenosis)主动脉瓣狭窄(aortic stenosis)二尖瓣关闭不全(mitral incompetence)Acute mitral incompetence 急性二尖瓣关闭不全Chronic mitral incompetence 慢性二尖瓣关闭不全主动脉瓣关闭不全(aortic incompetence)三尖瓣狭窄( tricuspid stenosis)三尖瓣关闭不全(tricuspid incompetence)肺动脉瓣关闭不全(pulmonary incompetence)肺动脉瓣狭窄(pulmonary stenosis)感染性心内膜炎(infective endocarditis,IE)endocarditics(AIE)急性感染性心内膜炎Subacute Infective endocarditis 亚急性感染性心内膜炎自体瓣膜心内膜炎(native valve endocarditis)Prothetic([,prɔ’θetik])valve endocarditis 人工瓣膜心内膜炎(修复的)Endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers 静脉药瘾者心内膜炎扩张型心肌病(dilated cardiomyopathy,DCM)肥厚型心肌病(hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,HCM)致心律失常型右室心肌病(arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy,ARVC)旧称为致心律失常右室发育不良(arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia,ARVD)不定型的心肌病( unclassified cardiomyopathies,UCM)特异性心肌病(specific cardiomyopathies)心肌炎(myocarditis)Purulent pericarditis 化脓性心包炎Acute pericarditis 急性心包炎Tuberculous pericarditis 结核性心包炎Constrictive pericarditis 缩窄性心包炎cardiac tamponade心脏压塞;心包填塞;[,tæmpə'neidpericardial tamponade心包压塞[,peri'kɑ:diəl,pericardial constriction心包缩窄Aortic dissection 主动脉夹层左室舒张末压LVEDP (left ventricular end-diastolic pressure)肺毛细血管楔压PCWP(pulmonary capillary wedge pressure)心脏指数CI(Cardiac index)主动脉内球囊反搏IABP(intra-aortic ballon pump)血管紧张素Ⅱ(angiotensinⅡ,AⅡ)心脏重塑(Cardiac remodeling)心钠肽和脑钠肽(atrial natriuretic peptide,ANP and brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)重组人BNP(Recombinant human BNP rhBNP)奈西立肽(Nesiritide)精氨酸加压素(arginine vasopressin,A VP)心房牵张受体(atrialstretch receptors)内皮素(endothelin)阿米洛利(amiloride)卡托普利(captopril)贝那普利(benazepril)培哚普利(perindopril)坎地沙坦(candesatan)、氯沙坦(losartan)、缬沙坦(valsartan)卡维地洛(carvedilol)、比索洛尔(bisoprolol)、艾司洛尔[esmolol]地高辛(digoxin)、洋地黄毒苷(digitoxin)及毛花苷C (lanatoside C,西地兰)、毒毛花苷K(strophanthin K)肼苯达嗪(hydralazine)、硝酸异山梨酯(isosorbidedinitrate)心脏再同步化治疗(cardiac resynchronization therapy,CRT)触发活动( triggered activity)后除极(after depolarization)窦房结恢复时间(sinus node recovery time,SNRT)校正的窦房结恢复时间(corrected SNRT,CSNRT)窦房传导时间(sinoatrial conduction time,SACT)巨大a波(canon wave)动态心电图(Holter ECG monitoring)PA(反映心房内传导)、AH(反映房室结传导)、HV(反映希氏束—普肯耶系统传导)Adams—Stokes(阿斯)综合征莫氏(Mobitz)Ⅰ型即文氏(Wenckebach)阻滞固有心率(intrinsic heart rate,IHR)凝血酶原时间国际标准化比值(INR)房室旁路(accessoryat riovcntricular pathways)或Kent束房-希氏束( atriohisian tracts)结室纤维(nodoventricular fibers)分支室纤维(fasciculoventricular fibers)心肺复苏(Cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR)急救医疗系统(emergency medical system, EMS)基础生命活动支持(basic life support,BLS)ABC (airway,breathing,circulation)埋藏式心脏复律除颤器(implantable cardioverter defibrillator,ICD)Cardiogenic shock 心源性休克Pulmonary embolism 肺动脉栓塞Syncope 晕厥[’siŋkəp,'sin-]尿激酶( urokinase,UK)链激酶(streptokinase,SK)或重组链激酶(rSK)重组组织型纤维蛋白溶酶原激活剂(recombinant tissue—type plasminogen activator,rt—PA) 1A。
版稳定型心绞痛运动康复中国专家共识解读
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版稳定型心绞痛运动康复中国专家共识解读汇报人:2023-11-18•稳定型心绞痛概述•版稳定型心绞痛运动康复专家共识•版稳定型心绞痛运动康复专家共识解读目•总结与展望录CHAPTER稳定型心绞痛概述01稳定型心绞痛通常是在冠状动脉粥样硬化基础上发生,由于冠状动脉供血不足,导致心肌缺血缺氧,从而引起胸痛等临床症状。
定义与病理生理机制病理生理机制定义发病率高血压、高血脂、糖尿病、吸烟、肥胖等是稳定型心绞痛的主要危险因素。
危险因素预后稳定型心绞痛的流行病学临床症状体征辅助检查030201稳定型心绞痛的诊断与评估02版稳定型心绞痛运动康复专家共识CHAPTER降低再入院率运动康复能够降低心绞痛患者的再入院率,通过改善心肌缺血和增强心肌功能,减少心绞痛发作次数和持续时间。
改善生活质量运动康复有助于提高心绞痛患者的生活质量,通过增强心肺功能和肌肉力量,改善身体状况,减少疾病症状。
预防心血管事件运动康复能够降低心绞痛患者发生心血管事件的风险,包括心肌梗死、中风等严重后果。
运动康复的必要性适应症禁忌症运动康复的适应症与禁忌症运动康复的方案与实施方案制定运动类型运动强度运动康复的方案与实施运动频率每周进行3-5次运动,每次持续30-60分钟,以达到锻炼效果。
同时,要注意避免连续两天进行高强度运动,以免引起身体疲劳和受伤。
实施步骤在开始运动康复前,需要进行全面的身体检查和评估,包括心电图、血压、心脏超声等检查。
根据检查结果,制定个性化的运动康复方案,并在专业医生的指导下进行实施。
在运动过程中要注意监测心率和呼吸情况,以及是否有不适症状出现。
如有异常情况应及时停止运动并寻求医生帮助。
03版稳定型心绞痛运动康复专家共识解读CHAPTER改善心肺功能促进侧支循环减轻心理压力运动康复对稳定型心绞痛的作用适应症与禁忌症运动强度与时间运动方式与种类监控与保护运动康复的注意事项与建议个体化方案制定多学科合作进一步研究和探索运动康复的未来发展方向CHAPTER总结与展望04提供更为详细和具体的运动康复方案,使得医生和治疗师能够更好地指导患者进行安全有效的运动康复。
内科学稳定型心绞痛精选幻灯片
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临床表现
➢ 症状 部位
性质
以发作性胸痛 诱因
为主要临床表
持续时间
现,典型的疼 痛特点:
缓解方式
➢体征
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部位
主要在胸骨体上段或中段之后可波及心前区, 有手掌大小范围,甚至横贯前胸,界限不很清楚, 常放射至左肩、左臂内侧达无名指和小指,或至颈、 咽或下颌部。
ppt课件.
纤维帽 (平滑肌细胞和基质)
内膜平滑肌细胞
(修复型)
脂核
外膜
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中层平滑肌细胞 (收缩型)
4
发病机制
当冠状动脉供血与心肌需血之间发 生矛盾,冠状动脉血流量不能满足心 肌代谢的需要,引起心肌暂时的缺血、 缺氧时,即可发生心绞痛。
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决定心肌耗氧量的主要因素
心率 心肌收缩力 心肌张力
稳定型心绞痛
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心绞痛的分型
劳力性心绞痛: 稳定型心绞痛 初发型心绞痛 恶化型心绞痛
自发性心绞痛 混合性心绞痛
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概念
稳定型心绞痛(stable angina pectoris, SAP )是在冠状动固 定性严重脉狭窄基础上,由于心肌负荷增加引起急剧的、 暂时的心肌缺血与缺氧临床综合征。
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超声心动图
二维超声心动图:(静息或多巴份丁胺负荷试验) 可探测到节段性运动异常、心肌收缩减弱、室壁瘤 和EF降低。
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稳定型心绞痛
Stable angina pectoris
超声心动图
2.负荷超声心动图 分类:运动负荷超声心动图
药物负荷超声心动图 心房调搏负荷试验 评价: ①心肌缺血范围与程度 ②室壁运动异常:运动减弱、运动 消失、矛盾运动、室壁瘤
Antianginal Drugs(抗心绞痛药)
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Nicorandil (尼可地尔)
• Opening ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) • Lowering intracellular Ca2+ • Providing NO (like nitroglycerin) •Inducing ischemic preconditioning
Distribution of coronary arteries in the heart
Ischemia (angina pectoris ):
imbalance between oxygen demand and supply
1. OVERVIEW
Classification of angina pectoris:
C. Notes
• Dose individualization: starting from small dose • Withdraw gradually and slowly: symptom rebound • Combination with nitroglycerin
2. Antianginal drugs
• blood flow in ischemic regions
• Others: • Improving myocardial metabolism • Inhibiting coagulation of platelets
2. Antianginal drugs
B. Clinical uses
Wall tension
1. OVERVIEW
•Myocardial oxygen supply is chiefly determined by:
第二十三章 抗心绞痛药(七年制-2014)
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【抗心绞痛机制】 降低心肌耗氧量; 扩张冠脉,开放侧支循环; 保护缺血心肌细胞.
in 1846 and still widely used in treatment of angina
pectoris. Now, this group drugs include nitroglycerin,
isosorbide nitrate, amyl nitrite, etc.
【药理作用】
鲁南欣康;异乐定;安心脉)
戊四硝酯(pentaerythrityl tetranitrate; 硝酸
戊四醇酯;硝酸季四醇;长效硝酸甘油)
其中硝酸甘油最常用,戊四硝酯 及供吸入用的亚硝酸异戊酯已少用。
【chemistry and history】
In China, the old folk remedy for chest pains includes administration of gun fire powder and soil on the surface of old walls. We know that they contain nitrates. Nitroglycerin was first synthesized
硝苯地平 1 1 0 5
地尔硫卓 2 5 4 3
负性肌力作用 负性频率作用 负性传导作用 舒张血管作用
0-5 指作用强度由弱到强的程度
钙拮抗药的治疗应用比较
疾
心绞痛 地尔硫 稳定型 变异型 不稳定型 心律失常 阵发性室上性心动过速 心房颤动、扑动 高血压 肥厚性心肌病 雷诺病 脑血管痉挛 (出血后) +++ ++ ++ + ++ +++ ++ + ++ ++ + + +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
稳定性心绞痛
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稳定性心绞痛概述1稳定性心绞痛(stable angina pectoris)即稳定型劳力性心绞痛,亦称普通型心绞痛,是最常见的心绞痛指由心肌缺血缺氧引起的典型心绞痛发作,其临床表现在1~3个月内相对稳定,即每日和每周疼痛发作次数大致相同,诱发疼痛的劳力和情绪激动程度相同,每次发作疼痛的性质和疼痛部位无改变,疼痛时限相仿,用硝酸甘油后也在相近时间内发生疗效。
流行病学3心绞痛多见于男性患者,多数在40岁以上,劳累、情绪激动、饱食、受寒、阴雨天气、急性循环衰竭等为常见诱因。
在国外50岁男性心绞痛年发病率为0.2%,女性0.08%。
我国心绞痛发病率远远低于此数。
不稳定型心绞痛的年发病率尚不清楚。
据Duncan报道,男性35~69岁组年发病率为0.35%。
目前,中国的冠心病心绞痛的流行状况有4个特征:①与国际相比,发病率和病死率仍属较低水平;②发病率与病死率在逐年增加;③危险因素水平(包括人口老龄化加剧、人群血清胆固醇水平增高、高血压患病率在增加和吸烟现象普遍等)仍在不断提高;④地区性差异明显。
相关疾病1X综合征、心脏神经症、急性心肌梗死、心肌桥、主动脉瓣病变、风湿热、冠状动脉炎、梅毒性主动脉炎、肥厚型心肌病、肥厚心肌相对缺血、先天性冠状动脉畸形、肋间神经痛等。
病因与发病机制1是心肌缺血与缺氧所引起的疼痛。
心肌氧耗的多少由心肌张力、心肌收缩强度和心率所决定,故常用“心率×收缩压”(即二重乘积)作为估计心肌氧耗的指标。
心肌能量的产生要求大量的氧供。
心肌细胞摄取血液氧含量的65%~75%,而身体其他组织则仅摄取10%~25%。
因此心肌平时对血液中氧的摄取已接近于最大量,对心肌氧供应的增加更多依靠增加冠状动脉的血流量来实现。
在正常情况下,冠状循环有很大的储备,其血流量可随身体的生理情况而有显著的变化;在剧烈运动心率加快的同时,小冠状动脉扩张,冠状循环阻力下降,冠脉循环血流量可增加到休息时的6~7倍。
稳定型心绞痛(stable angina pectoris)
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3.观察药物不良反应:部分病人用硝酸甘油或硝酸异山梨醇酯后
可出现颜面潮红、头胀痛、头部跳动感、心悸等不适,应告诉病人是由 于药物使头面部血管扩张所致,并且第一次用药时,病人宜平卧片刻。
4.介入和手术治疗的护理:对有适应症的病人,积极准备并配合
实施介入或外科手术治疗。
护理措施
(四)心理护理
临床表现
发作性胸痛为主要临床表现 疼痛特点: 1.部位:胸骨体中断或上段之后,可波及心前区, 常放射至左肩,左臂内侧达无名指和小指,或至 颈,咽或下颌部。 2.性质:常为压迫、闷痛、紧缩感或伴有濒死感 3.诱因:体力劳动、情绪激动、吸烟、寒冷 饱餐 、心动过速、休克等
辅助检查
护理措施
(三)治疗配合
2.缓解期的病人,临床上可用以下药物预防发作:
(1)硝酸异山梨酯5~20mg口服,每天3次;或硝酸异山梨酯缓释剂 20mg,每天2次;或5-单硝酸异山梨酯等长效硝酸酯制剂等; (2)美托洛尔、普萘洛尔、阿替洛尔等。 (3)维拉帕米、硝苯地平缓释制剂、地尔硫卓等 (4)抗血小板药、调脂药物、活血化淤的中药等。
稳定型心绞痛(stable angina pectoris)
稳定型心绞痛的概念
是在冠状动脉狭窄的基础上,由于心肌负荷的 增加而引起心肌急剧的、暂时的缺血与缺氧的 临床综合症。其典型特点为阵发性的前胸压窄 性疼痛。 常发生于劳力负荷增加时, 持续数分钟,休息或硝用酸 酯制剂后消失。
发作特点
护理诊断
1.疼痛 心前区疼痛 与心肌缺血、缺氧有关。 2.活动无耐力 与氧的供需失调有关。 3.焦虑 与心前区疼痛及对预后的忧虑有关 4.知识缺乏 缺乏控制诱发因素及预防性药 物应用知识。 5.潜在并发症 急性心肌梗死。
稳定型心绞痛健康教育
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鲁立新
心脏监护中心
袁晓利
心内一科
罗素平
体检中心
李秋波
心内二科返聘
临床表现
部位:主要在胸骨体之后,可波及心前区,有手掌大小范围,甚至横贯前胸,界限不很清楚。常放射至左肩、左臂内侧达无名指和小指,或至颈、咽或下颌部。
性质:胸痛常为压迫、发闷或紧缩性,也可有烧灼感,但不像针刺或刀割样锐性痛,偶伴濒死的恐惧感觉。有些患者仅觉胸闷不适而非胸痛。发作时,患者往往被迫停止正在进行的活动,直至症状缓解。
生活指导 出院后遵医嘱服药,不要擅自增减药量,自我监测药物的不良反应。外出时随身携带硝酸甘油以备急需。硝酸甘油见光易分解,应在棕色瓶内存放于干燥处,以免潮解失效。药瓶开封后每6个月更换1次,以确保疗效。含服硝酸甘油时坐着含服,每次1片,每隔5分钟后再次含服1次,连续舌下含服最多3次,若疗效不明显,应及时就诊。
稳定型心绞痛
稳定型心绞痛( stable angina pectoris)也称劳力性心绞痛,是在冠状动脉固定性严重狭窄基础上,由于心肌负荷的增加引起心肌急剧的、暂时的缺血缺氧的临床综合征。其特点为阵发性的前胸压榨性疼痛或憋闷感觉,主要位于胸骨后部,可放射至心前区和左上肢尺侧,常发生于劳力负荷增加时,持续数分钟,休息或用硝酸酯制剂后疼痛消失。疼痛发作的程度、频度、性质及诱发因素在数周至数月内无明显变化。
硝酸酯类药:硝酸甘油、消心痛等。
β受体阻滞剂:普萘洛尔、美托洛尔等。
钙通道阻滞剂:硝苯地平等。
饮食生活指导
饮食指导 控制盐的摄入,控制糖摄入,碳水化合物是机体热能的主要来源,控制胆固醇脂肪摄入的质与量。适当增加膳食纤维摄入,提供丰富的维生素。少量多餐,每餐八成饱。切忌暴饮暴食,否则易诱发急性心肌梗死。禁饮烈性酒。酒精能使心率加快,能加重心肌缺氧,故应禁酒。
稳定型心绞痛治疗指南.欧洲
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表1(b)根据年龄、性别症状和运动心电图诱发的ST段改变判断冠状动脉疾病的可能性(%)
冠状动脉疾病可能性小(例如<20%)并且运动耐量良好的病人,即便是不能除外冠状动脉疾病,通常无需作进上一步检查。运动试验后判定为高危(例如>80%)的病人,可能诊断为冠状动脉疾病。若临床症状严重,并且药物治疗不能有效控制症状,是有作冠状动脉造影的指征,以确定是否需要作冠状动脉介入治疗。
冠状动脉疾病的病人有发生斑块破裂的危险。一旦斑块破裂,通常继发血小板在局部聚集,进一步导致冠状动脉血流减少,甚至发生冠状动脉血栓性闭塞。而且,斑块破裂部位激活的血小板,释放一系列血管活性物质,导致血管张力增高或痉挛。将伴有这些事件的临床综合征称为不稳定型心绞痛或正在逐渐形成的心肌梗塞(evolvingmyocardialiinfarction)
(1)仅靠病人的病史足以诊断,辅以物理检查和静息心电图。这种方法适用于症状轻微并对药物治疗效果好的老年病人和不适合冠状动脉介入治疗的病人。
(2)另一种方法是根据有无心肌缺血及其范围的功能确定方法,包括心电图运动试验、运动(或其它负荷)心肌藻信成像(铊或标记锝-99m的灌注示踪剂)、负荷超声、以及运动核素血管显像。在有严重功能障碍的病人,作冠状动脉造影以确定冠状动脉介入治疗是否有适应证,以及何种介入治疗最恰当。冠状动脉造影的适应证将在下面详述。
内科学第三节 稳定型心绞痛
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第三节稳定型心绞痛稳定型心绞痛( stable angina pectoris)也称劳力性心绞痛,是在冠状动脉固定性严重狭窄基础上,由于心肌负荷的增加引起心肌急剧的、暂时的缺血缺氧的临床综合征。
其特点为阵发性的前胸压榨性疼痛或憋闷感觉,主要位于胸骨后部,可放射至心前区和左上肢尺侧,常发生于劳力负荷增加时,持续数分钟,休息或用硝酸酯制剂后疼痛消失。
疼痛发作的程度、频度、性质及诱发因素在数周至数月内无明显变化。
【发病机制】稳定型心绞痛的发病机制主要是冠状动脉存在固定狭窄或部分闭塞的基础上发生需氧量的增加。
当冠脉狭窄或部分闭塞时,其扩张性减弱,血流量减少,对心肌的供血量相对比较固定,如心肌的血液供应减低到尚能应付心脏平时的需要,则休息时可无症状。
在劳力、情绪激动、饱食、受寒等情况下,一旦心脏负荷突然增加,使心率增快、心肌张力和心肌收缩力增加等而致心肌氧耗量增加,而冠状动脉的供血却不能相应地增加以满足心肌对血液的需求时,即可引起心绞痛。
【病理解剖和病理生理】稳定型心绞痛患者的冠状动脉造影显示:有1、2或3支冠脉管腔直径减少>70%的病变者分别各占25%左右,5%~10%有左冠脉主干狭窄,其余约15%患者无显著狭窄。
后者提示患者的心肌血供和氧供不足,可能是冠脉痉挛、冠脉循环的小动脉病变、血红蛋白和氧的离解异常、交感神经过度活动、儿茶酚胺分泌过多或心肌代谢异常等所致。
患者在心绞痛发作之前,常有血压增高、心率增快、肺动脉压和肺毛细血管压增高的变化,反映心脏和肺的顺应性减低。
发作时可有左心室收缩力和收缩速度降低、射血速度减慢、左心室收缩压下降、心搏量和心排血量降低、左心室舒张末期压和血容量增加等左心室收缩和舒张功能障碍的病理生理变化。
左心室壁可呈收缩不协调或部分心室壁有收缩减弱的现象。
【临床表现】(一)症状心绞痛以发作性胸痛为主要临床表现,疼痛的特点为:1.部位主要在胸骨体之后,可波及心前区,有手掌大小范围,甚至横贯前胸,界限不很清楚。
稳定性心绞痛英文PPT
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laboratory examination
laboratory :
2. Echocardiography 3. Scintigraphy assessment: TL201,Tc99m-sestamibi myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. 4. X-ray of heart 5. coronary angiography:gold standard 6. others:IVUS、intracoronary Doppler flow、intracoronary pressure.
Mechanism
Pathophysiology:
1.Metabolic 2.LV function and and electrophysiology hemodynamic situation ATP Decline: reduced,accumulation LV contractility and of speed, acid systolic BP,stroke volume,cardiac output substances. decreased. of iron pump(Na+-K+,and Dysfunction Na+-Ca++). Rise: LVED pressure and volume. Early depolarization (ST deviation).
Treatment
remission stage treatment :
1.Drug therapy: a. Nitrates b. β-blockers:reduce HR,BP,heart contraction,cardiac oxygen demand. c. Calcium channel blocking agents: Increase oxygen supply, Decrease oxygen demand, Antihanism
心绞痛的介绍
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心绞痛的介绍
心绞痛(angina)是由于冠状动脉粥样硬化,使血管管腔狭窄、痉挛或一过性阻寒,导致心肌急剧、短暂的缺血所出现的临床症状。
可分为慢性稳定型心绞痛及不稳定型心绞痛两类。
慢性稳定型心绞痛(ChroniC stable angina):由于冤状动脉粥样硬化致使管腔狭窄,直径减少大于50%〜75%以上时,体力或精神应激可诱发心肌缺血,引起心绞痛。
临床上心绞痛发作的诱因、频度、性质、程度、缓解方式等在数周内无显著变化。
不稳定型心绞痛(UnStable angina):主要由于冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块纤维帽破裂或斑块内出血、表面血小板聚集,血栓形成或诱发冠状动脉痉挛,导致心肌缺血。
其心绞痛发作不一定与劳累相关,可在休息时或睡眠中发作。
心绞痛程度重、持续时间较长、硝酸酯类药物缓解作用较弱。
重者可出现明显心电图缺血性ST- T变化,此类心绞痛在临床上列入“急性冠状动脉综合征“(acute coronary syndrome, ACS)范畴。
对于药物治疗效果不佳,心绞痛发作时伴有严重心律失常、心功能不全、血流动力学障碍等患者,应及早采用介入治疗(PCI)或外科手术治疗(CABG)。
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Dept. of Geriatrics
Junling Huang
One night of winter heavy dinner Chest pain lasted about 10 mimutes
What happened?
Stable angina pectoris
definition:
acute and transient myocardial ischemia and anoxaemia usually caused by coronary insufficiency during exertion Characteristics: paroxysmal squeezing-like chest pain, behind the mid sternum or precordium radiate to left shoulder and upper arm precipitated by stress or exertion relieve rapidly by rest or nitrates
Precipitation
During stress or exertion, other than after that
Clinical manifestation
•location
behind
the mid sternum
no
definite borderline
neck
Behind the sternum Inner upper arm
mechanism
Oxygen supply
Oxygen demand
Pathology
75% pts have significant coronary lesion with diameter stenosis > 70% 10% pts have left main disease 10-15% pts have no significant stenosis, Ischemia may be related to coronary spasm or microvascular dysfunction.
radiate
to any dermatome from C8 to T4, most often to the left shoulder and upper arm
Atypical
location: lower jaw, the back of neck
Precordium
Below the xiphoid
Clinical manifestation
Typical and common symptom
chest pain or oppression
Precipitation Location and radiation characteristics duration remission
Clinical manifestation
•remission
•Rapidly relieve after rest or using nitroglycerin
Clinical manifestation
Physical examination
increased HR, elevated BP anxiety occasionally a gallop rhythm,transient systolic murmur Supraventricular or ventricular arrythmias (precipitating factor or a result) The signs of diseases may contribute to or accompany atherosclerotic heart disease
force the patient stop the activity till the symptom relieved
Clinical manifestation
•duration
Precipitated by exertion and promptly stops to rest, lasts less than 3mins Following a heavy meal or brought on by anger, lasts 15-20mins More than half an hour is unusual can occur once a few days or several weeks, also several times a day
One night of winter heavy dinner Chest pain lasted about 10 mimutes
What happened?
Laboratory Diagnosis
Differentiation
Treatment
Thank you
Clinical manifestation
Байду номын сангаас
•characteristics
tightness, squeezing, burning, pressing, choking, bursting,an ill-characterized discomfort
rarely sharply localized, not spasmodic