英语语法时态综述

• 5.2 现在完成进行体：用法与5.1.2“未完成”相仿 • I've been writing letters for an hour(and I've still got some more to do). • I've been sitting in the garden(and have just come indoors). • 有时两者可互换 We've been living here for ten years We've lived here for ten years 但现在完成进行体带有持续性、暂时性和未完成 性，有时不可互换 Who's been eating my dinner?(还有些剩下) Who's eaten my dinner?（全吃光了）
7.2 will/shall+进行体/完成体/完成进行体： 带有“自然要发生”的含义，不包含“意 愿”、“意图”等情态意义；也表示将来 某一时刻或时段正在进行的动作或某一时 段前已完成的动作；一定语境中表示说话 人的揣测。
• The train will be arriving at two o'clock. • I'll be telling you all about it when we meet. • You can use my bike. I won't be needing it tomorrow. • I'll have finished my work by five this afternoon. • By the end of next month I shall have been working here for 20 years exactly. • It's already six o'clock. He won't be working now.
• 7.3 be going to +动词原形：表示“意图”， 即打算在将来做某事；表示“预见”，即 现在已有迹象表明将要发生某种情况。 • How long is he going to stay here? • We are going to call a meeting to discuss it. • I feel dizzy. I think I'm going to faint. • Good heavens! I am going to be late.
• 1.2 表示现在习惯动作：现在时间里某种动作的 经常性和习惯性 Eg: I often go to work on foot. My father doesn’t smoke. He always sleeps with his windows open. • 1.3 表示现时状态和现在瞬间动作：现时状态通 常带有一定的持续性，适用于静态动词；而现在 瞬间动作通常为转瞬即逝的动作，适用于动态动 词。 Eg: Someone is at the door. What do you think?
3. 现在进行体
• 3.1 表示说话时正在进行的动作：一般由表 示持续动作的动态动词表示 • What are you doing? I am writing a letter. • Hurry up! We're all waiting for you. • 3.2 表示现阶段一直在进行的动作：在说话 时不一定正在进行，带有暂时性 • He is working in a chemical factory these days.
6. 过去完成体和过去完成进行体
6.1 过去完成体
• “已完成”：一个动 作或状态在过去某时 之前已经完成结束 • I had written the letter when they came. • “未完成”：一个动作 或状态在过去某时之 前已经开始，一直延 续到这一过去时间 • By 6 o'clock they had worked twelve hours. 6.2 过去完成进行体: 用法与现在 完成进行体相仿，只是将时间推 移到了过去 We had been waiting for her for two hours bu the time she came. 可替换使用 I'd been working for three hours when he called. I'd worked for three hours when he called.
5. 现在完成体和现在完成进行体
• 5.1 现在完成体：表示“已完成”“未完成” • 5.1.1 “已完成”指动作或过程发生在说话之 前某个没有明确说出的过去时间，现在已 经完成了，并与现在的情况有联系。 • He has turned off the light.(在一个过去时 间被关掉，说话时仍关着) • 5.1.2 “未完成”指动作或状态从过去某时开 始，继续到现在，可能继续下去。 • He's lived here since 1960.
• 1.4.2 see ( to it )/make sure/make certain + that-分句 • I’ll see (to it) that you don’t get lost. • 1.4.3 由if/when引导的条件分句和时间分句 • If it is fine tomorrow, we will go shopping. • 1.4.4 tell/say/hear/learn/gather等来表示 • Alice tells me you’re entering college next year. • I hear poor old Mrs Smith has lost her son.
4.4 表示现在时间和将来时间里的动 作
• 4.4.1 表示委婉语气：限于hope, want, wonder等动词，主要表示有礼貌的请求 • I was wondering if you’d like to come out with me one eveningwk.baidu.com • I was hoping you could send me some books.
4.4.2 补充：委婉语气的比较
• • • • I hope you can send me some books. I hopded you could send me some books. I am hoping you can send me some books. I was hoping you could send me some books.
6.3 补充
• 6.3.1 完成体与since-分句：自某时以来， 一直进行或未进行某种活动 • Mr. Smith has taught English at this institute since 1979.
• 6.3.2 It is the first time that-分句： • It's the first time I've been here.
• 2.2.1 want, wonder, think, hope等其后 （that）-分句，表示婉转语气 • A: Did you want me? • B: Yes, I wondered if you could give me some help. • 2.2.2 It’s time…, I wish…, I’d rather…等其 后that-分句，以及在某些条件句中，表示 主观设想 • It’s time you had a holiday. • If only he didn’t drive so fast！
3.4.2 表示婉转语气
• • • • I am hoping you’ll give us some advice. I’m wondering if I may have a word with you. 4. 过去进行体 4.1 表示过去某时正在进行的动作：这一用法通 常把时间状语表示出来，或通过上下文把时间暗 示出来 • What were you doing yesterday at 7 am? • When I went downstairs, they were already eating breakfast.
I take this card from the pack and place it under the handkerchief. Look, he catches the basketball.
• 1.4 表示将来时间和过去时间。 • 1.4.1 I hope/wish/bet/suggest + that-分句 Eg: I hope she likes the flowers. I bet it rains tomorrow.
4.2 表示过去某种习惯性的动作：过 去某一阶段暂时性的习惯
• George was getting up at 5 every day that week. 4.3 表示过去将来时间里的动作：按照计划即 将发生的过去将来事态 • They were leaving a few days later. • He told me to wake him up if he was sleeping.
7. 将来时间的表示方法
7.1 will/shall+动词原形: will用于第一、二、 三人称主语，shall用于第一人称，常夹杂 着情态意义即带有说话人的主观态度和看 法;有时既表示将来，也含有意愿
• • • • He won't be here in time unless he comes by air. I'm sure I shan't lose my way in the woods. You'll fail the test if you don't work hard. I'll do it, if you like.
• 3.3 表示按计划安排近期内即将发生的动作： 进行体表示将来时间的用法 • Mr. Smith is leaving China in a few weeks. • I am going to Qingdao for the summer holiday. • 3.4 其他用法 • 3.4.1 表示刚刚过去的动作（口语中） • I don’t know what you are talking about. • You don’t believe it? I am telling the truth.
4.4.2 表示主观臆想的情况: 仅限于 某些固定结构
• I wish they were not talking so loudly. • I’d rather you were going at once. • Would you stay a little longer, if you were enjoying yourself? • It is time we were leaving.
2. 一般过去时
• 2.1 表示过去时间：在特定过去一段时间中 一次完成的动作、一度存在的状态或过去 的习惯动作。 • We visited a factory last Friday. • This town was once a beauty spot. • He has given up smoking, but a year ago he smoked 100 cigarettes a week.
英语语法时态综述
高级版
1.一般现在时
• 1.1 表示不受时限的客观存在：包括客观真 理、格言、科学事实及其他不受时限的事 实 eg: The earth rotates on its axis. A rolling stone gathers no moss. London stands on the River Thames.