川外 2015年考研真题 英语翻译与写作
2015年考研英语二真题解析和翻译(大师兄版)
[B] permit [B] link [B] guided
[C] signal [C] another [C]plugged [C] notice [C] behind
IC]misadjusted
[D] record [D]much [D] brought [D] sign [D] fi'onr [D] mismatched
the lurdings hold true for both those with children who work outside the home have better health.
more so for non-parents. This is why people
What the study doesn't measure is whether pgopli. are still doing work when they're at llome, whether it
attend
[D]boring [D] decay
[D] negotiation [D] passengers
[B] conversation [B] enrployees
1
@
I'lI ttr! il! . 2o1s 1' '\ i]1*rL:,
ID] design
15. 16.
1
[A] reveal [A] \'o]'age
IA], tB], tC] or [D]
on
In our contemporary culture, the prospect of comnrunicating
2015年四川外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试《翻译硕士英语》真题及详解
2015年四川外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试《翻译硕士英语》真题(总分：150.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 Word Derivation(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.The 1among the allies was no secret to the enemy.(harmony)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：harmony）【解析】(句意：盟国间关系和睦，这对敌军而言已不是秘密。
harmony协调；和睦；融洽。
由后面的was可知，此处需要使用其单数形式。
)2.The situation there was 1. Something must be done promptly.(tolerate)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：intolerable）【解析】(句意：那的情况令人无法忍受，我们必须立刻采取行动。
由后面"必须立刻做一些事情"可以得知前面所表达的情况是令人难以忍受的，显然was后要用形容词，所以此处应填intolerable。
)3.This is made of 1material.(resist heat)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：healt resistant）【解析】(句意：它由耐热材料制作而成。
此处显然需要一个形容词，heat resistant耐热的，耐高温的。
)4.She was a very 1 social scientist. She proved that apart from self-love, there were other basic human instincts.(observe)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：observant）【解析】(句意：她是一位观察力敏锐的社会科学家，她证实除了利己主义，人类还有其它本能。
川外 2015 年真题基础英语
科目代码：611四川外国语大学XXXX年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目名称：基础英语答题要求：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，否则不给分。
全卷150分，3小时完成。
I.Fill in the blanks in the sentences with the appropriate words derived from the words given in the parentheses at the end of the sentences,and write the answers on the Answer Sheet.(15points)1.The International Monetary Fund was established in to the irresponsible monetary practices that contributed to the Great Depression.(react)2.Some scholars have called for an in-depth of the social construction and use of the concept itself.(investigate)3.All cultural translation necessitates some and simplification.(interpret)4.It is important to note the between method and methodology.Method refers to the range of techniques that are available to us to collect evidence about the social world. Methodology,however,concerns the research strategy as a whole.(distinct)5.Modern state boundaries are largely a of colonial histories and rivalries.(reflect)6.Wealth and in this view are two sides of the same coin.(poor)7.The process of spatial thinking involves a continuum from spatial,through spatial perception and spatial reasoning,and finally to spatial judgment.(aware)8.Prescriptive theory recommends the of particular policies to realize objectives. (adopt)9.An hour sitting with a pretty girl on a park bench passes like a minute,but a minute sitting ona hot stove seems like an hour.That is.(relative)10.Great spirits have always encountered violent from mediocre minds.(oppose)11.Limitations of computation have been studied thoroughly from both practical andpoints of view.(theory)12.A illness confined him to bed for over a month.(mystery)13.The practical application of urban ecology is tied closely to ideas associated with development of cities.(sustain)14.A frequent misconception about globalization holds that it always is.(benefit)15.Contemporary Bulgarians have achieved excellence in many art forms,and some of theirartists,such as opera singers,have gained worldwide.(recognize)II.There are15incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there four choices marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.Then write the answers on the Answer Sheet.(15points)1.In The Art of Rhetoric Aristotle up rhetoric into the stages in which arguments areproduced,arranged,and expressed in discourse—namely,invention,composition,and style.A.realizedB.recognizedC.woundD.divided2.There are two broadly views about the nature of knowledge,or what we callcompeting paradigms.A.diverseB.decimalC.divergentD.deficit3.The third key advantage for adopting a multi-strategy approach in your research is that it islikely to assist you in gaining a complete of the matter you are investigating.A.overviewB.overlookC.overseeD.oversize4.If matter could be entirely to energy,a single paper clip would provide the same energy as the atomic bomb that destroyed the Japanese city Hiroshima.A.contributedB.connectedC.conveyedD.converted5.The1960s and1970s also the creation of many new states as former colonies in the Caribbean,Africa,and Asia achieved their formal political independence from colonial powers.A.alteredB.shapedC.filedD.witnessed6.The word democracy from the Greek words meaning“the people”and“to rule.”A.originatesB.infersC.judgesD.inherits7.When birth rates drop below death rates,a society experiences population growth.A.positiveB.activeC.negativeD.vigorous8.He emigrated to the USA in1933and he never visited Germany again.A.for allB.for goodC.far fromD.so far9.A baby born at seven months is considered because it has not developed fully.A.prematureB.normalC.prevalentD.odd10.Explaining why something happens involves a“cause”and a“result.”A.peelingB.mediatingC.initiatingD.identifying11.Clear ideas,then,are ideas that faithfully reflect the objective order from which they derive.Unclear ideas,,are those that give us a distorted representation of the objective world.A.converselyB.franklyC.conventionallyD.ridiculously12.As death rates dropped,the populations of industrializing countries increased dramatically.This change was also accompanied by a from the extended family to the nuclear family.A.preferenceB.favorC.shiftD.shaft13.He considers that the theory of Evolution is quite with the belief in a God.pulsoryB.priorpatibleD.superior14.Insufficient sample size may lead to conclusions.A.soundB.validC.rationalD.erroneous15.In particular,when a solid object is completely in water,the volume of the waterdisplaced must be equal to the volume of the object.A.immersedB.divedC.bathedD.soakedIII.CLOSE(20points)Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks.Write the best choice for each blank on the Answer Sheet.In some parts of the Amazon rain forest in Brazil,all the trees have been cut down.The earth lies1and dry in the hot sun.Nothing grows there anyhow.Over vast areas of every__2__,the rain forest and vegetation necessary for life are __3__.Already more than50percent of the earth’s land is desert or desert-like.About128 million people,one out of seven,live in these dry regions.In the past,they4to survive, but with difficulty.Now,largely through problems caused by modern life,their existence is5by the slow,steady spread of the earth’s desert.Many countries first became6in the1920s after terrible drought and famine __7__Africa’s Sahel,the fragile desert along the south edge of the Sahara.Thousands of people died__8__there was a worldwide effort to send food and medicine to the__9__people.Droughts and crop10are not new in desert regions.They have been a__11__of life for thousands of years.Few people lived in desert regions in the past.They kept few animals,and they moved__12__.Today’s problems are caused__13__great part by distinctly modern factors.In the Sahel,for example,Africans14from improvements in public health and modern farming methods.New water wells__15__people to settle down on the land near the wells.The population grew.Farmers planted more crops and enlarged their16 of cattle,sheep,and goats.They became17on the new wells.When the__18__came, the crops failed and the cattle ate all the grass around the overworked__19__.The fragile land quickly lost its topsoil and then,became__20__but sand and dust.1. A.smooth B.bare C.vacant D.empty2. A.continent B.crust C.territory D.peninsula3. A.dying B.extending C.disappearing D.stretching4. A.managed B.resolved C.afforded D.yearned5. A.inspired B.threatened C.risked D.hailed6. A.confirmed B.concerned C.conformed D.confessed7. A.destroyed B.elevated C.spoiled D.intensified8. A.nevertheless B.so that C.in case D.even though9. A.undermining B.declining C.requiring D.starving10. A.defeats B.yields C.failures D.frustrations11. A.crisis B.necessity C.fact D.threat12. A.abnormally B.frequently C.concretely D.linearly13. A.in B.for C.on D.from14. A.stemmed B.derived C.skipped D.benefited15. A.tied B.made C.encouraged D.limited16. A.swarms B.packs C.schools D.herds17. A.attached B.dependent C.relied D.reliable18. A.drought B.danger C.famine D.problem19. A.crops B.wells C.rivers D.farms20. A.anything B.everything C.nothing D.somethingIV.OULINE(10points)Read the following passage,and then fill in the blanks in the follow-up outline for the passage.Write the outline on the Answer Sheet.Make sure that each component of the outline is completed in a FULL sentence,that your sentences are as SUMMARY as possible,and that the original sequence and directing words of the outline are NOT CHANGED.People are mistaken who believe the high Rockies are hard to climb.To the traveler who has passed through the plains of Kansas and eastern Colorado,the high Rockies might seem like a beautiful but forbidding wilderness,approachable by only the toughest mountaineers.It is true that the53peaks in the Rockies that soar over14,000feet in elevation should only be attempted by seasoned climbers.However,the peaks under14,000feet,the fourteeners,can be easily climbed by the average person.Actually,climbing Colorado’s fourteeners is hardly a rugged experience because most of them take only a day to climb,involve no more than hiking and simple scrambling,and are conquered by many people each year.Surprisingly,unlike expeditions to Mt.McKinley or Mt.Everest,a climb up one of Colorado’s14,000foot peaks rarely takes more than a day.Pike’s Peak,with the state’s greatest base-to-summit elevation gain,is admittedly a strenuous climb,yet a retired college professor in his middle seventies makes the hike every day in the summer.A friend of mine,Carson Black,in a day,once climbed four fourteeners,three of which—Crestone Peak,Crestone Needle,and Kit Carson Peak—are the most challenging in the state.Even more revealing is the Bicentennial celebration by the Colorado Mountain Club.It planned to have members on the summit of every fourteener in the state on July4,1976.Only a handful of ascents took more than a day.Colorado’s14,000-foot peaks are also fairly easy to climb because they require no special climbing techniques.The“knife-edge traverse”on Capitol Peak is probably the most infamous challenge,yet most hikers who carry ropes don’t use them when they see the ridge is not very intimidating.The highest peak in the state,Mt.Elbert,is so simple to climb that a jeep made it in1949,and one man“rode a24-year-old bicycle to the summit in1951”(Perry Eberhart and Philip Schmuck,The Fourteeners,p.38).I personally saw two motorcycles on the14,000-foot ridge between Mt.Democrat and Mt.Lincoln.Another indication that climbing Colorado’s highest peaks is not very difficult is the sheer number of people who succeed each summer.After descending from Torrey’s Peak one weekend in August,I counted over seventy cars in the parking lot.On a week the previous August,I passed fifty people in various stages of climbing Mt.Elbert.Even years ago—in1968—4226people climbed Longs Peak(Paul W.Nesbit,Longs Peak,p.68).Its parking lot today,to accommodate the number of climbers,is about a quarter-mile long.If I’ve shattered your belief that Colorado’s peaks are the domain of only bears and mountain men who look like bears,consider how Zebulon Pike might feel about Pikes Peak today.In1806,he“predicted that the mountain would never be climbed”(Eberhart and Schmuck,p.6).Now,via the cog railway or the toll highway,he could reach the summit without moving his legs.I.IntroductionThesis Statement:II.BodyA.Body Paragraph1:B.Body Paragraph2:C.Body Paragraph3:III.Conclusion:V.READING COMPREHENSION(90points)READING PASSAGE1Questions1-11are based on the following passage.1Each year,business executives around the world struggle to find original and catchy names for their companies and their companies’products.According to business experts,these decisions are among the most important decisions that firms ever make.A name is the first point of contact that a company has with the world,and it can be an effective marketing tool. And respected names have value.When a company is sold,there is often a fee for transferring the company name to the new owners.The rights to the names Indian Motorcycles and Pan Am Airlines were sold years after those companies went s are so important that some companies hire special naming firms that develop a list of names,test them at focus groups,screen them to be sure they are available,and then trademark the final selections.How do firms decide on names?Here are a few of the ways companies play the name game:2Some companies choose straightforward names.These may include the name or names of the founders(Proctor&Gamble,Hewlett Packard),the place where they first did business (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing,Mutual of New York),or their primary products (General Electric,General Motors).To make a straightforward name memorable,though,is a challenge.3Some companies are mainly identified by initials.International Business Machines is almost universally called IBM,American Telephone and Telegraph has become AT&T and Kentucky Fried Chicken has consciously chosen to be known as KFC.In some cases,though,it is not exactly clear what the initials stand for:The computer company NBI’s initials stand for “Nothing But Initials.”Or take the case of IKEA,the Swedish design firm:The initials IK come from the name of the founder,Ingvar Komrat.The E comes from the name of his familyfarm,Elmtaryd,and the A comes from the nearby town of Agunnaryd.Some firms create names by a process called“morpheme construction,”first shortening and then fusing parts of the company’s full names.For example,United information Systems is generally referred to as Unisys and Federal Express as FedEx.FedEx saved money with its new name too:the shorter name cost$1,000less to paint on each of the company’s10,000trucks.Some companies use unusual spellings of common names:Cingular for Singular,Citibank for City Bank,and Sunkist for Sun Kissed.4Some companies choose names that are inspired by other company names.According to the founder of the Carnation Evaporated Milk Company,the name for his product was suggested,strangely enough,by a brand of cigars known as Carnations.Steve Jobs,founder of Apple Computers,was a Beatles fan,and he named his company after Apple Records,the label founded by the Beatles.This“borrowing”is perfectly legal as long as the two companies are not in the same line of business.(Reportedly,Steve Jobs had to sign an agreement not to produce records.)However,in some cases,company lawyers have said that use of their name, or even part of their name,results in“dilution”of the strength of that name,and they have sued other companies to prevent this.Toys-B-Us,for example,has tried to protect the“Fi-Us”portion of their name even when it has been applied to completely different products,such as cheese or flowers or guns,and McDonald’s has tried to prevent companies from using the“Mc”prefix that has been used for many of their products.5Some firms have chosen names that have nothing to do with their business.Apple is not in the fruit business;it makes computers.Bed Pepper does not sell spices;it sells software. Domino’s has nothing to do with games;it makes pizza.A number of companies have chosen off-the-wall or playful names for their products.There are those naming experts who warn against this,saying that consumers will not take these seriously,and in the case of , they may have been right:This women’s fashion company went bankrupt in no time.However, ,Google,and Yahoo!have succeeded despite—or maybe because of—their unusual names.6Some corporations have turned to other languages for names.A company or product name may come from Latin(Aquafina bottled water,Avis car rentals,Volvo automobiles)or Greek (Amphion multimedia,Oreo cookies),Spanish(El Pollo Loco fast food restaurants,Fuego technology),Danish(Haagen-Dazs ice cream),or Hawaiian(Akamai internet technology). Other companies borrow from mythology:Nike shoes,Ajax cleanser,and Midas mufflers are all named after figures in classical myths.7Some names are totally invented.One advantage for a corporation in making up a name is that this name is then the unambiguous property of the company,and it is easy to trademark. Some of these coined names,while not real words,are suggestive of actual words.For example, Nyquil,a brand of cough medicine meant to be taken at night,suggests the words night and tranquil.Aleve,a pain medicine,is reminiscent of the word relieve,and Acura is similar to the word accurate.Other coined names are completely meaningless:Exxon,Kodak,Xerox,and SONY are examples of successful names of this type.Not all coined names are well liked.Thefamed entrepreneur Donald Trump once said that the corporate name Allegis sounded like“a world class disease.”That’s because the names of so many diseases—arthritis,gingivitis, encephalitis—end in-is.8Choosing good names becomes more difficult when a firm markets internationally.Today, through the Internet,even small businesses often do business in several countries.Sometimes the leap from one language to another can be positive;the Chinese pictogram for the sounds of the name Coca-Cola contains the words for“delicious”and“leisure.”More often,though,a problem occurs.The classic example of an international naming gaffe is that of the General Motors car called the d for an exploding star,the Nova was a reliable car,but its sales were never brisk in Spanish-speaking countries.This was supposedly because Nova could be read as no va in Spanish,meaning“It does not go.”In German,the word mist means dirt or manure,so Country Mist makeup and the nasal spray Primatene Mist had to be renamed for the German market.A food company literally made a big mistake when it named a burrito Burrada. (Burrada means“big mistake”in Spanish.)Bran Buds,a type of breakfast cereal,sounds like “burnt farmers”in Swedish,and the word Dainty,the name of a type of soap,sounds like the word for“aloof”in Finnish and like the word for“stupid”in Farsi.Firms and products from English-speaking countries are not the only ones with problematic names:Bimbo bread from Spain,Zit soft drinks from Greece,Creap coffee creamer from Japan,Swine chocolates from China,and Pocari Sweat sports drink from Japan may do well in their regional markets,but would probably not be very successful in English-speaking countries.The name of the Japanese computer maker Toshiba sounds like“tou-chu-ba”to speakers of Mandarin Chinese. This phrase means“Let’s steal it.”9The lessons from naming mix-ups is that global marketers must do their homework.They must make sure that the names they choose are easy to pronounce and that they do not have any negative linguistic or cultural meanings in the target language.For large international businesses—in fact,for any company of any size—playing the name game is a serious business.1.According to the reading,what role do focus groups play in naming companies and products?A.They help naming companies determine if a name is acceptable.B.They think up original,attractive names.C.They make sure that a name has not already been trademarked.D.They select names from a list.2.What does the author say about Kentucky Fried Chicken?A.It may change its name in the near future.B.It has tried to prevent its name from being shortened.C.It prefers to be known by initials rather than by its full name.D.It may soon merge with another corporation.3.What do the initials E and A refer to in the name IKEA?A.Nothing;they are meaningless initials.B.They refer to the founder’s first and last names.C.They are the first letters of the Swedish words for desig n and firm.D.They refer to the founder’s farm and a nearby town.4.Which of the following name changes is an example of morpheme construction?A.3M in place of Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing.B.Nabisco in place of National Biscuit Company.C.Widget Works International in place of the U.S.Widget Corporation.D.Nu Foto Studios in place of New Photo Studios.5.When Federal Express changed its name to FedEx,which of the following could be reduced?A.The cost of painting its trucks.B.The number of trucks that it owned.C.The number of drivers that it employed.D.The size of the trucks that it used.6.What did Steve Jobs reportedly have to agree to when he named his company Apple?A.Not to perform in a musical group.B.To pay a fee to the Beatles for the use of their name.C.Not to go into the recording business.D.To produce only computers.7.Which of these names for a new company would Toys-R-Us probably object to?A.Toys-R-Fun.B.McToys,Inc..C.Games-R-Us.D.Chocolates-4-U.8.What is learned in the reading about ?A.It now makes men’s fashions as well as women’s fashions.B.It was not in business for long.C.Today it has a more conventional name.D.Although naming experts thought it was a poor name,it turned out to be successful.9.Which of these questions can NOT be answered by reading the sixth paragraph of the reading?A.What language does the name Akamai come from?B.What do the names Nike,Ajax,and Midas have in common?C.What does the word Urea mean in Greek?D.What type of product does the Haagen-Dazs company make?10.Which of these product names can be translated in an unintended way in TWO languages?A.Bran Buds cereal.B.Dainty soap.C.Country Mist makeup.D.Toshiba computers.11.Translate the following sentences which is from the end of the first paragraph of thepassage.Write your translation on the Answer Sheet.Names are so important that some companies hire special naming firms that develop a list of names,test them at focus groups,screen them to be sure they are available,and then trademark the final selections.How do firms decide on names?Here are a few of the ways companies play the name game:READING PASSAGE2Questions12-22are based on the following passage.1Cars today are smart.No,they may not be smart enough to change their own oil or find the lost coins in their seats,but they are smart and getting smarter.The average car today has more computing power than the1969Apollo11spacecraft that carried the first astronauts to the moon.Every car produced today has at least one computer for monitoring fuel consumption and pollution controls.The average car uses twelve computerized devices,and high-end cars have many more,controlling everything from the sunroof to the braking system.In the near future,cars may be virtually stuffed with computer chips from front fender to taillight.That’s because motorists enjoy computerized gadgets,and providing these little devices is cheaper for automakers than building a better engine or making other engineering changes that might actually be more important.2Many of the smart features we are seeing today are safety-related.Some are systems to avoid collisions.These may use sonar,radar,lasers,computers,or video cameras,or some combination of these.These systems beep or warn drivers with a voice signal if the vehicle gets too close to an object or another vehicle or if it strays out of its lane.The system can suggest actions to the driver or even temporarily take control to avoid accidents.Another safety device is a smart airbag system.To deploy airbags with the minimum necessary force,sensors determine an occupant’s weight and size and the severity of impact.This system should reduce the number of children hurt by airbags that open too vigorously.Another system can automatically notify emergency services that an accident has happened and,using a Global Positioning System(GPS),can pinpoint the location of the vehicle for police and rescue units. This“mayday system”can save precious minutes and many lives.3One of the most convenient aspects of smart cars is their ability to navigate.Drivers tell them where they want to go and then,by means of a GPS navigation device and computerized maps,smart cars can figure out the best ways to reach the drivers’destinations.The cars can show the information on a map or give drivers voice directions.They can even correct drivers if they make a mistake(“I TOLD you to turn LEFT back there,you idiot!”).Using communication devices connected to the Internet,cars can inform drivers of problems ahead-construction work,traffic jams,and accidents—and then suggest different routes to the drivers’offices,favorite pizza places,or closest shopping malls.4Smart cars create problems as well,however.One problem is how to control all this automotive technology.More buttons take more of the drivers’attention.Even voice controlsare distracting for drivers.A recent study showed that drivers talking on handheld cell phones were four times more likely to be involved in accidents as drivers who were not.In fact,drivers using cell phones were almost as likely to be involved in accidents as those who were legally ing voice controls,even a hands-free system,might prove to be as distracting as chatting on the phone.Nevertheless,the auto industry’s answer to the control problem so far has been voice control.When it comes to simple tasks—changing channels on the radio or opening the trunk—voice controls work well enough.But it is probably not the best method for directing more difficult operations such as navigating the Internet or controlling the car itself. Engine noise,highway noise,and the music on the stereo tend to garble instructions,and voice recognition systems often cannot decipher strong accents.5No matter how smart cars become,they cannot solve all the problems facing a“car-crazy”world by themselves.Anyone who has traveled by car in or around almost any city in the world knows that the problem of traffic congestion is becoming worse every year.Cars,buses,and trucks caught up in the chronic traffic jams in the cities waste vast amounts of fuel and pour pollution into the atmosphere.Then there are the terrible statistics for highway fatalities.In the United States alone,over40,000people die a year.Around the world,it is believed that between800,000and1.15million perish in automobile accidents annually.Some transportation planners believe that better mass transportation is the answer—more monorails,subways,and bullet trains.Other analysts believe that there will always be a demand for the convenience and independence of private automobiles.The traditional solution has been to simply build more roads.However,another solution lies in self-driving vehicles operating on automated “intelligent”roadways.6What is an“intelligent”roadway?One type of automated highway features one or more lanes on which vehicles with special sensors and communications systems can travel completely under computer control.The vehicles follow each other at closely spaced intervals in groups called“platoons.”(Some lanes would also have to be open to conventional cars.) Vehicles in platoons traveling on the automated lanes would be temporarily linked into communications networks.These vehicles could then constantly exchange information about speed,acceleration,braking,and so on.To keep vehicles in their lanes and control their speed and direction,cars might use magnemeters,devices that sense magnets buried in the roadbed. One expert has said that the typical highway lane today can handle2,000vehicles per hour but estimated that an intelligent highway lane could accommodate up to6,000vehicles,depending on the number of entrances and exits.7The technology required to operate an automated highway already exists and has been tested.On a stretch of San Diego Expressway platoon of seven smart Buick LaSabres traveled on a lane of intelligent highway.The cars tailgated one another about5meters apart at around 105kilometers per hour.The drivers sat back and sipped their lattes.They said that traveling that fast and that close together with no control was exciting and a little frightening at first,but that,in a short time,it became rather humdrum.8But don’t plan to have your car chauffeur you to work any time soon.For one thing,thecost would be staggering.Even equipping one lane of traffic on the busiest urban expressways with the necessary technology would be too expensive to do in the near future.Installing the required equipment on cars would also add thousands of dollars to the cost of new cars. Besides,many people would not trust self-driven cars.Much of the public has a warped sense of risk.Some people hesitate to fly even though studies show that flying is safer than driving. That’s because every plane crash is highly publicized,while individual automobile accidents are not.Similarly,although automated cars would certainly be safer than standard cars,when an accident occurred it would probably involve hundreds of deaths and injuries.Even a few such accidents would probably cause the public to call for the closing of automated roads.12.What feature of today’s Cars does the author compare to a feature on the Apollo11 spacecraft?A.Their computing power.B.Their fuel systems.C.Their navigational systems.D.Their passenger space.13.What prediction does the author make about computer chips in cars in the near future?A.They will be replaced by another type of technology.B.They will become less numerous but more powerful.C.They will all be controlled by two main computers,one in the front of the car and one inthe rear.D.They will increase in number.14.In case of an emergency,a collision avoidance system would probably NOT be able to do which of the following?A.Alert the driver with a beeping sound.B.Say to the driver,“Danger！Stay in your own lane!”C.Contact the driver of an approaching car.D.Apply the brakes to slow the car.15.Which of these questions could NOT be answered by the airbag system described in the second paragraph in the event of an accident?A.How much does the passenger sitting in the front seat weigh?B.How did the accident occur?C.How hard was the impact?D.How tall is the driver?16.Which of these conclusions does the study that is mentioned in the fourth paragraph support?ing voice controls is not as dangerous as talking on a cell phone while driving.ing buttons to control a car’s technology is not as safe as using voice controls.C.Driving while talking on a cell phone is much more dangerous than driving after drinking.D.Talking on a cell phone while driving is not safe.。
2015年四川外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试《翻译硕士英语》真题及详解
2015年四川外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试《翻译硕士英语》真题(总分：150.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 Word Derivation(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.The 1among the allies was no secret to the enemy.(harmony)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：harmony）【解析】(句意：盟国间关系和睦，这对敌军而言已不是秘密。
harmony协调；和睦；融洽。
由后面的was可知，此处需要使用其单数形式。
)2.The situation there was 1. Something must be done promptly.(tolerate)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：intolerable）【解析】(句意：那的情况令人无法忍受，我们必须立刻采取行动。
由后面"必须立刻做一些事情"可以得知前面所表达的情况是令人难以忍受的，显然was后要用形容词，所以此处应填intolerable。
)3.This is made of 1material.(resist heat)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：healt resistant）【解析】(句意：它由耐热材料制作而成。
此处显然需要一个形容词，heat resistant耐热的，耐高温的。
)4.She was a very 1 social scientist. She proved that apart from self-love, there were other basic human instincts.(observe)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：observant）【解析】(句意：她是一位观察力敏锐的社会科学家，她证实除了利己主义，人类还有其它本能。
2015年考研英语写作命题解析与参考范文精品文档6页
2015年考研英语写作命题解析与参考范文2015年考研英语已经落下帷幕，英语（一）与英语（二）的写作难度与往年基本持平，仍然延续了多年以来的命题趋势，大量借鉴以往考查过的真题成为今年命题最大的特点。
其中，英语（一）小作文源于2011年英语（一）小作文，大作文源于2009年大作文;英语（二）小作文源于2010年英语（一）小作文。
下面笔者逐一加以解析。
英语（一）小作文题目You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members. You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address. （10 points）1 命题渊源2015年考研英语（一）小作文沿用以前的命题方式，仍然考查书信。
2011年考研英语（一）小作文就考查过关于电影的推荐信，四年之后考查关于书籍的推荐信，这再次高调说明了历年真题在备考考研英语写作时的重要地位。
读书的话题在国内各种考试中被反复考查。
1999年6月四级写作考查了“选择性阅读还是博览群书”的提纲作文;2003年9月六级写作考查了关于美国某大学图书馆阅读偏好的图表作文;2013年6月四级写作考查了“文学的重要性”的图画作文。
在全民沉迷于手机的今天，这个话题颇有实际意义，与今年考研英语大作文考查的关于手机成瘾的话题互为呼应。
2 写作方法考生可以分三段来写作此次小作文。
第一段可进行自我介绍，说明自己是俱乐部读书会主持人，并开门见山地交代写信的目的――推荐书籍。
[考研类试卷]2015年四川大学英语翻译基础真题试卷.doc
![[考研类试卷]2015年四川大学英语翻译基础真题试卷.doc](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/633e9c5f8f9951e79b89680203d8ce2f00666527.png)
[考研类试卷]2015年四川大学英语翻译基础真题试卷.doc[考研类试卷]2015年四川大学英语翻译基础真题试卷英译汉1 the 100, 000 Strong Initiative2 UN-Habitat3 Occupy Central4 Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership(TTIP)5 chemical oxygen demand(COD)6 coal equivalent7 a lame duck8 CCPIT9 Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Program(GMS)10 The House of Commons11 Speaker of the House(U. S. Congress)12 devolution of power13 UK Trade and Investment(UKTI)14 PM 2. 515 public private partnership(PPP)汉译英16 海上丝绸之路17 新常态18 自闭症19 国际电信联盟20 可再生能源发电装机容量21 森林蓄积量22 气候变化南南合作基金23 技术转让24 “言必信、行必果”25 亚太经合组织第二十二次领导人非正式会议26 “南海行为准则”27 雾霾28 “高大上”29 《泰晤士报》30 《尚书》英译汉31 We usually classify literature—imaginative literature(excluding nonfiction prose)—into the following genres or classes:(1)prose fiction;(2)poetry, and(3)drama. These three genres have many common characteristics. All are art forms, each with its own requirements of structure and style. In varying degrees, all the genres are dramatic and imaginative; they have at least some degree of action, or are based in part on dramatic situations.Imaginative literature differs from textbooks, historical and biographical works, and news articles, all of which describe or interpret facts. While literature is related to the truths of human life, it may be based on situations that have never occurred, and which may never occur. This is not to say that imaginative literature is not truthful, but rather that its truth is to life and human nature, not necessarily to the detailed world of reportorial, scientific, and historical facts in which we all live.Although the three main genres have much in common, they also differ in many ways. Prose fiction, or narrative fiction, is in prose form and includes novels, short stories, myths, parables, romances, and epics. These works generally focus on one or a few major characters who undergo some kind of change as they meet other characters or deal with problems or difficulties in their lives. Poetry, in contrast to prose fiction, is much more economical in the use of words, and it relies heavily on imagery,figurative language, rhythm and sound. Drama(or plays)is the form of literature designed to be performed by actors. Like fiction, drama may focus on a single character or a small number of characters, and it presents fictional events as if they were happening in the present, to be witnessed by a group of people composing an audience. Some dramas employ much of the imagery, rhythm, and sound of poetry.32 It must be stressed that a characteristic aspect of the present time is that science is exercising a decisive influence on technology, creating new problems for it, guiding its development and conditioning its progress. As a result, science is tending to become a direct force of industry. Scientific theories penetrate technological processes.In its turn, the development of science is strongly influenced by the astounding progress of modern technology, which places at its disposal previously undreamed of means; apparatus of high precision and of tremendous power, such as particle accelerators, nuclear reactors, electronic computers, etc. The improvement of industrial technology makes possible the realization of high intensity phenomena such as pressure, temperature, very high tension or nearly ideal conditions of vacuum, often indispensable to accurate experimental results.Science does not, generally, affect industry directly but does so through the intermediary of technology which places at industry's disposal new improved and powerful machines that increase the productivity of labor. It improves technological processes, introduces new forms of energy, creates new materials not provided by nature, introduces new and varied means of transport, communication and telecommunication control and tele-control. All these means amazingly increase the productivityof labor by substituting human force for those of nature.The raising of the technical level of industry, therefore, constitutes a major imperative of our time presented to science, which finds itself in the vanguard of social progress.汉译英33 提起新加坡，许多中国人会联想到高效政府、良好秩序、美食、旅游胜地——这些正面的标签已被不少游记、随笔、考察报告贴在了这个接近赤道的岛国身上。
2015年四川外国语大学翻译硕士(MTI)入学考试《汉语写作与百科知识》真题及详解
2015年四川外国语大学翻译硕士（MTI）入学考试《汉语写作与百科知识》真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.下列中国早期文化中，位于现今河南省境内的是( )。
（分数：2.00）A.红山文化B.良渚文化C.仰韶文化√D.大汶口文化【解析】红山文化是起始于公元五千多年前的农业文明，是华夏文明最早的文化痕迹之一。
北起内蒙古中南部地区，南至河北北部，东达辽宁西部。
良渚文化是新石器文化类型，分布的中心地区在太湖流域，而遗址分布最密集的地区则在太湖流域的东北部、东部和东南部。
仰韶文化是黄河中游地区重要的新石器时代的一种彩陶文化，分布在整个黄河中游，从今天的甘肃省到河南省之间。
大汶口文化是新石器时代文化，分布地区东至黄海之滨，西至鲁西平原东部，北达渤海南岸，南到江苏淮北一带。
2.福建莆田市一带的民宅上有些嵌有"颍川流芳"四个字，请问这家姓什么?( )（分数：2.00）A.刘B.陈√C.周D.王【解析】"颍川流芳"中的"流芳"是指流传美名，而"颍川"是郡望，也就是指某一姓氏世居某郡县而为人们所仰望，实际指某一姓氏的社会影响。
如韩姓以昌黎为郡望，刘姓以彭城为郡望，陈姓以颍川为郡望，周姓以汝南为郡望，张姓以南阳为郡望，王姓以太原为郡望，杜姓以京兆为郡望，等等。
不管这些姓氏分布在什么地方，他们都会以"彭城刘""颍川陈""汝南周""太原王""京兆杜"为荣耀。
"颍川流芳"就代表这家姓陈。
3."术""势"是哪一个学说强调的观念?( )（分数：2.00）A.道家B.墨家C.儒家D.法家√【解析】在韩非子之前，法家分三派。
一派以慎到为首，主张在政治与治国方术之中，"势"，即权力与威势最为重要；一派以申不害为首，强调"术"，即政治权术；一派以商鞅为首，强调"法"，即法律与规章制度。
2015年对外经济贸易大学研究生入学考试 《英语翻译基础》真题及答案
2015年对外经济贸易大学研究生入学考试《英语翻译基础》真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、词语翻译1.英译汉_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________2.value added tax(VAT)_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(增值税：增值税是以商品(含应税劳务)在流转过程中产生的增值额作为计税依据而征收的一种流转税。
2015年考研英语二真题答案(完整版)
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with—or even looking at—a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones, even without a 1 on a subway.It’s a sad reality—our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings—because there’s 2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn’t know it，3 into your phone. This universal protection sends the 4 : “Please don’t approach me.”What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach. We fear rejection，or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as “weird.” We fear we’ll be 7 .We fear we’ll be disruptive.Strangers are inherently 8 to us，so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this uneasiness, we 10 to our phones. “Phones become our security blanket,” Wortmann says. “They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 .”But once we rip off the bandaid，tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up，it doesn’t 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment，behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . “When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own,” The New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn’t expect a positive experience, after they 17 with the experiment, “not a single person reported having been embarrassed.”18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those without communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It’s that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1. A. ticket B. permit C.signal D. record2. A. nothing B. little C.another D. much3. A. beaten B. guided C.plugged D. brought4. A. message B. code C.notice D. sign5. A. under B. beyond C. behind D. from6. A. misinterpreted B. misapplied C. misadjusted D. mismatched7. A. fired B. judged C. replaced D. delayed8. A. unreasonable B. ungrateful C. unconventional D. unfamiliar9. A. comfortable B. anxious C. confident D. angry10. A. attend B. point C. take D. turn11. A. dangerous B. mysterious C. violent D. boring12. A. hurt B. resist C. bend D. decay13. A. lecture B. conversation C. debate D. negotiation14. A. trainees B. employees C. researchers D. passengers15. A. reveal B. choose C. predict D. design16. A. voyage B. flight C. walk D. ride17. A. went through B. did away C. caught up D. put up18. A. In turn B. In particular C.In fact D. In consequence19. A. unless B. since C. if D. whereas20. A. funny B. simple C. logical D. rareSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by chosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people’s cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.“Further contradicting co nventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home,” writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damaske. In fact women say they feel better at work. She notes. “It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work.” Another surprise is that the findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn’t measure is whether people are still doing work when they’ re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get toleave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it’s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it’s not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they’re supposed to be doing: working, making money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure. Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues—your family—have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they’re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they’re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So it’s not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.21. According to Paragraph 1, most previous surveys found that home____.A. was an unrealistic place for relaxationB. generated more stress than the workplaceC. was an ideal place for stress measurementD.offered greater relaxation than the workplace22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home?A. Working mothers.B. Childless husbands.C. Childless wives.D. Working fathers.23. The blurring of working women’s roles refers to the fact that____.A. they are both bread winners and housewivesB. their home is also a place for kicking backC. there is often much housework left behindD. it is difficult for them to leave their office24. The word “moola” (Line 4, Para 4) most probably means____.A. energyB. skillsC. earningsD. nutrition25. The home front differs from the workplace in that____.A. home is hardly a cozier working environmentB. division of labor at home is seldom clear-cutC. household tasks are generally more motivatingD. family labor is often adequately rewardedText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students—those who do not have a parent with a college degree—lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created “a paradox” in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close” an achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students (59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with a four-year degree.Their thesis—that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact—was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first-generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education，learn the ‘rules of the game,’ and take advantage of college resources,” they write. And this becomes more of a problem when colleges don’t talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students. “Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students’ educational experience, many first-generation students lack insight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students ‘like them’ can improve.”26. Recruiting more first-generation students has____.A. reduced their dropout ratesB. narrowed the achievement gapC. missed its original purposeD. depressed college students27. The authors of the research article are optimistic because____.A. the problem is solvableB. their approach is costlessC. the recruiting rate has increasedD. their finding appeal to students28. The study suggests that most first-generation students____.A. study at private universitiesB. are from single-parent familiesC. are in need of financial supportD. have failed their college29. The authors of the paper believe that first-generation students____.A. are actually indifferent to the achievement gapB. can have a potential influence on other studentsC. may lack opportunities to apply for research projectsD. are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30. We may infer from the last paragraph that____.A. universities often reject the culture of the middle-classB. students are usually to blame for their lack of resourcesC. social class greatly helps enrich educational experiencesD. colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText 3Even in traditional offices, “the lingua franca of corporate America has gotten much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,” said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples. “If you and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passion. There were goals，there were strategies, there were objectives, but we didn’t talk about energy; we didn’t talk about passion.”Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very “team”-oriented—and not by coincidence. “Let’s not f orget sports—in male-dominated corporate America, it’s still a big deal. It’s not explicitly conscious; it’s the idea that I’m a coach, and you’re my team, and we’re in this together. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win”.These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaning—and, as Khurana points out，increase allegiance to the firm. “You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations：Terms like vision, values, passion, and purpose,” said Khurana.This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance The “mommy wars” of the 1990s are still going on today, promptin g arguments about why women still can’t have it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg’s Lean In，whose title has become a buzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack，bandwidth, and capacity are all about setting boundaries between the offi ce and the home. But if your work is your “passion,” you’ll be more likely to devoteyourself to it, even if that means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed.But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but managers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it. As Nunberg said, “You can get people to think it’s nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.” In a workplace that’s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work—and how your work defines who you are.31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become____.A. more emotionalB. more objectiveC. less strategicD. less energetic32. “team”-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to____.A. historical incidentsB. gender differenceC. sports cultureD. athletic executives33. Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to____.A. revive historical termsB. promote company imageC. foster corporate cooperationD. strengthen employee loyalty34. It can be inferred that Lean In____.A. voices for working womenB. appeals to passionate workaholicsC. triggers debates among mommiesD. praises motivated employees35. Which of the following statements is true about office speak?A. Managers admire it but avoid it.B. Linguists believe it to be nonsense.C. Companies find it to be fundamental.D. Regular people mock it but accept it.Text 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for Jure, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked. There was a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000 (4.4 percent) above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having avery hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000 (7.9 percent) from its year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people if they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is “yes,” they are classified as working part-time. The survey then asks whether they worked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice. They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture was neglected?A. The prospect of a thriving job market.B. The increase of voluntary part-time jobs.C. The possibility of full employment.D. The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because they____.A. prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobsB. feel that is enough to make ends meetC. cannot get their hands on full-time jobsD. haven’ t seen the weakness of the market38. Involuntary part-time employment in the US____.A. is harder to acquire than one year agoB. shows a general tendency of declineC. satisfies the real need of the joblessD. is lower than before the recession39. It can be learned that with Obamacare, ____.A. it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insuranceB. employment is no longer a precondition to get insuranceC. it is still challenging to get insurance for family membersD. full-time employment is still essential for insurance40. The text mainly discusses ____.A. employment in the USB. part-timer classificationC. insurance through MedicaidD. Obamacare’s troublePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A—G for each numbered paragraph (41—45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. You are not aloneB. Don’t fear your responsibility for your lifeC. pave your own unique pathD. Most of your fears are unrealE. Think about the present momentF. Experience helps you growG. There are many things to be grateful forSome Old Truths to Help Y ou Overcome Tough TimesUnfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won’t last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these old truths I’ve learned along the way.41.____________________________________Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said, “Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very r eal. But fear is a choice.” I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42. ____________________________________If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes opento see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present.43. ____________________________________Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44. ____________________________________No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.45. ____________________________________Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)Think about driving a route that’s very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it’s easy to lose concentration on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: People tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentr ate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it. So we assume it was shorter.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose your university is going to host a summer camp for high school students. Writea notice to1) briefly introduce the camp activities, and2) call for volunteers.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your name or the name of your university.Do not write your address.(10 points)Part B48.Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, your should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comment.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.完型填空题1 .C signal2 .D much3. C plugged4. A message5. C behind6. A misinterpreted7. B judged8. D unfamiliar9. B anxious10. D turn11.A dangerous12. A hurt13.B conversation14. D passengers15.C predict16. D ride17.A went through18.C in fact19.B since20 B simpleSection II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121、【答案】[A] offered greater relaxation than the workplace【解析】事实细节题。
川外 2015年考研真题 英语翻译与写作
科目代码：811四川外国语大学XXXX年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目名称：英语翻译与写作答题要求：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，否则不给分。
全卷150分，3小时完成。
I.Translate the following into Chinese:(50points)P ublic education in America really began in earnest after the Civil War,when government-funded and-controlled schools supplanted the earlier system of private education.According to the U.S.Department of Education,some57percent of the12 million school-aged Americans in1870were enrolled in public elementary or secondary schools,though only about60percent of those enrolled attended school on any given day and the average school year was132days.By the turn of the century,the percentage of school-aged children attending public schools had risen to72percent,with almost70 percent of enrollees attending on any one of the150days in the school year.Most public education still occurred in the early grades—only two percent of the student population were in ninth grade or higher.American policy-makers and educators began to create in earnest our centralized, monopolistic public education system at the turn of the century.For example,over a relatively brief period from1890to1910,public schools increased their share of the high-school population from two-thirds to about90percent—a proportion of public to private schools which has persisted until the present day.During the last few decades of the nineteenth century,public education had grown steadily as a primarily locally controlled phenomenon,often taking over ownership from private cation was still basically focused on learning skills,such as reading or arithmetic,and schools often reflected their communities in very obvious ways.But by the start of the twentieth century,a number of different groups began to believe that a comprehensive,centrally controlled(at least on the city or state level),and bureaucratic public education system was crucial to America’s future.The Progressive movement,for example,sought to replace disorganized government decision-making with a more standardized,“predictable”approach.At the time,they viewed such change as necessary to eliminate corruption and graft.II.Translate the following into English:(50points)李雪莲头一回见王公道，王公道才二十六岁。
2015年四川大学外国语学院241二外英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2015年四川大学外国语学院241二外英语真题及详解Part ⅠReading Comprehension (30%)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should deicide the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneCertainly, the concept of “death with dignity”has become an increasing focus of the debate, not the least because of medical progress that has brought about a major increase in the number of retired and aged persons. The issue has generated lots of legislation, much of which confuses rather than clarifies an important question in euthanasia: Who will pull the plug?In general, the laymen’s(外行人) view of euthanasia is one of “mercy killing,”or active intervention to end life, with little or no concept of the possibility of a passive form.I make no excuses and ask no forgiveness for admitting that I have practiced passive euthanasia for many years. In fact, I gave instructions to the doctor attending my own mother in her last illness that she should receive no antibiotics nor be tube-fed. At that stage, she was in her 98th year, suffering from her thirdstroke and unconscious with pneumonia.I have never practiced active euthanasia, a deed that in my country is regarded as murder and could merit the death penalty. But I do believe that in the clinical practice of medicine, active euthanasia has a definite place. I also believe that we should not be afraid to discuss its place in the scheme of things and to explore the possibilities in this approach to the terminally ill.I cannot accept the simple statement that a doctor does not have the right to take life; furthermore, I believe the greatest difficulty is to define life. I myself have defined it as joy in living. Given the absence of this quality, the request of the suffering person and the satisfaction of other criteria such as good faith on the part of those caring for the person and the completion of legal requirements, there is no ethical reason why active medical euthanasia may not be administered.Indeed, I have always wondered at the kind of person who would mercifully end the life of a suffering animal, yet would hesitate to extend the same privilege to a fellow human being.As a scientist and a humanitarian, I find society’s attitude toward the different ways of causing the death of an individual both hypocritical (虚伪的) and illogical. Consider that, for as long as man has inhabited the earth, he has accepted with few reservations the right to kill and be killed on the battlefields, even when this leads to not only his own but multiple deaths.I have talked to legal, ethical and medical authorities in many parts of the world on the need for active euthanasia. Again and again the same questions came up:Who will decide when a life is to be terminated and how can mistakes be avoided?Would doctors perhaps misuse the right to life by getting rid of the people they do not like?Does a doctor have the right to play God?If it is feared that a doctor is playing God when he terminates a life, it can just as readily be argued that he is playing the same role when he prolongs the life of a terminally-ill patient. And surely, when the terminally-ill person develops an inter-current infection that will cause death if not treated, are we not also interfering with God’s will by instituting treatment and preventing the patient from dying of the infection?1. What is the layman’s understanding of euthanasia?A. Killing somebody out of pity because he ls in severe pain.B. Ceasing feeding of the patient.C. Stopping treatment.D. Death with dignity.2. What does the author think of active euthanasia?A. It is a form of human cruelty.B. It should be allowed for the terminally ill.C. It is interference in God’s will.D. It is ethically wrong even if legally permissible.3. Why does the author say society’s attitude toward the different ways of causing the death of an individual is both hypocritical and illogical?A. A single death is much dwelled on while multiple deaths go unnoticed.B. Passive euthanasia is overlooked while active euthanasia is penalized.C. Ending the life of a suffering animal is called mercy while doing the same to ahuman is called murder.D. Euthanasia is condemned while killing on the battlefield is accepted without reservation.4. What is the chief problem that may arise in administering euthanasia?A. Abuse of this practice.B. Religious opposition.C. Completion of legal procedures.D. The defining of life.5. According to the author, in giving treatment to a terminally-ill patient, the doctor is _____.A. doing a disservice to societyB. performing humanitarian obligationsC. increasing his sufferingD. interfering with God’s will, too【答案与解析】1.A 由第二段“the laymen’s view of euthanasia is one of ‘mercy killing,’or activeintervention to end life”可知，在外行人看来安乐死是带有怜悯的杀人或结束生命的积极干预，故选A。
2015考研英语真题及答案完整版
2015考研英语真题及答案完整版[注意：以下正文仅为演示文章格式，并非真实的2015考研英语真题及答案]一、阅读理解(共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分)阅读下面短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。
Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.At any given moment, you are aware of a zillion sensations—anything from the tightness of your shoes to the sound of an approaching bicycle bell. But your conscious mind notices only a fraction of what is going on. And that fraction is governed by criteria (标准) set up in consultation with an ancient part of the brain called the limbic system, which links to our emotions and our “gut feelings”.Those criteria assign priorities to sensory (感觉的) inputs. Hence you are aware of the nonstop assault on your eyes or your ears only when this input meets the criteria. The criteria change from person to person. If two people are walking in the countryside, one may notice the wildflowers, the other a military aircraft at 20,000 feet. When two photographers stand side by side, one may see a dramatic picture; the other a pile of stones.The differences are typically due not to differences in eyesight but to the ways the two photographers have programmed their minds to respond. I amnot talking about anything extraordinary or mystical (神秘的). Both brain researchers and police have noted that a very simple set of cues (暗示) can powerfully alter the selection of stimuli (刺激), determining what will be noticed—even in a highly emotional state like a fight. I once sat in on a training course for police officers who were being taught to shoot—make that taught how to shoot under stress. One of the most important lessons was that under duress (被迫), under time pressure, the brain reverts (回归) back to what it is most accustomed to. That is, in spite of long training and many repetitions, an officer will shoot in combat (格斗) the way he has always shot. If he brings no conscious control to bear on the selection of stimuli, the selection will be made by unconscious programs, resulting in a misidentification of the threatening object and the wrong action. The old rice-shooting Chinese soldier uses what he has always used—an eraser (橡皮擦) suddenly perceived as a grenade.1. The word “criteria” (in Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to ______.A. emergenciesB. preferencesC. abilitiesD. emotions2. According to the passage, the fraction of what you are aware of is determined by ______.A. your gut feelingsB. your emotionsC. the military aircraftD. the nonstop assault3. As used in Paragraph 1, the word “assault” most probably means______.A. surprise attackB. forceful entryC. intense impactD. constant bombardment4. The passage suggests that the criteria determining what stimuli will be noticed may be influenced by ______.A. photographers’ eyesightB. the military aircraftC. the police training courseD. unconscious programs5. The passage gives an example where the brain’s selection of stimuli ina dangerous situation caused a police officer to ______.A. feel a strong emotionB. correctly identify a criminalC. take inappropriate actionD. learn a lesson about photographyPassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.I once worked with a person who spent money generously (大方地) as soon as it came to him. He’d buy a new motorbike or a stereo system if he had money left in his bank account at the end of the month. “Why not?” he’d say cheerfully, “Money is for spending.” And so I’d get temporary delight for six months until my Chinese bank account ran dry.In researching our book, Happy Money, my coauthor Michael Norton and I set out to show how to get the most happiness for your dollar. We spent years reviewing the scientific literature on spending. What we found explains my coworker’s behavior. The very riches that most countries strive for are not making their citizens happier.A famous psychology study conducted in 1978 asked a group of people with spinal-cord injuries and a group of people without them about how happy they were, and how happy they expected to be in the future. The results surprised them: those with spinal-cord injuries expected to be less happy than they were, and those without them expected to be more happy than they were. The truth is that we have within us the capacity to adapt to our sights and our losses and to keep pursuing happiness.One in four lottery winners in Florida ends up bankrupt (破产)。
2015年四川外国语大学翻译学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2015年四川外国语大学翻译学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解I. Put the following terms into Chinese. (15分)1. N.T【答案】新约(New Testament)2. Netizen【答案】网民3. accumulated fund【答案】累积基金4. a bissextile year【答案】闰年5. deficit budget【答案】赤字预算6. health resort【答案】疗养胜地7. knowledge industry【答案】知识产业8. GNP【答案】国民生产总值9. foreign exchange control【答案】外汇管制10. FTA【答案】自由贸易协定11. singe one’s wings【答案】束手无策；损害自己名誉12. Daniel come to judgment【答案】明智地裁决别人所不能解决的问题的人13. Myanmar【答案】缅甸14. Tropical Cancer【答案】《北回归线》15. Mercedes-Benz【答案】梅赛德斯-奔驰II. Put the following passage into Chinese. (60分)The general use of speech is to transfer our mental discourse into verbal, or the train of our thoughts into a train of words, and that for two commodities; whereof one is the registering of the consequences of our thoughts, which being apt to slip out of our memory and put us to a new labor, may again be recalled by such words as they were marked by. So that the first use of names is to serve for marks or notes of remembrance. Another is when many use the same words to signify, by their connexion and order one to another, what they conceive or think of each matter; and also what they desire, fear, or have any other passion for. And for this use they are called signs. Special uses of speech are these: first, to register what by cogitation we find to be the cause of anything, present or past; and what we find things present or past may produce, or effect; which, in sum, is acquiring of arts. Secondly, to show to others that knowledge which we have attained; which is to counsel and teach one another. Thirdly, to make known to others our wills and purposes that we may have the mutual help of one another. Fourthly, to please and delight ourselves, and others, by playing with our words, for pleasure or ornament, innocently.【参考译文】语言的一般作用是把我们的精神话语转换成口头言语，或者是把我们一连串的思想转换成一连串的话语，其主要用处有两个。
川外 2015 考研真题 英语专业
科目代码：243四川外国语大学XXXX年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目名称：自命题日语答题要求：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，否则不给分。
全卷100分，3小时完成。
一．次の文のをつけた言葉は、どのように読みますか。
最も適切な読み方を、Ａ・Ｂ・Ｃ・Ｄから一つ選びなさい。
（10×１＝10）問１１地震に２備え、食料を３貯蔵しておかなければならない。
１地震ＡじじんＢちしんＣじしんＤちじん２備えＡそなえＢむかえＣくわえＤあたえ３貯蔵ＡちょうそうＢちょぞうＣちょそうＤちょうぞう問２最近４出版されたこの５著者の本はすべて読みました。
４出版ＡしゅつはんＢしゅつへんＣしゅっぺんＤしゅっぱん５著者ＡひっしゃＢちょしゃＣひしゃＤちょっしゃ問３住民たちは６協力して、７井戸を掘ることにした。
６協力ＡきょりょくＢどうりょくＣどりょくＤきょうりょく７井戸ＡいどＢいとＣいこＤしこ問４８順調に９回復しているので、もうすぐ10退院できるでしょう。
８順調ＡしゅんちょＢしゅんちょうＣじゅんちょうＤじゅんちょ９回復ＡかいふうＢかいほくＣかいふくＤかいほう10退院ＡたんいんＢだいいんＣだんいんＤたいいん二、次の文のをつけた言葉は、どのような漢字を書きますか。
その漢字を、Ａ・Ｂ・Ｃ・Ｄから一つ選びなさい。
（10×1＝10）問１このプリントに１あやまりがないか、２じむしょに行って３ちょくせつ聞いてみた。
１あやまりＡ限りＢ誤りＣ残りＤ余り２じむしょＡ治務所Ｂ事勤所Ｃ治勤所Ｄ事務所３ちょくせつＡ直説Ｂ直接Ｃ触説Ｄ触接問２この４そうちは、５じょうきの６いきおいが強くなると止まります。
４そうちＡ装置Ｂ総池Ｃ装池Ｄ総置５じょうきＡ乗気Ｂ暑気Ｃ蒸気Ｄ昇気６いきおいＡ募いＢ労いＣ勇いＤ勢い問３あのいずみの水には、体によいせいぶんが多くふくまれているそうだ。
7いずみＡ湖Ｂ泉Ｃ潮Ｄ池８せいぶんＡ成分Ｂ清分Ｃ正分Ｄ性分９ふくまれＡ含まれＢ組まれＣ込まれＤ包まれ問４法律で禁止されていることは、国によって10ことなります。
2015年全国考研英语一真题详解.doc
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)①Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. ②That is 1 a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .①The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects which4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. ②The same people were used in both5 .①While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. ②As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.”①The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. ②Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now.③10 , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. ④There could be many mechanisms working together that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 “functional kinship” of being friends with 14 !①One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving15 than other genes. ②Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.①The findings do not simply explain people’s 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. ②Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. ③The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.1. [A] what [B] why [C] how [D] when2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] by [D] on4. [A] separated [B] sought [C] compared [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C] samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C] unreliable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] know [D] seek8. [A] surpass [B] influence [C] favor [D] resemble9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C] from [D] like12. [A] limit [B] observe [C] confuse [D] drive13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B] responses [C] benefits [D] missions15. [A] faster [B] slower [C] later [D] earlier16. [A] forecast [B] remember [C] express [D] understand17. [A] unpredictable [B] contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] tendency [B] decision [C] arrangement [D] endeavor19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1①King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep.” ②But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. ③So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? ④Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?①The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. ②When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.①It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity as heads of states. ②And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). ③But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.①Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. ②Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. ③At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.①The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. ②Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). ③Even so,these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to strive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.①It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. ②The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. ③He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service—as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. ④Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain _______.[A] used to enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] eased his relationship with his rivals[D] ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly _______.[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voters more public figures to look up to[D] due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth.[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.[D] The nobility’s adherence to their privileges.24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles _______.[A] takes a tough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D] Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2①Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? ②The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.①California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. ②It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.①The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. ②Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.①They should start by discarding Cal ifornia’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone—a vast storehouse of digital information—is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. ②The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. ③But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. ④A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. ⑤The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.①Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. ②But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. ③Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.①As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. ②In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. ③They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. ④The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.①But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. ②New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. ③Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to_______.[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents[B] sea rch for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of_______.[A] disapproval[B] indifference[C] tolerance[D]cautiousness28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to_______.[A] getting into one’s residence[B] handling one’s historical records[C] scanning one’s correspondences[D] going through one’s wallet29. In Paragraphs 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that_______.[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed[B] the court is giving police less room for action[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected[D] phones are used to store sensitive information30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that_______.[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution[C]California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3①The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. ②The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.①“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. ②Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE).③Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. ④The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.①Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s ov erall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”①Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, is a member of the SBoRE group. ②He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.”③He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. ④This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”①John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.”②“Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. ③I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essentia l than expert review,” he says. ④But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.①Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. ②Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. ③Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it re lies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that _______.[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to_______.[A] found[B] marked[C] revised[D] stored33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may _______.[A] pose a threat to all its peers[B] meet with strong opposition[C] increase Science’s circulation[D] set an example for other journals34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now _______.[A] adds to researchers’ workload[B] diminishes the role of reviewers[C] has room for further improvement[D] is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4①Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. ②Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the m arket.③But “it’s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit”.①Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” ②This same absence of moral purpose waswounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .①As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stand. ②Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. ③This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. ④Others await trial. ⑤This long story still unfolds.①In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. ②One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. ③The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.①In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. ②Perhaps we should not be so surprised. ③For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. ④The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. ⑤Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.①The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. ②It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. ③Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by_______.[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that_______.[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s defence_______.[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows_______.[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral code40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central in news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar. (41) ______________________________ You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where？The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues. (42) ______________________________ Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) ______________ Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44) _____________________ This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page—including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns—debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.(45)____________________ Such dimensions of reading suggest—as others introduced later in the book will also do—that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one ki nd of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a givencourse? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on atrain or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age andsocial class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presentedin the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, imageor reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, orabout its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, notnecessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might calltextual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.(49)The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough foodallotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. (50)The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2015年试题精读透析Section ⅠUse of English (10 points)1. A2. B3. D4. C5. C6. A7. C8. D9. B 10. D11. B 12. D 13. B 14. C 15. A 16. D 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. A Section ⅡReading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21. D 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. C 26. C 27. A 28. A 29. C 30. B 31. B 32. B 33. D 34. C 35. A 36. A 37. B 38. C 39. A 40. C Part B (10 points)41. C 42. E 43. G 44. B 45. APart C (10 points)46. 这场移民运动由各种强大的动机所推动，在一片荒野之中创立了一个国家，并且，就其本质而言，它也塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和决定了它的命运。
[考研类试卷]2015年四川外国语大学翻译硕士英语真题试卷.doc
![[考研类试卷]2015年四川外国语大学翻译硕士英语真题试卷.doc](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/63450a08be1e650e52ea998a.png)
[考研类试卷]2015年四川外国语大学翻译硕士英语真题试卷一、Word Derivation1 The______among the allies was no secret to the enemy.(harmony)2 The situation there was______. Something must be done promptly.(tolerate)3 This is made of______material.(resist heat)4 She was a very ______ social scientist. She proved that apart from self-love, there were other basic human instincts.(observe)5 You can live longest and best and most______by attaining and preserving the happiness of learning.(reward)6 You think I'm joking? No! I'm in dead______.(earn)7 Many times he demonstrated his______to other cops.(fear)8 In modern society, workers are in danger of being______. They become extension of the machine.(human)9 ______, most of these students studying overseas will come back eventually instead of settling down there permanently.(presume)10 Nobody knows for sure how much these free official banquets have cost the people, but it must have reached on______figure.(astronomy)二、Vocabulary11 The emotional strain of attending his dying mother______all his strength.（A）sapped（B）depleted（C）enervated（D）enfeebled12 The social worker claimed that it was impossible for the old man to live onhis______pension.（A）inadequate（B）insufficient（C）meager（D）skimpy13 The mystic found it hard, if not impossible, to______his philosophic position. （A）state（B）verbalize（C）communicate（D）deliver14 Literary magazines give $ 200______for critical articles from people who want to make a name for themselves in this field.（A）emolument（B）remuneration（C）stipend（D）honorariums15 He displayed______ignorance in handling what was an only routine personnel problem.（A）opprobrious（B）deplorable（C）culpable（D）regrettable16 Europeans______the indigenous Indian population they met with.（A）supplanted（B）displaced（C）rectified（D）renovated17 Disappointment followed his hopes of______after the costly operation.（A）rejuvenescence（B）renascence（C）rejuvenation（D）recrudescence18 He attempts to______the truth by appealing to dishonest, ignorant and irresponsible bigotry.（A）vitiate（B）adulterate（C）contaminate19 The typical ______professor was rapt in solving an equation while crossing against a red light.（A）inattentive（B）abstracted（C）absent-minded（D）oblivious20 A newly independent colony was plunged into ______ by warring factions and a lack of central leadership.（A）riot（B）anarchy（C）disorder（D）disturbance21 ______parents are relying even more heavily on tutors and cram schools to help their children succeed.（A）Nervous（B）Anxious（C）Fretful（D）Farsighted22 G. B Shaw wondered how parents could wait until their anger cooled in order to______ their children in cold blood.（B）spank（C）thrash（D）scourge23 A______smile that in the next minute turned into an embarrassed blush.（A）winsome（B）blithe（C）cherry（D）sunny24 The judge's ruling that political beliefs of the accused were______to the question of his guilt.（A）extrinsic（B）superfluous（C）inessential（D）immaterial25 A corrupt public official was______by colleagues afraid of inquires into their own affairs.（A）palliated（B）glossed over（C）whitewashed（D）extenuated26 "The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it," wrote Oscar Wilde, a composer of brilliant______.（A）mottos（B）aphorisms（C）apothegms（D）epigrams27 The manager______a clerk whose clumsiness was responsible for the complete breakdown of operations in his department.（A）rebuked（B）admonished（C）reprimanded（D）reproached28 They______the mounting evidence of discrepancies in the report as justifying a new investigation.（A）beckoned（B）invoked（C）subpoenaed（D）conjured29 According to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, only 25% of those who suffer hip ______ever fully recover; as many as 20% will die within 12 months. Even when patients do recover, nearly half will need a cane or a walker to get around. （A）frankincense（B）fragments（C）fractures（D）fraction30 A steady flow of the ______weapons spread its genial influence throughout the frontier, and the respect which the Pathan tribesmen entertained for Christian civilization was vastly enhanced.（A）covetous（B）coveted（C）coveting（D）covet三、Reading Comprehension30 Chris Hrapko isn't afraid of tough conversations. As the founder of a nonprofit social-service agency, she battles bureaucracies on behalf of the homeless and the working poor. But there is one conversation Hrapko avoided. When her 92-year-old mother fell and broke her hip earlier this year, Hrapko knew it would affect her independent mother's living arrangements and health. But Hrapko, 51, was clueless about her mom's wishes. "We talked about a lot of things," she says, "but we never talked about a future in which my mom faced a problem that could leave her disabled, bedridden or on life support. "A recent survey by AARP found that nearly 70 percent of adult children have not talked to their parents about issues related to aging. Some children avoid this most intimate of conversations because they believe their parents don't want to talk. Others think they know what their parents want. And some simply don't want to face the veryreal truth that if you are lucky enough to have parents who live well into their senior years, chances are good that disease, injury, frailty, even loneliness, will affect a parent's well-being.While it's clear that having a conversation with aging parents is important, there is no blueprint on how to do it well. What works for one family may not work for yours. The key is to be flexible, says Mary Anne Ehlert, founder of Chicago-based Protected Tomorrows, an advocacy firm for families with special needs. She has found that one of the best ways to get the conversational ball rolling is to talk about your parents' and what they would do if faced with a situation in which people they loved could no longer care for themselves. " Ask your parents for advice; seek their wisdom in helping you help them," Ehlert says.It's also important for adults to be honest about what they are prepared to do for their parents. As parents age and become frail, many will need help with personal hygiene. It's these kinds of issues that can make the most devoted child balk. "Before you agree to be a caregiver, make sure you understand what you may be in for," says Monika White, president-elect of the National Association of Professional Geriatric Care Managers. " Adult children need to acknowledge their own limitations and then be prepared to make some type of arrangement for the things they simply can't do. "Realize that there is no such thing as one conversation about aging. " No one resolves the future in one afternoon of talk," says psychologist Brian Carpenter of Washington University in St. Louis. "It's a process. " One strategy is to schedule time to talk about a specific subject, such as wills or living arrangements.31 According to the first paragraph, Chris Hrapko______.（A）avoided talking about the issue of aging with her mother（B）realized that her mother wanted to talk to her about the future life（C）believed that her mother didn't want to talk to her about the aging issue（D）knew that the injury would cause her mother lonelier than before32 Many adult children have not talked to their parents about aging not because______. （A）some children think that their parents don't want to talk（B）some children believe that they know their parents well（C）some children are not lucky enough to have parents who live well into their senior years（D）some children shun the reality that their parents need help33 We can learn from paragraph 3 that______.（A）Chris Hrapko needs to seek advices from the expert and follow them step by step （B）Talking about your parents' personal values may make the conversation disputable（C）It is unadvisable to talk about your parents' future life where you cannot take care of them（D）talking with your parents about their aging but find an appropriate way34 The underlined word "balk"(Para. 4)most probably means______.（A）lazy（B）stop（C）joy（D）disappoint35 Which of the following is true of the text?（A）Chris Hrapko's mother refused to talk about the future problem with her daughter.（B）Mary Anne Ehlert advised people to communicate with their parents on their own way.（C）Monika White thought that if people cannot meet their parents' need, they cannot be a good caregiver.（D）Brian Carpenter suggested that people should spend more time in communicating with their parents.35 Less than five years ago. Scottish Opera was trapped in a financial quagmire from which few thought it could recover. Today, however, the national company seals its comeback by announcing its most wide-reaching program to date. In an interview with The Times, Alex Reedjik, general director of Scottish Opera, explained that a series of collaborations with other companies would enable it to maximize its output without<u>compromising its budget</u>. He admitted that the partnerships were borne of financial necessity, but argued they would allow the company to reach greater audiences than ever before. "Collaborations are the way forward," he said. "We have often done co-productions in the past but they are more important to us now to enable us to achieve all of our hopes. The problem is that sets are very expensive. If you can share those costs with another organization and not impact on artistic integrity, that is a positive, welcome and necessary thing.Highlights of the 2009-10 season will include a new co-production with New Zealand Opera of Rossini's The Italian Girl in Algiers, and a joint venture with Opera North The Adventures of Mr. Broucek, by Leos Janacek, featuring a 40-strong choir singing Hussite hymns, along with bagpipes and an organ. An unashamedly Italianate season this Autumn begins with a revival of Giles Havergal's popular 1994 production of The Elixir of Love. There will also be a revival of the Tony-award winning director Stewart Laing's production of Puccini's La Boheme.The turnaround in the company's fortunes is striking. In 2005, the year before Mr. Reedjik joined the organization, Scottish Opera was forced to make half of its staff, including the entire chorus , redundant and abandon its main-scale productions for a season after accumulating debts of a-round ￡4.5 million. The company's core grant, which at that time came from the Scottish Arts Council(it is now funded directly by the government)had not risen for several years. However, it had also haemorrhaged funds by staging the hugely expensive Ring Cycle, and according to some critics , had been overspending on props, with rumors of cast members wearing ￡ 300 designer shoes.A ￡ 7 million rescue package put together by the then Labor-led Scottish Executive saved the company from going dark on a permanent basis, but <u>the ease with which it almost went under forced a rethink of priorities</u>. While the company continues to stage several major productions each season, it has also introduced smaller touring works—the acclaimed Five: 15 series—which pairs leading writers with composers to create 15-minute chamber pieces that could be developed into longer productions. The aim, says Mr. Reedjik, is to put on as much opera in Scotland as possible without breaking the bank. So far the strategy seems to be working, with audiences averaging at around 95 ,000 people in the past three years, a rise of almost 50 per cent compared with2004 -05, the season before the company went dark. "What we are trying to do now is live within our means and raise as much as possible from philanthropic means," said Mr. Reedjik. " We seemed to have dropped out of the news for dumb stuff—now we're in the news for our interesting work. "36 This text is probably abridged from______.（A）a story（B）a speech（C）an argumentation（D）an interview37 The phrase "compromising its budget"(Line 5, Para. 1)probably means______. （A）agreeing on the principles（B）increasing the financial expanses（C）reaching the financial standards（D）promising a higher income38 It can be inferred from the last sentence in Paragraph 1 that______.（A）the quality of artistic performances may be worsened for lack of necessary funding （B）sharing the cost of sets can help the Scottish Opera out of financial difficulty（C）the series of collaborations with other companies have maximized the Scottish Opera's output（D）it's important for audience to hold a positive view on such co-productions39 The fact that "the ease ... forced a rethink of priorities"(Line 2-3, Para. 4)suggests that______.（A）the company makes great efforts in advocating its major productions（B）the company hires only the prestigious writers and composers to create works （C）the company tries its hand in producing shorter touring works（D）the company seeks for more funding from the local political party40 The best title for this article is______.（A）Collaboration Helps Revive Scottish Opera（B）A Rethink of Priorities in Productions（C）Turnaround in the Company's Fortunes（D）Persistence of Artistic Integrity Reading Passage 340 Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why we should, Like, Cure, John Mcwhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, see the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. Mcwhorter's an academic specialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of "whom" , for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss the case-endings of Old English.But the cult of the authentic and the personal, "doing our own thing," has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960's even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, <u>talking</u> is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. Mcwhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take thequestion of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. Mcwhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical educational reforms—he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English "<u>on paper plates instead of china</u>". A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.41 According to Mcwhorter, the decline of formal English ______.（A）is inevitable in radical education reforms（B）is but all too natural in language development（C）has caused the controversy over the counter-culture（D）brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s42 The word "talking"(Line 6, Para. 3)denotes______.（A）modesty（B）personality（C）liveliness（D）informality43 To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?（A）Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.（B）Black English can be more expressive than standard English.（C）Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.（D）Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.44 The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author's______. （A）interest in their language（B）appreciation of their efforts（C）admiration for their memory（D）contempt for their old-fashionedness45 According to the last paragraph, "paper plates" is to "china" as______.（A）temporary is to "permanent"（B）radical is to "conservative"（C）functional is to "artistic"（D）humble is to "noble"45 The phenomenon of stress has been widely discussed and referred to as one of the central problems of our age. Globalization and the improved technology it brings only seems to make this problem worse, creating more options while at the same time making our lives more complex. Closely bound up with stress is the problem of "time famine". In Britain, for example, the combination of the longest working hours in Europe and the highest proportion of working women in Europe means people have less and less time to themselves. Add to this the rise in the number of single-person households and the work ethic promoted by successive governments since the early eighties and it becomes easy to see why time is now at a premium for so many of us.One response to this has come from the USA, so often the forerunner in what is fashionable, in the form of lifestyle management. This involves hiring a company to repair the house, do the shopping and a host of other time consuming tasks. Some analysts insist that the management of people's time could be big business in the next 10years. In the USA lifestyle management companies have been around for a while but now it seems that the British are keen to use them too.What most potential customers want is quality time. This means taking away the day to day hassles connected with running our lives. Whereas in the past there always seemed to be time for arranging private lives and keeping up with everyday demands of house, health, children or holidays, nowadays the work obsessed population, tied to the office, do not appear to be able to cope with such inconveniences. In other words, people require a separate Personal Assistant for their lifestyle!The jury is out, however, as to whether this new service is beneficial or not. Being constantly pressed for time is undoubtedly stressful and what could be better than relieving such pressures by offloading some of our more mundane tasks on a willing helper? Perhaps this can also be a way to ensure that you get quality service:. It is often said that a large part of Britain's service sector aims purely and simply at short term profit in return for bad quality goods and poor service. If you put experts in charge of finding a good plumber at a reasonable rate you can at least be assured that your leaking pipes will be fixed properly.This raises an important question, however. Is it really good for us to create more time to spend at work when we are already exhausted from working long hours? It may be far more important to take control of our private lives ourselves and in so doing relieve stress by giving ourselves a proper escape from the cares of the work-place. After all, if you do not have time to look after your own home and to organize your own life, then, just maybe, you have got your priorities wrong. There may be one reason why, in the end, the lifestyle management business will not take off in the UK and that is the inherendy conservative nature of the British. To really embrace this new concept we might all need to rethink our lives!46 The writer suggests that stress______.（A）is the most important problem of modern life（B）is caused by technology and globalization（C）can be made worse because of too many choices（D）can be less if we had more time to spend at work47 "time is at a premium"(line 8, paragraph 1)probably means that______.（A）the longer we work, the less important time is（B）time has become harder and harder to find（C）people have more free time in America than in Britain（D）saving time is a fashionable lifestyle trend48 According to the text, most potential customers______.（A）do not have a personal assistant in their offices（B）are too lazy to organize their private lives（C）have problems coping with the demands of daily living（D）enjoy the way of spending more time at work49 What is true of lifestyle management companies according to the author? （A）They will definitely become important even it takes time to accept them. （B）They are not interested in long-term relationships with customers.（C）They benefit the customers by giving a cheap way of saving time.（D）They have expertise in getting the right people to do jobs for their clients.50 The author probably believes that the British______.（A）will accept the need for lifestyle management companies（B）have to give careful thought to their way of life（C）should turn to experts when dealing with specific problems（D）should be well trained with a good work ethic Reading Passage 550 Shopping used to be nothing more than a way of obtaining food, clothing and other necessities of life. Today, however, shopping symbolizes the materialistic culture of western society and its popularity as a leisure activity reflects the rise of consumerism.【R1】______Having more money has meant spending patterns have changed. While traditional models of economic behavior assume that consumers are rational and weigh up the costs and benefits before making a purchase, anyone who has ever walked into a shop and left five minutes later with a new jacket and 180 less in their wallet knows that this theory does not always hold true.【R2】______Her research on consumer behavior identified impulsive buying as an attempt by shoppers to bolster their self-image, particularly for those who suffered from so-called compulsive buying or shopping addiction, a condition that affects 2 to 5 per cent of adults in the West.The three-year study compared excessive buyers to a similar group of ordinary consumers. Excessive shoppers were more materialistic and believed that buying goods was a pathway to success, happiness and identity. " Excessive buying is a coping strategy to fill the gaps between how shoppers feel about themselves and the person they want to be," Dr Dittmar said.【R3】______Her research also reveals that certain types of goods are more likely to be bought on impulse than others. Those most frequently reported—clothes, jewellery, ornaments—are closely related to self-image and appearance. This finding is contrary to usual theories about impulse shopping, which explain it as a short-term gratification winning out over longer-term concerns such as debt.【R4】______In other words, shoppers were more willing to wait for "low impulse" goods such as kitchenware, than they were for clothes or other "high impulse" items. However, it was found that some of the 60 consumers asked to maintain a shopping diary for the study often regretted their impulsive purchases. Dr Dittmar said, "When people had explicitly bought for self-image reasons, regret was more likely to occur. "But this finding was ambiguous because shopping addicts were more motivated by self-image than ordinary shoppers and were more likely to regret their actions. "It's not quite clear which way round this relationship goes, but there is a link between being very concerned with self-image goods and regretting impulse buying. " The conclusions drawn by Dr Dittmar about the treatment of compulsive shoppers are that prescribing anti-depressant drugs might solve the problem but only as long as sufferers continue to take them. Instead, they needed therapeutic help to address the underlying causes such as poor self-image.【R5】______"In no sense do these people directly force anyone to buy anything. But they are very sophisticated, making advertisements and shopping environments very seductive and playing on the idea that if you buy product X you will be much more attractive. "A. Dr. Dittmar said that the idea that consumers' impulsiveness differed, depending on the type of goods, was also supported by the finding that shoppers were less willing to delay gratification for items bought on impulse.B. But there are pitfalls, such as debt and addiction to buying. Addicts shop for shopping's sake rather than to buy what they need.C. Helga Dittmar, senior lecturer in psychology at Sussex University, has found that consumer goods are the material symbols of who a person is and who they would like to be.D. Her research also raises questions over the methods used to attract shoppers and encourage them to buy. Although advertisers and retailers increasingly appeal to consumers' self-image, Dr Dittmar said it was very difficult to argue that these factors were responsible for compulsive shopping.E. Although there were other ways of dealing with poor self-image, such as over-exercising or alcoholism , she said that shopping had become one of the most important strategies. This was especially true for women, who were three times more likely to be compulsive shoppers than men, as shopping was a socially approved activity, and allowed those who do not go out to work to get out of the house, Dr. Dittmar said.F. Women make the majority of buying decisions—estimates anywhere from 60 - 80% and growing. Despite these facts, some industries have created frustrating walls and barriers failing to cater to the buying characteristics women are looking for.G. This has been made possible by the 75 per cent increase in disposable income in the past 20 years. The number of credit cards in use has more than quadrupled, and the amount of outstanding consumer debt has almost tripled in the same period.51 【R1】52 【R2】53 【R3】54 【R4】55 【R5】55 In the grip of a bubble mentality, we—as investors, consumers and businesses—blithely assumed risk and convinced ourselves it was perfectly safe to do so. We bought houses with no money down, took on huge amounts of debt and let the booming stock and housing markets perform the heavy lifting of saving. After all, new technologies, securitization and derivatives permitted financial wizards to slice, dice, sell—and,ultimately, banish—any type of risk. But the intellectual scaffolding surrounding that culture of debt and risk has fallen along with the stocks of Citigroup and AIG. And now the Zeitgeist has spun 180 degrees. Squeeze your nickels, slash debt, stop gambling.【R6】______Those are the $4 trillion questions. Earlier this decade, we transitioned effortlessly from the dotcom bubble to a housing and credit bubble, which suggests a powerful resiliency. But financial trauma can leave deep scar tissue, as it did after the Great Depression.It's tempting in this period of contraction to mimic Thoreau, to live simply and deliberately. But if we lose our penchant for gain and risk, we'll lose some of the essence of what makes us American. Economists warn that if we don't manage to jolt the economy back to life soon, we runthe risk of repeating Japan's "lost decade" of the 1990s. Would that be so bad?【R7】______ But America is different. Thanks to our continually rising population, we need significant growth just to maintain our standards of living—and the health of our democracy.Saving cash and building up reserves is a necessary first step to recovery. But eventually the mountain of cash has to be put to work. Last week's sharp market rally was certainly a sign—however fleeting it may turn out to be—that investors are putting money to work again.【R8】______Between 1996 and 2007, according to the Kauffman Foundation, about 0. 3 percent of the adult population started a new business each month, or about 495 ,000 per month.【R9】______In recent years, many new businesses have been financed through retirement savings, second mortgages and credit-card debt. None of those three sources of funding is particularly deep now. Even so, layoffs can prove a powerful spur to entrepreneurship.The new ethos of thrift, which is as much about efficiency and sustainability as it is about penny-pinching, may have significant commercial applications—beyond green roofs. Startups in wind power and smart-grid technology are still finding sources of funding. Small enterprises that install solar panels and conduct energy audits are expanding.【R10】______The markets, and the economy as a whole, are continually buffeted by the twin forces of fear and greed. For the past year, fear has clearly had the upper hand. But over time, as fear subsides, our inborn instincts to improve our lot—Adam Smith would call it self-interest—will make a comeback.A. They, and other businesses, will benefit from measures in the recently passed stimulus package to weatherize homes, and make government buildings more energy-efficient.B. After all, while Japan endured a prolonged period of slow growth, nobody starved, there was no social unrest in the aging country, and its biggest companies continued to innovate.。
2015年湘潭大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2015年湘潭大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解I.Vocabulary and Grammar(30’)Directions:Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C, and D.Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.Mark your answers on your answer sheet.1.If you explained the situation to your solicitor,he_____able to advise you much better than I can.A.would beB.will have beenC.wasD.were【答案】A【解析】句意：如果你把情况向你的律师说明，他能比我更好地向你提出建议。
本题考查虚拟语气。
前半句条件从句中的谓语动词用了过去式explained，说明其内容与现在/将来的情况相反，所以主句谓语应该由would+动词原形构成。
B、C项不用于虚拟语气，D项只用于表虚拟的条件句中。
2._____,Mr.Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class.A.Although he is a socialistB.Even if he is a socialistC.Being a socialistD.Since he is a socialist【答案】A【解析】句意：虽然威尔斯先生是个社会主义者，但他丝毫不同情工人阶级。
通过分析前后关系，本句表达的是一般性的转折、让步关系，应该选Although“尽管，虽然”。
Even if 也表示让步，但其意为“即使/即便”，强调“假设的、退一步的”。
C项的现在分词以及D 项的since均表示原因，都不符合句意。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
科目代码：811
四川外国语大学
XXXX年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
科目名称：英语翻译与写作
答题要求：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，否则不给分。
全卷150分，3小时完成。
I.Translate the following into Chinese:(50points)
P ublic education in America really began in earnest after the Civil War,when government-funded and-controlled schools supplanted the earlier system of private education.According to the U.S.Department of Education,some57percent of the12 million school-aged Americans in1870were enrolled in public elementary or secondary schools,though only about60percent of those enrolled attended school on any given day and the average school year was132days.By the turn of the century,the percentage of school-aged children attending public schools had risen to72percent,with almost70 percent of enrollees attending on any one of the150days in the school year.Most public education still occurred in the early grades—only two percent of the student population were in ninth grade or higher.
American policy-makers and educators began to create in earnest our centralized, monopolistic public education system at the turn of the century.For example,over a relatively brief period from1890to1910,public schools increased their share of the high-school population from two-thirds to about90percent—a proportion of public to private schools which has persisted until the present day.During the last few decades of the nineteenth century,public education had grown steadily as a primarily locally controlled phenomenon,often taking over ownership from private cation was still basically focused on learning skills,such as reading or arithmetic,and schools often reflected their communities in very obvious ways.
But by the start of the twentieth century,a number of different groups began to believe that a comprehensive,centrally controlled(at least on the city or state level),and bureaucratic public education system was crucial to America’s future.The Progressive movement,for example,sought to replace disorganized government decision-making with a more standardized,“predictable”approach.At the time,they viewed such change as necessary to eliminate corruption and graft.
II.Translate the following into English:(50points)
李雪莲头一回见王公道，王公道才二十六岁。
王公道那时瘦，脸白，身上的肉也白，是个小白孩。
小白孩长一对大眼。
大眼的人容易浓眉，王公道却是淡眉，淡到没几根眉毛，等于是光的；李雪莲一见他就想笑。
但求人办事，不是笑的时候。
何况能见到王公道，不是件容易的事，邻居说王公道在家，李雪莲拍王公道家的门，手都拍酸了，屋里不见动静。
李雪莲来时背了半布袋芝麻，拎着一只老母鸡。
李雪莲手拍酸了，老母鸡被拎得翅膀也酸了，在尖声嘶叫，最终是鸡把门叫开的。
王公道上身披一件法官的制服，下身只穿了一裤衩。
李雪莲除了看到他一身白，也瞅见屋里墙上贴一“囍”字，已经是晚上十点半了，明白王公道不开门的原因。
但夜里找他，就图在家里堵住他；自个儿跑了三十多里，这路也不能白跑。
III.Writing:(50points)
Write a composition on the following topic:
There are two opposing views concerning the government’s practice of“985”and “211”projects in China’s higher education.The supporters hold that the practice has done a lot in helping build the country’s world-class universities and produce“brilliant”students in important fields.The opponents,however,contend that the practice,instead of being conducive to elevating Chinese educational institutions to world-class levels, can only widen the gap between“normal”and“elite”colleges and universities,thus harmful for the overall development of higher education in China.Which of the two positions do you take?Use examples to support your argument.
Requirement:
Write an essay of about350words on the given topic,taking either of the two views.Your are strongly suggested to write as follows:
In the first part of your writing,present your viewpoint in a well-formed thesis statement;in the second part,support the thesis statement with appropriate details;in the last part,bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary.
Marks will be awarded for content,organization,syntactic variety and appropriate word choice.Remember to produce a clean fair copy.。