垂悬结构

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所谓垂悬结构(The Dangling Construction)就是一个句子成分,逻辑上与它所修饰的成分分离,或找不到逻辑上被修饰的对象,因而看起来好像与句子的其它部分无关,不合逻辑,是种错误的句法。虽然传统语法将垂悬结构视为正式文体中的一大禁忌,但在现代英语中,这种结构却屡见不鲜,具有可接受性。由于垂悬结构具有两重性特征,在语言实践中,我们对垂悬结构的使用宜取宽容、慎重的公正态度:既承认它的可用性,不一概摒弃;亦不否认它的非可用性,避免盲目滥用。

1. 垂悬结构的种类

1.1 垂悬分词或分词短语

垂悬分词从起源上来说,是语言的错误使用(performance error),即将分词的主语与句子的主语错误联系,从而产生垂悬分词,所以有人又叫它错关联分词(misrelated participle)。

垂悬分词通常出现在句子开头或接近开头的位置,与句子中的其它成分不产生必要的句法关系,特别是它与句子主语无逻辑关系。鉴于这种特点,垂悬分词又叫独立分词(absolute participle)或孤立分词(isolated participle)。例如:

Walking or sleeping ,this subject was always in my mind .

不论是走路还是睡觉,我总是在想着这个问题。

本句中的分词Walking or sleeping的逻辑主语与句子主语就不一致,其逻辑主语是句中的my 。

这种垂悬分词是一种语法错误,需要纠正。

再看下面两个句子:

Generally speaking ,boys are more interested in science than girls.

一般说来,男孩比女孩对科学更感兴趣。

Judging from his accent,,he must come from Canada.

从他的口音看,他一定来自加拿大。

像上两句中的generally speaking 和judging from虽然具有分词的形式,但有介词或连词性质,它不需要逻辑主语,所以这种垂悬结构是可接受的。经常这样使用的分词有:admitting (that), assuming (that), barring, concerning, presuming, granting, supposing (that), touching, given, granted, provided(that)等。

1.2垂悬不定式短语

某些不定式短语作状语,其逻辑主语虽然与句子的主语不一致,但已被广泛接受。如to be honest, to start with, to be fair等不定式短语。

To be honest, I had no idea that this would happen so soon.

老实说,我不知道这会发生这么快。

To start with, you have no right to raise this question.

首先,你没权力提出这个问题。

但下句中的垂悬不定式短语是错误的,需要纠正。

(误)To appreciate the English language, reading must be done.

(正)To appreciate the English language, we must read.

1.3垂悬介词短语

某些介词短语作状语,其逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。如according to, as to等。According to the newspaper, the enemy has been defeated and driven back.

据报道敌人已被击败并被驱赶回去。

There is no doubt as to his honest .

至于他的诚实无需怀疑。

下句中的垂悬介词短语属语法错误,需要纠正。

(误)Instead of watching The Late Show, a novel was read.

(正)Instead of watching The Late Show, Nancy read a novel.

(误)After reading the letter, my heart was beating fast.

(正)After reading the letter, I found my heart beating fast.

1. 垂悬修饰(Dangling Modifier)

垂悬修饰(或修饰垂悬)是一种句子语法错误(应该避免),指一个修饰语没有与我们想要关联的对象关联起来。例如,作者想要修饰一个主语,但不严谨的词序使修饰语看起来修饰了一个宾语。这种模糊的词序会给句子的理解带来不必要的笑话或麻烦。

垂悬修饰的一个典型例子是:Turning the corner, a handsome school building appeared.修饰分句Turing the corner明显是叙述者(或其他观察者)发出的动作,但从该句子的语法上看它没有被修饰成分——如果有的话,那就是the handsome school building。类似的句子有:At the age of eight, my family finally bought a dog.句中,修饰语At the age of eight“悬浮”在半空中,没有明确被修饰的人或物。

1.1 修饰垂悬例子:

(1)I saw the trailer peeking through the window.

——peeking through the window应该是I发出的动作,而从语法上看却是trailer发出的。正确的应该为:Peeking through the window, I saw the trailer.

(2)Being in a dilapidated condition, I was able to buy the house very cheap.

——being in a dilapidated condition应该是the house 所处的状态,而从语法上看却是I所处的状态。正确的应该为:Being in a dilapidated condition, the house I was able to buy was very cheap.

(3)Roaring down the track at seventy miles an hour, the stalled car was smashed by the train.

——roaring down the track at seventy miles an hour应该是the train发出来的动作,但从语法上看却是the stalled car发出来的。正确的应该为:The stalled car was smashed by the train which was roaring down the track at seventy miles an hour.

(4)Leaping to the saddle, his horse bolted.

——Leaping to the saddle应该是骑马的人发出的动作,而从语法上看却是his horse发出的动作。正确的应该为:His horse bolted after he leaped to the saddle.

1.2 关于垂悬修饰语的一个提示:

Strunk和White这样说:句首的分词短语必须修饰该句子语法上的主语。

然而,还需要注意分词修饰语在句中的位置。例如在句子Fuming, she left the room中,fuming只有一个意思:它必须修饰she(的心情)。但是,当fuming被错置时却会变成垂悬修饰语,即She left the room fuming,此时,我们可能会理解为the room正在fuming(冒烟)。

1.3 注意considering和focusing

常见分词considering和focusing的误用经常会导致修饰垂悬。考虑这个句子:Considering the Assyrians’brutal policies toward foreigners, their catastrophic fall in 612 BCE comes as no surprise.句子的作者到底在说什么呢?Considering的字面意思是thinking about。因此,句中谁在thinking呢?由于fall是离considering最近的名词,故从语法上看fall在thinking。(译者点评:就近原则是英语中一个很重要的原则,如果两个或两个以上的东西之间的关

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