从一道高考题谈谈独立主格结构的用法

从一道高考题谈谈独立主格结构的用法

先请看一道高考题：（2005XX卷34题）

I send you 100 dollars，the rest——in a year。

A. follow

B. followed

C. to follow

D. being followed

答案是C。该题考察独立主格结构的用法,现笔者拟对此用法小结，以飨读者。

再看两个例句

The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ____on benches,子chairs or boxes. (CET 4 2000,1)

A having seated

B seating

C seated

D having been seated

本题考察的是with引导的分词的独立结构，seat一般用被动形式表示主动意思，所以用过去分词，答案为C。

seat可以用于如下句中：

He came in and was seated in the chair. Please e in and be seated. So many directors____, the board meeting had to be put off. (CET 4 2000,6)

A were absent

B being absent

C been absent

D had been absent

本题考察的是分词的独立结构,主语与分词之间是主谓关系，因此选择B。

当分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致的话，分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语(名词或代词)，构成分词的独立结构(或称为带逻辑主语的分词结构)。分词独立结构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等。先看一些有关独立主格结构的句子。

The moon has no light of its own, only sunlight shining on it.(附加说明)

She rushed out the room, the little baby carried in her arms.(伴随动作)

Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs held carefully in her hand.(伴随动作)

They being blind men,how could they see the elephants?(=As they were blind men...)(表示原因)

Circumstances changed, it is necessary for you to make a new plan. (表示原因)

A force acting through a distance, work is done. (表示条件)

Both bright side and dark side considered, you will have the confidence to overe this difficulty. (表示条件)

All flights savings been cancelled because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.

there be句型和it也能引出分词独立结构，作状语修饰主句，there和it相当于分词的逻辑主语。例如:

There being nothing else to do, we went home.

There having been no rain, the plants withered.

It being impossible for most students to turn in their papers as scheduled, the teacher decided to give them another two days.

从以上例句，我们可以知道独立主格结构，它是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。在做这类题目时一定要小心判断，不能粗心大意。

下面我们从几个方面来更好地理解独立主格结构：

（一）：独立主格结构的构成：

名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；

名词(代词)+形容词；

名词(代词)+副词；

名词(代词)+不定式；

名词(代词) +介词短语构成。

（二）独立主格结构的特点：

1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。

3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

（三）独立主格结构的作用：

1）做时间状语。例如：

The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.

考试结束了，我们开始放假。

President assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

2）作条件状语。例如：

Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.=If weather permits，we are going to visit you tomorrow。如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。

3）作原因状语。例如：

His money lost ，he had to go home on foot。由于它的钱丢了，他不得不步行回家。

=Because his money was lost ，he had to go home on foot。

There being no classes，we didn‘t go to school。由于今天没有课，我们没有去上学。

=Because there were no classes，we didn’t go to school。

4）作伴随状语。例如：

He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。

He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆。