公司理财Chap14

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Chap1公司理财概述

Chap1公司理财概述

– 在此状况下,运营者往往背叛股东目的 – 追求规模最大 – 品德风险 – 逆向思想
– 运营者可以为所欲为吗?不行。由于有制约:一方面来自 股东;另一方面来自外部要挟:
– 股东防止运营者背叛股东目的〔胡罗卜加大棒〕 – 监视——由于信息不对称,运营者了解更多信息。防止〝
品德风险〞和〝逆向思想〞的出路是股东获取更多的信息, 对运营者中止监视。监视需求本钱,可以运用外部审计的 力气〔防〝小偷〞〕。
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第二十五页,共113页。
〔三〕公司(ɡōnɡ sī)财务管理
• 财务管理复杂地讲就是指公司组织财务活 动、协调财务关系
• 片面看法财务管理应思索(sī suǒ)以下几个方 面:
• 财务管理的主体:一切者财务、运营者财 务、财务经理财务、债务人财务
• 财务管理的客体及内容:资金
• 财务管理的依据:外部法规和外部法规
• 财务管理包括一切影响公司财务的企业决策,公司财务决 策分为三个局部:投资决策、筹资决策和股利决策〔参: Aswath Damodaran:«公司财务—实践与实务»,中国人民 大学出版社,2001年版〕。
• …… • 我国学者对财务管理的传统看法 • 财务活动——财务关系——财务管理
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• 代理本钱:委托人与代理人之间利益抵触 本钱。
• 直接代理本钱〔教材1.4.2〕 • 直接代理本钱。有两种类型:〔1.4.2〕 • 有利于管理层但消耗股东(gǔdōng)本钱的公
司支出 • 因监视管理层行为的需求而发作的费用
2021/11/10
第十七页,共113页。
• 从委托代理实践看,委托代理关系主要分 为以下层次:
〔对照资产负债表〕。
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公司理财原版题库Chap010

公司理财原版题库Chap010

Chapter 10Return and Risk: The Capital-Assets-Pricing Model Multiple Choice Questions1. When a security is added to a portfolio the appropriate return and risk contributions areA) the expected return of the asset and its standard deviation.B) the expected return and the variance.C) the expected return and the beta.D) the historical return and the beta.E) these both can not be measured.Answer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 2552. When stocks with the same expected return are combined into a portfolioA) the expected return of the portfolio is less than the weighted average expected return of thestocks.B) the expected return of the portfolio is greater than the weighted average expected return of thestocks.C) the expected return of the portfolio is equal to the weighted average expected return of thestocks.D) there is no relationship between the expected return of the portfolio and the expected return ofthe stocks.E) None of the above.Answer: C Difficulty: Easy Page: 2613. Covariance measures the interrelationship between two securities in terms ofA) both expected return and direction of return movement.B) both size and direction of return movement.C) the standard deviation of returns.D) both expected return and size of return movements.E) the correlations of returns.Answer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 258-259Use the following to answer questions 4-5:GenLabs has been a hot stock the last few years, but is risky. The expected returns for GenLabs are highly dependent on the state of the economy as follows:State of Economy Probability GenLabs ReturnsDepression .05 -50%Recession .10 -15Mild Slowdown .20 5Normal .30 15%Broad Expansion .20 25Strong Expansion .15 404. The expected return on GenLabs is:A) 3.3%B) 8.5%C) 12.5%D) 20.5%E) None of the above.Answer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 256Rationale:E(r) = .05(-.5) + .10(-.15) + .2(.05) + .3(.15) + .2(.25) + .15(.40) = .125 = 12.5%5. The variance of GenLabs returns isA) .0207B) .0428C) .0643D) .0733E) None of the above.Answer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 256-257Rationale:.05(-.50 - .125)2 + .1(-.15 - .125)2 + .2(.05 - .125)2 + .3(.15 - .125)2 + .2(.25 - .125)2 + .15(.40 - .125)2 = .04286. The standard deviation of GenLabs returns isA) .0845B) .2069C) .3065D) .3358E) None of the above.Answer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 256-257Rationale:.05(-.50 - .125)2 + .1(-.15 - .125)2 + .2(.05 - .125)2 + .3(.15 - .125)2 + .2(.25 - .125)2 + .15(.40 - .125)2 = .0428(.0428) = .20697. The correlation between two stocksA) can take in positive values.B) can take on negative values.C) cannot be greater than 1.D) cannot be less than -1.E) All of the above.Answer: E Difficulty: Medium Page: 260-2618. If the correlation between two stocks is –1, the returnsA) generally move in the same direction.B) move perfectly opposite one another.C) are unrelated to one another as it is < 0.D) have standard deviations of equal size but opposite signs.E) None of the above.Answer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 2609. Stock A has an expected return of 20%, and stock B has an expected return of 4%. However, therisk of stock A as measured by its variance is 3 times that of stock B. If the two stocks arecombined equally in a portfolio, what would be the portfolio's expected return?A) 4%B) 12%C) 20%D) Greater than 20%E) Need more information to answer.Answer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 262Rationale:Rp = 20(.5) + 4(.5) = 12%Use the following to answer questions 10-14:Idaho Slopes (IS) and Dakota Steppes (DS) are both seasonal businesses. IS is a downhill skiing facility, while DS is a tour company that specializes in walking tours and camping. The equally likely returns on each company over the next year is expected to be:Economy Idaho Slopes Dakota SteppesStrong Downturn -10% 2%Mild Downturn - 4% 7%Slow Growth 4% 6%Moderate Growth 12% 4%Strong Growth 20% 4%10. The mean expected returns of Idaho Slopes and Dakota Steppes areA) 4.0%; 6.0%B) 4.4%; 4.6%C) 5.5%; 5.8%D) 10.0%; 6.0%E) None of the aboveAnswer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 256Rationale:IS = (-10%-4%+4%+12%+20%)/5 = 4.4%DS = (2%+7%+6%+4%+4%)/5 = 4.6%11. The variances of Idaho Slopes and Dakota Steppes areA) .0145; .00038B) .011584; .000304C) .006454; .000154D) .0008068; .000193E) None of the aboveAnswer: B Difficulty: Hard Page: 256-257Rationale:2IS = .2 = 0.0115842DS = .2 = .00030412. The covariance between the Idaho Slopes and Dakota Steppes returns isA) .00187B) .00240C) .00028D) .000056E) None of the aboveAnswer: C Difficulty: Hard Page: 258-259Rationale:ISDS = = .0002813. If Idaho Slopes and Dakota Steppes are combined in a portfolio with 50% invested in each, theexpected return and risk would be?A) 4.5%; 0%B) 4.5%; 5.48%C) 5.0%; 0%D) 5.625%; 37.2%E) 8.0%; 8.2%Answer: B Difficulty: Hard Page: 261-262Rationale:Rp = .5(.044) + .5(.046) = .045 = 4.5%p = .5 = .05477 = 5.48%14. The correlation between stocks A and B is theA) covariance between A and B divided by the standard deviation of A times the standarddeviation of B.B) standard deviation A divided by the standard deviation of B.C) standard deviation of B divided by the covariance between A and B.D) variance of A plus the variance of B dividend by the covariance.E) None of the above.Answer: A Difficulty: Medium Page: 26015. A portfolio is entirely invested into Buzz's Bauxite Boring Equity, which is expected to return 16%,and Zum's Inc. bonds, which are expected to return 8%. Sixty percent of the funds are invested in Buzz's and the rest in Zum's. What is the expected return on the portfolio?A) 6.4%B) 9.6%C) 12.8%D) 24.2%E) Need additional information.Answer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 262Rationale:R p = .60(R Buzz)+.40(R Zum) = .60(16%) + .40(8%) = 12.8%16. You have plotted the data for two securities over time on the same graph, ie., the month return ofeach security for the last 5 years. If the pattern of the movements of the two securities rose and fell as the other did, these two securities would haveA) no correlation at all.B) a weak negative correlation.C) a strong negative correlation.D) a strong positive correlation.E) one can not get any idea of the correlation from a graph.Answer: D Difficulty: Easy Page: 26017. If the covariance of stock 1 with stock 2 is -.0065, then what is the covariance of stock 2 with stock1?A) -.0065B) +.0065C) greater than +.0065D) less than -.0065E) Need additional information.Answer: A Difficulty: Medium Page: 258-25918. If you have a portfolio of two risky stocks which turns out to have no diversification benefit. Thereason you have no diversification is the returnsA) are too small.B) move perfectly opposite of one another.C) are too large to offset.D) move perfectly with one another.E) are completely unrelated to one another.Answer: D Difficulty: Easy Page: 26419. A portfolio will usually containA) one riskless asset.B) one risky asset.C) two or more assets.D) no assets.E) None of the above.Answer: C Difficulty: Easy Page: 26120. The variance of Stock A is .004, the variance of the market is .007 and the covariance between thetwo is .0026. What is the correlation coefficient?A) .9285B) .8542C) .5010D) .4913E) .3510Answer: D Difficulty: Medium Page: 260Rationale:Standard deviation of B = .06325, Standard deviation of the market = .08366CORR = COV/(SDA)(SDM) = .0026/(.06325)(.08366) = .491321. If the correlation between two stocks is +1, then a portfolio combining these two stocks will have avariance that isA) less than the weighted average of the two individual variances.B) greater than the weighted average of the two individual variances.C) equal to the weighted average of the two individual variances.D) less than or equal to average variance of the two weighted variances, depending on otherinformation.E) None of the above.Answer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 26422. The opportunity set of portfolios isA) all possible return combinations of those securities.B) all possible risk combinations of those securities.C) all possible risk-return combinations of those securities.D) the best or highest risk-return combination.E) the lowest risk-return combination.Answer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 26723. A portfolio has 50% of its funds invested in Security One and 50% of its funds invested in SecurityTwo. Security One has a standard deviation of 6. Security Two has a standard deviation of 12. The securities have a coefficient of correlation of .5. Which of the following values is closest toportfolio variance?A) .0027B) .0063C) .0095D) .0104E) One must have covariance to calculate expected value.Answer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 262Rationale: Var. = .52(.06)2 + .52(.12)2 + 2(.5)(.5)(.5)(6)(12) = .0009 + .0036 + .0018 = .006324. A portfolio has 25% of its funds invested in Security C and 75% of its funds invested in Security D.Security C has an expected return of 8% and a standard deviation of 6. Security D has an expected return of 10% and a standard deviation of 10. The securities have a coefficient of correlation of .6.Which of the following values is closest to portfolio return and variance?A) .090; .0081B) .095; .001675C) .095; .0072D) .100; .00849E) Cannot calculate without the number of covariance terms.Answer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 261-262Rationale:E(R) = .25(.08) + .75(.10) = .095 = 9.5%Variance = .252(.06)2 + .752(.10)2 + 2(.25)(.75)(.06)(.60)(.10) = .007225. When many assets are included in a portfolio or index the risk of the portfolio or index will beA) greater than the risk of the securities because the correlations are greater than 1.B) equal to the risk of the securities because the correlations are equal to 1.C) less than the risk of the securities because the correlations are usually less than 1.D) unaffected by the risk of securities because their correlations are less than 1.E) None of the above.Answer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 26426. The efficient set of portfoliosA) contains the portfolio combinations with the highest return for a given level of risk.B) contains the portfolio combinations with the lowest risk for a given level of return.C) is the lowest overall risk portfolio.D) Both A and BE) Both A and C.Answer: D Difficulty: Medium Page: 26727. Diversification can effectively reduce risk. Once a portfolio is diversified the type of riskremaining isA) individual security risk.B) riskless security risk.C) risk related to the market portfolio.D) total standard deviations.E) None of the above.Answer: C Difficulty: Easy Page: 27428. For a highly diversified equally weighted portfolio with a large number of securities, the portfoliovariance isA) the average covariance.B) the average expected value.C) the average variance.D) the weighted average expected value.E) the weighted average variance.Answer: A Difficulty: Medium Page: 273-27429. A well-diversified portfolio has negligibleA) expected return.B) systematic risk.C) unsystematic risk.D) variance.E) Both C and D.Answer: C Difficulty: Easy Page: 27430. The CML is the pricing relationship betweenA) efficient portfolios and beta.B) the risk-free asset and standard deviation of the portfolio return.C) the optimal portfolio and the standard deviation of portfolio return.D) beta and the standard deviation of portfolio return.E) None of the above.Answer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 27931. The SML is the equilibrium pricing relationship forA) efficient portfolios.B) single securities.C) inefficient portfolios.D) All of the above.E) None of the above.Answer: D Difficulty: Easy Page: 285-28632. A typical investor is assumed to beA) a fair gambler.B) a gambler.C) a single security holder.D) risk averse.E) risk neutral.Answer: D Difficulty: Medium Page: 27533. You've owned a share of stock for 6 years. It returned 5% in 3 of those years and -5% in the other3. What was the variance?A) 0B) .0015C) .0030D) .0150E) .0400Answer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 256-257Rationale:VAR= {(5-0)2 + (5-0)2 +(5-0)2 + (5-0)2 +(5-0)2 + (5-0)2/5 - 3034. The total number of variance and covariance terms in portfolio is N2. How many of these would be(including non-unique) covariance's?A) NB) N2C) N2 - ND) N2 - N/2E) None of the above.Answer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 27235. Total risk can be divided intoA) standard deviation and variance.B) standard deviation and covariance.C) portfolio risk and beta.D) systematic risk and unsystematic risk.E) portfolio risk and covariance.Answer: D Difficulty: Easy Page: 27436. Beta measuresA) the ability to diversify risk.B) how an asset covaries with the market.C) the actual return on an asset.D) the standard of the assets' returns.E) All of the above.Answer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 28337. The dominant portfolio with the lowest possible risk measures isA) the efficient frontier.B) the minimum variance portfolio.C) the upper tail of the efficient set.D) the tangency portfolio.E) None of the above.Answer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 26638. The measure of beta associates most closely withA) idiosyncratic risk.B) risk-free return.C) systematic risk.D) unexpected risk.E) unsystematic risk.Answer: C Difficulty: Easy Page: 26939. An efficient set of portfolios isA) the complete opportunity set.B) the portion of the opportunity set below the minimum variance portfolio.C) only the minimum variance portfolio.D) the dominant portion of the opportunity set.E) only the maximum return portfolio.Answer: D Difficulty: Medium Page: 27040. A stock with a beta of zero would be expected to have a rate of return equal toA) the risk-free rate.B) the market rate.C) the prime rate.D) the average AAA bond.E) None of the above.Answer: A Difficulty: Medium Page: 28541. The combination of the efficient set of portfolios with a riskless lending and borrowing rate resultsinA) the capital market line which shows that all investors will only invest in the riskless asset.B) the capital market line which shows that all investors will invest in a combination of theriskless asset and the tangency portfolio.C) the security market line which shows that all investors will invest in the riskless asset only.D) the security market line which shows that all investors will invest in a combination of theriskless asset and the tangency portfolio.E) None of the above.Answer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 27842. According to the CAPMA) the expected return on a security is negatively and non-linearly related to the security's beta.B) the expected return on a security is negatively and linearly related to the security's beta.C) the expected return on a security is positively and linearly related to the security's variance.D) the expected return on a security is positively and non-linearly related to the security's beta.E) the expected return on a security is positively and linearly related to the security's beta.Answer: E Difficulty: Easy Page: 28243. The diversification effect of a portfolio of two stocksA) increases as the correlation between the stocks declines.B) increases as the correlation between the stocks rises.C) decreases as the correlation between the stocks rises.D) Both A and C.E) None of the above.Answer: A Difficulty: Medium Page: 26644. The elements along the diagonal of the Variance / Covariance matrix areA) covariances.B) security weights.C) security selections.D) variances.E) None of the above.Answer: D Difficulty: Medium Page: 27245. The elements in the off-diagonal positions of the Variance / Covariance matrix areA) covariances.B) security selections.C) variances.D) security weights.E) None of the above.Answer: A Difficulty: Medium Page: 27246. The separation principle states that an investor willA) choose any efficient portfolio and invest some amount in the riskless asset to generate theexpected return.B) choose an efficient portfolio based on individual risk tolerance or utility.C) never choose to invest in the riskless asset because the expected return on the riskless asset islower over time.D) invest only in the riskless asset and tangency portfolio choosing the weights based onindividual risk tolerance.E) All of the above.Answer: D Difficulty: Medium47. The beta of a security is calculated byA) dividing the covariance of the security with the market by the variance of the market.B) dividing the correlation of the security with the market by the variance of the market.C) dividing the variance of the market by the covariance of the security with the market.D) dividing the variance of the market by the correlation of the security with the market.E) None of the above.Answer: A Difficulty: Medium Page: 28348. If investors possess homogeneous expectations over all assets in the market portfolio, when risklesslending and borrowing is allowed, the market portfolio is defined toA) be the same portfolio of risky assets chosen by all investors.B) have the securities weighted by their market value proportions.C) be a diversified portfolio.D) All of the above.E) None of the above.Answer: D Difficulty: Medium Page: 28049. A portfolio contains two assets. The first asset comprises 40% of the portfolio and has a beta of 1.2.The other asset has a beta of 1.5. The portfolio beta isA) 1.35B) 1.38C) 1.42D) 1.50E) 1.55Answer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 287Rationale:βp = .4(1.2)+.6(1.5)=1.3850. A portfolio contains four assets. Asset 1 has a beta of .8 and comprises 30% of the portfolio. Asset2 has a beta of 1.1 and comprises 30% of the portfolio. Asset3 has a beta of 1.5 and comprises 20%of the portfolio. Asset 4 has a beta of 1.6 and comprises the remaining 20% of the portfolio. If the riskless rate is expected to be 3% and the market risk premium is 6%, what is the beta of theportfolio?A) 0.80B) 1.10C) 1.19D) 1.25E) 1.40Answer: C Difficulty: Hard Page: 287Rationale:βp = .3(.8)+.3(1.1)+.2(1.5)+.2(1.6)=1.1951. The characteristic line is graphically depicted asA) the plot of the relationship between beta and expected return.B) the plot of the returns of the security against the beta.C) the plot of the security returns against the market index returns.D) the plot of the beta against the market index returns.E) None of the above.Answer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 281-28252. Recent research by Fama and French calls into questions the CAPM because they findA) average security returns are negatively related to the firm P/E and M/B ratios.B) P/E and M/B are only two of several factors explaining average returns.C) a weak relationship between average returns and beta for 1941 to 1990 and no relationshipfrom 1963 to 1990.D) Both A and C.E) Both B and C.Answer: D Difficulty: Hard Page: 29553. Further study to evaluate the Fama-French results and the CAPM are needed becauseA) P/E and M/B may be two of a large set of factors which were found due to hindsight bias.B) A positive relationship is found over the period 1927 to 1990 indicating more than 50 years ofdata are necessary for proper CAPM testing.C) Annual data based estimates of beta show positive relationships to average returns, whilemonthly betas do not.D) All of the above.E) None of the above.Answer: D Difficulty: Hard Page: 295-296Essay Questions54. Given the following data:Year Returns – Ink, Inc. Returns – S & P 500 1 10% 15% 2 0% -2% 3 -5% -2% 4 15 10% 5 5% 0%Calculate the covariance between Ink and the S&P 500.Difficulty: Hard Page: 258-259 Answer:R I IRR I - IR R SP SP R R SP –SP R.10 .05 .05 .15 .042.108 .00 .05 -.05 -.02 .042 -.062 -.05 .05 -.10 -.02 .042 -.062 .15 .05 .10 .10 .042 .058 .05.05.00 .00 .0421-.042(R I - I R ) x (R SP –SP R ).05 x.108 .0054 -.05 x -.062 .0031 -.10 x -.062 .0062 .10 x .058 .00580 x -.402.0205/5=.004155. A portfolio is made up of 75% of stock 1, and 25% of stock 2. Stock 1 has a variance of .08, andstock 2 has a variance of .035. The covariance between the stocks is -.001. Calculate both the variance and the standard deviation of the portfolio. Difficulty: Medium Page: 262 Answer: σ² = (.75)²(.08) + (.25)²(.035) + 2(.25)(.75)(-.001) = .0468 σ = .216356. Illustrate and explain the impact of adding securities to a portfolio assuming the securities are ofaverage correlation with each other. Difficulty: Medium Page: 274Answer:As N increases, portfolio risk decreases. As N gets large, portfolio risk approaches the market risk.For details please refer to the text Figure 10.7 page 274.57. Given the following information on 3 stocks:Stock A Stock B Stock C T-Bills Market PortExp. Return .19 .15 .09 .07 .18Variance .0200 .1196 .0205 .0000 .0064Covariance withMkt Portfolio .007 .0045 .0013 .0000 .0064Using the CAPM, calculate the expected return for Stock's A, B, and C. Which stocks would you recommend purchasing?Difficulty: Hard Page: 285-287Answer:B A = .0070/.0064 = 1.094; ra = .07 + (.18-.07)1.094 = .1903B B = .0045/.0064 = 0.703; rb = .07 + (.18-.07)0.703 = .1473B C = .0013/.0064 = 0.203; rc = .07 + (.18-.07)0.203 = .0.923Indifferent on A as .1903 = .19.Would buy B as .15 > .1473.Would not buy C as .09 < .0923.58. Returns for the IC Company and for the S&P 500 Index over the previous 4-year period are givenbelow:Year IC Co. S & P 5001 30% 17%2 0% 20%3 -8% 7%4 0% 5%What are the average returns on IC and on the S&P 500 index? If you had invested $1.00 in IC, how much would you have had after 4 years? What is the correlation between the returns on IC and the S&P?Difficulty: Medium Page: 259Answer:Average return is 22/4 = 5.5% for IC and 49/4 = 12.25% for the S&P.After 4 years $1.00 in IC grows to $1.00(1.30)(.92) = 1.196 = $1.20.For n=4σIC = 14.52, σSP = 6.38, σIC,SP = 46.125, determining ( r IC,SP ) =0.498For n-1 = 3σIC = 16.76 σSP = 7.37 σIC,SP = 61.50 determining (r IC,SP ) =. 49859. Draw and explain the relationship between the opportunity set for a two asset portfolio when thecorrelation is: [Choose from -1, -.5, 0, +.5, and +1] Difficulty: Hard Page: 267-268 Answer: ∙ Opportunity set is made up of a portfolio of two asset combinations with weights from (0,100) to (100,0). ∙ Upper point--maximum return portfolio, 100% in highest return sec. ∙ Inflection point--minimum variance portfolio ∙ See diagram, pg. 267MRPStd. DeviationRpOpportunity SetBetween the MVP (Minimum Variance Portfolio) andthe MRP (Maximum Return Portfolio) is the efficient set of portfolios.60. The diagram below represents an opportunity set for a two asset combination. Indicate the correctefficient set with labels; explain why it is so. Difficulty: Hard Page: 267-268 Answer: ∙ Efficient set is portion of opportunity set that dominates. ∙ Provides maximum return for given risk or converse.MRPStd. DeviationRpOpportunity SetA is on the efficient frontier with the best return to risk combination. Portfolioson the frontier dominate all other portfolios. A dominates both B and C. B has a higher standard deviation for the same return while C has a lower return for the same standard deviation.ABCXX。

(公司理财)公司理财(精要版)知识点归纳

(公司理财)公司理财(精要版)知识点归纳

第一章.公司理财导论1.企业组织形态:单一业主制、合伙制、股份公司(所有权和管理相分离、相对容易转让所有权、对企业债务负有限责任,使企业融资更加容易。

企业寿命不受限制,但双重课税)2.财务管理的目标:为了使现有股票的每股当前价值最大化。

或使现有所有者权益的市场价值最大化。

3.股东与管理层之间的关系成为代理关系。

代理成本是股东与管理层之间的利益冲突的成本。

分直接和间接。

4.公司理财包括三个领域:资本预算、资本结构、营运资本管理第二章.1.在企业资本结构中利用负债成为“财务杠杆”。

2.净利润与现金股利的差额就是新增的留存收益。

3.来自资产的现金流量=经营现金流量(OCF)-净营运资本变动-资本性支出4.OCF=EBIT+折旧-税5.净资本性支出=期末固定资产净值-期初固定资产净值+折旧6.流向债权人的现金流量=利息支出-新的借款净额7.流向股东的现金流量=派发的股利-新筹集的净权益第三章1.现金来源:应付账款的增加、普通股本的增加、留存收益增加现金运用:应收账款增加、存货增加、应付票据的减少、长期负债的减少2.报表的标准化:同比报表、同基年度财报3.ROE=边际利润(经营效率)X总资产周转率(资产使用效率)X权益乘数(财务杠杆)4.为何评价财务报表:内部:业绩评价。

外部:评价供应商、短期和长期债权人和潜在投资者、信用评级机构。

第四章.1.制定财务计划的过程的两个维度:计划跨度和汇总。

2.一个财务计划制定的要件:销售预测、预计报表、资产需求、筹资需求、调剂、经济假设。

3.销售收入百分比法:提纯率=再投资率=留存收益增加额/净利润=1-股利支付率资本密集率=资产总额/销售收入4.内部增长率=(ROAXb)/(1-ROAXb)可持续增长率=ROE/(1-ROEXb):企业在保持固定的债务权益率同时没有任何外部权益筹资的情况下所能达到的最大的增长率。

是企业在不增加财务杠杆时所能保持的最大的增长率。

(如果实际增长率超过可持续增长率,管理层要考虑的问题就是从哪里筹集资金来支持增长。

公司理财Chap01

公司理财Chap01
第1 章 公司理财导论
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
重要概念与技能
• 了解财务管理决策的基本类型和财务经 理的职责 • 了解不同的企业组织形态在财务方面的 应用 • 了解财务管理的目标 • 理解所有者与管理层之间可能发生的利 益冲突 • 理解金融市场的各种类型
两种不同的信息非对称情形
事前的信息非对称---逆向选择(Adverse Selection) • 投资人在雇佣经理人之前并不了解申请人的 实际能力(签约前) 事后的信息非对称---道德风险(Moral Hazard) • 受雇的经理人是否为投资人的利益努力工作 (签约后)
代理成本的表现形式
为自己支付过高的薪金 在职消费(豪华的办公室、公司的飞机等) 工作中的偷懒行为 自我交易(self-dealing) 盗窃和侵占公司财产 为扩张规模而进行低效率的投资
OPM理论
• To finance:“to raise or provide funds or capital for…” • Corporate finance的直译是企业法人的融 资,即公司的融资 • 关键:Other People’s Money(OPM),无论 是权益资本还是债务资本 • 别人的钱不是easy money • 由此带来理财的其他活动(投资决策、股利 决策),目标为出资人创造财富
• 劣势
– 受业主寿命长短影 响 – 权益资本大小受业 主个人财富的限制 – 需承担无限责任 – 所有权转让困难
1-9
合伙制
• 优势
– 业主为2人或2人以 上 – 可获得更多资本 – 相对公司来说,成 立手续比较方便 – 单一税负,只交个 人所得税

公司理财chap

公司理财chap


17、一个人即使已登上顶峰,也仍要 自强不 息。上 午6时6 分30秒 上午6时 6分06: 06:3021 .6.2
Bond Concepts
Bond prices and market interest rates move in opposite directions.
When coupon rate = YTM, price = par value (par bond)
Chapter 5
Interest Rates and Bond Valuation
Key Concepts and Skills
• Understand bond values and why they fluctuate
• Understand bond ratings and what they mean
• What is the value of the bond 2 years after issuing?
When the required market interest rate is 8%
PV2 100 PVIFA8%,8 1000 PVIF8%,8 1114.7
When the required market interest rate is 10%
• The yield to maturity(到期收益率) is the required market interest rate on the bond.
Bond Valuation
• Primary Principle: – Value of financial securities = PV of expected future cash flows
5.1

《公司理财》-PPT文档资料

《公司理财》-PPT文档资料
《公司理财》
使用对象:MBA
西南财经大学 会计学院 彭韶兵
课程简介
产品经营和资本经营,是现代企业的两大类 经营活动。财务管理是对资本经营的管理,资 本是能带来剩余价值的价值,财务活动是货币 资本化的活动,财务的本质是资本价值经营。 如何使作为资本的货币在资本循环中得到量的 增值,构成财务管理的全部内容。《公司理财》 课程,着重对资本的取得、资本的运用、资本 收益的分配等财务问题进行介绍和研究,为公 司高级财务管理人员提供了必备的财务理论知 识和实务操作方法。
或 =PA×(1 + i )
09.03.2021
会计学院 彭韶兵
29
2.递延年金:后期收付
递延FA=FA ( 共n期 ) 递延PA=A×[(PA ,i,m+n)-(PA ,i,m)]
或 =A×(PA ,i, n )(PA ,i,m)
09.03.2021
会计学院 彭韶兵
30
3.永续年金:无限期收付
会计学院 彭韶兵
14
(一)财务资金的特点
1.预付性 2.物质性 3.增值性 4.周转性 5.独立性
09.03.2021
会计学院 彭韶兵
15
(二)财务资金运动环节
1.筹资 2.投资 3.耗资 4.收回 5.分配
09.03.2021
会计学院 彭韶兵
16
四、财务关系
1.资本所有者与资本经营者的财务关系 2.经营组织之间的财务关系 3.经营组织与劳动者之间的财务关系 4.经营组织内部各单位之间的财务关系 5.经营组织与政府之间的财务关系
会计学院 彭韶兵
56
3.经营现金指数
经营现金指数经 =营现金净流量 经营应得现金
经营现金净流量=净利润+调整项目

p公司理财(doc136页财务管理)

p公司理财(doc136页财务管理)

公司理财(财务管理)第一章、公司理财概述《财务与成本管理》教材一书共十五章、632页、44万字。

其中前十章是讲财务管理,后四章是讲成本管理。

财务管理与成本管理本是两门学科,没有内在的必然联系,实际上它是两门完全独立的学科。

《财务管理》的特点是公式很多,有的公式需要死背硬记,有的在理解后就能记住。

第一章是总论,这章的内容是财务管理内容的总纲,是理解各章内容的一个起点,对掌握各章之间的联系有重要意义。

因此,学习这一章重点是掌握财务管理知识的体系,理解每一个财务指标、公式、名词的概念,掌握它,对以后各章在整个知识体系中的地位和作用有很大帮助。

第一节财务管理的目标一、企业的财务目标有四个问题:企业目标决定了财务管理目标;财务管理目标的三种主张及其理由和问题;讨论财务目标的重要意义;为什么要以利润大小作为财务目标。

这四个问题是财务管理中的基本问题,是组织财务管理工作的出发点。

公司理财是指公司在市场经济条件下,如何低成本筹措所需要的资金并进行各种筹资方式的组合;如何高效率地投资,并进行资源的有效配臵;如何制定利润分配政策,并合理地进行利润分配。

公司理财就是要研究筹资决策、投资决策及利润分配决策。

1、企业管理的目标包括三个方面内容:一是生存,企业只有生存,才可能获利,企业生存的能力,减少破产的风险,使企业长期稳定地生存下去,是对公司理财的第一个要求;二是发展,企业是在发展中求得生存的。

筹集企业发展所需的资金,是对公司理财的第二个要求;三是获利,企业必须获利,才有存在的价值。

通过合理有效地使用资金使企业获利,是对公司理财的第三个要求。

总之,企业的目标(企业管理的目标)就是生存、发展和获利。

2、公司理财的目标三种观点①、利润最大化缺点:没有考虑利润的取得时间,没有考虑所获利润和所投资本额的关系,没有考虑获取利润与所承担风险的大小。

②、每股盈余最大化缺点:没有考虑每股盈余取得的时间性,没有考虑每股盈余的风险。

这是公司理财的目标。

公司理财-chapter-14(英文版)课件

公司理财-chapter-14(英文版)课件

公司理财-chapter-14课件
3
Capital structure: the mix of long-term debt and equity financing
The value of those cash flows determines the value of the firm and therefore determines the aggregate value of all the firm’s outstanding debt and equity securities. If the firm changes its capital structure, say, by using more debt and less equity financing, overall value should not
公司理财-chapter-14课件
11
Leverage increases the
expected return to
that cannot pay their creditors
公司理财-chapter-14课件
2
Content
How borrowing affects value in a tax-free economy Capital structure and corporate taxes Costs of financial distress Explaining financing choices Bankruptcy procedures
3. Cite the various costs of financial distress 4. Explain why the debt-equity mix varies across
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14-4
必要报酬率
• 必要报酬率就是适用的折现率,是由 现金流的风险所决定的 • 在计算NPV并决定是否接受某个项目 前,我们需要知道该项目的必要报酬 率 • 为补偿投资者的筹资代价,投资项目 的报酬率至少应高于必要报酬率
14-5
权益成本
• 权益成本就是权益投资者对公司现金 流风险所要求的必要报酬率
14-12
SML法的优势与不足
• 优点
– 考虑了系统性风险的因素 – 适用于所有的公司,唯一的要求就是能计算出 该公司的贝塔系数
• 不足
– 需先估算预期的市场风险溢酬,而该溢酬是随 时间变化而波动的 – 需估算beta, 而beta 也是随时间波动的 – 该模型中利用历史数据来预测未来,通常不一 定会非常可靠
第14章
资本成本
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
重要概念与技能
• 懂得如何确定一家公司的权益资本成 本 • 懂得如何确定一家公司的债务成本 • 懂得如何确定一家公司的整体资本成 本 • 理解整体资本成本的不足,并如何如何 克服
14-38
NPV 与筹资费用 – 例
• 某公司正在考虑一项将耗资100万元的项目,该项 目可在未来7年内每年带来税后现金流量25万元, 公司WACC为15%,目标 D/E之比为0.6,权益资本 的筹资费用率为 5%,负债的筹资费用率为3%。考 虑筹资费用后,该项目的NPV为多少?
– fA = (0.375)(3%) + (0.625)(5%) = 4.25% – 未来现金流量的现值 = 1,040,105 – NPV = 1,040,105 - 1,000,000/(1-4,25%) = -4,281
14-23
例题扩展 – WACC(2)
• 权益资本成本为多少?
– RE = 5 + 1.15*(9%) = 15.35%
• 负债资本成本为多少?
– N = 30; PV = -1100; PMT = 45; FV = 1000; 可解出r=3.927%,因此: – RD = 3.927*2 = 7.854%
• WACC为多少?
– WACC = 0.7843*(15.35%) + 0.2157*(4.712%) = 13.06%
14-25
伊斯特曼化工公司I
• 点击网络连接按钮进入雅虎财经网站,查找 伊斯特曼化工公司(EMN)的信息 • 在“公司信息与重要统计数据”栏目下,你 能找到如下信息:
– – – – 流通在外股票数量 每股账面价值 每股价格 贝塔系数
14-2
本章大纲
• • • • • • 资本成本:一些预备知识 权益成本 负债成本与优先股成本 加权平均资本成本 部门和项目资本成本 筹资费用和加权平均资本成本
14-3
资本成本为什么重要?
• 我们知道,资产报酬率取决于这些资 产的风险大小 • 投资者要求的报酬率与公司所承担的 资本成本率其实是一致的(无税和摩 擦费用的话) • 资本成本告诉我们市场对风险的看法 • 还可帮助我们确定资本预算项目的必 要报酬率
14-14
债务成本
• 债务的资本成本即为投资者对公司债务 所要求的必要报酬率 • 通常,我们更关注长期债务的资本成本 问题 • 必要报酬率的最佳估计方式是计算现有 债务的到期收益率 • 也可使用假定现在发行新债所需要的利 率 • 无论如何,债务资本成本绝对不是负债 的票面利率
14-15
例:债务成本
• 在分析师预测项目下,你能找到分析师对公 司盈利增长的预测数据(可用于代替股利增 长率) • 在雅虎财经的债券栏目中,能找到短期国库 券的收益率情况 • 利用这些信息,使用CAPM和DGM来估算该 公司的权益成本率。
14-26
伊斯特曼化工公司II
• 点开FINRA网站,查找与伊斯特曼化工公司 债券相关的市场信息 – 输入Eastman Ch,查找债券信息 – 注意,由于债券市场的流动性欠佳,不一 定能找到所有已发行债券的相关信息 • 进入SEC网站,下载公司最新的季度报告, 查找相关账面价值信息
• 假定某公司有一种正发行在外的债券, 还有25年才到期,面值$1000,票面 利率9%,半年付息一次。债务目前的 卖价为 $908.72。问:该债券的债务 资本成本率为多少? • 解:N = 50; PMT = 45; FV = 1000; PV = -908.75; 求解r = 10%。
14-16
• 在下面这个网站上,能找到加权平均成本 的估值: • 看看网站上对估值假定的说明
– 想想这些假定对加权平均成本的估值会有些什 么样的影响
14-29
表14.1 权益成本
14-30
表14.1 负债成本
14-31
表 14.1 加权平均资本成本 (WACC)
14-32
14-35
主观判断法
• 考察项目风险与公司整体风险的关系 • 如果项目风险大于公司整体风险,使用一 个高于公司WACC的折现率 • 如果项目风险低于公司整体风险,则可以 使用一个略低于公司WACC的折现率 • 这样,仍然也可能接受本该拒绝的项目或 拒绝本该接受的项目,但犯这种错误的概 率相对只使用WACC进行贴现来说,已降 低了
– 经营风险 – 财务风险
• 确定权益成本主要有两种方法:
– 股利增长模型 – SML 或 CAPM
14-6
股利增长模型法
• 根据股利增长模型,可反解出RE:
D1 P0 RE g D1 RE g P0
14-7
例:股利增长模型法
• 假定某公司预期下年股利为每股$1.50, 每年的股利增长率可以持续稳定在 5.1%水平。当前股票价格为$25,计算 该公司权益资本成本为多少?
-
平均值 = (5.7 + 4.6 + 5.1 + 4.9) / 4 = 5.1%
14-9
股利增长模型法的优势与不足
• 优点 – 易于理解,使用容易 • 不足
– 只适用于目前支付了股利的公司 – 如果股利增长无规律,则不能适用 – 对估计的增长率非常敏感 – g增大1%,权 益成本也会增大1% – 对风险考虑不周全
14-22
例题扩展 – WACC(1)
• 权益信息
– 5000万股 – 每股$80 – Beta = 1.15 – 市场风险溢酬 = 9% – 无风险利率= 5%
• 负债信息
– $10亿元面值 – 目前价格为每份 $ 1100 – 票面利率= 9%, 每半年付息 – 15年到期
• 税率 = 40%
14-10
SML法
• 利用下面的信息计算权益成本
– 无风险利率为 Rf – 市场风险溢价为E(RM) – Rf – 资产的系统性风险大小,即
RE R f E ( E ( RM ) R f )
14-11
例: SML
• 假定某公司权益的贝塔系数为0.58, 当前无风险利率为6.1%。如果预期市 场风险溢酬为8.6%,该公司的权益资 本成本为多少? • RE = 6.1 + .58(8.6) = 11.1% • 可以发现,采用SML法与采用股利增 长模型法所估算出来的股利增长率比 较接近,因此应当可以肯定我们的估 算结果
14-18
加权平均资本成本
• 利用单项资本的成本,可计算出公司 的“平均”资本成本 • 这个“平均”资本成本就是市场根据 对公司资产风险大小的预期,所要求 的必要报酬率 • 计算时,使用每类资本所提供的金额 大小作为权数
14-19
资本结构权数
• 符号约定
– E = 权益的市场价值 = 外发股数*每股价 格 – D = 负债的市场价值 = 流通在外债券数* 债券价格 – V = 公司的市场价值 = D + E
分部资本成本与项目资本成本
• 使用WACC作为贴现率只适用于那些 与公司目前经营具有类似风险的项目 • 如果我们正在考察的项目与公司目前 的风险不一样,则我们需要为这个项 目选择适当的贴现率 • 同样,不同的分部也同样需要相对独 立的贴现率
14-33
例:对所有项目使用加权平 均资本成本进行决策
• 如果对所有项目,无论其风险大小,都用 WACC进行分析,会如何呢? • 假定WACC = 15%
1.50 RE .051 .111 11.1% 25
14-8
例:估算股利增长率
• 估算增长率的方法之一,是利用历史 股利增长率的平均值
–年
– – – – – 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
股利
1.23 1.30 1.36 1.43 1.50
百分比
(1.30 – 1.23) / 1.23 = 5.7% (1.36 – 1.30) / 1.30 = 4.6% (1.43 – 1.36) / 1.36 = 5.1% (1.50 – 1.43) / 1.43 = 4.9%
• 负债的税后资本成本为多少?
– RD(1-TC) = 7.854(1-0.4) = 4.712%
14-24
例题扩展 – WACC(3)
• 资本结构权数为多少?
– E = 5000万股*80/股 = 40亿 – D = 10亿* (1100-1000)/1000 = 11亿 – V = 40 + 11 = 51亿 – wE = E/V = 40 / 51 = 0.7843 – wD = D/V = 11 / 51 = 0.2157
14-13
例:权益成本
• 假定某公司的beta为1.5,预期市场风 险溢酬为9%,无风险利率为 6%。分析 师预测其股利增长率为每年6%,而上 一次股利发放水平为每股 $2。该公司 股票当前价格为$15.65。要求:该公司 的权益资本成本为多少?
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