翻译理论与实践复习

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翻译理论与实践复习

1.Definitions

*Translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material in one language ( the source language ) by equivalent textual material in another language ( the target language ) (Catford 1965:20)

*Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (Nide &Taber 1969:12)

2. Classifications

(a)根据翻译方向来分:source language(译出语)、target/receptor language(译入语)

(b)根据涉及到的语言符号分:Intralingual Translation(语内翻译)、Interlingual Translation(语际翻译)、Interserniotic Translation(符际翻译)

(c)根据翻译的手段来分:Interpretation(口译)、translation(笔译)、computer translation(计算机翻译)

(d)根据翻译的方式分:全译、节译/选译、摘要、改译、编译、综译

(e)从翻译的题材看:专业性翻译、文学翻译和一般性翻译

3. Nature

4.Procedure:理解—表达—校核

5.Criteria (P4-5)

*严复: Triple Principle of Translation (《天演论》1898)

信(faithfulness):忠实准确

达(expressiveness):通顺流畅

雅(elegance):文字古雅

*鲁迅:信(faithfulness)、顺(smoothness)

*思果:信、达、贴

*马建忠:《马氏文通》、善译

*傅雷:神似(resemblance in spirit)

*钱钟书:化境(reaching the acme of perfection)

*刘重德:信、达、切(faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness)

*许渊冲:三重标准(three levels of criteria)(《翻译的艺术》,1984) 意美、音美、形美(信、达、优)

*Alexander Fraser Tytler (泰特勒):Three Principles of Translation) (1) The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work(译作应完全传达原作的思想)

(2) The style and manner of writing in the translation should be of the same character with that of the original(译作的风格与笔调应当与原作保持一致)

(3) The translation should have all the ease of the original composition (译作应当和原作一样流畅)

6. Prerequisites of the translator

*Excellent command of the two language

*Considerable knowledge of the two cultures

*Adequate knowledge of the subject matter

*Fair capacity for writing

*Plenty of practice and adequate knowledge of translation theories and skills

*Skills in the use of information technology

7. Three climaxes of translation in China

*1st climax 佛经翻译(西汉—唐宋)

*2nd climax 科技翻译(元明清)

*3rd climax 西学翻译(晚清—五四)

*西汉时期安息人安世高翻译《安般守意经》

*东汉“三支”的翻译(Argument between literal translation and liberal translation appears ):支谶、支亮、支谦

*苻秦时期释道安主持译场,出现有组织的翻译(不通梵文,主张严格直译,译文不增不减,只是在词序上作些调整);提出“五失本,三不易”

*鸠摩罗什:批评前朝翻译文体,检讨翻译方法,改正音译弱点,提倡全面意译,译文有“天然西域之语趣”

*真谛:译经49部

*玄奘:“既须求真,又须喻俗” “五不翻”(即音译)

*古代译经三大家:鸠摩罗什、真谛、玄奘

8. English &Chinese comparisons

*Lexicon: alphabetic vs. ideographic (form vs. content)

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