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Did the Russians ever have a serious manned lunar program?
• Several catastrophic explosions of the Soviet lunar rocket booster made it clear that they would not beat the U.S. to the moon. • Failure probably due to cutting corners and false economizing (Dan Goldin, are you listening?)
More Soviet Firsts
• In June, 1963, a second twin launch carried Valery Bykovsky and Valentina Tereshkova into orbit. • Tereshkova became the first woman into space, and the last for two decades.
Russians to the Moon
• In 1959 Luna II became the first spacecraft to strike the Moon. • In 1960, Luna III returned the first (very crude) pictures ever of the Moon’s far side. • 1966-68: First lunar soft landing, lunar rover and sample-return mission.
Going to the Moon
As of August 29, 2009, 505 individuals from 38 countries had flown in space.
This is Rocket Science
• First U.S. spy satellites, the Discoverer series (1960-) • Designed to take photos, drop film canisters for mid-air recovery. • Thirteen consecutive failures before success • Eventually evolved into standard U.S. space intelligence systems • Spy satellites key in keeping peace during the Cold War
Project Mercury 1961-63
• U.S. response: adapt a space capsule to an existing missile. • The first series of U.S. manned space missions was called Mercury. • Nobody had a clue what qualities would be necessary to travel in space. • Military test pilots were chosen. • Two suborbital flights • Four orbital flights (3-22 orbits)
Did the Russians ever have a serious manne源自文库 lunar program?
• Critics: a myth to sustain NASA through the use of cold war hysteria. • In early 1990’s artifacts from the supposedly nonexistent Soviet lunar program, including lunar spacesuits, went on sale at Sotheby's in New York.
Project Gemini, 1965-66
• Two-man craft • Ten flights up to 14 days long • First (and only) U.S. rendezvous (Gemini 6 and 7) • First emergency landing, also first Pacific landing (Gemini 8) • Altitude record (Gemini 11, 1370 km)
And Still More
• In 1964 the Soviets launched the first of the Voskhod (meaning "ascent") multi-person spacecraft. • Three cosmonauts orbited on Voskhod 1 in 1964 • Two orbited on Voskhod 2 in 1965. One of these, Alexei Leonov, made the first space walk.
The Soviets Press On
• Yuri Gagarin (one orbit) April 12, 1961 • Gherman Titov, August 6-7, 1961, more than 24 hours in orbit. • Andrian Nikolayev and Pavel Popovich, 1962; first two manned spacecraft to be simultaneously in orbit. • This series of spacecraft was called Vostok (Russian for "east", connoting sunrise).