中国学生英语写作精品PPT课件

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初中英语作文写作技巧PPT优秀课件

初中英语作文写作技巧PPT优秀课件

5.含蓄的内容能加以解说。语句的含 蓄,一 是作者 为了表 达的需 要或某 种目的 ,故意 不直接 表达想 表达的 内容, 而把它 隐含在 字里行 间;一 是运用 了象征 、双关 等修辞 格,采 用婉曲 的手法 来表达 自己的 思想、 观点、 看法。 对此类 材料, 不仅要 理解它 字面的 含意, 而且要 深入挖 掘其 所隐含 的信息 ,即能 用简洁 明白的 语言解 说材料 深层的 内涵。
初中英语作文写作技巧PPT优秀课件
初中英语作文写作技巧PPT优秀课件
检查错误应从以下几个方面入手:
(1) 格式是否有错。 (2) 拼写有无错误。 (3) 语言是否用错。 (4) 时态、语态错误。 (5) 标点错误。 (6) 人称是否用错。
初中英语作文写作技巧PPT优秀课件
初中英语作文写作技巧PPT优秀课件
3.表转折对比关系的:However,but Although+clause( 从句),In spite of+n/doing,On the one
hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others… 4.表因果关系的:Because,As,So,Thus,Therefore,As
a result 5.表换一种方式表达:In other words 6.表进行举例说明:For example,句子;For instance,句子;
such as+n/doing 7.表陈述事实:In fact 8.表达自己观点:As far as I know,In my opinion 9.表总结:In short,In a word,In conclusion,In summary
一 、认真审题,确定时态,人称,题材格式

中小学英语作文指导课件

中小学英语作文指导课件

中小学英语作文指导课件Guidance on Writing English Composition for Primary and Secondary School Students。

English composition is an important subject for primary and secondary school students. It not only helps improve their English language skills, but also enhances their ability to express themselves and think critically. Here are some tips and guidance to help students write better English compositions.1. Understand the Topic。

Before starting to write, it is important to understand the topic or question. Read the instructions carefully and make sure you know what is being asked of you. If you are unsure, ask your teacher for clarification.2. Plan Your Writing。

Once you understand the topic, plan your writing. Make an outline or mind map to organize your ideas. This will help you structure your composition and ensure that you cover all the important points.3. Use Simple Language。

高三英语写作公开课课件(共26张)

高三英语写作公开课课件(共26张)
Para.2
因为对中国传统艺术非常感兴趣并且受到过良好训练,所以我非常了解中国画。我不仅可以给游客解说画美在哪里,还可以讲述他们背后的故事。
+
补充细节:
语言表达:
连词成句:
+
traditional Chinese art;
I am deeply interested in traditional Chinese art and I have received a good education in art, so I have a good knowledge of Chinese paintings.
基本得体
基本清楚
6-10
漏掉主要要点
贫乏
错误较多,影响理解
不得体
混乱
1-5
未能传达任何信息,写的内容与要求无关
要点完整;语言准确且多样;结构清晰; 逻辑连贯交际得体书写美观
好作文标准:
好作文的写作步骤 (写作七步法)
审 题体裁时态人称要点
列提纲结构要点关键词
补充细节
语言表达准确地道词汇句式
连词成句+过渡词逻辑连贯流畅连句成篇
(2019 全国1卷)
体裁人称时态 要求
一般现在时
120左右
gallery, art center
应用文(申请信)
第一人称
A Chinese painting exhibition其它相关表达:中国画Chinese paintings, traditional Chinese art, the artworks.
Para.1Para.2Para.3
个人优势+能做的事(具体说明能胜任此工作的理由,3个优势)

小学英文作文写作专题PPT课件-最新,经典

小学英文作文写作专题PPT课件-最新,经典
中间部分使用时间词汇或表顺序的词语衔接:On the first day, we went camping and rode a horse. On the second day, ... On the third day, ... On the last day, ...
结尾呼应:We had a good time in Qingdao.
中间部分使用时间词汇或表顺序的词语衔接:On the first day, we went camping and rode a horse. On the second day, ... On the third day, ... On the last day, ...
结尾呼应:We had a good time in Qingdao.
小学英文作文写作专题PPT课件-最新,经典
No. 4 检查易错句型
My last holiday My family and I went to Qingdao last summer. We went there by car. On the first day, we went camping and rode a horse. On the second day, we ate fresh food. It was delicious. On the third day, we went to a park. My sister took a lot of beautiful photos. On the last day, we bought many gifts for our friends. Then we came back home. We had a good time in Qingdao.

中考英语写作指导优秀课件(共22张PPT)

中考英语写作指导优秀课件(共22张PPT)

2017年河西一模作文
Stage 1: 审 体裁________________ 时态________________ 人称________________
Jim 是你的一位同学。请结合下面的提示写一篇短文, 把他介绍给大家,并说出你对他这些做法的看法。 (1)Jim的父母有钱,给他很多零花钱。 (2)Jim理解父母的不容易,不多花钱,想办法省钱; 他喜欢读书,在网上买书,有时去图书馆借书;别人 买饮料喝他却带水上学;从不花钱买零食。 (3)有人认为他的做法很怪异,但……。 参考词汇:零食 snacks 要求:(1)词数:80 ~ 100个。 (2)开头已给出,不计入总词数。 (3)要点齐全,行文连贯,可适当发挥。 Jim’s parents work very hard and his family has become very rich.___________________________________________
• Homework : • 1. Correct the composition on the handout. • 2. Finish the composition according to the mind map.
Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.
假如你所在中学的校刊近期开辟英文专栏,征集发生 在大家身边的感人故事。请根据以下提示,为该专栏 投稿。 (1)在一个寒冷的早晨,你买早餐时看到前面的女 孩买了面包和牛奶。 (2)女孩要离开时,发现树下有一个老年乞丐,他 看上去又冷又饿。 (3)女孩走到乞丐身旁,把食物递给了他。 (4)乞丐向女孩道谢,女孩微笑着离开。 (5)你很感动…… 参考词汇:乞丐 beggar 感动 be moved 要求:(1)词数:80 ~ 100个。 (2)开头已给出,不计入总词数。 (3)要点齐全,行文连贯,可适当发挥。 On a cold morning, while I was…

英语作文经典指导(人教版) ppt课件(完美版)

英语作文经典指导(人教版) ppt课件(完美版)

句子
3. “多样”的句式变换
)合并为简单句;1
Eg: My brother helped me in maths. I made great progress.
I made great progress in maths with the help of my brother .
(二)加分点
• 根据学生使用复杂句型、单词和谚语、俗语的情况来加分。
• 只要文章中有1个亮点,基本就可以争取到1分。而这1分的亮点,是 可以提前准备的。例如,有一些“万金油”式的复杂句型,例如强调句 型、only相关的倒装句等,只要同学们多操练几次,几乎是一定能用 到作文当中,从而为自己争取到这1分。
表达。 • 第一档(0—4分):白卷或文不对题,或错误百出,不知所云

(一)扣分点
• 1.内容方面:要点缺失,可酌情扣分。若没有写一件具体的事情,是 要扣3分以上的;若写的事情太过于虚幻,没有实际内容,也会扣1-2分 。
• 2.字数:少于80字的作文要酌情扣分。 • 中考英语作文要求80字以上,标点符号不算,少了就要扣分。但是80
一 、英语写作的重要性及初中生写作现状
(二)初中生写作现状 • 审题不清,抓不住要点,东拉西扯; )1 • 单词拼写错误; )2 • frist ,belive, ture, buzy, quite & quiet … • 动词缺失; )3 • Eg: I happy I can go to Peking. • )前后不一致(数、人称、时态、主谓不一致等)4 • Eg: All people have their own dream. •
如何逐步培养和 提升英语写作能力?
写作能力的引导
词汇短语 句子

初中英语写作课课件(精品)

初中英语写作课课件(精品)

Pre-writing
What should a best friend be like? A best friend should be…… can……
same
different
A: ………..should be the same, ………........... B: ………... isn’t necessary ………....... C: I don’t care …………..
While-writing
Who is your best friend? Introduce 3b your best friend by comparing you two .
My best friend Me
………
……..
While-writing
My Best Friend
Beginning 1.Who is your best friend? 2.Is your friend similar to you or Body part different? Describe your best friend. 3.What do you think a best friend Ending should be like?
3a
Wang Lingling Liu Lili tall tall library, and always She often goes to the school talks much hair about the things she reads. long straight short straight hair likes reading popular outgoing serious like sports Interests popular outgoing funny Personalities (more details)

中国学生英语写作PPT课件

中国学生英语写作PPT课件

• 如果此人是第一次在语篇中出现,其可及度 就低,我们只好选用比较复杂的编码形式 (如名词+描述语);如果在前句刚刚出现 过,其可及度就高,我们就可选用简单的编 码形式(如代词)。
• 据此,Ariel将零形式、代词、名词(短语) 分别称为高可及度标示语、中可及度标示语 和低可及度标示语。那么在语篇中有哪些因 素影响我们的选择呢?
小;
第13页/共47页
• 凸显(Saliency):主要指先行成分是否为当前话题;
• 一致(Unity):指前指成分与其先行成分是否属于同一心理框架、观
。 点 、 部 分 或 段 落
2021/4/12
第14页/共47页
• 根据和两个因素可以推断,篇章话题可 及度最高,因为在自然篇章中,篇章话题一 般是最凸显的实体,因此在记忆中占有突出 地位,其前指成分形式一般为代词或零形式。 如果指向某一先行成分的前指成分数量多, 那么该先行成分一般就是篇章的话题,因此 篇章话题经常“代词化 (Pronominalized)”(Levy 1982)。
1. 引言:照应的定义和分类
2021/4/12
• 在中国学生学习英语写作的初级阶段,经常 出现的错误之一就是照应偏误。
• 照应(anaphora)又称前指。 • 从广义上来说,它指的是语言表达中一个词
或短语在语篇中被用来(回)指同一语篇中 另一个词或短语的语言现象(Xu 1995)。 • 前者一般被称为前指词(anaphor),后者 一般被称为先行词(antecedent)。 • 两者之间是一种语义上的共指(coreference)关系(熊学亮1999)。
• 动词性照应关系标示语主要包括替代动词do (如(2)a)、零形式(如(2)b)等;
2021/4/12

初中英语作文写作完整ppt课件

初中英语作文写作完整ppt课件
组织文章 文章更完整更精炼)
5)检查纠错(字数、内容要点、主谓一致、 习惯用法、单词拼写、大小写 及标点符号)
完整最新ppt
10
7. Writing task: 根据表格所提供的信息写一篇短文,描 述你的笔友马小跳,80个左右的单词, 开头已经给出。
Name
Ma Xiaotiao
Age
15
Look
根据表格所提供的信息写一篇短文描述你的笔友马小跳80个左右的单词开头已经给出
XX 中 XXX
完整最新ppt
1

本节课的学习任务:
写一篇描述人的外貌 (look)、 性格(characters)、爱好 (hobbies)的文章
完整最新ppt
2
1. What does he / she look like?
描述穿着的短语:wear a T-shirt, wear a pair of glasses
描述性格的单词:lazy, quiet, friendly, shy, kind-hearted 善良的, polite 有礼貌的,strict 严 厉的, out-going 外向的
描述爱好的短语:like reading, like to help
完整最新ppt
12
9. Pair-correction:
Exchange your composition with your partner and correct the mistakes with your red pen.
完整最新ppt
13
Writing task: 根据表格所提供的信息写一篇短文,描述 你的笔友马小跳,80个左右的单词, 开头已经给出。
开头:
kind-hearted(善良的), polite (有礼貌的)

高考英语作文写作公开课PPT课件

高考英语作文写作公开课PPT课件

What is the ideal length for an English composition in the college entrance examination? The ideal length for an English composition depends on the specific requirements of the exam, but generally, it should be between 150-250 words
Motivation and funding: Encourage students to continue in their writing practice and provide positive feedback to boost their confidence
Critique of language use: Assess the language proficiency of students and provide guidance on improving their vocabulary, grammar, and presence structure
Writing format guidance
Instrument students on the appropriate format for different types of writing, such as essays, letters, and narrativscriptive Composition
This type of composition is focused on describing a person, place, thing, or event in detail It requires the student to use rich and vivid language to create a sense of presence and importance

完整版初中英语写作课件ppt

完整版初中英语写作课件ppt

最新.
10
在整堂课的教学中,刘教师总是让学 生带着 问题来 学习, 而问题 的设置 具有一 定的梯 度,由 浅入深 ,所提 出的问 题也很 明确
开头
1、开门见山,揭示主题
文章一开头就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。如 "How I Spent My Vacation"(我怎样度假)的开头是:
I spent my last vacation happily.
最新.
15
在整堂课的教学中,刘教师总是让学 生带着 问题来 学习, 而问题 的设置 具有一 定的梯 度,由 浅入深 ,所提 出的问 题也很 明确
6、交待写作目的的开头
在文章的一开头就交待写作目的,如 通过文章要表扬谁,批评谁,或说明一个 什么问题等。如"Pollution Control"(控制污 染)的开头:
People often say that gold and silver
are the most valuable things in the world.
But I say that to read books is more
valuable than anything else, because
最新.
17
表示并列关系的:and, as well as, or… 表示转折关系的:but, yet, however… 表示时间关系的:when, while, after, before, then,
after that… 表示因果关系的:so, therefore ,as a result… 表示目的的:in order to, in order that , so as to, so
针对3要点

初中英语作文写作课(共15张PPT)【优秀课件】

初中英语作文写作课(共15张PPT)【优秀课件】

Different students have different ideas about the Internet. Most students
think that the Internet is very useful in our life. First of all, we can learn a lot
Topic
On the Internet
Beginning
Beginning Different people have different ideas about ….
Body
正文
Key sentence1
Most students…
First of all learn… from …also… listen to…, enjoy … Besides make…more convenient
Most students think that the Internet is very useful in our life. First of all, we can learn a lot from the Internet. We can also listen to music and enjoy movies for fun. Besides, the Internet makes our life more convenient. However, some other students feel differently. There are lots of unhealthy pictures or movies on the Internet. They make students lose interest in their study.

高中英语作文(32张PPT)-经典通用课件资料

高中英语作文(32张PPT)-经典通用课件资料
表起始的过渡语有first of all,to begin with,in my /our opinion,according to,so far, as far as等。
表时间的过渡语有at first,then,later, firstly, secondly, meanwhile,in the end, finally,after that等。
[原文]I like reading while my brother likes watching TV.
[修正]I like reading while my brother enjoys watching TV.
2021/10/10
20
有可能的话,使用一些地道的,充满洋腔洋调,有“洋味”的单词。
高中英语教学课件
2021/10/10
1
内容
行文 2021/10/10
homework
语言 2
新旧评分标准的不同:
内容方面
旧标准只对要点作出要求,而新标准除要求内容要点外,还涉及到对次重点和无关内容的评定。考生要 获得高分,除要覆盖所有要点外,还要尽量覆盖次重点,并且要少写或不写无关内容。
2021/10/10
3
语言方面
语言方面
旧标准只用语言中错误的多少来衡量语
言的好坏;
旧新标标准准只对用语语言言的中要错求误则的较多为少具来体衡:量
语应言用的语好法坏结;构应多样,力避单调。
应用的词汇应丰富,忌重复用词。
语言错误方面,对“尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致”的“些许错误”可以原谅。
新标准这发对语比挥言旧自的评己要分的求标潜则准能较对。语为具言体错:误的一棒子打死更能鼓励考生发挥自己的水平,更能鼓励考生 应用语法结构应多样,力避单调。

人教七年级英语下册unit5写作课件(共20张PPT)

人教七年级英语下册unit5写作课件(共20张PPT)

书面表达
济南动物园又添新成员了,假如你是该动物园的园长,请根据表格中 的信息,写一篇70词左右的短文,介绍一下动物园里的新成员。
姓名: Susan 国籍: 澳大利亚 食物: 树叶(leaves) 性情:懒惰的,有点可爱
姓名: Mike 国籍: 非洲 食物: 肉(meat) 性情:真的很吓人
姓名: Alan 国籍: 泰国 食物: 草(grass) 性情:聪明的,友好的
Let’s say
Name : Mimi Sex : female (雌的) Age : 2 From : China Feature: friendly, smart Hobby: likes playing with her friends . Where to live : Ms Pan’s home
name nationality(国籍)
age
why do you like (喜欢的原因)
where to live
hobby others
This is … He /She is from…. He /She is …years old. I like …because ….
He /She lives in …. He /She likes ….
3a Becky is Jill’s favorite animal. Fill in the blanks with the words in the box.
like beautiful Africa years lives because
This is Becky. Isn’t she_b_e_a_u_t_if_u_l_? She is from_A__fr_i_c_a_. She is twelve __y_e_a_rs_ old. I _l_i_k_e_ Becky _b_e_c_a_u_s_e_ she is smart and friendly. She _li_v_e_s__ in Blackwood Zoo.

《英语写作教案》ppt课件

《英语写作教案》ppt课件

Course
01
Introduction
Course objectives
01
Improve students' writing skills
Through this course, students will learn to write effectively in
English, including grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure
Sentence structure
Writing practice
This section will explore different types of sentiments and how to combine them effectively to create coherent paragraphs and essays
Introduction
A brief overview of the chapter's content, purpose, and organization
Writing skills
03
Topic selection skills
Determine the theme
Select a theme that is relevant to the course objectives and student interests, ensuring that the theme has practical significance and challenges.
04
Writing Practice
Writing task assignment
Clarify writing tasks

初中英语作文写作课优秀课件

初中英语作文写作课优秀课件

初中英语作文写作课优秀课件目录CATALOGUE •Course Introduction andObjectives•Fundamentals of Writing•Writing skills and methods•Common Theme WritingGuidelines•Appreciation and Analysis ofMasterpieces•Writing training andimprovement01CATALOGUECourse Introduction andObjectivesThe Importance of Middle School English Composition•Improving students' comprehensive English proficiency: Throughwriting training, students can better grasp language elements such asvocabulary, grammar, and sentence structures, and improve theiroverall English proficiency.•Developing students' cross-cultural communication skills: Englishwriting is one of the important means of cross-culturalcommunication. Through writing training, students can betterunderstand the culture and thinking patterns of English speakingcountries, and improve their cross-cultural communication abilities.•To lay a foundation for students' future learning and work: GoodEnglish writing ability is an important foundation for students' futurelearning and work, which can provide more opportunities for theirfurther education and career development.Course objectives and requirementsKnowledge objectiveTo master the basic knowledge and skills of English writing, including writing process, article structure,paragraph development, sentence structure changes, etc.Ability objectiveTo independently complete an English article with clear structure, rigorous logic, and fluent language, andpossess certain critical thinking and innovative abilities.Emotional goalTo cultivate students' interest and enthusiasm for English writing, improve their self-learningability and collaborative spirit.Course arrangement and scheduleCourse arrangementThis course is divided into 10 class hours, each lasting 45 minutes. The coursecontent includes explanation of basic writing knowledge, analysis of sampleessays, writing practice, and homework review.Class timeOnce a week, the specific time will be arranged according to the student'sschedule and actual situation.Teaching methodAdopting a combination of online and offline methods, providing coursewareand teaching videos online, and conducting face-to-face tutoring and Q&Aoffline.02CATALOGUE Fundamentals of WritingVocabulary accumulation and application•Positive vocabulary and negative vocabulary: Positive vocabulary refersto words that can directly express the author's intention in the article,while negative vocabulary refers to words that cannot directly expressthe intention but can increase the richness and readability of thearticle.•Semantic analysis and accurate word usage: In English, many wordshave similar meanings, but their usage scenarios and contexts aredifferent. Therefore, when writing, it is important to pay attention toword meaning analysis and choose the most accurate vocabulary toexpress one's thoughts.•Phrases and idioms: There are many fixed phrases and idioms inEnglish, and mastering these expressions can make the article moreauthentic and natural.Sentence Structure and Changes•Simple sentences, compound sentences, and compound sentences:Simple sentences only contain one subject and one predicate; Parallelsentences are composed of two or more simple sentences connectedby parallel conjunctions; A compound sentence contains a main clauseand one or more subordinate clauses.•Sentence pattern transformation and expansion: Through sentencepattern transformation, declarative sentences can be transformed intointerrogative sentences, exclamation sentences, etc., increasing thediversity and expressive power of the article. At the same time,sentence components can also be expanded, such as addingattributives, adverbials, etc., to make the sentence more specific andvivid.There are multiple tenses and voices in English, and using them correctly can make the article more accurate and fluent.The subject and predicate mustbe consistent in person andnumber, otherwise it will lead togrammar errors.Articles, pronouns, andprepositions play importantconnecting roles in English. Usingthese vocabulary correctly canmake the article more coherentand clear. Meanwhile, it is alsoimportant to avoid commonusage errors.Tense and voice Subject verbconsistency Articles, pronouns, and prepositionsGrammar rules and common errors03CATALOGUEWriting skills and methods03Conceptual contentBased on the theme, develop associations, and conceptualize the content and key points of the article.01Carefully review the questioncarefully read the question, understand its meaning, and clarify the writing requirements and limitations.02Determine the themeBased on the requirements of the title, determine the theme and central idea of the article.Topic review and conceptionArticle structure and layoutReasonably arrange paragraphs01Based on the content of the article, arrange paragraphsreasonably to make the article clear in hierarchy.Highlight topic sentences02Set topic sentences at the beginning or end of each paragraphto clarify the central idea of the paragraph.Pay attention to transitions03Use transitional words or phrases between paragraphs to makethe article coherent and natural.Language expression and rhetoric•Accurate wording: Choose appropriate vocabulary to express ideasand avoid using obscure or overly simple words.•Diverse sentence structures: Use different sentence structures toexpress ideas, such as simple sentences, compound sentences, etc., toenhance the expressive power of the article.•Using rhetoric: Use appropriate rhetorical devices such as metaphors,personification, and parallelism to make the article more vivid andvivid.•Pay attention to grammar and spelling: avoid grammar and spellingerrors, and maintain the accuracy and standardization of the article.04CATALOGUE Common Theme WritingGuidelinesNarrative Writing•Select a theme and plot: Choose an interesting story theme and planthe plot development, including the cause, process, and outcome.•Shaping character images: By describing the appearance, personality,behavior, and other aspects of characters, vivid character images arecreated.•Pay attention to detail description: Use vivid details to help readersbetter understand and feel the story context.•Reasonable arrangement of narrative sequence: Different narrativemethods such as sequential, reverse, or interlude can be used to makethe story more engaging.Choose a familiar objectof explanation, such as an object, event,phenomenon, etc., and provide a detailedintroduction and explanation.Clearlyexplain the objectCollect and explain information andinformation related to the target through channels such as books and theinternet.Collect relevant informationOrganize the content ofthe article in an organized manner according to differentexplanation orders suchas time order, spatial order, or logical order.Arrange explanation orderUsing different methodssuch as definition,classification, comparison, and examples to make the article moreaccessible and understandable.Usingexplanatory methodsExpository writingargumentative writing•Identify arguments and evidence: Choose a controversial topic, clarifyyour viewpoint and stance, and prepare supporting evidence tosupport the argument.•Reasonable arrangement of argumentation structure: Differentargumentation structures such as total score, listing themes, andfinding several parallel viewpoints to discuss the themes can be usedto make the article clear and organized.•Using argumentation methods: using different argumentationmethods such as factual argumentation, rational argumentation, andcomparative argumentation to enhance the persuasiveness of thearticle.•Pay attention to language use: Use accurate and concise language toexpress opinions, and avoid using words that are too absolute orvague.05CATALOGUE Appreciation and Analysis of MasterpiecesExhibition of excellent works by studentsWork 1"My Favorite Teacher"Work 2A Memorable DayWork 3"The Power of Friendship"Teacher comments and suggestions•Comment on work one: The article has a clear structure and fluentlanguage, showcasing the excellent qualities of the teacher throughspecific examples, expressing the author's love and gratitude towardsthe teacher. Suggest adding some detailed descriptions to make thecharacter image more vivid.•Commentary on Work 2: The article features novel material selectionand vivid narration, showcasing the author's love and optimisticattitude towards life by recounting interesting events that happenedduring the day. Suggest refining the language expression to enhancethe infectiousness of the article.•Comment on work three: The article has a profound meaning and clearviewpoint. By discussing the power of friendship, it expresses theauthor's appreciation and admiration for friendship. It is suggested toadd some specific examples during the argumentation process tomake the viewpoint more convincing.Interactive session: Student self-evaluation and peer evaluation•Self evaluation: I believe that I have a certain foundation in writing andcan express my thoughts fluently. But there is still room forimprovement in the selection of materials and ideas, and moreattention needs to be paid to observing and thinking about life.•Mutual evaluation one: I think his works have concise language andclear expression, but there are still shortcomings in detail descriptionand emotional expression. I hope he can pay more attention to detailsand emotional presentation in his writing.•Mutual evaluation two: I think her works have novel material selectionand unique perspectives, but in the process of argumentation, thereare some that are too simplistic and one-sided. I hope she can addsome specific examples and data support in the argument to make theviewpoint more convincing.06CATALOGUE Writing training and improvementClassroom timed writing exercisesStrictly set the timein a simulated exam environment, students are required to complete theiressays within the specified time.Diversity of topic selectionProvide different types of questions to expose students to and practice variousgenres and themes.On the spot reviewProvide real-time feedback on students' compositions, pointing out theirstrengths and weaknesses, and providing suggestions for improvement.Suggestions for independent training after classPersist in writingEncourage students to develop the habit of writingevery day, such as writing diaries, weekly notes, oressays.Expand readingRecommend English original works or articlessuitable for middle school students to read, broadentheir horizons, and accumulate materials.Reflection and revisionGuide students to reflect and revise their owncompositions, and improve their self correctionability.RegularassessmentConduct a formal writing assessment at regular intervals to assess students' learning outcomes.PersonalizedfeedbackProvide specific feedback andsuggestions for each student'sessay to help them identify theirshortcomings.Display andCommunicationSelect excellent compositions fordisplay and communication,allowing students to learn fromeach other and progress together.010203 Regular evaluation and feedbackTHANKS感谢观看。

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❖ 本文所讨论的是名词性照应。
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2. 照应关系标示语
2.1. 照应关系标示语的形式
❖ 照应关系标示语指的是前指词所采用的形式。根 据Ariel (1988 1990)、Xu (1995)、许余龙(2001)、 Ward & Birner (1994)等,英语中的句际照应标示 语主要是代词it(如(1))等;
❖ 我们用符号Ø表示零形式。
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2.3. 影响照应标示语可及度的因素
❖ Ariel(1990:28-9)认为,影响照应标示语 编码形式的因素有:
❖ 距离(Distance):指先行成分与前指成 分之间的线性距离;
❖ 竞争(Competition):指(两个或更多的) 先行成分在解码者心理上的可及度大小;
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❖ 也就是说,照应标示语的语言表现形式与 其可及度成反比:编码形式越复杂,可及 度就越低。
❖ 例如,在语篇中指称一个人时,我们有以 下几种选择:
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❖ 名词+描述语; ❖ 指示代词+名词; ❖ 姓名+描述语; ❖ 姓名; ❖ 名; ❖ 代词; ❖ 零形式
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❖ (2) a. He went to the part yesterday. So did his wife.
❖ b. Perry bought a blue jacket, and Tom øa black one.
❖ (3) John bought a red car and Paul bought a white one.
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❖ 凸显(Saliency):主要指先行成分 是否为当前话题;
❖ 一致(Unity):指前指成分与其先行 成分是否属于同一心理框架、观点、部
分或段落。
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❖ 根据和两个因素可以推断,篇章话题可及 度最高,因为在自然篇章中,篇章话题一般是 最凸显的实体,因此在记忆中占有突出地位, 其前指成分形式一般为代词或零形式。如果指 向某一先行成分的前指成分数量多,那么该先 行成分一般就是篇章的话题,因此篇章话题经 常“代词化(Pronominalized)”(Levy 1982)。
❖ the man under the tree/who…; ❖ that man; ❖ John Smith,who is speaking; ❖ John Smith; ❖ John; ❖ he; ❖出现,其可及度 就低,我们只好选用比较复杂的编码形式 (如名词+描述语);如果在前句刚刚出现过, 其可及度就高,我们就可选用简单的编码形 式(如代词)。
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2.2. 照应标示语的可及度
❖ 影响照应标示语形式选择的最主要因素是其可及度 (accessibility)。
❖ 可及度指的是解码者根据各种语篇因素推理出某一前指词 的先行词的难易程度。
❖ 从形式上看,上述三种照应标示语的语义信息含量大小不 一:名词照应语最大,代词次之,零形式最小;但从可及 度角度来说,零形式最高,代词次之,名词最低(Ariel 1988 1990)。
❖ 动词性照应关系标示语主要包括替代动词do(如 (2)a)、零形式(如(2)b)等;
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❖ 名词性照应关系标示语 主要有各种名词性成分, 如名词(短语)、代词、 零形式等。
❖ 中国学生英语写作中的 照应偏误主要发生在名 词性照应标示语上,
❖ 因此名词性照应标示语 (以下简称照应标示语) 是本文分析的重点。
❖ 据此,Ariel将零形式、代词、名词(短语) 分别称为高可及度标示语、中可及度标示语 和低可及度标示语。那么在语篇中有哪些因 素影响我们的选择呢?
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注:
❖ Ariel(1990:73)所总结的各种指称词语 的由低至高排列的可及度等级如下:
❖ 全名修饰语全名限定性描述名姓 远距指示词+修饰语近距指示词+修饰语 远距指示词(+名词词组)近距指示词(+名词 词组)重读代词非重读代词反身代词 零形式
中国学生英语写作中的 照应偏误分析
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1. 引言:照应的定义和分类
❖ 在中国学生学习英语写作的初级阶段,经常出 现的错误之一就是照应偏误。
❖ 照应(anaphora)又称前指。 ❖ 从广义上来说,它指的是语言表达中一个词或
短语在语篇中被用来(回)指同一语篇中另一 个词或短语的语言现象(Xu 1995)。 ❖ 前者一般被称为前指词(anaphor),后者一 般被称为先行词(antecedent)。 ❖ 两者之间是一种语义上的共指(co-reference) 关系(熊学亮1999)。
❖ 信息度指的是指称词语的语义信息量大 小;如果所指实体可及度低,编码者就 会采用信息量大的语言形式;反之则采 用信息量小的形式。
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❖ 这种共指关系可以出现在同 一句、同一段落或同一篇章 中,是篇章连贯的主要手段 之一,因而近几十年来一直 是语言学、心理学、人工智 能、语言教学等学科的研究 对象。
❖ 在这方面的研究对英语语言 教学、尤其是英语写作教学 有着直接的指导意义。
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❖ 根据先行词与前指词之间的关系及其词法和句 法特点,照应关系可以分为三大类(Xu 1995):
❖ 和两个因素则说明了前指词与先行词之间 关系的性质对解译前指成分的重要性:指的 是前指成分与其先行成分在语篇中的具体距离, 而指的是前指词与其先行词在语义逻辑上的 抽象距离。
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2.4. 照应语的编码原则
❖ 照应标示语有三个编码原则(Ariel 1990: 79-82):
❖ 信息度(informativity)、 ❖ 严格度(rigidity) ❖ 语言形式的衰减度(attenuation)。
❖ 句际照应 ❖ 动词性照应 ❖ 名词性照应 ❖ 分别如下例所示(划线部分分别为先行词和前
指词):
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❖ (1) John told me that he could finish the test in half an hour, but I wouldn’t believe it.
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