2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

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2019考研英语(一)真题

2019 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phone 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can`t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 :Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 ,even in dense forest, you should able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 ,assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape.Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A] Some[B] Most[C] Few[D] All2. [A] put[B] take[C] run[D] come3. [A] Since[B] If[C] Though[D] Until4. [A] formally[B] relatively[C] gradually[D] literally5. [A] back[B] next[C] around[D] away6. [A] onto[B] off[C] across[D] alone7. [A] unattractive[B] uncrowded[C] unchanged[D] unfamiliar8. [A] site[B] point[C] way[D] place9. [A] So[B] Yet[C] Instead[D] Besides10.[A] immediately[B] intentionally[C] unexpectedly[D] eventually11.[A] surprised[B] annoyed[C] frightened[D] confused12.[A] problem[B] option[C] view[D] result13.[A] Above all[B] In contrast[C] On average[D] For example14.[A] bridge[B] avoid[C] spot[D] separate15.[A] form[B] through[C] beyond[D] under16.[A] posts[B] links[C] shades[D] breaks17.[A] artificial[B] mysterious[C] hidden[D] limited18.[A] Finally[B] Consequently[C] incidentally[D] Generally19.[A] memories[B] marks[C] notes[D] belongings20.[A] restrict[B] adopt[C] lead[D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has w orsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short -termism .” In its latest survey of CEO pay ,The Wa ll Street Journal finds that “a substantial part ” of executive pay is now tied to performance .Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism，” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21.According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the[A]. enhance bankers’ s ense of responsibility[B]. help corporations achieve larger profits[C]. build a new system of financial regulation[D]. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22.Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate[A]. the conditions for generating quick profits[B]. governments’ impatience in decision-making[C]. the solid structure of publicly traded companies[D]. “short-termism” in economic activities23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be[A]. indirect [B]. adverse [C]. minimal [D]. temporary24.The US and France examples and used to illustrate[A]. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.[B]. the significance of long-term thinking.[C]. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.[D]. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism[B]. Patience as a Corporate Virtue[C]. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives[D]. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a po licy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.26.What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?[A]. The change of course catalogs.[B]. Students’ indifference to GPAS.[C]. Colleges’ neglect of GPAS.[D]. The influence of consumer culture.27.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?[A]. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.[B]. To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.[C]. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.[D]. To increase universities' income from tuition.28.According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to[A]. obtain more financial support.[B]. boost their student enrollments.[C]. improve their teaching quality.[D]. meet local governments' needs.29.What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?[A]. To counterbalance each other.[B]. To complement each other. [C].To be identical with each other.[D]. To be contradictory to each other.30.The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by[A]. assessing its feasibility.[B]. analyzing the causes behind it.[C]. comparing different views on it.[D]. listing its long-run effects.Text 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “West world” and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly a s sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy Al” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop Al-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31.Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because i t[A]. fascinates Al scientists all over the world.[B]. has remained popular for as long as 200 years.[C]. involves some concerns raised by Al today.[D]. has sparked serious ethical controversies32.In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of c onsciousness[A]. helps explain artificial intelligence.[B]. can be misleading to robot making.[C]. inspires popular sci-fi TV series.[D].is too limited for us to reproduce it33.T he solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles[A]. can hardly ever be found.[B].is still beyond our capacity.[C]. causes little public concern.[D]. has aroused much curiosity.34.The author's attitude toward Google's pledges is one of[A]. affirmation[B]. skepticism.[C]. contempt[D]. respect.35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]. Al’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants[B]. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of Al[C]. The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable[D]. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The S upreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers w ere generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presenc e rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited state’' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has p revented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where the y hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers an d send it to the state. Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”36.The Supreme Court decision Thursday will[A]. Dette business’ revolutions with states[B]. put most online business in a dilemma[C]. make more online shoppers pay sales tax[D]. force some states to cut sales tax37.It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decision[A]. have led to the dominance of e-commerce[B]. have cost consumers a lot over the years[C]. were widely criticized by online purchases[D]. were consider unfavorable by states38.According to Justice Anthony Kennedy , the physical presence rule has[A]. hindered economic development .[B]. brought prosperity to the country[C]. harmed fair market competition[D]. boosted growth in states’ revenue39.Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling[A]. Internet enterpreneurs [B]. Big-chair owners[C]. Third-party sellers [D]. Small retailers40.In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the a uthor[A]. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences[B]. describes the long and complicated process of its making [C].presents its main points with conflicting views on them[D]. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A.These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments –from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding---then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.B.Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the oppsite side.C.None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their r eplies.D.Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why somany people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.E.In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There is only one way...to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. "This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F.These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G.There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,”and I yell. “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41. →42.→ F→ 43. → 44.→ C→45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realized just how bad of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled ‘The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: 47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.48)Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. 49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. 50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.46)There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.47)Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.48)Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.49)This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publication or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.50)If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions：Suppose you are working for the “Aiding rural Primary School” project of your university write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEETDo not use your own name in the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B52.Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1)describe the pictures briefly2)interpret the meaning and3)give your commentsYou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points )。

2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试

2019 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题答案及解析 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)矚慫润厲钐瘗睞枥。

Today, we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available on our smartphones. 1of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries......聞創沟燴鐺險爱氇。

[B] More [B] take [C] Some [C] run [D]All [D]come1. [A] Few 2. [A] put3. [A] Since 4. [A] formally[B] Until [B]literally1 / 46[C] Though[D]If [C]gradually[D]relatively 残骛楼諍锩瀨濟溆。

5. [A] around [B] away [C] back [D]next6. [A] onto[B] along[C] across[D]off7. [A] unattractive [B]unfamiliar [D]uncrowded 酽锕极額閉镇桧猪。

8. [A] way 9. [A] Instead [B] point [B] Yet [C] site [C] So[C]unchanged[D]place[D]Besides 彈贸摄尔霁毙攬砖。

2019年研究生入学统一考试试题(英语一)

考研类历年真题答案-2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语一)试题

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（英语一）试题答案解析Section I Use of EnglishRead the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones._1_of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones _2_ on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. _3_ you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you _4_ can' t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate _5_ to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well _6_ a trail, but not in a completely _7_ area, you have to answer two questions: Which _8_ is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. _9_ , if you head downhill, and follow any H2Q you find, you should _10_ see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be _11_ how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another _12_ : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. _13_ , even in dense forest, you should be able to _14_ gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve _15_the woods. Head toward these_16_to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for_17_ light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution._18_ assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the _19_we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can_20_you to civilization.第1题1.A.SomeB.MostC.FewD.All［参考答案］C［答案解析］解析：此题词义辨析和上下文语境。

2019年考研英语一真题及答案

2019 年英语（一）考研真题Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to c ivilization.1.[A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2.[A]put [B]take [C]run [D]come3.[A]Since [B]If [C] Though [D]Until4.[A]formally [B]relatively [C]gradually [D]literally5.[A]back [B]next [C]around [D]away6.[A]onto [B]off [C]across [D]alone7.[A]unattractive [B]uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8.[A]site [B]point [C]way [D]place9.[A]So [B]Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10.[A]immediately [B]intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D]eventually11.[A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12.[A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13.[A] Above all [B]In contrast [C]On average [D]For example14.[A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15.[A]from [B]through [C]beyond [D]under16.[A]posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17.[A]artificial [B]mysterious [C]hidden [D]limited18.[A]Finally [B]Consequently [C]incidentally [D]Generally19.[A]memories [B]marks [C]notes [D]belongings20.[A]restrict [B]adopt [C]lead [D]exposeSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,”said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce“short-termism.”In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21.According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the.A.enhance banker’s sense of responsibilityB.help corporations achieve larger profitsC.build a new system of financial regulationD.guarantee the bonuses of top executives22.Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate.A.the conditions for generating quick profitsernments’ impatience in decision-makingC.the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD.“short-termism” in economics activities23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be.A.indirectB.adverseC.minimalD.temporary24.The US and France examples are used to illustrate.A.the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.B.the significance of long-term thinking.C.the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.D.the prevalence of short-term thinking.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB.Patience as a Corporate VirtueC.Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD.Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation--the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar,“we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents e xpect a college degree to lead a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.26.What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A.The change of course catalogs.B.Students’ indifference to GPAS.C.Colleges’ neglect of GPAS.D.The influence of consumer culture.27.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A.To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B.To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D.To increase universities’ income from tuition.28.According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to.A.obtain more financial supportB.boost their student enrollmentsC.improve their teaching qualityD.meet local governments’ needs29.What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para.6) most probably mean?A.To counterbalance each other.B.To complement each other.C.To be identical with each other.D.To be contradictory to each other.30.The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by.A.assessing its feasibilityB.analyzing the causes behind itparing different views on itD.listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two countries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions:”What is intelligence, identify, or consciousness? What makes humans h umans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision”today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,”or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31.Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because itA.fascinates AI scientists all over the world.B.has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C.involves some concerns raised by AI today.D.has sparked serious ethical controversies.32.In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA.helps explain artificial intelligence.B.can be misleading to robot making.C.inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D.is too limited for us to reproduce it.33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA.can hardly ever be found.B.is still beyond our capacity.C.causes little public concern.D.has aroused much curiosity.34.The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledge is one ofA.affirmation.B.skepticism.C.contempt.D.respect.35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech GiantsB.Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of A IC.The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableD.AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sa les tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by thisdecision.”36.The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA.Dette business’ relutions with statesB.put most online business in a dilemmaC.make more online shoppers pay sales taxD.forces some states to cut sales tax37.It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA.have led to the dominance of e-commerceB.have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC.were widely criticized by online purchasesD.were considered up favorable by states38.According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA.hindered economic developmentB.brought prosperity to the countryC.harmed fair market competitionD.boosted growth in states revenue39.Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA.Internet entrepreneursB.Big-chair ownersC.Third-party sellersD.Small retailers40.In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the authorA.gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB.describes the long and complicated process of its makingC.presents its main points with conflicting views on themD.cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosingfrom the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraph C and Fhave been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A.These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.B.Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to acceptreasons on the opposite side.C.None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D.Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennis games. Paris of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.E.In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People , Dale Carnegie wrote:“there is only one way…to get thebest of an argument-and that is to avoid it. “This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F.These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G.There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “yes,” and I yell. “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41→42→F→43→44→C→45Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.(46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietaryenthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section ⅢWritingPart A51.Directions: Suppose you are working for the “Aiding rurd Primary School” project ofyour university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an internationalstudent volunteer, specifying details of the project.Do not sign your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming”instead.(10 points)Part B52.Directions: Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following pictures. In youressay, you should1)describe the pictures briefly,2)interpret the meaning, and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)【参考答案】【1-5】CCBAD 【6-10】BDCAD 【11-15】ABDCB 【16-20】DAABC【21-25】ADBCB 【26-30】DAACB 【31-35】CDBAC 【36-40】CDCBD 【41-45】EDGBA【参考译文】46. 在医学杂志上有很多这样的无稽之谈，如果广播公司和非专业媒体报道这些无稽之谈，那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Secti on I Use of En glishDirections:Read the follow ing text. Choose the best word (s) for each nu mbered bla nk and mark A, B, Cor D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 poi nts)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other n avigati on apps are available on our smart pho nes. I of us just walk straight into the woods without a pho ne. But phon es 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster tha n we realize, 3 you get lost without a pho ne or a compass, and you 4 ca nt find north, a few tricks to help you n avigate_5 ______________ tocivilization, one of which is to follow the land. When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer twoquestions: Which _8_ is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source?Huma ns overwhel min gly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water._9 _____________ ,if you head dow nhill, and follow any H20 you find, you should 10 see sig ns of peopleIf you 'e explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be 11 __how quickly ide ntify ing a disti nctive rock or tree can restore your beari ngs.Ano ther 12 Climb high and look for sig ns of huma n habitati on. 13 eve n in dense fores, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other pathspeople carve 15_ the woods. Head toward these 16_ to find a way out. At might can the horizonfor 17_ light sources such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollutio n.18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19_ we lO. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D]eventually[B]adopt [C] lead [D] expose leave on the Ian dscape 1. [A]Some 2. [A]put 3. [A]S ince 4. [A]Formally 5. [A] back [B]n ext 6. [A] o nto [B]off 7. [A] un attractive 8. [A] site 9. [A] So [B]Most [B]take [B]If Trail blazes tire tracks. and other features can 20 you to civilizati on.[C] Few [D] All[C] run [D] come[C]Though [D] un til [C] gradually [D] literally[D] away [D] alo ne [C] un cha nged [D]u nfamiliar [D] place [D] Besides [B]relatively [C] arou nd [C]across [B]u ncrowded [B]poi nt [C]way [B]Yet [C]I nstead 11. [A] surprised [B]annoyed12. [A] problem [B]optio n 13. [A] Above all [B] In con trast 14. [A]bridge[B] avoid 15. [A]form[B]through 16. [A] posts[B]li nks 17. [A] artificial[B] mysterious 18. [A] Fi nally [B]Conseque [C] frighte ned [D]c on fused [C]view [D] result[C] On average[D] For example [C]spot [D] separate [C] beyo nd [D] Un der [C] shades [D]breaks [C]hidde n [D]limited / [C]I ncide ntally [D] Gen erally [C] notes [D]bel ongings20. [A]restrict19. [A] memories [B]marksSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts, Answer the questions each text by choosing A B. C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year. any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 1o years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this " clawback" rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk taking and to restore public trust in financial institution, Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism ”or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies. says the Bank of England's top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a gaint of classical economics, Alfred Marshall in describing this financial impatience as acting like" Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them atonce ”rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain. he notes has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in lone-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed "quarterly capitalism ”.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. " There seems to be a predominance of short- term thinking at the expense of long-term investing, ”said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce"short-termism. " In its latest survey of CEO pay The Wall street Journal finds that"a substantial part"of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage "long-termism, such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes can more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders, Britain 's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankers' sense of responsibility B help corporations achieve larger profits C. build a new system of financial regulation D. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. "short-termism" in economic activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. inditedB. adverseC. minimal D temporary24. The US and France examples and used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing "short-termism.B. the significance or long term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting long-termism.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the textA. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades-is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force -a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness"- is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their gradation rates. When this practice fir started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and gradation without incurring a big penalty. "Untimely. "said Jack Mine, Ohio State University's registrar. "we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well. For public institutions state finds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students who, at the end of the day are paying the bill-feel they 've gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers' expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to tum out gradates who are as qualified as possible-orat least appear to be. On this, students' and colleges'incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students indifference to GPAS.C Colleges neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgivenessA. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities ' income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5. grade forgiveness enables collegesA. obtain more financial support.B. boost their student enrollments.C. improve their teaching quality.D. meet local governments 'needs.29. What does the phrase “to be aligned ” L(ine 5. Para. 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each otherB. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each otherD. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA assessing its feasibilityB. analyzing the causes behind it.C. comparing different views on it.D. listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein, or. The Modem Prometheus by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many chical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (An) raises fundamental questions: "What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? what makes humans humans?What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi Tv series such as"Westworld and"Humans".Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist, "We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there. ”But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving Al aren't at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles. for example poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometime make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes. input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI "vision"today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data. "you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions, "notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of Al. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its Al ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to"design or deploy Ar" that would cause"overall harm, "or to develop Al-directed weapons or use Al for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point, So does the idea that decisions made by Alsystems should be explainable, transparent. and fair.To put it another way. How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanit y 's highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein ' s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley 's novel Frankenstein is mentioned becauseA. fascinates Al scientists all over the worldB. has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by Al todayD. has sparked serious ethical controversies32. In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot makingC. inspires popular sci-fi TV seriesD. is too limited for us to reproduce it33. T he solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacityC. causes little public concernD. has aroused much curiosity34. The authors attitude toward Google 's pledges is one ofA. AffirmationB. skepticismC. contemptD. respect35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Al 's Future: In the Hands of Tech giantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AC. The Conscience of Al: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers once out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customers purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office. the business did 't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren 't charged it, but most didn 't realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States." he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices, Kennedy wrote that the rule limited states ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field . ”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before, Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is beingshipped to. Amazon. com. with its network of warehouses also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don 't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states Sellers that use eBay and Etsy. which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also hat collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws out.. state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the stale Retail trade groups praised the ruling. saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement "Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA. Dette business relations with statesB. put most online business in a dilemmaC. make more online shoppers pay sules taxD. force some sates to ct sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraph 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA. have led to the domainance of e-commerceB. have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC. were widely criticized by online purchaseD. were consider unfavorable by states38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic developmentB. brought prosperity to the countryC. harmed fair market competitionD. Boosted growth in states, revenue39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA. Internet entrepreneursB. Big- chair ownersB. Third-party sellersD. Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB. describes the long and complicated process of its makingC. presents its main points with conflicting views on themD. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart B Directions.The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45. you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling then into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument- not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments-from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding-then we change the very nature of what it means to"win"an argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to lean how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical tights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions like. Say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments. especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There isonly one way. to get the best of an argume nt-a nd that is to avoid it. " This avers ion to argume nts is com mon,but it depe nds on a mistake n view of argume nts that causes profo und problems for our pers onal and sociallives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competiti on. you canwin by cheati ng as long as you don go caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad argume nts. Youcan call their views stupid or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you un dersta ndthem, their positi ons or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-i n one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and Ido no t. If you yell, "Yes, "and I yell. "No, "n either of us lear ns anything. Wen either un dersta nd nor respect each other. and we have no basis for compromise or cooperati on. In con trast, suppose you give a reas on able argume nt: that full-time workers should n ot have to live in poverty. Then I counter with ano ther reas on able argume nt: that a higher minimum wage will force bus in esses to employ fewerpeople for less time. Now we can un dersta nd each other's positi ons and recog nize our shared values, since we both care about n eedy workers.41-42-F-43-44-C-45Part CDirections:Read the followi ng text carefully and the n tran slate the un derl ined segme nts in to Chin ese. Your tran slation should be writte n neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 poi nts)It was on ly after I started to write a weekly colu mn about the medical jo urn als, and beg read scie ntific papers from beg inning to end that I realized just how bad much of the medicalliterature freque ncy was, I came to recog nize various sins of a bad paper: the kind of paperthat purports to show that people who est more tha n one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pern icious an aemia. 46.There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical jour nals which, whe n take n up by broadcasters and the lay press, gen erate both health scores and short-lived dietary en thusiasms.Why is so much bad scienee published? A recent paper, titled “ TheNatural Selection of Bad Scienee ” published on the Royal Society 'pen scienee website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely than people do bad science,but than out current system of career advancement positively encourages it.what is important is not truth, but inflationary process at work: (47) Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers than would have beenrequired for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality,then count the number. (48)Attempts have bee n made to curd this tenden cy.for example by tryi ng to in corporatesome measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant This isthe famed citation index,that is to say the number of times a paper has been s papers.quoted else where in the scientific literature the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reas on able if it were not for the fact that scie ntist can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publicat or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boili ng dow n an in dividual output to simple metrics, such as nu mber of publications or journal impacts,entails considerable saving in time,energy and ambiguity.Unfortunate the Iong-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assessresearcher merit are likely to be quite great.(50) If we are serious about en suri ng that our scie nee is both meaningful and reproducible ,we must en sure that our in stituti ons en courage that king of scie nee.Sectio n III: WritingPart ADirecti ons:Suppose you are working for the “ aiding Rural Primary School ” project of your uni versity. Write an email to an swer the inquiry from an intern ati onal stude ntvolun teer, specify ing the details of the project.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET Do not use your own n ame in the email , use “ Li Ming ” in stead.(10 poi nts)Part BDirecti ons:Write an essay of 160-270 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should:(1) describe the picture briefly(2) Interpret the implied meaning, and(3) Give your commentsWrite your an swer on the ANSWER SHEET(20 poi nts)途中。

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案解析

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案解析供稿：万学海文教研中心英语教研室【答案及解析】Section I Use of English1、[答案]C。

Few [试题考点]词义辨析和上下文语境[解析]此题词义辨析和上下文语境。

首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。

空格所在句指出：我们中_____在没有电话，个人GPS或其他导航工具的情况下直接走进树林。

本句有without与few构成双重否定表肯定，根据语义应该填入few（几乎没有人），符合文意。

2、[答案]C。

run [试题考点]词组搭配[解析]此题考查词组搭配。

run on battery表示手机用电池发动，运行。

其他选项：Put on （穿上；使运转）；take on （承担；呈现）；come on （快点；开始），语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[C] run。

3、[答案]B。

If [试题考点]逻辑关系[解析]此题考查逻辑关系。

空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。

此处为假设的情况，故填入if （如果）符合上下文的表达。

其余选项：Since （因为；自从），though （虽然），until （直到）带入后，语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[B] If。

4、[答案]D。

literally [试题考点]词义辨析[解析]空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。

此处literally表示确实地，真正地，带入原文语义通顺：你的确找不到北方。

其余选项：Formally （正式地），relatively（相对地），gradually（逐渐地）带入后，语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[D] literally。

5、[答案]A。

back [试题考点]词义辨析和上下文语境[解析]空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)真题及解析

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)真题及解析（江南博哥）材料题根据下面资料，回答1-20题Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations.1,when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it2. As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing3on the scale. That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of4the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to5my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate6of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight7altering your training program. The most8changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.For these9, I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule10.Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for meto11my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observeand12any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to13my training program.I use my bimonthly weight-in14to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I'm constantly15and dropping weight, this is a16that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The17to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I'm experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a18morning weigh-in. I've also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals,19I'm training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.Rather than20over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel, how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.1、[单选题]第（1）题选A.ThereforeB.OtherwiseC.HoweverD.Besides正确答案：C参考解析：首段提出文章中心：定期称重是一种了解体重波动的好方法。

(完整版)2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C orD on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. I of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize, 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate_5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water._9 ,if you head downhill, and follow any H20 you find, you should 10 see signs of people If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be 11how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 even in dense fores, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At mightcan the horizon for 17 light sources such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes tire tracks. and other features can 20 you to civilization.1.[A]Some [B]Most [C] Few [D] All2.[A]put [B]take [C] run [D] come3. [A]Since [B]If [C]Though [D] until4. [A]Formally [B]relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B]next [C] around [D] away6. [A] onto [B]off [C]across [D] alone7. [A] unattractive [B]uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8.[A] site [B]point [C]way [D] place9. [A] So [B]Yet [C]Instead [D] BesideslO. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D]eventually11.[A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frightened [D]confused12.[A] problem [B]option [C]view [D] result13. [A] Above all [B] In contrast [C]On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B] avoid [C]spot [D] separate15. [A]form [B]through [C] beyond [D] Under16. [A] posts [B]links [C] shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C]hidden [D]limited18. [A] Finally [B]Consequently [C]Incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B]marks [C]notes [D]belongings20. [A]restrict [B]adopt [C] lead [D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts, Answer the questions each text by choosing A B. C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year. any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 1o years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this " clawback" rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk taking and to restore public trust in financial institution, Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banksbut by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies. says the Bank of England's top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a gaint of classical economics, Alfred Marshall in describing this financial impatience as acting like" Children whopick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain. he notes has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in lone-term researchor to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed "quarterly capitalism”．In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities quicker useof information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. " There seems to be a predominance of short- term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce"short-termism. " In its latest survey of CEO pay The Wall street Journal finds that"a substantial part"of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage "long-termism, such as changes in the tax codeand quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes can more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives tonew rule is think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders, Britain’ｓa reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance not just for the short termbut for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankers' sense of responsibilityB help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. "short-termism" in economic activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. inditedB. adverseC. minimal D temporary24. The US and France examples and used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing "short-termism.B. the significance or long term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting long-termism.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the textA. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades-is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force -a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness"- is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their gradation rates. When this practice fir started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and gradation without incurring a big penalty. "Untimely. "said Jack Mine, Ohio State University's registrar. "we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well. For public institutions state finds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students who, at the end of the day are paying the bill-feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers' expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to tum out gradates who are as qualified as possible-orat least appear to be. On this, students' and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students indifference to GPAS.C Colleges neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgivenessA. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5. grade forgiveness enables collegesA. obtain more financial support.B. boost their student enrollments.C. improve their teaching quality.D. meet local governments’ needs.29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5. Para. 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each otherB. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each otherD. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA assessing its feasibilityB.analyzing the causes behind it.C. comparing different views on it.D. listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein, or. The Modem Prometheus by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many chical questionsto be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (An) raises fundamental questions: "What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? what makes humans humans?What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the wayhumans think continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robotsthat would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popularsci-fi Tv series such as"Westworld and"Humans".Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist, "We are just in a situation where there areno good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving Al aren't at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles. for example poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimemake split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes.input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI "vision"today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginabledriving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data. "you quickly get into a lot of ethicalquestions, "notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of Al. Along with Singapore, othergovernments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain issetting up a data ethics center. India released its Al ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to"design or deploy Ar" that would cause"overall harm, "orto develop Al-directed weapons or use Al for surveillance that would violate international norms.It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point, So does the idea that decisionsmade by Al systems should be explainable, transparent. and fair.To put it another way. How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned becauseA. fascinates Al scientists all over the worldB.has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by Al todayD.has sparked serious ethical controversies32. In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot makingC. inspires popular sci-fi TV seriesD.is too limited for us to reproduce it33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacityC. causes little public concernD.has aroused much curiosity34. The authors attitude toward Google’s pledges is one ofA. AffirmationB. skepticismC. contemptD. respect35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Al’s Future: In the Hands of Tech giantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AC. The Conscience of Al: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers once out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchasesunder a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customers purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office. the business did 't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States." he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices, Kennedy wrote that the rule limited states ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usuallycollect sales tax on online purchases already Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where theyhadn't before, Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon. com. with its network of warehouses also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don 't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states Sellers that use eBay and Etsy. which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also hatcollecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass lawsout.. state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the stale Retail trade groups praised the ruling. saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement "Smallbusinesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA. Dette business relations with statesB. put most online business in a dilemmaC. make more online shoppers pay sules taxD. force some sates to ct sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraph 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA. have led to the domainance of e-commerceB. have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC. were widely criticized by online purchaseD. were consider unfavorable by states38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic developmentB. brought prosperity to the countryC. harmed fair market competitionD. Boosted growth in states, revenue39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA. Internet entrepreneursB. Big- chair ownersB. Third-party sellersD. Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB. describes the long and complicated process of its makingC. presents its main points with conflicting views on themD. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections.The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45. you are requiredto reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling then into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument- not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments-from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding-then we change the very nature of what it means to"win"an argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to lean how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical tights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions like. Say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments. especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There isonly one way. to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. " This aversion to arguments iscommon, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for ourpersonal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight orcompetition. you can win by cheating as long as you don go caught. You will be happy toconvince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid or joke about how ignorantthey are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues thatdivide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wagein our state, and I do not. If you yell, "Yes, "and I yell. "No, "neither of us learns anything. Weneither understand nor respect each other. and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. Incontrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live inpoverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will forcebusinesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positionsand recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41-42-F-43-44-C-45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and begread scientific papers from beginning to end that I realized just how bad much of the medicalliterature frequency was, I came to recognize various sins of a bad paper: the kind ofpaper that purports to show that people who est more than one kilo of broccoli a weekwere 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life frompernicious anaemia. 46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medicaljournals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generate both healthscores and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Naturalopen science website,published on the Royal Society’sSelection of Bad Science”,attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem isnot merely than people do bad science,but than out current system of career advancement positively encourages it.what is important is not truth, but inflationaryprocess at work: (47) Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to havepublished twice the number of papers than would have been required for the samepost only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality,then count the number. (48)Attemptshave been made to curd this tendency,for example by trying to incorporate somemeasure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index,that is to say the number of times a paper has beenquoted else where in the scientific literature the assumption being that an importantpaper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientist can easily arrange to cite themselvesin their future publicat or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.output to simple metrics, such as number of Boiling down an individual’spublications or journal impacts,entails considerable saving in time,energy and ambiguity.Unfortunate the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics toassess r esearcher merit are likely to be quite great.(50) If we are serious aboutensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible ,we must ensure thatour institutions encourage that king of science.Section III: WritingPart ADirections:Suppose you are working for the “aiding Rural Primary School”project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEETDo not use your own name in the email , use “Li Ming” instead.(10 points)Part BDirections:Write an essay of 160-270 words based on the picture below. In your essay, youshould:(1)describe the picture briefly(2)Interpret the implied meaning, and(3)Give your commentsWrite your answer on the ANSWER SHEET(20 points)途中。

2019年全国研究生考试英语(一)真题及参考答案

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations.1, when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it2.As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing3on the scale. That was had to my overall fitness goats. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of4the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to5my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate6of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight7altering your training program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.For these9, I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule10. Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to11my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and12any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to13my training program.I use my bimonthly weigh-in14to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly15and dropping weight, this is a16that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The17to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I’m experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a18morning weigh-in. I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals,19I’m training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.Rather than20over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.1.[A]Besides [B]Therefore [C]Otherwise [D]However2.[A]helps [B]cares [C]warns [D]reduces3.[A]initially [B]solely [C]occasionally [D]formally4.[A]recording [B] lowering [C]explaining [D]accepting5.[A]modify [B]set [C]review [D]reach6.[A]definition [B]depiction [C]distribution [D]prediction7.[A]due to [B]regardless of [C]aside from [D]along with8.[A]orderly [B]rigid [C]precise [D]immediate9.[A]claims [B]judgments [C]reasons [D]methods10.[A]instead [B]though [C]again [D]indeed11.[A]track [B]overlook [C] conceal [D]report12.[A]depend on [B]approve of [C]hold onto [D]account for13.[A]share [B]adjust [C]confirm [D] prepare14.[A]results [B]features [C]rules [D]tests15.[A]bored [B]anxious [C]hungry [D]sick16.[A]principle [B]secret [C]belief [D]sign17.[A]request [B]necessity [C]decision [D]wish18.[A]disappointing [B]surprising [C]restricting [D]consuming19.[A]if because [B]unless [C]until [D]consuming20. [A]obsessing [B]dominating [C]puzzling [D]triumphingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say“I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated.“There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,”says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.“That’s good news,”Malti says.“We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”21.Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help______.A)regulate a child's basic emotionsB)improve a child's intellectual abilityC)foster a child’s moral developmentD)intensity a child's positive feelings22.According to paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be______.A)deceptiveB)burdensomeC)addictiveD) deception23. Vaish hold that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that______.A)emotions are context-independentB)emotions are socially constructiveC)emotional stability can benefit healthD)an emotion can play opposing roles24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing _______.A. may help correct emotional deficienciesB. can result from either sympathy or guiltC. can bring about emotional satisfactionD. may be the outcome of impulsive acts25. The word “transgressions”(Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to _______.A. teachingsB. discussionsC. restrictionsD. wrongdoingsText 2Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the larder callenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap-but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable “carbon sinks”long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.The state’s proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest’s capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even in the event of a fine, fewer trees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030- financed from the proceeds of the state’s emissions-permit auctions. That’s only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they’ve focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California’s plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.26. By saying “one of the harder challenges,”the author implies that _______.A. global climate change may get out of controlB. people may misunderstand global warmingC. extreme weather conditions may ariseD. forests may become a potential threat27. To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks,”we may need to _______.A. preserve the diversity of species in themB. accelerate the growth of young treesC. strike a balance among different plantsD. lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity28. California’s Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to _______.A. cultivate more drought-resistant treesB. reduce the density of some of its forestsC. find more effective ways to kill insectsD. restore its forests quickly after wildfires29. What is essential to California’s plan according to Paragraph 5?A.To handle the areas in serious danger first.B.To carry it out before the year of 2020.C.To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.D.To obtain enough financial support.30. The author’s attitude to California’s plan can best be described as _______.A. ambiguousB. tolerantC. supportiveD. cautiousText 3American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years. The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry. If this doesn’t change, American businesses, communities, and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than single. They’re also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now more than half are. And picking crops is hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it’s been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.Mechanization isn’t the answer, either—not yer, at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive corps,such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they’re automated.As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 a year. Even so, employers complain they aren’t given all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days late. The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western farmers have responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998 to 2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imports was 25.8 percent.In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?A. Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.B. Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.C. Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.D. Decline of job opportunities U.S. agriculture.32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is .A. the rising number of illegal immigrantsB. the high mobility of crop workersC. the lack of experienced laborersD. the aging of immigrant farm workers33.What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?A. To attract younger laborers to farm work.B. To get native U.S. workers back to farming.C. To use more robots to grow high-value crops.D. To strengthen financial support for farmers.34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its .A. slow granting proceduresB. limit on duration of stayC. tightened requirementsD. control of annual admissions35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?A. U.S. Agriculture in Decline?B. Import Food or Labor?C. America Saved by Mexico?D. Manpower vs. Automation?Text 4Amold Schwarzenegger. Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you. It’s easy to beat plastic. They’re part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World EnvironmentDay—encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics. But the overarching message is directed at individuals.My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved. One their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have “done our bit”without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions—a kind of“moral licensing”that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping hags and straws, we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as“consumers”we must shop sustainably, rather than as“citizens”hole our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority-or even most people’s. We shouldn’t expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things. Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will “eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.”There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.DeSombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment. It’s just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about putting things into perspective. We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting businesses), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.36. Some celebrities star in a new video toA. demand new laws on the use of plasticsB. urge consumers to cut the use of plasticsC. invite public opinion on the plastics crisisD. disclose the causes of the plastics crisis37.The author is concerned that “moral licensing”mayA. mislead us into doing worthless thingsB. prevent us from making further effortsC. weaken our sense of accomplishmentD. suppress our desire for success38. By pointing out out identity “citizens”, the author indicates thatA. our focus should be shifted to community welfareB. our relationship with local industries is improvingC. We have been actively exercising our civil rightsD. We should press our government to lead the combat39. DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should beA. a win-win arrangementB. a self-driven mechanismC. a cost-effective approachD. a top down process40. The author concludes that individual effortsA.can be too aggressiveB. can be too inconsistentC. are far from sufficientD. are far from rationalPart BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph(41-45). Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) Five ways to make conversation with anyoneIn choosing a new home, Camille McClain’s kids have single demand: a backyard.McClain’s little one aren’t the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters’views weigh heavily on parents’real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2,000 U.S. adults.While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions, realty agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal and long-term effects kids’opinions may have.The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, said Ryan Hooper, clinical psychologist in Chicago.“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes them from their current school or support system,”he said.Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate brokers with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said he’s not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home—but their opinions should be considered in regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible.Younger children should feel like they’re choosing their home—without actually getting a choice in the matter, said Adam Bailey, a real estate attorney based in New York.Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.Many of the aspects of homebuying aren’t a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.“Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldn’t base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions.”Hampson said.The other issue is that many children-especially older ones-may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside, Calif.“They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us,”he said.“HGTV has seriouslychanged how people view real estate. It’s not shelter, it’s a lifestyle. With that mindset change come some serious money consequences.”Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said. Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time, said Julie Gurner, a real estate analyst with .“Their opinions can change tomorrow,”Gurner said.“Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child’s opinions, but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best-and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own.”This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children, despite the current housing crunch.A.remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children.41.Ryan Hooper B.says that it is wise to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions.42. Adam Bailey C. advises that home purchases should not be based only on children’s opinions.43. Tracey Hampson D. thinks that children should be given a sense of involvement in homebuying decisions.44. Aaron Norris E. notes that aspects like children’s friends and social activities should be considered upon homebuying.45.Julie Gurner F. believes that homebuying decisions should be based on children’s needs rather than their opinions.G. assumes that many children’s views on real estate are influenced by the media.Section ⅢTranslation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)It is easy to underestimate English writer James Heriot. He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say “I could write a book. I just haven’t the time.”Easily said. Not so easily done. James Herriot, contrary to pupular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it,“having a go at the writing game”. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practising, re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions: Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit professor Smith, write him an email toSuppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of traffic. Write him an email to1) Suggest a specific topic with your reasons, and2) Tell him about your arrangements.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHETE.Do not use your one name. Use “Li Ming”instead. (10 points)Part B48. Directions: Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)某高校2013年和2018年本科毕业生去向统计Use of English1.[答案]【D】However2.[答案]【A】helps3.[答案]【B】solely4.[答案]【B】lowering5.[答案]【D】reach6.[答案]【B】depiction7.[答案]【A】due to8.[答案]【D】immediate9.[答案]【C】reasons10.[答案]【A】instead11.[答案]【A】track12.[答案]【D】account for13.[答案]【B】adjust14.[答案]【A】results15.[答案]【C】hungry16.[答案]【D】sign17.[答案]【C】decision18.[答案]【A】disappointing19.[答案]【A】because20.[答案]【A】obsessingText 121.【答案】[C]foster a child’s moral development22.【答案】[B]burdensome23.【答案】[D]an emotion can play opposing roles24.【答案】[B]can result from either sympahty or guilt25.【答案】[D]wrongdoingsText 226.【答案】[D]forests may become a potential threat27.【答案】[D]lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity28.【答案】[B]reduce the density of some of its forests29.【答案】[A]To handle the areas in serious danger first30.【答案】[C]supportiveText 331.【答案】[C]Flaws in U. S. immigratinon rules for farm workers.32.【答案】[D]the aging of immigrant farm workers33【答案】[B]To get native U.S. workers back to farming.34【答案】[A]slow graning procedures.35【答案】[B]Import Food or Labor?Text 436.【答案】B. urge consumers to cut the use of plastics37.【答案】B. prevent us from making further efforts38.【答案】D. We should press our governmental to lead the combat.39.【答案】D. a top down process40.【答案】C. are far from sufficientText541. [A] remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children42. [D] thinks that children should be given a sense of involvement in homebuying decision43. [C] advises that home purchases should not be based only on children’s opinions44. [G] assumes that many children’s views on real estate are influenced by the media45. [F] believes that homebuying decisions should be based on children’s needs rather than their opinions.46.我们很容易低估英国作家吉米·哈利。

2019年全国研究生考试英语(一)真题

2019 年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C orD on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can`t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you`ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 :Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 ,even in dense forest, you should able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 ,assuming you`re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put [B]take [C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B]If [C]Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B]relatively [C]gradually [D]literally5. [A]back [B]next [C]around [D]away6. [A]onto [B]off [C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive [B]uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A]site [B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A]So [B]Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B]intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D]eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A]problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A]Above all [B]In contrast [C]On average [D]For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A]from [B]through [C]beyond [D]under16. [A]posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A]artificial [B]mysterious [C]hidden [D]limited18. [A]Finally [B]Consequently [C]Incidentally [D]Generally19. [A]memories [B]marks [C]notes [D]belongings20. [A]restrict [B]adopt [C]lead [D]exposeSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （40 points）Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Sh ort-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. "There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism .” In its latest survey of CEO pay ,The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part ” of executive pay is now tied to performance .Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism，” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.1.According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is theA.enhance bankers’ sense of responsibilityB.help corporations achieve larger profitsC.build a new system of financial regulationD.guarantee the bonuses of top executives2.Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA.the conditions for generating quick profitsernments’ impatience in decision-makingC.the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD.“short-termism” in economic activities3.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA.indirectB.adverseC.minimalD.temporary4.The US and France examples and used to illustrateA.the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.B.the significance of long-term thinking.C.the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.D.the prevalence of short-term thinking.5.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB.Patience as a Corporate VirtueC.Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD.Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in whichstudents are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade forgiveness"— is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurr ing a big penalty. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That sai d, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, gr ade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges' incentives seem to be aligned.26.What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A.The change of course catalogs.B.Students' indifference to GPAS.C.Colleges' neglect of GPAS.D.The influence of consumer culture.27.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A.To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B.To maintain colleges' graduation rates.C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D.To increase universities' income from tuition.28.According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges toA.obtain more financial support.B.boost their student enrollments.C.improve their teaching quality.D.meet local governments' needs.29.What does the phrase "to be aligned"(Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?A.To counterbalance each other.B.To complement each other.C.To be identical with each other.D.To be contradictory to each other.30.The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA.assessing its feasibility.B.analyzing the causes behind it.paring different views on it.D.listing its long-run effects.Text 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intellig ence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “West world” and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy Al” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop Al-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31.Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein is mentioned because itA.fascinates Al scientists all over the world.B.has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C.involves some concerns raised by Al today.D.has sparked serious ethical controversies32.In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA.helps explain artificial intelligence.B.can be misleading to robot making.C.inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D.i s too limited for us to reproduce it33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA.can hardly ever be found.B.is still beyond our capacity.C.causes little public concern.D.has aroused much curiosity.34.The author's attitude toward Google's pledges is one ofA.affirmationB.skepticism.C.contemptD.respect.35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Al's Future: In the Hands of Tech GiantsB.Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AlC.The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableD.AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significantrevenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrotethat the rule “limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playi ng field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven't been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, "Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision."31.The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA . Dette business’ revolutions with statesB.put most online business in a dilemmaC.make more online shoppers pay sales taxD.force some states to cut sales tax32.It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionA . have led to the dominance of e-commerceB . have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC.were widely criticized by online purchasesD.were consider unfavorable by states33.According to Justice Anthony Kennedy , the physical presence rule hasA.hindered economic development .B.brought prosperity to the countryC.harmed fair market competitionD.boosted growth in states’ revenue34.Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA. Internet enterpreneursB. Big-chain ownersC. Third-party sellersD. Small retailers35.In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the authorA.gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB.describes the long and complicated process of its makingC.presents its main points with conflicting views on themcites some cases related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required toreorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A.These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments –from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gainmutual respect, and understanding---then we change t he very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.B.Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly.A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.C.None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D.Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.E.In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There is only one way...to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. "This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F.These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don't get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G.There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,”and I yell. “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41→42→F→43→44→C→45Part C TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals,and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual's output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50)If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible. We must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.47.Nowadays，anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.48)Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an a pplicant’s papers.49)This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publication or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.50)If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section IV WritingPart A51.Directions:Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary School” project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET.Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter, use “Li Ming ” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points).52: Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should:1)Describe the picture briefly;2)Interpret the implied meaning, and3)Give your commentsWrite your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.。

2019年考研英语真题答案及解析

但又……时，你必须回答两个问题：在这片区域内哪一……是下坡路？最近的水源在哪里？可见，上
段末与本句构成“概说（迷路后的对策）细说”的语义场，故本句 When you find yourself________a
trail 实际在重申上述假设前提（When 表示“条件”），即“如果迷路”，off 作介词课表“偏离”，由程
表示“（机器/设备依靠某种能源）运转”。
3. [A] Since 自……以来；因为，既然
[B] If 如果；是否；即使
[C] Though 尽管；不过
[D] Until 直到……为止
【答案】B
【考点】句内语义逻辑。
【解析】本题考查句内逻辑，从句、主句大意分别为“在没有导航工具的情况下迷路”、“我们有一
帮助迷路者重返文明社会，one of which 引导定于从句，引出其中一个技巧：沿着陆地走。
6. [A] onto 到……上，朝……上
[B] off 离开；不在（某地）上
[C] across 穿过，越过；朝，向
[D] alone 单独，独自；孤身一人
【答案】B
【考点】介词搭配。
【解析】上段末句指出，迷路后的对策之一是沿着陆地走。本句指出，当发现自己_____小路/路线，
意为“助你找回/明确方向”，故________to civilization 应体现“返回文明社会”之意，[A] back 正确。
词汇注释与难句分析
GPS 全球定位系统（Global Positioning System） die 停止运转
navigation 导航；领航
Straight 径直；笔直地
探索过区域迷路后的对策“寻找熟悉景物”。第四段 1 句冒号后内容“登高并寻找人类居住的迹象”在

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题

2019年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语二）Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations.1,when done too often,this habit can sometimes hurt more than it2.As for me,weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing3on the scale.That was bad to my overall fitness goals.I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass,but thinking only of4the number on the scale,I altered my training program.That conflicted with how I needed to train to5my goals.I also found weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate6of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym.It takes about three weeks to a month to notice significant changes in weight7altering your training program.The most8changes will be observed in skill level,strength and inches lost.For these9,I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule10.Since weight loss is not my goal,it is less important for me to11my weight each week.Weighing every other week allows me to observe and12any significant weight changes.That tells me whether I need to13my training program.I also use my bimonthly weigh-in14to get information about my nutrition as well.If my training intensity remains the same,but I’m constantly15and dropping weight,this is a 16that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The17to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being.I am experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a18morning weigh-in.I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals,19I’m training according to those goals,instead of numbers on a scale.Rather than20over the scale,turn your focus to how you look,feel,how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.1.A.Therefore B.Otherwise C.However D.Besides2.A.Cares B.warns C.reduces D.helps3.A.Solely B.occasionally C.formally D.initially4.A.Lowering B.explaining C.accepting D.recording5.A.Set B.review C.reach D.modify6.A.Depiction B.distribution C.prediction D.definition7.A.Regardless of B.aside from C.along with D.due t o8.A.Rigid B.precise C.immediate D.orderly9.A.judgments B.reasons C.methods D.claims10.A.Though B.again C.indeed D.instead11.A.Track B.overlook C.conceal D.report12.A.Approval of B.hold on t o C.a ccoun t for D.depend on13.A.Share B.adjust C.confirm D.prepare14.Features B.rules C.tests D.results15.A.Anxious B.hungry C.sick D.bored16.A.Secret B.belief C.sign D.principle17.A.Necessity B.decision C.wish D.request18.A.Surprising B.restricting C.consuming D.disappointing19.A.Because B.unless C.until D.if20.A.Dominating B.puzzling C.t riumphing D.obsessing1.逻辑关系题：文章第一句说定期称体重是一个很好的方式，空格后谈到hurt伤害ia，所以前后构成转折相反关系，需要填入一个转折词，选C however。

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案word资料10页

2019 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American’National Research Counci l sent to engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthore Plant near Chicago.It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting__1__workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended __2___givin g their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very___3____to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.The idea arose because of the __4____behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant.According to __5____of the experments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6____what was done in the experiment; ___7_something was changed ,productivity rose. A(n)___8___that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ____9___to alter workers’ behavior ____10____itself.After several decades, the same data were _11__ to econometric the analysis. The Hawthorne experiments have another surprise in store: _12 __the descriptions on record, no systematic _13__ was found that levels of reproductivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that particular way of conducting the experiments may have led to__ 14__ interpretation of what happed.__ 15___ , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output __16___ rose compared with the previous Saturday and__ 17 _to rise for the next couple of days.__ 18__ a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday. Workers__ 19__ to be diligent for the first few days of the weeking week in any case , before __20 __a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect “ is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B]up [C] with [D] off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long so8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] pealliar to13. [A] evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14. [A] disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B]accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Text 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods. Amazon received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski , as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis’D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 2019 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2019, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is weather it should” reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has nurrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti-patient trend at the supreme court” ,says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its rulling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Paro 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of disnity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point,Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals,often called influentials,who are unusually informed,persuasive,or well-connected.The idea is intuitively compelling,but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread. The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to ereryone else.Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials,those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people was wearing, promoting or developing whaterver it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.In their recent work,however,some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.In fact,they don’t seem to be required of all.The researchers’ argument stems from a simple obserrating about social influence,with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey —whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media,not interpersonal,influence — even the most influential members of a population simply don’t inte ract with that many others.Yet it is precisely these non-celebring influentials who,according to thetwo-step-flow theory,are supposed to drive social epidemics by influcencing their friends and colleagues directly.For a social epidemic to occur,however,each person so affected,must then influcence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs,and so on;and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant,for example from the initial influential prove resistant,for example the casecade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence,the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations,manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendence to be.31.By citing the book The Tipping Point,the author intends to[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B]discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas[C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32.The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C]has won support from influentials[D]requires solid evidence for its validity33.what the resarchers have observed recenty shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34.The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influnce[B] have little contact with the source of influnence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35.what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A]The eagerness to be accepted[B]The impulse to influence others[C]The readiness to be influenced[D]The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch. Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult. After a bruising encounter with Congress, Ameri ca’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.” European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real word” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank’s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and evencombative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility form special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets.37.According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A]the diminishing role of management[B]the revival of the banking system[C]the banks’ long-term asset losses[D]the weakening of its independence38.According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to[A]keep away from political influences.[B]evade the pressure from their peers.[C]act on their own in rule-setting.[D]take gradual measures in reform.39.The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet ”in that they[A]misinterpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40.The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction.[B]skepticism.[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the first A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to from a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A]The first and more important is t he consumer’s growing preference for eatingout;the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2019. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe,compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile,as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B]Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C]Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers.In other words,it is up to the buyer,tather than the seller,to decide what to buy .At any rate,this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers,regardless of how long the current consummer pattern will take hold.[D]All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits there by. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals import differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European whloesaling in which particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E]Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent morn-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe’s retail wholesale market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F]For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to ＄ 268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000- more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G]However, none of these requirements should deter large retails and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41 → 42 → 43 → 44 → E → 45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) One basic weakness in a comservation system based wholly one economic motives is that most members of the landmunity have no economic value.Yet these ereatures are members of the biotic community and ,if its stability depends on its inteyrity,they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and,if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance.At the beginning of century songbiras were supposed to be disappearing.(46) Scinentists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them,the evideuce had to be comic in order to be valid.It is pamful to read these round about accounts today .We have no land ethic yet ,(47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue survival as a matter of intrinsic right,regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A panallel situation exists in respect of predatory mamals and fish-eating birds .(48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,or that they prey only on “worthless species”.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly .or have too low a sale vale to pay as imeber crops (49) In Europe ,where forestry is ecologically more advanced ,the Non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community ,to be preserved as such ,within reason.To sum up:a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided.(50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.Without the uneconomic pats.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “postgraduate association” instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。

2019年全国硕士统考英语一真题及答案解析

Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land..When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you maybe 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All2. [A] put [B] take [C] run [D] come3. [A] Since [B] If [C] Though [D] Until4. [A] formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A] onto [B] off [C] across [D] alone7. [A] unattractive [B] uncrowded [C] unchanged [D] unfamiliar8. [A] site [B] point [C] way [D] place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C] Instead [D] Besides10. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frightened [D] confused12. [A] problem [B] option [C] view [D] result13. [A] Above all [B] In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A] bridge [B] avoid [C] spot [D] separate15. [A] from [B] through [C] beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B] links [C] shades [D] breaks17. [A] artificial. [B] mysterious. [C] hidden. [D] limited18. [A] Finally. [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks. [C] notes. [D] belongings20. [A] restrict. [B] adopt.. [C] lead. [D] exposeSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant ofclassical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest inlong-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “ a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the_________.A. enhance banker’s sense of responsibilityB. help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate_________.A. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments’ impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. “short-termism” in economics activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies canbe__________.A. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. temporary24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate____________.A. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.B. the significance of long-term thinking.C. the ap proaches to promoting “long-termism”.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation--the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar,“we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents exp ect a college degree to lead a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A.The change of course catalogs.B.Students’ indifference to GPAS.C.Colleges’ neglect of GPAS.D.The influence of consumer culture.27.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.28.According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to_________.A. obtain more financial supportB. boost their student enrollmentsC. improve their teaching qualityD. meet local governments’ needs29.What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para.6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each other.B. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each other.D. To be contradictory to each other.30.The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by________.A. assessing its feasibilityB. analyzing the causes behind itC. comparing different views on itD. listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two countries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions:”What is intelligence, identify, orconsciousness? What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly a s sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executi ve of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned bec ause itA. fascinates AI scientists all over the world.B. has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by AI today.D. has sparked serious ethical controversies.32. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot making.C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D. is too limited for us to reproduce it.33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacity.C. causes little public concern.D. has aroused much curiosity.34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledge is one ofA. affirmation.B. skepticism.C. contempt.D. respect.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech GiantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AIC. The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themsel ves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results insig nificant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide b ecause they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. TheSmall Busin ess & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA. Dette business’ relutions with statesB. put most online business in a dilemmaC. make more online shoppers pay sales taxD. forces some states to cut sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA.have led to the dominance of e-commerceB.have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC.were widely criticized by online purchasesD.were considered up favorable by states38.According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic developmentB. brought prosperity to the countryC. harmed fair market competitionD. boosted growth in states revenue39.Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA. Internet entrepreneursB. Big-chair ownersC. Third-party sellers.D. Small retailers40.In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB. describes the long and complicated process of its makingC. presents its main points with conflicting views on themD. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraph C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennis games. Paris of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People , Dale Carnegie wrote: “there is only one way…to get thebest of an argument-and that is to avoid it. “This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “yes,” and I yell. “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: thatfull-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41→42→F→43→44→C→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it.What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppse you are working for the “Aiding rurd Primary School” project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying details of the project.Do not sign your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay, you should1) describe the pictures briefly,2) interpret the meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2019考研英语（一）真题答案及解析Section I Use of English1、[答案]C。

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)真题及解析

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）真题及解析（江南博哥）材料题根据下面资料，回答1・20题Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations.^,when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it_2_- As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing_3_on the scale. That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of_4_the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to_5_my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6_of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight^altering your training program. The most_8_changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.For these 9_, I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule 10 .Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to 11 my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to 13 my training program.B.beliefC.sign□.principle正确答案：C参考解析：空格之前的"this〃指代前面if引导的条件状语从句〃如果我运动量保持不变，但总是觉得饿并且体重下降"，空格后面that引导的同位语从句〃我需要增加每天卡路里的摄入“，根据前后语义，此空填sign 〃信号"最合理，故选C。