中英文对照论文格式范例

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英语论文格式规范

英语论文格式规范（总字数5000字以上，毕业论文封面及封底由学校统一印发）Abstract（单起一页）This paper centers on the Chinese image made by Eugene O’Neill in his play Marco Million ……(英文摘要：四号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置中; 随后的内容采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，多倍行距1.25，中文摘要同)Key Words: teaching method; contextual teaching and learning; communicative theory; teaching environment; cooperative mode(Key Words: 采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，顶格放置；随后的内容与其空两格，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间采用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；中文摘要同)中文摘要（另起一页）XXXXXXXXXXX关键词：XXX；XXX；XXX；XXX中英文论文摘要（约250字）和相应的中英文关键词（4或5个）The Chinese Image Study in Marco Million byEugene O’Neill（另起一页）(题目：小二号，加粗，居中，除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman ”)Student No: 0485014221 Author: Lin Li-xuanSupervisor: Li Y a-ling Associate Professor (Foreign Languages Faculty, Nanhai Campus, South China Normal University, Nanhai 528225)（学号、作者姓名，指导老师姓名（拼音）、职称（四号，加粗），南海校区外语系（小五Times New Roman英文），依次如上）1. Introduction(顶格，小四，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In the field of Comparative Literature, “Otherness”has been the focus to the comparative literary critics. In the play Marco Million , O’Neill depicted an ideal Chinese Emperor Kubla Kan in terms of Voltaire’s theory … ( Ren 1995：66) .(段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成对应关系；注意一个或多个作者之间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前，文中的内容全部采用多倍行距，1.25，五号字体) 2. Mr. Yao’s impact on his family educationDiffered from the Tseng family, children in the Yao family had more floors to speak out their own views. Coral was a foster-daughter of the Yaos. ①She was a widow who dared to say, “I will remarry if anyone will marry me”at that old age.②（①，②providing additional references or information）；（①，②，③…为脚注或尾注的上标序号）。

英语议论文写作常用句型中英文对照模版

英语议论文写作常用句型中英文对照模版（一）段首句1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。

一些人认为……There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。

There is an old saying______. It’s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。

首先，……；其次，……。

更为糟糕的是……。

Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____.What makes things worse is that______.4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。

Nowadays, it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______.Besides，______.5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。

它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。

Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，……People's opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____. 7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。

毕业论文标题中英文摘要关键词和目录的格式

毕业设计（论文）新民本主义：传统民本思想与现代民主理念的契合（字体:黑体小一）专业年级学生学号学生姓名指导老师评阅人二○○年月中国·南京摘要（“摘要”两字的字体为黑体三号,居中。

）正文字体均为：宋体小四号，行距为倍（不低于400字）关键词：民本；民主；新民本主义（“关键词”三字字体为黑体，内容(3-5)个，宋体小四号。

各关键词之间用；）注意：摘要和关键词只能单独一页.Abstract（“Abstract”一词用Times New Roman字体三号,加黑,居中。

）Thought of people as the center is the marrow of our traditional culture and the core of the theory of managing state affairs. It germinates in the early state of antiquity society and is based on patriarchal clan system. It is also a kind of value seeking for the realization of the ethic reason and moral justice. Its basic thinking is that the monarch is defined by people and conversely people are defined by the monarch. At first appearance, its purpose is to value people’s suffering,fate and interest on the ruler’s position. However, its real intention is to fool the people so as to strengthen and consolidate the ruler’s rule. The theory of “people-oriented concept” includes nine topics such as “the theory of people is being the root of the monarch’s rule”, “the theory of people is being more valuable than the monarch”, “the theory of the monarch is being people’s servant”and so on. People –oriented means “value the people ”in essence, which sees “people”as its foundation of politics rule, ranking official, and administration.（正文字体为：Times New Roman字体，小四号，且行距为单倍或倍。

大学生论文模板之中英文格式要求

中文题目（注：应准确简洁地反映稿件的主要内容和特色。

不要使用缩略语，也不要出现诸如“……的研究”或“……的探索”等模糊字样）全部作者姓名（注：姓名间用逗号隔开，并在通讯联系人的姓名右上方标注“*”号，如：作者一1，作者二1,2，作者三1，*）(1.第一单位中文标准全称，省名市名邮编；2.第二单位中文标准全称，省名市名邮编)摘要:（1）摘要应为独立的小短文，以第三人称撰写。

（2）摘要中需展示出所报道工作的创新和重要之处，主要从实验目的（通常包括研究背景、研究或实验目的、研究或实验范围）、方法（介绍研究或实验过程、说明所用方法）、结果（列出主要论点和重要数据）和最终结论（研究或实验结果的理论价值或应用价值）四个方面描述，四要素缺一不可，但不要直接标注“目的”“方法”等字样；特别要强调的是摘要内容均应包含在正文中。

（3）在摘要中不用非公知公用的符号和术语；不用引文，除非该论文证实或否定了他人已发表的论文；缩略语、略称、代号在首次出现时必须加以说明；不用图、表、化学结构。

（4）中文摘要需250～300字。

关键词:关键词1；关键词2；关键词3；关键词4 (3～8个,不使用缩略语)Title in English(注：与中文题名含义一致；除了专有名词及句首词外的其他单词均为小写) Author11, Author21，2, Author31 , Corresponding author1，2,*（注：姓全大写，名首字母大写）(1.第一单位英文标准全称, 市名邮编, China; 2. 第二单位英文标准全称, 市名邮编, China)Abstract: (1) 英文摘要应符合英文语法，提倡用短句表述。

(2) 本刊现已被美国《化学文摘》(CA)、美国《医学索引》(IM)、美国《剑桥科学文摘》(CSA)、英国《分析化学文摘》(AA)等检索系统收录，为了方便国际交流和扩大国际影响,增大文章被国际同行引用的机会，作者需撰写内容详细的英文摘要（包括较为详细的实验方法），不必与中文摘要一一对应，一般需200～300个单词。

山东大学硕士学位论文中英文扉页及原创性声明

山东大学硕士学位论文中英文扉页及原创性声明第一篇：山东大学硕士学位论文中英文扉页及原创性声明分类号：XX12单位代码：10422密级：公开学号：20xx12345硕士学位论文Thesis for Master Degree论文题目：ＸＸＸＸＸＸＸＸＸＸResearch ofXXXXXXXX作者姓名 XXX 培养单位ＸＸＸＸＸＸＸ学院专业名称ＸＸＸＸ指导教师ＸＸＸ(副)教授合作导师20xx年4月20日Thesis for Master DegreeResearch of XXXXXCandidate:XXX Subject:XXX Supervisor:XXXShandong University April 20, 20XX原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下，独立进行研究所取得的成果。

除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的科研成果。

对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。

本声明的法律责任由本人承担。

论文作者签名：日期：关于学位论文使用授权的声明本人完全了解山东大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留或向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅；本人授权山东大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文和汇编本学位论文。

(保密论文在解密后应遵守此规定)论文作者签名：导师签名：日期：第二篇：8、院硕士学位论文原创性声明川北医学院硕士研究生学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。

除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。

对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。

除与外单位合作项目将予以明确方式规定外，本研究已发表与未发表成果的知识产权均归属川北医学院。

格式2：硕士论文中英文摘要格式

硕士研究生：请按下列格式要求编写后向学院递交电子稿（WORD文档）及书面打印稿各1份。

交稿时间：论文答辩通过，交所有答辩材料时。

格式具体参照下例。

学号：（五号宋体）硕士论文中英文摘要格式（页面设置A4纸）论文题目：(二号黑体，居中)硕士生姓名：指导教师姓名职称：学科专业：（五号宋体）摘要（500个左右汉字）：（五号宋体。

标准行距，每行47个汉字）关键词（汉字3--5个，用“、”号隔开。

五号黑体）：攻博期间发表重要学术论文目录（最多6篇五号宋体。

标准行距，每行47个汉字）序号作者姓名刊物名称期（卷）：页，年作者简介（中文）： XXX ，男，XXXX年生，XXXX年毕业于XXXX大学XXXXXXXXXX专业获XX学学士学位； XXXX年从师于XXXX教授，于XXXX年XX月毕业于本校XXXXXXXXXXX专业并获XX学硕士学位。

（小四号仿宋）英文摘要（中文摘要翻译，要求翻译准确。

）：Title of the Dr. Degree’s Thesis:（三号黑体）硕士生姓名：指导教师姓名职称：学科专业：（五号宋体）Abstract: （五号）Key Words:（五号黑体）Research Achievements:（攻博期间发表重要论文目录的翻译，要求翻译准确，最多6项，五号字。

）英文作者简介（中文简介翻译，要求翻译准确）：Introduction of the Author:例：学号：抽水蓄能电站电力系统随机生产模拟理论与应用研究硕士研究生姓名：张大伟指导教师： XXX教授学科专业：水利水电工程摘要：本文就随机生产模拟理论及其在含抽水蓄能电站电力系统中的应用，抽水蓄能电站效益评价的方法理论等进行了较为系统深入的研究,……。

关键词：抽水蓄能电站、分段模型、效益攻博期间发表重要学术论文1、王国庆，XXX，抽水蓄能电站在防洪中的作用水利学报 28（4）：1035-1041，19992、……作者简介：张大伟，男，1972年生，1992年于东北地质大学水文地质专业毕业并获理学学士学位； 1998年从师于河海大学水利水电工程专业XXX教授，2002年12月毕业并获工学硕士学位。

中英文双语文章格式

中英文双语文章格式Bilingual Article Format Introduction 介绍In today's globalized world, bilingual articles have become increasingly popular as a means of communication. They provide readers with the opportunity to access information in both their native language and a foreign language. Writing a bilingual article requires careful attention to formatting and structure to ensure clarity and ease of reading for both language speakers. In this article, we will explore the format and structure of bilingual articles.在当今全球化的世界中，双语文章作为一种交流方式越来越受欢迎。

它们为读者提供了用母语和外语获取信息的机会。

撰写双语文章需要注意格式和结构，以确保对于两种语言的读者都能清晰地阅读和理解。

在本文中，我们将探讨双语文章的格式和结构。

Format 格式1. Title 标题The title of the bilingual article should ideally be written in both languages. The two titles can be placed side by side or stacked, depending on personal preference or space constraints. It is important to ensure that the translation accurately reflects the meaning and tone of the original title.双语文章的标题最好用两种语言书写。

数学建模美赛论文标准格式参考--中英文对照

Your Paper's Title Starts Here: Please Centeruse Helvetica (Arial) 14论文的题目从这里开始：用Helvetica (Arial)14号FULL First Author1, a, FULL Second Author2,b and Last Author3,c第一第二第三作者的全名1Full address of first author, including country第一作者的地址全名，包括国家2Full address of second author, including country第二作者的地址全名，包括国家3List all distinct addresses in the same way第三作者同上a email,b email,c email第一第二第三作者的邮箱地址Keywords:List the keywords covered in your paper. These keywords will also be used by the publisher to produce a keyword index.关键字：列出你论文中的关键词。

这些关键词将会被出版者用作制作一个关键词索引。

For the rest of the paper, please use Times Roman (Times New Roman) 12论文的其他部分请用Times Roman (Times New Roman) 12号字Abstract. This template explains and demonstrates how to prepare your camera-ready paper for Trans Tech Publications. The best is to read these instructions and follow the outline of this text.Please make the page settings of your word processor to A4 format (21 x 29,7 cm or 8 x 11 inches); with the margins: bottom 1.5 cm (0.59 in) and top 2.5 cm (0.98 in), right/left margins must be 2 cm (0.78 in).摘要：这个模板解释和示范供稿技术刊物有限公司时，如何准备你的供相机使用文件。

毕业论文格式-英文版式终稿

吉林农业大学本科生毕业论文（设计）撰写规范（暂行）本科生毕业论文（设计）是实现培养目标的重要教学环节，是教育与生产劳动和社会实践相结合的重要体现，是培养大学生的创新能力、实践能力和创业精神的重要实践环节。

毕业论文（设计）的质量是衡量教学水平和学生毕业及学位资格认定的重要依据，毕业论文（设计）的撰写是体现毕业论文质量的一项重要指标。

为了保证我校本科生毕业论文（设计）质量，特制定《吉林农业大学本科生毕业论文（设计）撰写规范》。

1 结构与写作要求毕业论文（设计）撰写包括封面、目录、英文题目、英文摘要与关键词、中文题目、中文摘要与关键词、正文、参考文献、致谢和附录等部分。

1.1 封面要求标明论文题目、学生所在专业年级、学生姓名、指导教师姓名、职称等事项。

用我校统一规定的＂吉林农业大学学士学位论文＂封面，具体要求见附件。

1.2 目录包括论文中摘要与关键词（英、中文）、正文全部章节标题、参考文献、致谢、附录等以及它们的对应页码。

1.3 题目应以简明、确切的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容，一般不超过20字，必要时可以加副标题。

英文题目要与其一一对应，避免直译。

1.4 摘要与关键词1.4.1 摘要摘要是对论文不加注释和评论的简短陈述，应完整准确概括论文的实质性内容，扼要说明研究工作的目的、主要材料和方法、结论、科学意义或应用价值等，是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文，一般200～300字。

英文摘要内容应与中文摘要基本一致，但不要限于中文摘要的直译，要符合英语语法规范。

英文摘要一般200字。

1.4.2 关键词关键词是供检索用的主题词条，应采用能覆盖论文主要内容的通用技术词条（尽量用《汉语主题词表》等词表中提供的规范词）。

中英文关键词应一一对应。

1.5 正文正文包括前言、材料与方法、结果与讨论、结论四部分内容。

一般不少于5000字(含图、表)。

前言主要介绍论文的写作背景和目的以及相关领域中前人所做的工作和研究的概况，说明本研究与前人工作的关系，目前研究的热点、存在的问题及作者研究的意义，引出本文的主题给予读者以引导，同时引用的文献及他人的成果要注明出处。

附录二英文论文模板

附录二：论文模板撰写论文具体要求1.中文标题及摘要；摘要中，不要包含脚注，计算公式和参考文献；摘要只需要简要介绍文章内容，以做文章索引之用。

2.缩写字母首次出现需要全写。

非正规的字符需要加以解释。

3.中英文对照的作者名与地址；英文名的标注格式为：姓全大写，名字首字母大写；如：WANG Minyi (王民一), J. PEREIRA;4.中英文对照的关键词（不少于三个）；5.中英文对照的受资助课题的基金号；6.添加PACS号（PACS号可根据专业等通过/pacs/pacs06/pacs06-toc.html查询）7.章节序码用阿拉伯数字表示，层次可以分为若干级，层次分级一般以不超过4级为宜, 标注格式为：1、1.2、 1.2.1等；8.图表数量与文章叙述要一致，图表的说明和图表单独附在文后；表格请改为三线表，由表序、表题、项目栏、表身组成；图要求用TIFF、EPS或者PDF格式；照片图要求层次分明、图像清晰，建议用黑白或灰度图，需用彩图的，彩色印刷费用作者自理；线条图尺寸大小在6 cm x 6 cm，线条宽度0.15 mm – 0.20 mm；标目、标值齐全，文字、物理量、符号、单位符合规范，均用等线体(Arial)。

9.请使用单栏双倍行距。

请提供修改后的全文WORD稿和PDF稿。

10.正文中，单位和常量要求用正体表示，变量要求用斜体表示，矢量和张量要求用黑体表示；上、下标要正确输入稿件，任何物理量首次出现时，必须有解释，可在邮寄的打印稿上手写标注；11.参考文献(已出版的材料)建议参考文献量不少于12条；请按以下格式依次给出您的参考文献。

a) 期刊：作者名. 年，刊名，卷（期）：页码b) 会议论文：作者名. 会议年份，文章名. 会议名称，会址（如果论文集已出版，添加出版社，出版地）c) 专著：作者名. 出版年，书名. 出版地：出版者d) 学位论文：作者名. 年份，文章名. 保存地：保存者e) 专利：作者. 年份, 专利名称. 专利保存地: 保存单位. 专利号f) 学术报告：作者。

中英文论文对照格式【范本模板】

英文论文APA格式英文论文一些格式要求与国内期刊有所不同。

从学术的角度讲，它更加严谨和科学,并且方便电子系统检索和存档。

版面格式表格表格的题目格式与正文相同,靠左边,位于表格的上部。

题目前加Table后跟数字,表示此文的第几个表格。

表格主体居中，边框粗细采用0.5磅；表格内文字采用Times New Roman，10磅。

举例：Table 1. The capitals，assets and revenue in listed banks图表和图片图表和图片的题目格式与正文相同，位于图表和图片的下部.题目前加Figure 后跟数字，表示此文的第几个图表。

图表及题目都居中。

只允许使用黑白图片和表格.举例：Figure 1。

The Trend of Economic Development注:Figure与Table都不要缩写。

引用格式与参考文献1. 在论文中的引用采取插入作者、年份和页数方式,如"Doe （2001, p。

10）reported that …" or "This在论文中的引用采取作者和年份插入方式，如”Doe （2001，p.10）reported that …” or ”This problem has been studied previously (Smith, 1958, pp.20-25）。

文中插入的引用应该与文末参考文献相对应。

举例：Frankly speaking, it is just a simulating one made by the government, or a fake competition，directly speaking。

(Gao, 2003，p.220)。

2。

在文末参考文献中，姓前名后，姓与名之间以逗号分隔；如有两个作者，以and连接；如有三个或三个以上作者,前面的作者以逗号分隔，最后一个作者以and连接。

3。

参考文献中各项目以“点"分隔，最后以“点"结束。

如何撰写英文科技论文 How to Write a Scientific Paper 中英文对照

How to Write a Scientific Paper*By George M. WhitesidesDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University,Cambridge, MA 02138, USA科学论文写作*原著：George M. Whitesides (美国)译者：张希，林志宏What is a scientific paper? A paper is an organized description of hypotheses, data and conclusions, intended to instruct the reader. Papers are a central part of research. If your research does not generate papers, it might just as well not have been done. “Interesting and unpublished” is equivalent to“no n-existent.”什么是科技论文？科技论文是集假说、数据和结论为一体的概括性描述，以此向读者论述。

论文是研究工作的中心部分。

如果你的研究没有写成论文，也就等同于没有做研究。

有意义但没有发表，等同于不存在。

Realize that your objective in research is to formulate and test hypotheses, to draw conclusions from these tests, and to teach these conclusions to others. Your objective is not to “collect data.”要意识到研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说，从一些测试中得出结论，并把结论传授给别人。

土木工程-毕业设计-论文-外文翻译-中英文对照

英文原文：Concrete structure reinforcement designSheyanb oⅠWangchenji aⅡⅠFoundation Engineering Co., Ltd. Heilongjiang DongyuⅡHeilongjiang Province, East Building Foundation Engineering Co., Ltd. CoalAbstract：structure in the long-term natural environment and under the use environment's function, its function is weaken inevitably gradually, our structural engineering's duty not just must finish the building earlier period the project work, but must be able the science appraisal structure damage objective law and the degree, and adopts the effective method guarantee structure the security use, that the structure reinforcement will become an important work. What may foresee will be the 21st century, the human building also by the concrete structure, the steel structure, the bricking-up structure and so on primarily, the present stage I will think us in the structure reinforcement this aspect research should also take this as the main breakthrough direction.Key word：Concrete structure reinforcement bricking-up structure reinforcement steel structure reinforcement1 Concrete structure reinforcementConcrete structure's reinforcement divides into the direct reinforcement and reinforces two kinds indirectly, when the design may act according to the actual condition and the operation requirements choice being suitable method and the necessary technology.1.1the direct reinforcement's general method1）Enlarges the section reinforcement lawAdds the concretes cast-in-place level in the reinforced concrete member in bending compression zone, may increase the section effective height, the expansion cross sectional area, thus enhances the component right section anti-curved, the oblique section anti-cuts ability and the section rigidity, plays the reinforcement reinforcement the role.In the suitable muscle scope, the concretes change curved the component right section supporting capacity increase along with the area of reinforcement and the intensity enhance. In the original component right section ratio of reinforcement not too high situation, increases the main reinforcement area to be possible to propose the plateau component right section anti-curved supporting capacity effectively. Is pulled in the section the area to add the cast-in-place concrete jacket to increase the component section, through new Canada partial and original component joint work, but enhances the component supporting capacity effectively, improvement normal operational performance.Enlarges the section reinforcement law construction craft simply, compatible, and has the mature design and the construction experience; Is suitable in Liang, the board, the column, the wall and the general structure concretes reinforcement; But scene construction's wet operating time is long, to produces has certain influence with the life, and after reinforcing the building clearance has certain reduction.2) Replacement concretes reinforcement lawThis law's merit with enlarges the method of sections to be close, and after reinforcing, does not affect building's clearance, but similar existence construction wet operating time long shortcoming; Is suitable somewhat low or has concretes carrier's and so on serious defect Liang, column in the compression zone concretes intensity reinforcement.3) the caking outsourcing section reinforcement lawOutside the Baotou Steel Factory reinforcement is wraps in the section or the steel plate is reinforced component's outside, outside the Baotou Steel Factory reinforces reinforced concrete Liang to use the wet outsourcing law generally, namely uses the epoxy resinification to be in the milk and so on methods with to reinforce the section the construction commission to cake a whole, after the reinforcement component, because is pulled with the compressed steel cross sectional area large scale enhancement, therefore right section supporting capacity and section rigidity large scale enhancement.This law also said that the wet outside Baotou Steel Factory reinforcement law, the stress is reliable, the construction is simple, the scene work load is small, but is big with the steel quantity, and uses in above not suitably 600C in the non-protection's situation the high temperature place; Is suitable does not allow in the use obviously to increase the original component section size, but requests to sharpen its bearing capacity large scale the concrete structure reinforcement.4) Sticks the steel reinforcement lawOutside the reinforced concrete member in bending sticks the steel reinforcement is (right section is pulled in the component supporting capacity insufficient sector area, right section compression zone or oblique section) the superficial glue steel plate, like this may enhance is reinforced component's supporting capacity, and constructs conveniently.This law construction is fast, the scene not wet work or only has the plastering and so on few wet works, to produces is small with the life influence, and after reinforcing, is not remarkable to the original structure outward appearance and the original clearance affects, but the reinforcement effect is decided to a great extent by the gummy craft and the operational level; Is suitable in the withstanding static function, and is in the normal humidity environment to bend or the tension member reinforcement.5) Glue fibre reinforcement plastic reinforcement lawOutside pastes the textile fiber reinforcement is pastes with the cementing material the fibre reinforcement compound materials in is reinforced the component to pull the region, causes it with to reinforce the section joint work, achieves sharpens the component bearing capacity the goal. Besides has glues the steel plate similar merit, but also has anticorrosive muddy, bears moistly, does not increase the self-weight of structure nearly, durably, the maintenance cost low status merit, but needs special fire protection processing, is suitable in each kind of stress nature concrete structure component and the general construction.This law's good and bad points with enlarge the method of sections to be close; Is suitable reinforcement which is insufficient in the concrete structure component oblique section supporting capacity, or must exert the crosswise binding force to the compressional member the situation.6) Reeling lawThis law's good and bad points with enlarge the method of sections to be close; Is suitable reinforcement which is insufficient in the concrete structure component oblique section supporting capacity, or must exert the crosswise binding force to the compressional member the situation.7) Fang bolt anchor lawThis law is suitable in the concretes intensity rank is the C20~C60 concretes load-bearing member transformation, the reinforcement; It is not suitable for already the above structure which and the light quality structure makes decent seriously. 1.2The indirect reinforcement's general method1)Pre-stressed reinforcement law(1)Thepre-stressed horizontal tension bar reinforces concretes member in bending,because the pre-stressed and increases the exterior load the combined action, in the tension bar has the axial tension, this strength eccentric transmits on the component through the pole end anchor (, when tension bar and Liang board bottom surface close fitting, tension bar can look for tune together with component, this fashion has partial pressures to transmit directly for component bottom surface), has the eccentric compression function in the component, this function has overcome the bending moment which outside the part the load produces, reduced outside the load effect, thus sharpened component's anti-curved ability. At the same time, because the tension bar passes to component's pressure function, the component crack development can alleviate, the control, the oblique section anti-to cut the supporting capacity also along with it enhancement.As a result of the horizontal lifting stem's function, the original component's section stress characteristic by received bends turned the eccentric compression, therefore, after the reinforcement, component's supporting capacity was mainly decided in bends under the condition the original component's supporting capacity 。

大学英文模板作文格式

大学英文模板作文格式英文：As a college student, I believe that the format of an English essay should include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction should provide a brief overview of the topic and state the thesis statement. The body paragraphs should provide supporting evidence and examples to back up the thesis statement. Finally, the conclusion should summarize the main points and restate the thesis statement.In addition, I think it's important to use proper grammar and vocabulary when writing an English essay. This includes using a variety of sentence structures, avoiding slang and colloquialisms, and using academic language when appropriate.However, it's also important to remember that writing in English can be challenging for non-native speakers.Therefore, it's important to seek help from professors or tutors if needed. In addition, practicing writing and reading in English can also improve language skills.中文：作为一名大学生，我认为英文论文的格式应该包括引言、主体段落和结论。

JAVA学习过程论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献

JAVA学习过程论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献During my process of learning Java。

I have found that everyone has their own unique study method。

What works for one person may not work for another。

As I am studying Java independently。

I have not asked ___。

I have had to rely on my own ___ out。

While I cannot say whether this is the best method。

I can offer it as a reference for others.When I first started learning Java。

___ understanding of the language。

As I progressed。

I began to work on small projects to apply what I had learned.One of the biggest challenges I faced was understanding object-oriented programming。

___。

once I understood the basics。

everything else started to fall into place.___ practicing programming。

I also made sure to take breaks and give my brain time to rest。

I found that this helped me to ___.Overall。

my learning process has been a n of n。

英文学术论文翻译-中英文对照(三)

•These new measures will, we believe, increase the people’s purchasing power and lead to thriving financial and commercial conditions rather than make a mess of the country’s finances as some people argue.
一、主谓单句
汉语的主谓单句，从外形结构上来看，跟英语的“主谓”结构是相似的，但它的主语和谓语表达却与英语有许多不同的地方。所以翻译汉语主谓单句时，至少应注意几个问题。
1、防止主语的机械对应。中国近几年来发生了巨变。 ①There have been great changes in China these years. ②These years have seen (witnessed) great changes in China. ③Great changes have taken place in China these years. ④China crackles with the dynamics of changes these years.
汉语的基本句型及其翻译
汉语造句以名词为重心，以词组、散句和分句为手段，善于按时间、逻辑顺序进行横排式叙述，有时断句不严，外形松散。有人称汉语是时间型的动态结构，主要体现于形式自由，富于弹性。
英语则以“主—谓”主干结构为重心来统领各种语言成分，句界分明，外形严密。因此，汉语各种句型译成英语时，不仅在逻辑关系上而且在外形上都应该体现出英语句法结构的特点。
2-3 Reversing • 1）沿路都是小商店。 Small shops dot the way. • 2）他这样悍然行事使我们非常气恼。 Hot anger burned in our minds against him at his rashness.

中英文论文参考文献标准格式_论文格式_

中英文论文参考文献标准格式参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：[M]--专著,著作[C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《*大学研究生学术论文集》[N]-- 报纸文章[J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的(如知网)，但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版[D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文[R]--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于报告"字样[S]-- 标准[P]--专利[A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章[Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见常用的电子文献及载体类型标识：[DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online)[DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape)[M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM)[CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk)[J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online)[EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online)很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源二、参考文献的格式及举例1.期刊类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码.【举例】[1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2019(6):107-109.[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况[J].高等理科教育,2019(1):46-52.[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67.2.专著类【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码.【举例】[4] 刘国钧,王连成.图书馆史研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1979:15-18,31.[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.3.报纸类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).【举例】[6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).4.论文集【格式】[序号]作者.篇名 [C].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979:12-17.[9] Spivak,G. "Can the Subaltern Speak?"[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher's knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language T eaching [C]. New York:Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.5.学位论文【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:保存者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983:1-7.6.研究报告【格式】[序号]作者. 篇名[R].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】[12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997:9-10.7.专利【格式】[序号]专利所有者.题名[P].国别:专利号,发布日期.【举例】[13] 姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案[P].中国专利:881056073, 1989 07 26.8.标准【格式】[序号]标准编号,标准名称[S].【举例】[14] GB/T 16159-1996, 汉语拼音正词法基本规则 [S].9.条例【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991-06-0510.电子文献【格式】[序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名.电子文献出处[电子文献及载体类型标识].或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期.【举例】[17] 万锦.中国大学学报论文文摘(1983 1993).英文版 [DB/CD]. 北京: 中国大百科全书出版社, 1996.11.各种未定义类型的文献【格式】[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[Z].出版地:出版者, 出版年.特别说明：凡出现在"参考文献"项中的标点符号都失去了其原有意义，且其中所有标点必须是半角,如果你的输入法中有半角/全解转换,则换到半角状态就可以了,如果你的输入法中没有这一转换功能,直接关闭中文输入法,在英文输入状态下输入即可.其实，很多输入法(如目前比较流行的搜狐输入法)都提供了四种组合：(1)中文标点+ 全角：这时输入的标点是这样的，：【1】-(而这时，我没有找到哪个键可以输入/ 符号)也就是说，这些符号是一定不能出现在"参考文献"中的;(2)中文标点+半角：这时输入的标点是这样的，：【1】-(这时，我还是没有找到哪个键可以输入/ 符号)也就是说，这些符号也不能出现在"参考文献"中的;上面列出的符号，中间没有任何的空格，你能看出它们有什么区别吗?我看只是-的宽度有一点点不同，其它都一样(3)英文标点+全角：这时输入的标点是这样的，.：[1]-/(4)英文标点+半角：这时输入的标点是这样的,.:[1]-/从这两项可以明显的看出，半角和全角其实最大的差别是所占的宽度不一样，这一点对于数字来说最为明显，而英文标点明显要比中文标点细小很多(也许因为英文中，标点的功能没有中文那么复杂，就是说英文中标点符号的能力没有中文那么强大)所以，很多人在写"参考文献" 时，总是觉得用英文标点+半角很不清楚，间距也太小，其实这点完全不用担心如果你觉得真的太小不好看，就用英文标点+全角吧而在[1] 之后，一般也都有一个空格更为详细的内容，大家可以从附件中下载国家标准《文后参考文献著录规则GB/T 7714-2019》查看，不过，很长很烦，拿出点耐心看吧对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：①作者姓名采用"姓在前名在后"原则，具体格式是：姓,名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature,English Weekly.三、注释注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明注释应置于本页页脚，前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。

英文论文格式规范模板

英文论文格式规范模板Title (“Times New Roman”, size 16)ZHANG Zhen-ling 1,, Author Name2, Author Name1,*（“Times New Roman”，10.5；Pleasemarked …*‟ on the corresponding author name.）(1. Address, Address, City Post Code, Country;2. Address, Address, City Post Code, Country) （“Times New Roman”，10.5）Abstract: The abstract should briefly state the problem or purpose of the research, indicate the theoretical or experimental plan used, summarize the principal findings or the significant results, and point out major conclusions. All letters must be accompanied by an abstract containing about 600 words. Acronyms should be provided their full names, e.g., Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). (Word Style “Times New Roman”, size 10.5).Key words: List 3-5 key wor ds (Word Style “Times New Roman”, Acronyms should be provided their full names, e.g., Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (Word Style “Times New Roman”, size 10.5).标题，字体14号宋体，居中，加粗；标题应准确、清楚、简洁地概括全文，25个字以内，标题内不应出现缩写字，不能出现“小议”“浅谈”等无用语言，不能是综述类语言。