欧洲文化入门2
《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案
欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C.7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks mea nt only the adult male citizens.2） Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writingin Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he wentand conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culturein Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fettersofany inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Iri shman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture? 答：1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background?答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land a rea’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions,it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium.Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story abo ut God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis,Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by handby the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity?答： Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible?答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition,which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 t o be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding— a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith？答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe wasa Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades?答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West.And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was thecombination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterativeverse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times?1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of theChurch. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks’ work on copying and translating ancient books, the Church Fathers’ philosophy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice.2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ.7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes DonQuixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther 名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. Th e word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues. 3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historiansthe Counter-Reformation.论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance?答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South America as a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture?答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount of their gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest, debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture?答：1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.第五章填空题：1. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in ________. the 17th century2. _________ formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. Kepler’s Laws3. “Knowledge is power.” By _____. Francis Bacon4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. By _____. Francis Bacon5. Leviathan is written by ________. Tomas Hobbes6. The English Revolution is also called __________. Bourgeoisie Revolution.7. In _______, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament. 16898. There are two leaders in the English Revolution. _______ was the man of action and ________ the man of thought. Cromwell, Milton.9. The best repr esentative of French neoclassicism is ________. Molière名词解释：1. the laws of gravitation: the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation.2. ClassicismClassicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals.This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.3. Baroque ArtBaroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.论述简答1. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times?答：1) This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes. 2) The outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe.3) The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses.4) The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.2. What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century？答：During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began to take shape. It emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization. Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits which favoured the advance of science.1) First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses.2) Second, they all had immense patience in observation.3) The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in man’s scientific and philosophical thinking.3. What is Baconian Philosophical system?答：1) The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2) He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.3) Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.. Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from thegeneral to the specific.4) In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.4. What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law?答：For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason. Whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud.5. What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract?1) John Lock’s Social Contract consists of :A. Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man.B. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.C. Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the ma jority and that the will of the majority must prevail.D. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the AmericanRevolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.2 Tomas Hobbes’ Social Contract consists of:A. It is necessary that there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish.B. Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas.C. To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to thesovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security.D. The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided.E. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.F. Government was not created by God, but by men themselves.3) Although both Tomas Hobbes and John Locke used the term “social contract”, they differed fundamentally.A. Firstly, Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason.B. Secondly, Hobbes argued that individuals surrender their rights to one man, the sovereign whose power is absolute.Locke argued that the individuals surrender their rights to the community as a whole. According to him, by majority vote a representative is chosen, but his power not absolute. If he fails to implement the people’s will, the people have the right to overthrow him.4. What is the great significance of the English Revolution?1、It was the first time that capitalism has defeated absolute monarchy in history.2、The English Revolution marked that the modern times are approaching.3、After the English Revolution the constitutional monarchy has come into being as well as the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Right established the supremacy of the Parliament and put an end to divine monarchy in England. The Bill of Rights limited the Sovereign’s power in certain important directions.6. What are the characteristics of French classicism?1) In the French classical literature, man was viewed as a social being consciously and willingly subject to discipline.2) Rationalism was believed to be able to discover the best principles of human conduct and the universal principles of natural laws. Here Descartes provided the philosophical foundation for the French neoclassicism.3) French classicism was fond of using classical forms, classical themes and values.第六章填空题：1. ________was the first of the great French men of letters associated with the Enlightenment Montesquieu。
欧洲文化入门2
1．第1题By the 15th century the Pope had become powerful in both the secular life of the Europeans as well as in their religious life.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.02．第2题The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V helped the Pope in the movement of Catholic Counter-Reformation.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.03．第3题Florence was the major centre of the High Renaissance Art at the early 16th century.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.04．第4题During the Renaissance, many Italian scholars began to learn Greek because they wanted to translate Latin works into Greek.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.05．第5题It was the Romans who created the name “Africa” after they conquered the Carthage Empire.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.06．第6题All classes in universities were taught in Latin and mostly by a lecture method.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.07．第7题Romance combined features of both vernacular epic and vernacular lyric.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.08．第8题Earlier Christian leaders all agreed that the gospel was intended for Jews and non-Jews as well to hear.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.09．第9题Mesopotamian civilization was based on the tradition, culture and custom of one single group of ancient people living in the region.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.010．第10题The Hammurabi Code is the oldest known legal document in human history.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.011．第11题According to Aristotle, Form (or Idea) exists as a higher reality than the material world.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.012．第12题In the Middle Ages, Christians in Western Europe only needed to pay one tenth of their annual income to the Church of Rome.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.013．第13题According to Luther, the Bible was the only source of political and religious authority.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.014．第14题The characteristic features of the Gothic style included pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, thinner walls, large and stained-glass windows.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.015．第15题In his incomplete Summa of Theology, Thomas Aquinas sought to reconcile systematically Christian doctrine and Greek philosophy.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.016．第16题Like the Jews, the Christians rejected the Greco-Roman gods and the Cult of the Living Emperors.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.017．第17题In the Roman Republic, citizenship was determined by blood only. In other words, only when both parents were native Romans could a person become Roman citizen.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.018．第18题The institution of the senate in the Roman Republic could be traced to the Etruscan tradition.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.019．第19题Officers in the Roman Republic were produced by drawing lots.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.020．第20题The Americans learnt from the ancient Rome in creating their federal government.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.021．第21题Ptolemy’s geocentric theory remained very popular in Europe for centuries.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.022．第22题In the Roman Empire, a foreign soldier could earn citizenship through his military service.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.023．第23题Roman state financed gladiator shows to make people forget social and economic problems.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.024．第24题Legends have it that the Garden of Eden situated on the Mesopotamianplain.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.025．第25题All Egyptian gods have a human body and an animal head.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.026．第26题The Minoan civilization is often regarded as the first advanced civilization of Europe.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.027．第27题The Greek city-states varied greatly in their governmental structures.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.028．第28题The sales of Church offices led to low religious and personal standards of the clergymen.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.029．第29题Due to the Protestant Reformation and the CatholicCounter-Reformation, the Church of Rome lost its authority to settle all disputes among Christians.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.030．第30题Lyric is a poetic form so called because it was originally sung by individuals or a chorus accompanied by a musical instrument called the lyre.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.031．第31题Martin Luther first expressed his idea of reforming the Church by criticizing the sale of indulgences.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.032．第32题All city-states of northern Italy belonged to the Holy Roman Empire during the Renaissance.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.033．第33题The Northern Renaissance is the term used to describe the Renaissance in northern Europe, or more broadly in Europe outside Italy.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.034．第34题Marsilio Ficino, the first man to translate Plato’s complete works from Greek into Latin, was known as a Neo-Platonist.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.035．第35题Romanesque architecture was known by its massive quality, round arches, barrel vaults, thick walls, sturdy pillars, small windows, large towers and decorative arcading.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.036．第36题Universities served only a limited sector of the medieval population, only for men and the wealthy; women and the poor were kept out of education.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.037．第37题Medieval fables are regarded as forerunners of the modern short story.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.038．第38题After Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire in the 4th century, all other religious beliefs disappeared.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.039．第39题It was the Sumerians who first started systematic agriculture.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.040．第40题judaism instilled a sense of individualism ａnd equality into the hebrew society.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.041．第41题In the ancient Egyptian society there were only male pharaohs.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.042．第42题Though the idea of democracy originated in Athens, the practice was very different from today’s western countries.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.043．第43题Christian Humanism helped pave the way for the Protestant Reformation.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.044．第44题To allow a person to buy God’s forgiveness and ransom his way out of hell, the Church developed the sale of indulgences.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.045．第45题During the 12th and 13th centuries, Romanesque style gradually took the place of Gothic style in architecture.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.046．第46题Seven Sacraments are recognized by Catholic Church, Orthodox Churches and Protestant Churches.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.047．第47题The Romans were extremely intolerant of foreign religions.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.048．第48题“Middle English” was the national language of the England during the Early Middle Ages.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.049．第49题Out of great respect for traditions, the Romans were reluctant to make reforms.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.050．第50题The Laws of the Twelve Tables was the first written law in Rome.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.051．第51题Octavian kept the republican system in name in order to gain support.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.052．第52题During the period of the Five Good Emperors, smooth hereditary succession guaranteed political stability.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.053．第53题Although people from different regions in the Roman Empire spoke different mother tongues, they could always communicate with strangers either in Latin or in Greek, the official languages of the Empire.您的答案：错误此题得分：1.054．第54题The Roman government offered free food to the poor people to achieve greater harmony.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.055．第55题The Romans were extremely intolerant of foreign religions.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.056．第56题The Hammurabi Code ensured that every one is equal before the law.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.057．第57题Mount Olympus is the highest point in Greece and home of the mythical Greek gods. ？您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.058．第58题Acropolis is an open space or plaza that served both as a market and as a place where citizens could assemble.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.059．第59题It was only in the 16th century that the Church of Rome’s monopoly began to meet the challenge for religious reform.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.060．第60题Reading of the Bible and his theological teaching made clearer Luther’s idea about the malpractices of the Church.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.0作业总得分：96.0作业总批注：[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]11 / 11。
欧洲文化入门讲义二
欧洲⽂化⼊门讲义⼆第九章1、RealismIn art and literature the term realism is used to identify (区分) a literary movement in Europe and the United States in the last half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. But the practice of realism is very old and can be traced back to ancient times. This is fundamentally the difference between romanticism and realism.In Europe，the Realist movement arose in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France. It centred in the novel (侧重于⼩说的创作) and lay emphasis on fidelity (准确的)to actual experience. (⽤现实主义创作现实)2、Realism is a literary movement In Europe. (错) and also in United States3、The spirit of realism lies in (在于) the literary area.4、The realist literary focus on (侧重于) novel writing.5、The character realistic Stendhal (司汤达) of the method used by the realists.6、―A novel is a mirror walking along the road‖said Stendhal.(司汤达) ⼩说是映射现实的镜⼦7、By the 1850s the term realism was applied to the art of Gustave Courbet. (哥斯塔王)8、现实主义与浪漫主义的区别Ralism can be track back to the ancient times，but romanticism can not.And the realist…s language was usually simple，clear and direct.9、The European Communist movement，armed (武装) with Marxist thought in realism.10、Germany and Italy，achieved their unification (完成统⼀) in realism.11、Stendhal —→ ArmanceFrench —→ The Red and the Black—→ The Charterhouse of Parma (帕尔玛⼤教堂)12、Balzac —→ The Human Comedy (⼈间喜剧)—→ Divine comedy (神曲) 受但丁神曲影响—→ Eugenie Grandet (葛朗台)—→ Le Père Goriot (⾼⽼头)—→ La Cousine Bette (贝蒂姨妈)13、The novels contented in the Human Comedy mark the beginnings of French realism. (标志着法国现实主义的开端)14、Balzac has been called ―the French Dickens‖ as Dickens has been called ―the English Balzac‖15、Flaubert —→ Madame Bovary (包法利夫⼈)⊙写作特点：the right word or phrase (⽤词恰如其分)⊙Flaubert is called ―the first French realist‖ (法国现实主义第⼀⼈)16、Zola —→ Les Rougen-Macquarts (罗根。
欧洲文化入门++各章+Terms+和Essay+Questions
欧洲文化入门++各章+Terms+和Essay+Questions欧洲文化入门各章T erms 和Essay QuestionsDivision One: Greek Culture and Roman Culture1. Homer:2. Father of History3. Academy4. Idealism5. Ciceronian6. She-wolf7. What are the characters of ancient Greek society?8. What influences did Greek civilization have on English literature?9. What were ancient Greeks curious about?10. What marked European Culture reached i9ts high point in the 5th Century B.C.?11. What is the major difference between Herodotus and Thucydides?12. What did Ancient Greek economy rest on?13. What religion absorbed the ideas of Plato?14. What is Ciceronian style?15. In which literary work did Aeneas appear?16. What is the dividing range of Roman history?Division Two: The Bible And Christianity1. Historical books2. Book of Daniel3. John Wycliff4. Vulgate Edition of Bible5. King James Bible7. What are the two forceful beliefs which separateChristianity from other religions?8. What influences did Bible have on western culture?Division Three The Middle Ages1. Age of Faith2. Feudalism3. Father of the church4. City of God5. Benedictine Rule6. Crusades7. Carolingian Renaissance8. Alfred the Great9. What are the main elements of humanism?10. What are the doctrines of Martin Luther?11. What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?12. Why we call Renaissance a turning point in modern history?Division Four Renaissance and Reformation1. Renaissance2. Mona Lisa3. Elegant Raphael4. Titian5. Calvinism6. Reformation7. Counter Reformation8. What are the main elements of humanism?9. What are the doctrines of Martin Luther?10. What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?11. Why we call Renaissance a turning point in modernhistory?Division Five The Seventh Century1. Induction and deduction2. Induction and Deduction3. Leviathan4. Bill of Right5. Paradise Lost6. Cartesian Doubt7. Dualism8. French Classicism9. What were Galilio’s contributions to the modern science?10. Why we call Newton the greatest scientist that ever lived?11. What were the major difference between Locke’s concept and Hobbes’?12. What were the main features of seventeenth century?Division Six1. Age of Reason2. The Spirit of Laws3. Letter Anglaise4. Candide5. Rou sseau’s Social Contract6. Robinson Crusoe7. Sorrow of Young Werther8. Faust9. Cabal and Love10. Critique of Reason11. Nebular Hypothesis12. Why we call Enlightenment an age of reason?What is the great significance of the Industrial Revolution?Division Seven1. Romanticism2. The Lakers3. What are the main features of Romanticism?4. What are the main differences between Romantics and Realists?5. What were the conditions in western Europe in the 1840’s?6. Why Mark Twain is considered the father of American Literature?Division Eight1. Marxism2. Capital3. Utopian Socialism4. Origin of SpeciesDivision Nine1. Realism2. Balzac3. Madame Bovary4. A Hunter’s Sketches5. David Copperfield6. Middlemarch7. Vanity Fair8. Uncle Tom’s Cabin9. Impressionism10. Post ImpressionismDivision Ten1. Modernism2. Sigmund Freud3. Odepus Complex4. Waste Land5. Ulysses6. The Lost Generation7. Angry Young men in England8. Beat Generation9. Black Humor10. Fauves11. Expressionism12. Cubism13. Futurism14. Dadaism15. Surrealism。
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记(全十章)
自考英语《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记(全十章)1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount，776 BC first celebration, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They are about events of Homer’s own time. (错)(They are not about events of Homer’s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。
(前2章)欧洲文化入门课后习题答案复习课程
(前2章)欧洲文化入门课后习题答案欧洲文化入门课后习题答案：Division one: Greek culture and Roman culture希腊、罗马文化Ⅰ.Greek culture 希腊文化1.What are the major elements in European culture?There are two main elements ——the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2.What were the main features of ancient Greek society?In Greek society, only adult male citizen had real power and the citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father. The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor. Slaves worked for their masters. The exploitation was a serious social problem. The Greeks loved sports. They often took part in the contests of sports in Olympus Mount, thus Olympic Games came into being.3.What did Homer do? Why is he important in the history of European literature?He depicted the great Greek men who lived in the period 1200-1100B.C. and wars happening at that time. As an author of epics, he employed fine literary language to describe wars and men, even though they were dull. He stood in the peek of Greek literature and exerted a great influence on his followers.4.Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays dideach of them write?Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were three outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece. Aeschylus: Prometheus Bound, Persians, AgamemnonSophocles: Oedipus the King, Electra, AntigoneEuripides: Andromache, Medea, Trojan Women5.Were there historians then? Who were they? What did each of them write about? Yes, there are. They were Herodotus and Thucydides.Herodotus wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. Thucydides wrote about the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse.6. Would you say that philosophy was highly developed then? Who were the major philosophers?No, I wouldn’t. Because those philosophical ideas were only idealism or simple materialism or metaphysics. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the major philosophers at that time.7. Did Socrates write any book? How then do we know about him? What distinguished his philosophy?No, he didn’t. We know Socrates chiefly through what Plato recorded of him in the famous Dialogues written by Plato. He considered that philosophy rested with the dissect of oneself and virtue was high worth of life. His method of argument, by questions and answers, was known as the dialectical method.8. Tell some of Plato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?(1) Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth, and goodness. (2) We should not look at the things which are not seen: for the things which arenot seen eternal. Because he emphasized the importance of “ideas” and believed that “thought” had created the world, people call him an idealist.9. In what important ways was Aristotle different from Plato? What are some of Aristotle’s works that are still influential today?(1) Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking. (2) He thought that “idea” and matter together made concrete individual realities in which he differed from Plato who held that ideas had higher reality than the political world. His significant works includes: Ethics, Politics and Rhetoric.10. Who were some of the other philosophers active in that period? Does the word “Epicurean” in its modern sense convey the true meaning of the philosophy of the ancient Epicureans? What were their views on pleasure?(1) They were Heracleitue, Democritus, Diogenes, Pyrrhon, Epicurus and Zeno.(2)No, it doesn’t. The ancient Epicureans believed pleasure to be the highest worth of life, but by pleasure they meant, not sensual enjoyment but that attained by the practice of virtue. But this idea was misled by modern people, in their sense, the word “Epicurean” has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living.11. Say something about Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture. What was the most famous Greek temple? Is it still there?(1) Along with the formation of Greek civilization, Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture got many great achievements. Greeks put into works of art the things they admired and worshiped, the scientific rules they discovered. Greek art evolved from the archaic period to the classical period which marked its maturity. (2) the most famous temple was the Acropolis at Athens. (3) Yes, it is still there.12. Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature.Some examples:(1) A Freudian term “Oedipus Complex” of 19th century originating from a Greek tragedy in which king Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. (2) In the early part of the 19th century , in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture i n works which have themselves become classics: Byron’ s Isle of Greece, Shelley’ s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’ s Ode on a Grecian Urn. (3) In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Ⅱ. Roman culture 罗马文化1.What did the Roman have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chiefdifference between them?(1)The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified —Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.(2) There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didn’t, excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.2.Explain Pax Romana.In the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. The emperors mainly relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is known as Pax Romana.3.What contributions did the Romans make to the rule of law?In Roman’s earliest stage, only a number of patricians knew the customary legal procedure. When the rules were put into writing in the middle of the third century B.C. it marked a victory for the plebeians. There was further development of law under the emperors until it was codified, eventually to become the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries.4.Who were the important prose writers in ancient Rome? What does “Ciceronian”mean? Did Cicero write that kind of rhetorical prose all the time?<1>Marcus Tullius Cicero and Julius Caesar were two important prose writers. <2> Ciceronian means Cicero’s eloquent oratorical manner of writing, Which has had an enormous influence on the developmen t of European prose.<3> No, he didn’t. Because Cicero appears as a different man with a different style, far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate.5.Give the example of the terse style of Julius Caesar’s prose.An example: I came, I saw, I conquered (models of succinct Latin).6.Who was Lucretius? What did he do?(1)Lucretius was a poet of ancient Rome.(2)He wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Thing to expound the ideas of Epicurus the Greek atomist.7.What is the book for which Virgil has been famous throughout the countries? In whatways is the book linked with the Greek past?(1)The book was Aeneid. (2)The story was about Aeneas, one of the princes of Troy, who escaped from that burning city when it fell to the Greeks, to carry on the Trojan cause in a new place, Rome. He didn’t go alone, but, carrying his father on his shoulders and leading his little son by the hand, a family group of three generations moved together. Thus in this way the book is linked with the Greek past.8.Why do we say Aeneus is a truly tragic hero?Because Aeneas had to betray the great passion of his life, his love for Dido, queen of Carthage, so that he could fulfill his historic mission.9.What is the chief Roman achievement in architecture? Give some examples.(1)The Romans were great engineers. They covered their world from one end to the other withroads, bridges, aqueducts, theatres and arenas.(2)Some examples:A.The Pantheon: the greatest the best preserved Roman temple built in 27B.C..B.Pont du Gard: it is an exceptionally well-preserved aqueduct that spans a wide valley insouthern France.10.Why are the wall-paintings of the ancient Romans still significant to us today?Roman painting was strongly influenced by the art of Greece. And it also had pecularities of its own. Unfortunately much of the painting no longer exists. There are, however, some wall-paintings from Pompeii and other towns near Naples. These wall-paintings include still lives, landscape paintings and figure paintings. Among them were Lady Musician and Young Girl, the Maiden Gathering Flowers and the Landscape.Division two: the Bible and Christianity基督教及其《圣经》1.What was the Hebrew’s major contribution to world civilization?The history of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament, which still later became the first part of the Christian Bible. Thus the Hebrews made one of the greatest contributions to the world civilization.2.Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related?Judaism and Christianity are closely related: ⑴it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity; ⑵both originated in Palestine—the hub of migration and trade route, which led to exchange ideas over wide areas.3.When did the great exodus take place?Around 1300 B.C., Moses, the famous Hebrew leader, went to see the pharaoh of Egypt, telling him that Yahweh wanted the pharaoh to end Hebrew slavery and let the Hebrew leave Egypt. With this began the Exodus, which lasted forty years.4.Who was Moses? What did he do for the Hebrews?Moses was a famous Hebrew leader. Around 1300 B.C., Moses led the Hebrews to leave Egypt for the Promised Land. This was called the Exodus which lasted forty years. When the wandering Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to the top of the mountain to receive form god message, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments. He died shortly before the Hebrews arrived at their homeland.5.What are the Ten Commandments about?The Ten Commandment are a set of rules Moses commands all Israel to obey in the name of God: ⑴Yahweh is the only God all Israel should worship;⑵ Do not carve and serve any idol to worship; ⑶Do not take the name of God in vain; ⑷Keep the Sabbath day and labor in the other six days; ⑸Honor and respect one’s parents; ⑹Do not kill; ⑺Do not commit adultery; ⑻Do not steal; ⑼Do not bear false witness against people; ⑽Do not desire one’s neighbor’s wife, nor his house, nor his field, nor his servants, nor his livestock, nor anything else.6.What writings make up the New Testament?The New Testament consists of 14 books. The four accounts, which were believed to have been written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, four of Jesus’ early followers, are the first p art of the New Testament and tell of the birth, teaching, death and Resurrection of Jesus. Then come: the Acts of the Apostles, a history of the early Christian movement: the Epistles, or letters to thechurch groups around the Mediterranean; and lastly the book of Revelation, a visionary account of the final triumph of God’s purpose.7.How did the relations between Christians and the Roman government change?The early Christian were subject to persecutions by the Roman government. Jesus Christ was crucified by the Roman government. After Jesus died, his disciplines St. Peter and St. Paul suffered martyrdom under the Roman Emperor Nero about 65 A.D. Nero even burned Christians in his garden in 64 A.D. For 240 years after the martyrdoms of Peter and Paul, persecutions of Christians continued. The chief persecutions were under Nero, Domitian, Trajan, Valerian and Diocletian. Despite these persecutions, Christians continued to spread steadily over the Mediterranean region. It began to draw men and women from all classes and the attitude of the Roman government toward Christianity began to change. By 305 Diocletian gave up his effort to destroy the young religion. When ConstantineⅠ won the throne from his rivals, he believedthat God had helped him, and in 313 he issued the Edict of Milan which granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal. Under Constantine Christianity made great contribution of the empire. The emperors who followed ConstantineⅠ continued pro-Christian policies. In 392 A.D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions. Now Christianity had changed from an object of oppression toa weapon in the hands of the ruling class to crush their opponents.8.How did Christian monks help Western civilization survive?The Christian monks helped western civilization survive in many ways: ⑴The Christian monksspread Christianity to the Mediterranean region and some of them even suffered martyrdom;⑵Some monks translated the Old Testament into Greek and St. Jerome translated the wholeBible into Latin. Later some such as John Wycliffe and William Tyndale translated the Bible into the vernacular; ⑶In the Middle Ages, people in Western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords and peasants. Of these three classes, the only literate section was the clergy. The Christian monks did a lot to help preserve and transmit a large part of the traditional heritage of the western culture. They not only translated the Bible into Latin or the Vernacular but also copied or translated the ancient works into the vernacular, such as the monks in these monasteries set up by Charlemagne and Alfred the Great.9.Why do we say the Bible has shaped Western culture more decisively than anythingelse ever written?Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture. The Bible which is virtually related to every phase of human life greatly influences people’s daily life, especially in the Middle Ages when almost everyone was a Christian; The Bible has great impact upon western literature. For a long period of time, the Latin Bible was accepted as the authority and Latin was official language of the Roman Catholic Church, so most Europe literature at that time was in Latin. Besides it is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English. Furthermore, the use of Biblical themes has been a literary tradition. In fact few great English and American writers of the 17th,18th, 19th and 20th century can be read and appreciated with satisfaction without a sufficient knowledge of the Bible; The study of the Christian teaching especially the Bible has become an important branch of knowledge—scholasticism which has been prevalent for centuries; The Bible has also influenced western philosophies and science. Thus the Bible has shaped western culture more decisively than anything else ever written.。
欧洲文化入门第二章
a. Amos 阿摩司 Chronologically it is the earliest prophet. He was a shepherd living around 76 B.C. He warned his people of the coming invasion by Assyria and Egypt and was accused of plooting revolution. About a hundred years after Amos’ Amos’ message, what Amos foretold came true. b. Jeremiah 耶利米 Jeremiah lived through the fall of Jerusalem in 590 B.C. had a very tragic tale to tell.
b. Book of Psalms 诗篇 It is a collection of 150 poetic pieces, the chief hymnal of the Jews. c. Proverb 箴言 It is a collection of moral maxims or sayings of practical nature.
The Old Testament
The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The former is about God and the Laws of God; the latter, the doctrine of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament” means Testament” “agreement”- namely, the agreement” agreement between God andstianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions. One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem humankind. The other is that God gave his only begotten son, so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. This Redeemer, Jesus, was at once divine and truly human. Thus, the heart of Christianity is the life of Jesus: How he lived and died to redeem the whole human race.
欧洲文化入门
Delacroix (26 April 1798 – 13 August 1863) was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset开始 of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school. Delacroix‘s use of expressive brushstrokes绘画技 巧 and his study of the optical光学的 effects of colour profoundly深深地 shaped the work of the Impressionists, while his passion for the exotic异国的 inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement. A fine lithographer[li’θɔgrəfə] 石版家, Delacroix illustrated various works of William Shakespeare, the Scottish writer Walter Scott and the German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
background
浪漫主义美术产生于大革命失 败以后的波旁王朝复辟时期， 人们对启蒙运动宣扬的理性王 国越来越感到失望，一些知识 分子感到苦闷，他们反对权威、 传统和古典模式，从而产生了 浪漫主义美术。他们提倡注重 艺术家的主观性和自我表现， 以民族奋斗的历史事件和壮美 的自然为素材，抒发对理想世 界的追求，以瑰丽的想象，夸 张的手法塑造形象，表现激烈 奔放的感情。总之，他们重感 情轻理性，重色彩轻素描，不 满现实，追求幻想。
欧洲文化入门笔记
欧洲文化入门笔记（汉语版）：第一章希腊罗马文化欧洲文化入门笔记（汉语版）《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂，琐碎，因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。
其实大家大可不必担心，只要我们潜下心去，找出里面的规律和线索，这门课并不难攻克。
我们要牢记文化的五分法：一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史)二、哲学三、文学四、科学五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。
要研究欧洲发展的历史，我们要仅仅抓住两条线索。
一条是社会文化发展线索，那就是希腊和罗马文化历史。
另一条则是精神宗教形成线索，即犹太教和基督教历史。
正如，想精通中国文化必先熟知孔夫子和道家文化一样。
下面我们将分章节进行综述。
在每章综述的最后，会有一两道重要的问答题分析。
每章还会附有一些练习题，希望大家好好做一做。
好，下面我们开始分章讲述。
第一章希腊罗马文化希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源，所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。
我们先看希腊的发展。
希腊文明分为几个时期，她形成于公元前800－500年，经历了古典时代（也就是公元前500到公元前336年）和希腊化时代（也就是公元前336年到公元前31年）。
希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。
公元前146年，希腊被罗马攻克。
希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。
这段历史的重要大事有：1、公元前12世纪，随着特洛伊人的入侵，希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。
荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争（《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》）。
这里要注意的是，荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。
荷马生活在公元前700年。
2、公元前6世纪，希腊世界开始有了全面改变，为后来的古典时代打开了通途。
其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。
雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会，公元前594年，梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官，他的贡献在于，在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。
欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结
欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结第一篇：欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结1.希腊罗马Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet 三大悲剧家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist 喜剧家：Aristophanes Comedy writer 历史学家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived 哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist，one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself，virtue was high worth of life，dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas Aristotle Direct observation，theory follow fact，idea and matter together made concrete individual realities Euclid a textbook of geometry Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I…ll move the World”Others Diogenes（the Cynics）Pyrrhon（the Sceptics）Epicurus（the Epicureans）Zeno（the Stoics）4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander，king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克2.基督教和圣经Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine，known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，6th century B.C.，他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。
欧洲文化入门课后习题答案
Division three: The Middle Ages中世纪1.What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire?After the Roman Empire lost its predominance, a great many Germanic Kingdoms began to grow into the nations know as England, France, Italy, and Germany in its place. These nations of Western Europe were in the scene of frequent wars and invasions. The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confusion. Hunger and disease killed many lives and village fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste. There was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity was almost the all and the one of Medieval lives in western Europe and took lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds years.2.What were the cultural characteristics of the period from 500 to 1000?Above all, the cultural characters of this period were the heritage and achievement of Roman culture and the emergence of Hebrew and Gothic culture.3.Who was Charles Martel?Charles Martel was a Frankish ruler who gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their services in 732.4.What was the relationship between lord and vassal?Lords granted parts of their lands known as fiefs to vassals. In return, the vassals promised to fight for the lords.5.Into what three groups were people divided under feudalism?Under feudalism, people of their Western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords, and peasants.6.What was the different between a serf and a free man?A serf had no land and no freedom. He was bond to the land where he had been born. A free man was a peasant who usually was a worker who made the ploughs, shod the horses, and made harnesses for oxen and horses.7.What is the importance of the using of vernacular languages in Medieval literature?In the Middle Ages, some “national epics”were written in vernacular language—the language of various national states that came into being at that period, and some monks advocated translating the Bible in vernacular. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture that was the combination of a variety od national characteristics.8.In what ways did Gothic art differ from Romanesque art?⑴Although Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque, it was given directions by a different aesthetic and philosophical spirit and reflected a much more ordered feudal society with full confidence.⑵Romanesque architecture is characterized by massiveness, solidity, and monumentality with an overall blocky appearance. Sculpture and painting, primary in churches, developed a wonderful unity with architecture. Both arts often are imbued with symbolism and allegory. They are not based on natural forms but use deliberate distortions for expressive impact.⑶Gothic cathedrals soared high, their windows, arched and towers reaching heavenward, flinging their passion against the sky. They were decorated with beautiful stained glass windows and sculptures more lifelike than any since ancient Rome.9.What was the merit which Charlemagne and Alfred the Great share?Both Charlemagne and Alfred the Great contribution greatly to the European culture. Both of them encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. The scholars in Alfred the Great’s monasteries translated the Latin works into the vernacular. Thus both helped preserve the ancient classics and culture.Division four: Renaissance and Reformation文艺复兴与宗教改革1.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?Because of its geographical position, foreign trade developed early in Italy. This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy accumulate wealth which was an essential factor for the flowering of art and literature.For two centuries beginning from the late 15th century, Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets, scholars, artists and sculptors. There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas. And to spread the new ideas, libraries and academies were founded. In the 15th century printing was invented and helped to spread humanist ideas.2.What are the main elements of humanism? How are these elements reflected in art and literatureduring the Italian Renaissance?Humanist is the essence of Renaissance. Humanists in renaissance believed that human beings had rights to pursue wealth and pleasure and they admires the beauty of human body. This belief ran counter to the medieval ascetical idea of poverty and stoicism, and shifted man’s interest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philosophy, from heaven to earth, from the beauty of God to the beauty of human in all its joy, senses and feeling.The philosophy of humanism is reflected in the art and literature during the Italian Renaissance in the literature works of Boccaccio and Petrarch and in the art of Giotto, Brunelleschi, Donatello, Giorgione, da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian, etc. In their works they did not stress death and other world but call on man to live and work for the present.3.Why do we look upon Petrarch as the father of modern poetry?Petrarch was a prominent figure of his time, a great figure in Italian literature and one of the great humanists during the Renaissance. He has written numerous lyrics, sonnets and canzonets. Petrarch rejected medieval country conventions and sang for true love and earthly happiness in his sonnets. Later sonnets became a very important literary form of poetry in Europe and a lot of poets, such as Shakespeare, Spencer, and Mrs. Browning, were indebted to him. Thus we look upon him as the father of modern poetry4.How did Italian Renaissance art and architecture break away from medieval traditions?The Italian Renaissance art and architecture radically broke away from the medieval methods of representing the visible world. Compared with the latter, the former has the following distinct features:⑴Art broke away from the domination of church and artist who used to be craftsmen commissioned by the church became a separate strata doing noble and creative works;⑵Themes of painting and architecture changed from purely celestial realm focusing on the stories of the Bible, of God and Mary to an appreciation of all aspects of nature and man;⑶The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek temples and put many of the principles of ancient civilization into their works;⑷Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective.5.In what way was Da Vinci important during the Renaissance?Leonado da Vinci was a man of many talents, a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word. He was apainter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist all in one.As an artist, he was very important. He has left to the world famous works such as Last Supper and Mona Lisa. Then his excellent use of contrast between light and darkness showed him as an excellent painter. Most important of all, da Vinci had profound understanding of art. In his 5000 notebooks, he put down his observations of life and his sketch drawing. In his painting he stressed the expression of emotional states. His understandings of art exerted great influence upon painters of his own generation and generations to follow. He was also very important in the science of medicine. During his life he dissected more than thirty corpses and was a great anatomist in Italy. He placed art in the service of anatomy as a science based on extensive research.6.What are the doctrines of Martin Luther? What was the significance of the reformation inEuropean civilization?In Reformation began in 1517, Martin Luther put forth the following doctrines:⑴He rejected the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic church and replace it with absolute of the Bible. People can communicate with God directly instead of through the church;⑵He opposed the purchase of indulgences and called for institutional reform of the church;⑶advocated translating the whole Bible into vernaculars and made the Bible accessible to every man;⑷He preached love and ideals of equality, and he was a fighter for democracy and nationalism, a humanist who helped to build a competent educational system in Germany.The Reformation was significant in the European civilization. Before Reformation, Europe was essentially feudal and medieval. In all aspects of politics, economy and spirit, it was under the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire. But after the Reformation things were different. In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken. In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church. In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of Bible into vernacular. In spirit, absolute obedience became out-mode and the spirit of quest, debate, was ushered in by the reformists. In word, after the reformation Europe was to take a new course of development,a scientific revolution was to be under way and capitalism was to set in with its dynamic economic principles.7.What was Counter—Reformation? Who were the Jesuits? Are they still active now?The counter the Reformation and to bring back its vitality, the Roman Catholic Church mustered their forces to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements. In time, the Roman Catholic Church did re-establish itself as a dynamic force in European affairs. This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation. The seed-bed for this Catholic reformation was Spain with the Spanish monarchy establishing the inquisition to carry out cruel suppression of heresy and unorthodoxy.Ignatius, a Spaniard who devoted his life to defending the Roman Catholic Church, and his followers called them the Jesuits members of the Society of Jesus.Today the Society of Jesus is still active with a membership of 31,000, having institutions in various parts of the world.8.What did French Renaissance writers propose in their writings?⑴The French Renaissance writer Rabelais expressed hid ideas in Gargantua and Pantagruel that the only rule of the house was “Do As Thou Wilt”—to follow our natural instinct;⑵Ronsard held that man of letters should write in a style that was clear and free from useless rhetoric;⑶The Essais of Montaigne records his views on life, death and his skepticism towards knowledge, in simple, straightforward style, his famous motto is “What do I know?”9.Why did England come later than other countries during the Renaissance? In what way wasEnglish Renaissance different from that of other countries? Who were the major figures and what their contributions?Because of the War of Roses within the country and its weak and unimportant position in world trade, Renaissance came later in England than other European countries. Compared with the Renaissance in other countries, the Renaissance in England has the following features:⑴It came later; but when it did come, it was to produce some towering figures in English literature and the world literature;⑵The Renaissance in England found its finest expression in drama, crowned by Shakespeare;⑶The Renaissance in England enjoyed a period of political and religious stability under the reign of Elizabeth Ⅰ.The major figures of this period were William Shakespeare, Edmund Spencer, Sir Thomas more, Francis Bacon, and etc. Shakespeare has contributed to the world a legacy of literature heritage by turning out so many outstanding plays and poems. He was one of the two reservoirs of modern English language. Thomas More has written Utopia and depicted in this work an ideal non-Christian state where everybody lives a simple life and shares the goods in common. He contributed to the western tradition of envisioning an ideal state. Spencer has influenced many English poets.10.What were some of scientific advances during the Renaissance?During the Renaissance, many sciences has made great progress.Firstly, it was an age of geographical discoveries: Columbus has discovered the New World in 1492; Dias discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487; da Gama discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope in 1497; Amerigo discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South America as a new continent.Secondly, Copernicus believed that the earth and other planets orbit about the sun and that earth is not at the center of the universe. Here began the modern astronomy.Thirdly, both da Vinci and Vesalius were good at anatomy. Vesalius wrote Fabrica and was regarded as the founder of modern medicine.Fourthly, printing was invented in Italy.Finally, Dante, Machiavelli, and V osari have contributed a great deal to political science and historiography. Machiavelli was called “Father of political science” in the west.。
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(*****************)IntroductionTWO major elements in European cultureDivision 1 Greek Culture and Roman Culture1,Greek culture(1) The Historical Contextwar between Greece and Troyhigh point of developmentAlexanderAlexandria(2)social and political structuremeaning Of democracymeaning Of peopleeconomy-slave laborsports and Olympics(3) Homerthe time Of Homertwo epicsthe Story of the two epics(5) DramaHow were plays performed?(b) Sophocleshis contribution and influence(d) ComedyCharacteristics Of comedy(6) History(a) Herodotusfather of history-war between Greeks and Persiansfeature Of his writingobject in writingmain idea of the excerpt(b) Thucydidestwhat he wrot6 aboutmain idea of the excerpt(7) Philosophy and Science.why philosophy developed in ancient GreecePythagoras--founder of scientific mathematicsHeraeleitue----the theory of the mingling of opposites--strife between the opposites producing harmonyDemocritus---atomic theory(另外注意P.27 第二段)(a) Socrates -his lifehis method of argumenttrial and the reasonlast part of the speech before he died(main idea)(b) Platohis Lifehis writinghis philosophy---idealism(c) Aristotlehis liferange of his writingshis influencedifference b-en Plato and Aristotle(d) Contending Schools of Thoughtthe Cynicsthe Epicureans--their belief misrepresent8tionthe Stoics--their theory(e) Sciencecontribution of philosophers like PlatoEuclid---ElementsArchimedes---his contributionapplication of science; five fields(8) Art, Architecture, Sculpture and Pottery(b) Archit6CtueParthenonthree stylesAcropolis at Athens(9) impact(a) spirit of innovation(b) supreme achievement(c) Greek philosophy and its influenceinnocence of Greek Literature2, Roman Culture(1 ) Romans and GreeksLatin and Greeksimilarity Of Romans and Greeksone big diff6renceattitude forward Greek Culture(2) Roman Historyimportance of the year 27B.Chow to ruleRoman lawEast and West Roman Empires(3) Latin literature(a) ProseCicero what was he noted for?his role and contributionhis sayingsCaesar: his rolehis sayings(b) PoetryVirgil; A6neas;the storywhy a tragic hero(4) Architecture, Painting and Sculpture(a) Architecturethe Pantheonthe Colosseum(c) sculpture tShe—wolfDivision 2 The Bible and Christianity 1, General introductionrole of Christianity in western Cultureimportance Of judeo? Christian tradition the Hebrews2. The Old Testament.two parts of the Biblemeaning of testament(1 ) the Pentateuchthe first five booksthe creation Of the world and man and woman(a) the fall of manthe main idea Of the Story(b) Noah's Arkthe Story(2) The Historical Booksthe history covered in these works(4) (c) The book of Danielthe story and the visionTorahJews today3,Rise of Christianitytwo beliefs Of Christianity(1)The Life Of JesusJesusSt. petier and St. Pauluprising of Spartacus(2) The Spread Of Christianitysuppression of the religionreligion of people from all classesEdict Of Milana weapon in the hands of the ruling class4, The New Testamentorganization of the churchfour accounts about church(1 ) The birth of Jesus-(2) the Last Supperthe main idea of the story(5) The cruxificationthe main idea of the story5. Translations of the Biblethe Latin Biblethe number of transl8tion todaythe first English versionAuthorized versionrevised versionDivision 3 The Middle Ages 1, General Introductionthe t6rm "Middle Ages"(time span)Europe between the 5th and the 11th centuriesthe reason for the name “the Age Of Faith"classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged2, Manor and Church(1) feudalism in Europe(a) Growth of Feudalismthe reason for the growth of the power of big landownersfief(b) The Manormanor? manor house? castle(c) Knighthood and code Of Chivalryhow to earn a knighthood(2) The churchafter 1054,twO divisions of the church(a) nature of the Catholic Church(P.92 L10 from bottom)the chart(b) Power, Wisdom and Lovemonasteries and conventscontribution of St JeromeAugustine and his worksSt. Benedict(c) classeschurch and kings and noblesthe power Of the popereligion in everyday life(end of P.95 and first 7 lines of P.96)(3) The crusadesreason for the crusadeseffect on the East and the West'''3, Learning and, Science(1) Charlemagne: his lifehis contribution(2) Alfred the Great(3) Aquinas: profession, writings and arguments4, Lit6rature(1 ) meaning of "national epic'its importance(a) Beowulf (the story) (1st paragraph, P. 102)(2) Dante and his master piece(参照P.176 末至P.177前三行)(3) Chaucer and his literary roleThe Canterbury Tales5, Art and Architecture(2) Gothicthe development Of the Gothic Stylethe expression of the styleDivision 4 Renaissance and Reformation 1,GeneraI Introductiontime span /definition/ contribution /development2, Renaissance in Italy(1 ) geographical Location and its benefitcity----Statespread of Renaissance(2) new interestcore of Renaissance philosophythe reIat6d beliefearly humanists(4) Renaissance Art4. distinct features(b) (i) da Vincithe man /range of interest /famous works(ii) Michelangelothe man /Style /works(iii) RaphaelMadonna and School Of Athens(iv) Titianhis role and works(5) Decline of the Italian Renaissancereasons for the decline3,RefOrmation and Count6r ------Reformation beginning of reformationgoal of the movementdemand and work of the reformistsint6reSts Of the reformists(1 ) Pre---Luther Religious Reformers(a) Wycliffe life and belief(b) Jan Hus preaching in Czech language and result(2) Martin Luther and his doctrine(a) beginning Of the reform(b) reason for the transition of the Cille vire of the Bible(c) his role(3) John Calvin and Calvinismlife/view / definition of Calvinism(P.147-- paragraph1) (4) Reformation in Englandbreak with the Popethe coming into being Of the Church Of England essence Of the reform,(5) Counter ---reformationmeaning of count6r---reformationthe seed --bedthe most important thing the Spanish monarchy did (b) Ignatius and the things he didthe jesuits, their belief, their influence(6) Prot6Stantism and the Rise of Capitalism meaning Of Protestantism and its developmentthe factors contributing to the rise of capitalism(7) Conclusionpolitical and economic situation in Europe before Reformation the language used before Reformation4,Renaissance in Other Countries(1 ) in France(b) (i) Rabelaisthe man / his writing/Chapter57;man idea(iii) Monteignethe man /his writings(2) in Spain(b) Cervanteshis life/ famous work /the story of the work(4) in England(a) characteristics of the reign of Elizabeth l(c) Shakespearelif6 and worksthe story of HamletSoliloquy5, Science and T6chnology(1 ) Geographical DiscoveriesColumbus 4DiasGamaAmerigo(2) AstronomyCopernicus(5) Political Science and Historiography(b) Machiavellihis role and worksthe two selected passages6, Summing---upsignificance of this periodDivision 5 17th Century 1, General introductionthe significance Of the 17th centuryman's place in the universepolitical struggle2. Science(1 ) the theory put forward by CopernicusIif6 of Copernicusthe three laws Kepler(2) life Of Galilei /acceleration in dynamics/law of falling bodies(3) Newton’s lif e/law of gravitation /his influence(4) Leibnizhis life /his belief /New Essays Concerning HumanUnderstanding----three levels of understanding /Contribution(b) the two merits3, Philosophy, Politics and Literature in England(1) Baconhis life and worksbasis of his philosophy ---method ---inductionview on knowledgeweaning of inductionfamous quotations(2) Hobbesknowledge coming from experiencenature of man --in a Stat6 of war with one anotherlaws Of naturesocial contract(3) Jone Lockehis Lifeknowledge from experiencepolitical philosophy-rejection of divine right of kings and natural rights social contract(4) Milton and the English Revolutioncauses Of the English Revolutiondevelopment of capit8Iism in Englandthe Puritan MovementCivil War of 1642---CromwellGlorious Revolution of 1688Bill of Rights of 1689John Melton’s lif e and works Paradise Lost(the story)4.Descartes.French Classicismgeneral situation: the need for a powerful king(1)Descartes; his role(a) 4 roles Of his method(b) doubting---thinking(c) dualism(2) French Classicism4finition of classicismFrench classicism of the 17th century(3) characteristic of neoclassicism(c) Molierehis rolecontent of his comediesTartuffe5,Art(1 ) Baroque Art(参照P221 Music)(b) Michelangelo ：his role and works (要与p.135 区分)(2) Dutch Protestant Artreason for art developmentRembrandt: his role and worksDivision 6 The Age of Enlightenment 1, General Introduction(1 ) Enlightenmentdefinitionintellectual originmajor forcefour ramifications(2) Historical backgroundAmerican RevolutionFrench Revolutionindustrial Revolution: developments2,French Philosophy and Literature(1 ) Mont6squies(a) content of Persian Letters(b) The spirit of the Lawswhat it is aboutredefinition of lawview on government (separation of powers)(2) V oltaire(a) content of the letters(b) content of Candidethe quotations(3) Rousseau(a) main idea of The Origin Of Human Inequality(b) the kind of society proposed in “Th e Social contract"his view on social contract(e) three famous quot8tions from "The Conf6ssions"(4) Diderotthe thing he was famous for(a) philosophical thought(c) Encyclopedie(d) Elements of Philosophy(e) R.....i. Nephew: the first paragraph3, English Literature(2) Defoe’s role and worksstory of “Robinson Crusoe"(3) Jonathan Swifts role and workscont6nt Of 'A modest Proposal"story Of “Gulliver’s Travels(5) reason why Fielding was considered “father of English Novel”4,German Literature and Philosophy(2) Goetherole of Goethe(a) importance of "The Sorrows of Young W6rther'(d) importance of "Faust"(3) Schiller'his role(b) main idea of "Cabal and Love"(d) “Whlhelm tell” and what is stresses(4) Kanthis contribution(b) main idea of "Critique of Pure Reason"6, Music(1 ) the achievement of musical Enlightment(a) Bach: Life and role(b) Handel: life and works(2) The Classical Periodimportance of this periodthe Viennese School(a) Haydn: his contribution(d) Mozart: life, achievement and contributionsynopsis of "The Marriage of Figaro',Division 7 Romanticism1, General introduction(参照P.309) ?(1) What is Romanticism?Things in common in the works of Romantic writ6rs expression in philosophyexpression in music(2) The French and Industrial Revolution(参照P.225---P.226) 3, Romanticism in England(1) BlakeWhat did "song of Innocence” and "Song of Experience "show?What were the tones Of these two collections?What do the Lines in “London” show?(2) LakersWhat was the new lit6rary theory?Who were the two young poets?What do you know about them?(3) ByronWhat did he fight for and die for?Why was he liked in China?his works and influence(4) Shelleythe memorable line Of "Ode tO the W6st Wind"the story of Prometheus Unbound(5) Keatshuman misery in "Ode to a Nightingaleending of "Ode on a Grecian Urn”4. Romanticism in France(2) Hugothe cause of a riot between the classicists and the Romanticists the thing Hugo was noted forthe plot of Les Miserable6, Romanticism in Russiainfluence Of Romanticism on Russia(1 ) Pushkinmain idea of "Ruslan and Liudmila"the story and the lesso n of “Boris Godunov”the story of “Eugene Onegin”What do the two characters in "Eugene Onegin" stand for? (2) Lermontovthe Story of 'A Hero of our Time"feature Of Lermontov’s writings8. Concluding Remarksappraisal of the Romantic Movementtwo factors mentioned by an English writer10, MusicWhat exercised a more direct influence on music?What was the f6ature of Romantic music?(1 ) The Early Romantics?(a) Beethovenlife and works, spirit and techniquerole and contributionthe program that can be seen in his works6th and 9th Symphonies and their f6atures(b) Schubert: his life and role(c) Chopin: life and role(d) Schumann: life and role(e) MendelssohnWhat was so outstanding Of him?(2) The later RomanticsWho should be put in this group?Who were the "three B's"?(b) Tchaikovsky: lif6 and roleDivision 8 Marxism and Darwinism1. The Rise of Marxism(1 ) General Introductionthe int6IIeCtual tradition it was associated with the effect it has on various fields(参照p.535 summing-up)(2) Historical Background(3) The Three Sources(a) German Classical Philosophy(i) HegelWhat did Hegel maintain(ii) Why was Feuerback important?(iii) What did Marx and Engel’s aoppt and reject in term of Hegel’s and Feuerbach's philosophies?What is the main idea of the selected passage from the end of P.330 to the beginning of P.332?Lenin's comments (P.336---P.337)(iv) four conclusions Of Marx’s historical materialism(b) English Classical Political EconomyWhat is the cornerst one of Marx’s economic theory?How di d L6nin summarize Marx’s economic theory?What are the differences between Marx’s economic theory and bourgeois economics theories?(C)Utopian SocialismWhy was it called "Utopian"?(l) Owen(ii) Saint--simon(iii) Chartes FourierWh8t was the problem with them?What is the essence of Marxist socialism?2. Darwinism(1 )General introductionWhat did Darwin discover?What idea did he challenge?his role(3) life of Charles Darwin(4) Darwin’s Works and Theories(a) Origin Of SpeciesWhat is the essence Of his theory Of evolution?What are the four major arguments?What are the three independent generalizations?what are the st6ps in the process of natural selection?What is his evidence for evolution by natural selection?(5) Effect Of Darwinism(a) On Biology(b) On Theology: opposition from the Church(c) On Social Sciencewhat was the Law Herbert Spencer fOrmulat6d?what is social Darwinism? what is its chief argument?Division 9 Realism1, General introduction(1 ) what is realism?what did it emphasize?What did the realists want to present in their works?what did realism in art and Literature protest against?(2) The Historical Backgroundwhat great changes took place in Europe in the 19th century? How did Political and liberal Leaders react to the social problems brought about by social and economic changes?(Liberals, nationalist, socialist)How did the revolutions between 1830 and 1850s end?what was the consequence?2.ReaIism in France(1) St6ndhaI: his life and work(2) Balzac: his life /the pur pose Of "The Human Comedy”/features(3) Flaubert: Life /his prose style /Medame Bovary and its role(4) Zola: life/ what did he Strongly believe?what was his purpose of writing "Les Rougen--Macquarts?what is the diff6rence of a realist novel and a naturalist novel? what is a novel to a naturalist(5) Maupassantwhat did he writewhat did he try t put across?3, Realism in RussiaWhen did Russian literature emerge? why?(1) Gogolwhat kind Of a writer was he?story of “The Inspector General"purpose of writing this comedy"Dead souls": the Story and its role(2) Turgenevthe effect of "A Hunt6r's Sketches"the value Of his works(3) Dostoyevskyhis lifethe theme Of "Crime and Punishment(4) Tolstoyhis life and workshis contribution to Russian literature(5) Chekhovhis Life and worksdiff6rence with Dostoyevsky and Tolstoy simplicity?most outstanding in his art4, Realism in Northern Europe(1 ) Ibsenimportance of Ibsensubject matter of his playsmaster pieces5, Realism in EnglandHow would you characterize the situation in England in the latter half of the reign of Queen Victoria?(1) Dickenslife and works"David Copperfield": what is so outstanding about his novel?the main idea of the selected passage(2) George Eliother life and workstheme of Middlemarch and skill in writing(3) Thackeryhis lifethe theme of "Vanity Fair'(4) Hardyhis life and worksthe main feature Of his novels(5) Shawhis lif6 and political viewaim of Fabian Societythe range Of modes covered in his plays6, Realism in the United Stateswhat is meant by "Gilded Age"(1 ) Stowelif6 and the role of "Uncle Tom’s Cabin"(2) Whitmanlif6 and workshis contributionmain idea Of the selected passage(3)Mark Twainhis Iif6 and real name and workswhy is he considered "the Lincoln of American literatue"his masterpiece and its influence(4) Henry Jameslife and works /influence7.Art' (2) impressionism in Artwhat is impressionism?what is the theme of the impressionists?what do the impressionists aim at?(3)Post--impressionismwhy is the t6rm used?what did the French impressionists Look for?who were the vanguards of the movement?what did they try to do?(b) V8n Gogh and his works8.Musicwho were the f8mous composers at the turn of the 20th century? What did the achieve?(1) Dovorak life and works/ characteristics of his work(2) Debussy: his contributionDivision 10 Modernism and Other Trends 1,GeneraI introduction(1 ) what is modernism?what is its characteristic?what does it Strive to reflect?in what sense is modernism a revolution?why is it called the “dehumanization Of art?(2) Historical Contextthe three big events: WWI. October Revolution,WW2' 3) Progress in Sciencewhat were some of the developments in science?(4) New Ideas and ThoughtsSigmind Freud: the man the modernists were most indebbed tothe man and his workshis importance conceptions: a, the unconscious b, three functional parts of human personality c, Oedipus Complex2,Contemporary W6st6rn Lit6rature Before 1945(1 ) English Literature(a) T.S.Eliotwhy was he considered paradoxical?what were the two Literary influences Eliot drew people’s att ention to?which was his most important poem? why?(b) Joseph ConradWhat did he writ6 about in his novels?what was Outstanding about his novels?How did he achieve dramatic effect in his writings?the Story Of Lord Jim(c) Virginia WoolfLife and worksBloomsbury GroupStream Of consciousness(d) D.H LawrenceIn what way was he originalwhy was he controversial?what was his major theme in writing?why was it considered a challenge to conventional morality?the story of 'Sons and lovers”(2) Irish Literature'(a) YeatsLife. role and contributionthree basic themes(b) Joyce'lifecharacteristics in writingthe story and importance of "A Portrait of the Artist As a Young Man"the importan ce of “Ulysses”(3) American Literature(a) Ezra Pounda leading figure of the imagist movementhis contributiontranslation of poem from "The Book Of Sons"(b) FaulknerNoble Prize winnerCharacteristics of his writingsthe two best---known novels(C) HemingwayNoble Prize winnerhis workshis style and accomplishmentthe story of “The Sun Also Rises"meaning of lost generation(4) German LiteratureThomas mannNobel Prize winnerthemes Of his two novels(5) French Literature(a) And re GideNoble Prize winnerNew themes introduced by Gide“Th e counterfeiters" and what the novel is about(6) Russian and Soviet Literature(a) GorkyLife and worksMother: what is shows, its rolethe trilogy and what the depict(b) Sholokhovthe Story Of "The Quiet Don"3, Lit6Fature and Philosophy since 1945the impact Of the two world wars(1) Angry Young Men in EnglandWhat does the term refer to?How comes the t6rm?(a) Kingley Amis“Lucky Jim". the story and the comic figure Jim Dixon(b) John Osbornethe story of the play "Look Back in Anger' and the reason for the success of the play (2) Beat Generation in AmericaHow comes the t6rm?what are the distinctive features of the Beat Generation?(a) Allen Ginsbergwhat is the poem "Howl" about and why is it importants?(b) Jack Kerouacthe story of "on the Road" and the way of writing(c) New NovelHow did the term come into being?the characteristics of new novel(d) Existentialismwhat is existentialisms?what is its basic concernwhat does it advocate?what is its key concept?who is Jean---Paul Sartre?what is his theory?what are his work?(e)The Theatre of the AbsurdWhat is the term ref6rring to?What do the playwrights attempt to convey?the t6chnique and language employed(0 Black Humorwhat is black humor?why is called black humorJoseph Heller and 'Catch--22"4, Art and Music(1 ) Artthe "Fauvist: what they produced (P.483 first 5 lines)Juan Gris’s. statementwhat is art int6nded to be?what do they want to express?(b) ExpressionismWearaCt6ristic of expressionist art(c) Cubismwhat is this kind Of art?(i) Picassohis liferepresentative works Of diff6rent periods(d) Futurismwhat do the works Of futurists portray?what do they glorify?(e) Dadaismwhat do Dadaist create? what is their view?(f)Surrealismwhat is the Job Of an artist?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 附录：删除部分I．Division One1. Greek Culture(3)Homer 中的选段，自P.4第3行起至P.13 选段完，删去；（4）Lyric Poetry 删去；（5）Drama中的（a）（c）删去（8）Art, Architecture, Sculpture and Pottery中的（a）（c）（d）删去；2．Roman Culture(3)Latin Literature(b)中只保留P.43的1、2段，其余删去；（4）Architecture. Painting and Sculpture中的（a）删去（ii）Pont du card (b)删去，（c）删去（i）（ii）II. Division Two2. The Old Testament 中（1）（c）Ten Commandments (P.59—61)删去；（3）The Poetical Books(P.62—68)删去；（4）（a）(b)删去；4． The New Testament中（2）（3）部分删去。
欧洲文化入门试题及答案
I. Choose the most appropriate one for the following blanks.1.Two major elements in European culture are ______ .A. the Greek and RomanB. the Judaism and ChristianityC. the Greco-RomanD. A and B2.deals with the Trojan War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against the cityof Troy).A. The OdysseyB. The IliadC. Prometheus BoundD. Persians3.The play Prometheus Bound was written by.A. AeschylusB. AristophanesC. EuripidesD. Sophocles4.The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was, who is Father of Comedy.A. EuripidesB. AristophanesC. SophoclesD.Aeschylus5.was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory.A. HomeB. HeracleitueC. DemocritusD. Socrates6,by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.A. DialoguesB. The ApologyC. The RepublicD. Symposium7.Dante called ___ " the master of those who know”.A, Aristotle B. Plato C. Socrates D. Archimedes8.Euclid is even now well-known for his.A. ElementsB. PoeticsC. EthicsD. Politics9.has been a big subject for discussion among writers and artists.A, Discus Thrower B, Venus de MiloC, Laocoon group D, Parthenon10.Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between.A. Athens and SpartaB. Athens and SyracuseC. Athens and PersiansD. Greeks and Persians11.It is who was the founder of scientific mathematics.A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagorastook supreme power as emperor with the title of in 27 B. C..Rome B. Augustus C. The Roman Empire D. Pax Romana13.The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by.A. LucretiusB. VirgilC. Julius CaesarD. Cicero14.The oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 books are the first five books, calledA. DeuteronomyB. ExodusC. the PentateuchD. Genesis15.In ____ the Jews were carried away into the Babylonian CaPtiVity(巴比伦之囚).A. 169B.C. B. 586 B. C. C. 536 B. C. D, 721 .16.The most important and influential of English Bible is, first published in 1611.A. The SeptuagintB. The VulgateC. Wycliff,s versionD. Authorized version17.is the oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament.A. The SeptuagintB. The VulgateC. Wycliff,s versionD. Authorized version18.It is generally accepted that and Shakespeare are two great reserviors of Modern English.A. the BibleB. the English BibleC. the New TestamentD. the Old Testament19.The Middle Ages is a period in which,and Gothic heritages merged.A. Greco-Roman, ChristianityB. classical, ChristianC. Greek, RomanD. classical, Hebrew20.The centre of medieval life under feudalism was.A. knighthoodB. the manorC. the ChurchD. polis21.In 1054, the Christian Church was divided into _______ a nd the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. ChristianityB. the Roman ChurchC. the Roman Catholic ChurchD. the Western Catholic22.by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.A. Summa TheologicaB. Summa Contra GentilesC. Opus maiusD. Beowulf23.The Anglo-Saxon epic ______ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.A. Song of RolandB. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.C. BeowulfD. the Divine Comedy24.Generally speaking. Renaissance refers to the period between.A. the 13th and 15th centuriesB. the 14th and mid-17th centuryC. the 15th and 16th centuriesD. the 14th and 16th centuries25.is the essence of the Renaissance.The revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman cultureAttempts to get rid of conservatismThe flowering of paintings, sculpture and architectureHumanism26.Fracesco Petrarch, the author of____ , is known as Father of Humanism.A. the DecameronC. DavidD. Sleeping Venus27.After Reformation,came into being.A. ChristianityB. CalvinismC. LutheranismD. Protestantism28.Which was NOT true about DurerA, The leader of the Renaissance in Germany B, A master of woodcutC, Never being to Italy D, A follower of Martin Luther29.Father of modern astronomy is.A. Da VinciB. Amerigo VespucciC. Nicolaus CopernicusD. Marchiavelli30.Vasari was best known for his entertaining biographies of.A. FabricaB. PrinceC. the Divine ComedyD. Lives of the Artists31.1,theories have given rise to important developments of modem science, ranging from Freudian psychology to Einsteinian physics.A. Galileo GalileiB. Gottfried Wilhelm von LeibnizC. Sir Isaac NewtonD. Johannes Kepler32.In the first, Locke flatly rejected the theory of divine right of kings.A.the Advancement of LearningB. the New AtlantisC.Essay Concerning human UnderstandingD.Treatise of Civil Government33.Thomas Hobbes,s is one of the most celebrated political treatises in European literature.A.LeviathanB. the Advancement of LearningC.Essay Concerning human UnderstandingD.Treatise of Civil Government34.The theme of is the fall of men.A. New MethodB. Treatise of Civil GovernmentC. Essay Concerning human UnderstandingD. Paradise Lost35.was the best representative dramatist of French classical comedies.A. CorneilleB. RacineC. MoliereD. Descartes36.Which of the following artists helped to gring the Roman Baroque style to its climaxA. RubensB. BerniniC. BorrominiD. Caravaggio37.Whose doctrines of the separation of powers became one of the most important principles of theA. John LockeB. RousseauC. VoltaireD. Montesquieu38.In which of Diderofs works, the author developed his materialist philosophy and fore-shadowed the doctrine of evolutions as later proposed by Charles DarwinA. Philosophical ThoughtsB. Rameau,s NephewC. Elements of PhysiologyD. Encyclopedie39.1,novelist, is often called the founder of English domestic novel.A. Walter ScottB. Henry FieldingC. Samuel JohnsonD. Samuel Richardson40.Which of the Lessing,s works was a landmark in the 18th-century German dramaA. Minna Von BarnhelmB. LaocoonC. Hamburgische DramaturgicD. Nathan the Wise41.In, Goethe draws on a immense variety of cultural material. It is not only his own masterpiece but the greatest work of German literature.A. the Sorrow of Young WertherB. FaustC. Wilhelm Meister,s TravelsD. Poetry and Truth42.Among Schiller,s works,was a play best known to the Chinese audience.A. The RobbersB. WallensteinC. Cabal and LoveD. Wilhelm Tell43.Kant,s years of his philosophical studies are Crystalized in three difficult books; among them ,was the most important single book by any modern pholosopher.General History of Nature and Theory of the HeavensCritique of Practical ReasonC. Critiquue of JudgementD. Critique of Pure Reason44.It has been said that tς the world had waited centuries for and he was only to remain herea moment”.A. BeethovenB. HaydnC. MozartD. Bach45.Which of the following writers or poets is usually called the father of European historical novelA. GoetheB. Victor HugoC. Daniel DefoeD. Walter Scott46.In 1798,, a volume of poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge, made literary history.A. Songs of ExperienceB. Lyrical BalladsC. Isles of GreeceD. Ode to the West Wind47.Which of the following Romantic writers ever fought for women ,s freedom in love and marriageA. George SandB. Victor HugoC. Daniel DefoeD. Henry Fielding48.StOOd in the van of the Romantic movement in Russia,is generally recognized as his masterpiece.A. Lermontov, A Hero of Our TimeB. Pushkin, Luslan and LiudmilaC. Pushkin, Boris GodunovD. Pushkin, Eugene Onegin49.The publication of Mickiewicz,s is uaually taken as the beginning of Romanticism inPolish literature.A. Sonnets from the CrimeaB. Konrad WallenrodC. Ballads and RamancesD. Pan Tadeusz50.Beethoven,s is a choral symphony, choosing as a text for the finale Shiller,s Ode to Joy.A. Symphony No. 3B. Symphony No. 5C. Symphony No. 6D. Symphony No. 951.sought to revolutionize the opera by making it a combination of the arts: dramatic, musical, and scenic.A. BerliozB. ChopinC. WagnerD. Verdi52.Based on, Marx and Engels developed their own dialectical materialism.the German classical philosophy B. the English classical political economythe Utopian Socialism D. the Manifesto of the Communist Party53.Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of, so Marx discovered the law of development of.the survival of the fittest, the communist partythe natural selection, the scientific socialismorganic nature, human historyD. natural species, historical societies54.In 1858 Darwin received a letter from, who, working independently, also came to the conclusion concerning the origin of the species by means of natural selection.A. John Stevens HenslowB. Charles LyellC. Thomas HuxleyD. Alfred Russel Wallace55.Zola defined the theory of and illustrated it in his great work entitled.naturalism, Les Rougen-Macquarts B. naturalism, Madame BovaryC. realism, the Human ComedyD. realism, the Charterhouse of Parma56.was the first master of fiction in Russia to leave romantic conventions and go to life for his subjects.A. Nikolai GogolB. Ivan Sergeyevich TurgenevC. Fyodor DostoyevskyD. Count Leo Tolstoy57.holds an important position in his own country's cultural history as an ethical philosopher and religious reformer.A. Nikolai GogolB. Ivan Sergeyevich TurgenevC. Fyodor DostoyevskyD. Count Leo Tolstoy58.Among Ibsen,s masterpieces,is a plea for the emancipation of women.A. GhostsB. A DolΓs HouseC. the Wild DuckD. Hedda Gabler59.Among Charles Dickens,s works,has the most intricate, complicated plot.A. Oliver TwistB. Hard TimesC. David CopperfieldD. Bleak House60.1,George Eliofs masterpiece, is regarded by some critics as the finest English novel of the 19th century.A. MiddlemarchB. The Mill on the FlossC. Adam BedeD. Silas Marner61.The term “impressionism“ was taken directly from the title of Impressionism: Sunrise (1872).A. Renoir,sB. Pissarro,sC. Manet,sD. Monet,s62.was particularly good at doing portraits of ballet dancers in opera houses.A. RenoirB. DegasC. MonetD. Pissarro63. reacted against impressionism by using color to suggest his own emoyion and temperament.A. Paul CezanneB. Paul GauguinC. Vincent van GoghD. Auguste Rodin64.In Freudian system,is the container of the instrinctual urges.A. IdB. EgoC. SuperegoD. Oedipus Comlex65.. Eliofs long poem is his major Contibution to English poetry.the Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock B. Four QuartetsC. the Waste LandD. imagism66.by James Joyce is considered his most mature work and the single best fiction ever written since the beginning of the 20th century.A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man B. DublinersC. Finnegans WakeD. Ulysses67.The term “ Angry Young Man” came to be widely used only after the publication of playLook Back in Anger (1956).A. John Osbome,sB. Kingsley Amis,sC. Allen Ginsberg,sD. Jack Kerouac,s68.poem Howl, written in 1956, was regardedas an important development in American poetry.A. John Osbome,sB. Kingsley Amis,sC. Allen Ginsberg,sD. Jack Kerouac,s69.is known as the first44 cubisf, novel: in his novels, one finds a precise, neutral description of things, registered with a camera,s eye.A. Samuel BeckettB. Nathalie SarrauteC. Jean-Paul SartreD. Alain Robbe-Grillet70.masterpiece was a play called Waiting for Godot (1952), which was rememdered as one of the mostfamous Absurd Drama. A. Nathalie Sarraute*s B. Samuel Beckett ,sC. Jean-Paul Sartre ,sD. Alain Robbe-Grillefs ∏. Match the names ofColumn A with the appropriate items of Column B.Column Ba. the founder of the inductive methodb. Don Giovannic. one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theoryd. a universal geniuse. The Execution of the Third of Mayf. Eugene Oneging. the Oedipus complexh. The Aeneidi. Fabricaj. Prometheus Unbound k. Critique of Pure Reasonl.The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs m. Encyclopedie n. the first to use the term Renaissanceo. Institutes of the Christian Religion p. the supreme figure in scholasticismq. The Betrothed r. The Social Contract s. Phaedrat. the founder of analytical geometry (b) Ten Commandments(c ) the Cantos ](d) Elements (e) Moll Flanders (f) Last Supper(g)The Waste Land(h) Paradise Lost(i)The Marriage of Figaro (j) the Starry Messenger(a) author of "The Red and the Black" (b) Polish astronomer(c)Emperor of the Romans(d) Dutch Baroque painter(e)author of the painting of MadonnaColumn A 1. Sophocles 2. Democritus 3. Virgil4. Thomas Aquinas5. Da Vinci6. John Calvin7. Andreas Vesalius8. Giorgio Vasari9. Goya10. Percy Bysshe Shelley 11. Alessandro Manzoni 12. Aleksander Pushkin 13. Immanuel Kant 14. Jean-Jacques Rousseau 15. Rene Descartes 16. Francis Bacon 17. Nicolaus Copemicus 18. Jean Racin 19. Diderot20. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 21. Euclid [ ] (a) Eugene Onegin 22. da Vinci [] 23. Galileo [] 1.1. Eliot [ 25. Milton [ 26. Defoe [ J 27. Pushkin [] 28. Mozart [] 29. Moses []( 30. Ezra Pound [] 21. Charlemagne [] 22. Raphael I ] 23. Virgil I ] 24. Copernicus [] 25. Cromwell [](f) Latin poetg) author of the poem "London" (h) Ulysses(i) leader of the English revolution(j) composer of Messiah(a) the Society of Jesus(b) Socialism : Utopian and Scientific (c) Dialogues (d) the mazurkas(e)The Counterfeiters(f) Faust(g) the Divine Comedy(h) the Advancement of Learning(i) Ulysses(j)Prometheus Unbound1. Which of the following is not true about AristotleA. In Aristotle the great humanist and the great man of science meet.B. Aristotle founded the school of the Stoics.C. Aristotle was tutor of Alexander.D. Aristotle wrote many books on logic, politics, poetry, rhetoric and other subjects. 2. Which of the following statements is true about the Roman EmpireA. The Roman Empire had never been divided.B. The Roman Empire was divided into East and West in 395 A. D.C. The Roman Empire was later called Byzantium.D. The Roman Empire was conquered by the Turks in the 15th century. 3. The Bible has been regarded as. A. a religious book B. literature C. record of great minds D. 'all of the above 4. The Catholic Church should be characterized as.A. a loosely organized religious institutionB. a highly centralized European organizationC. a highly centralized and disciplined international organizationD. a highly centralized and disciplined western organization. 5. The Crusades were wars between.A. the Arabs and the Christian PilgrimsB. the Turks and the Christians in Western EuropeC. the Christians in Western Europe and the MoslemsD. the Arabs and the Turks6. St. Thomas Aquinas defended in his works.A. feudal hierarchy of societyB. divine power of feudal rulersC. the Pope* s supremacy over secular rulersD. all of the above 7. The motto Montaigne put down in the essays was.A. What do I knowB. I doubt therefore I think.C. Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.D. Only to stand out of my light.8. Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese navigator who. A. discovered the Cape of Good Hope26. Rembrandt [] 27. Handel [] 28. William Blake [ J 29. Stendhal [] 30. James Joyce [] 21. Plato [J 22. Dante [] 23. Ignatius [ ∣ 24. Bacon [] 25. Engels [] 26. James Joyce [] 27. Shelley [] 28. Goethe [] 29. Chopin [] 30. Andre Gide []B.discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good HopeC.explored the mouth of the AmazonD.was the first to visit Cuba and Haiti9.Which of the following laws was discovered by NewtonA. Law of inertia.B. Law of faking bodies.C. Law of relativity.D. Law of universal gravitation.10.In Locke's political philosophy, the chief reason for the institution of civil government wasA. the protection of private propertyB. the upholding of free thinkingC. the abolishment of the rule of the churchD. regulation of economy11.Which of the following is" not true about the developments of the Industrial RevolutionA.The substitution of water power for human power.B.The introduction of machine.C.The beginning of the factory system.D.The growth of modem capitalism and the working class.12."Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. "This is a remark made by.A. VoltaireB. RousseauC. DiderotD. Moliere13.In the works of can see the spirit of the Age of Reason.A. HandelB. HaydnC. BachD. Mozart14.The poem of Byron's that was translated into Chinese at the turn of the 20th centuryA. Don JuanB. Defence of PoetryC. Ode to a NightingaleD. Isles of Greece15.Throughout his his, Beethoven struggled to pass on through his music.A. the spirit of the French RevolutionB. the spirit of Byronic heroesC.ideas of a moral natureD. the praise of natural beauty3.1.is considered to be the poet of the piano.A. MozartB. ChopinD.Schumann17.Which of the following works was not written by Charles DickensA. A Tale of Two Cities.B. The Mayor of Casterbridge.C. David Copperfield.D. Pickwick Papers.18.The author of the short story The Necklace was.A. O' HenryB. Jack LondonC. Mark TwainD. Maupassant19."The apparition of these faces in the crowd/Petals on a wet, black bough. "The author of these lines was.A. William FaulknerB. Ezra PoundC. T. S. EHotD. William Butler Yeats20.regarded as the greatest Russian literary figure of the 20th century.A. ShoIokhovB. TolstoyC. ChekhovD. Gorky第二部分非选择题In the following part there are two columns. The left hand column consists of a list of names. The right hand column consists of a list of rifles, names of organizations or works. Match each name in the left handcolumn with corresponding title or organization or work in the right hand column and put the number a or b or c etc. in the bracket on the answer sheet. ( 10 points, 1 point each)21. Augustine ( ) (a) To the Lighthouse22. Aristotle ( ) (b) Ethics23. Shakespeare ( ) (c) Kubla Khan24. Mark Twain ( ) (d)A Hero of Our Time25. Titian ( ) (e) OtheIIo26, Virginia Woolf ( ) (f) Meditations27. Newton ( ) (g) The Confession28. CoIeridge ( ) (h) the Venus of Urbino29. Lermontov ( ) (i) Life on, the Mississippi30. Descartes ( ) (j ) Mathematical Principles PhilosohyGive a one-sentence answer to each Of the following questions. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. ( 20 points ,2 points each )31.What are the three styles in Greek architecture32.What was Marcus Cicero noted for33.What is the importance of the Middle Ages in terms of development of culture34.Why was Jan Hus condemned to be burnt at stake35.What is the theory put forward by Copemicus in his work "The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs"36.What is Montesquieu's redefinition of law参考答案L 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. A 12. B 13.C 14. D 15.C 16. B17. E 18. D 19. B 20. D22. b 23. e 24. i 25. h 26;a 27. j 28. e 29. d 30, fm. 31. Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric style (or the masculine style), the Ionic style(or the feminine style),and the Corinthian style.32.Marcus Cicero was noted for his oratory and fine writing style.33.The fusion and blending of different ideas and practices in the Middle ages paved the way for the development of what iv the present-day European culture.34.Because Jan Hus attacked the abases of the church in his sermons and writings.35.The theory put forward by Copernicus is that the sun, not the earth is the centre of the universe.36.Montesquieu redefined law as the necessary relationships which derive from the nature of things. Write between 100 - 120 words on the following topic in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. (10 points)45. What are the distinctive features of Renaissance art45. The Renaissance art has the following distinctive features:(1) Art broke away from the domination of the church. Artists who used to be craftsmen commissioned by the church to paint the design became a separate strata like writers and poets doing noble and creative work.(2)Themes of paintings changed from purely celestial realm focusing on the stories of the Bible ,of God Jesus and Mary to an appreciation of all aspects of nature and man. Even when the themes remained celestial, the heroes were given human qualities and given strong muscles and sinews Of man.(3)The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek temples and put many of the principles of ancient civilization into their works. They began to be supported by individual collectors.(4)Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective.。
欧洲文化入门(精品英文PPT课件)
Division one Greek culture and roman culture
I . Greek Culture
Group one
• Leader:胡锦璞 • Members:孙京、杨建勋、赵元硕、段娟娟
• • • • •
Part 1-3 Part 4-6 Part 7 Part 8 Part 9
胡锦璞 赵元硕 段娟娟 杨建勋 孙 京
1、The Historical Background
• TIME: around 1200B.C. • Establishment : after the war between Greece and Troy. • Cultural Significance: mark by the successful repulse of the Persian invasion . • Spread : Alexander and his armies conquered large areas of Europe Asia and Africa. • End: it was conquered by the Romans
• The Histories — his masterpiece and the only work he is known to have produced — is a record of his "inquiry" , being an investigation of the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars and including a wealth of geographical and ethnographical information. Although some of his stories were not completely accurate, he claimed that he was reporting only what had been told to him. Little is known of his personal history since ancient records are scanty, contradictory and often fanciful.
欧洲文化入门 第二章 考点 复习要点
I. General IntroductionIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages，also called Medieval times（476-1450）. It is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times.In the latter part of the fourth century the Huns（匈奴人） swept into Europe from central Asia, robbing and killing as they came along, and large-numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes such as the Visigoths, the Franks, the Angles and Saxons, and the Vandals fled（逃避） their homelands in northern Europe and were pushed to cross the Danube river*（多瑙河） into the territory（领土） of the Roman Empire. In A. D. 476 a Germanic general killed the last Roman emperor（君主） and took control of the government. While the Eastern Roman Empire continued, the power of ancient Rome was gone. In its place mushroomed a great many Germanic kingdoms, which in a few hundred years were to grow into the nations known as England. France, Spain, Italy, and Germany. Between the fifth and eleventh centuries, western Europe was the scene of frequent wars and invasions（战争和侵略）. The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confusion. Hunger and disease killed many lives; towns and villages fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste.During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. It continued to gain widespread power and influence- In the Late Middle Ages,almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church.It is also known as the medieval period（1000）, and as the Dark Ages（476-1000）. As during the Middle times there wasno central government to keep the order, and the Christian church shaped people ’ s ideas and lives by taking the lead in politics, law, art, and learning of Europe, it is also called “ Age of Faith .”Whatever names we may give to this span of time, this is a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged（传承、融合）. And it is this fusion and blending of different ideas and practices 'that paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture.II . Manor and Church1. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word "feudalism" was derived from the Latin "feudum", a grant of land.a. Growth of FeudalismWhen the Western Roman Empire grew weak, people lived in constant danger of attacks from invaders and robbers. They had to find ways to protect their families and homes. Owners of small farms sought protection from large landowners, by giving them land and services; In return the large landowners promised to protect the landless peasants and their families. Besides, war had destroyed lots of towns, trade and business had declined, more and more townspeople fled to the countryside to seek protection from those powerful landowners. In this way, the large landowners came to own more and more and while the peas ants ended up giving the lords not only their land but their freedom as well. Most of them became serfs（农奴）, bound to the land where they had been born. Only very fewpeasants were freemen, they were usually the workers who made the ploughs, shod the horses, and made harnesses for oxen and horses.Then in 732 Charles Martel, a Prankish ruler gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service. They, granted the right to govern large sections of land as fiefs to great lords. These lords known as vassals in turn promised to fight for the king. And they themselves further granted parts of their fiefs to lesser vassals. Thus, a complicated system of government developed. After 800, the kings in Europe were usually very weak. Without a strong central government the kingdoms of Western Europe were divided into thousands of feudal manors or farming communities, each as big as an ancient polis. Some nobles grew more powerful than the king, and became independent rulers. They had the right to collect taxes and to make their own laws. Many of them coined their own money and raised their own armies. Therefore feudalism was also a system of government a form of local and decentralized government.b. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. Some lords owned only one manor; others owned many. They lived in a manor house. The manor（庄园主的住宅） house originally consisted of one big room with a high ceiling and astraw-covered floor. There nobles（贵族） met with vassals（奴仆）, carried the laws and said their prayer. By the twelfth （第十二）century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses（堡垒）. They came to be called castles（城堡）. Medieval Europe was dotted with castles. For instance in Germany alone [here were as many as 1 0 000 castles.Near the manor stood a small village of wood and dirt cottages with thatched roof. The village was surrounded by forests, meadows, pastures,and fields. Most village had a church, mill（作坊）, bread oven（烤炉）, and wine press. At the centre of the manor stood the church.c. Knighthood and Code of Chivalry（骑士！）Almost all nobles were knights in the Medieval days. But no one was born a knight ― knighthood had to be earned. The training was both long and hard. A noble began his education as a page at the age of seven. He was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for the ladies. At about fourteen, the page(学习骑士，接收训练期间做侍从，可以被训练为骑士) became a squire(地主，乡绅) or assistant to a knight （骑士） who became his master.学习骑士在十四岁的时候成为乡绅或者作为自己导师（也是骑士）的助手。
欧洲文化入门RomanCulture
The Assemblies
comitia tributa
comitia centuriata
Punic Wars
Along with the reform in politics, Rome began its expansion. By 274 BC, the Romans had taken over all of Italy.
But the Romans respected this inheritance and assimilated it for the artistic enrichment of their own culture.
Geography
Both Greece and Rome are Mediterranean countries, but the terrain of the two is very different.
Roman Government
Senate (300 members)
Consuls (2 members) Head of Government
Tribune (10 members)
Patrician Appointed Hold office for life
Patrician & Plebian Elected Hold office for 1 year
The Battle of Corinth
The Romans under Lucius Mummius destroyed Corinth following a siege in 146 BC; when he entered the city, Mummius put all the men to the sword and sold the women and children into slavery before he torched the city.
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《欧洲文化入门》复习题（二）I. Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfmished statement or question, four suggested answers marked [ A ], [ B ], [ C ] and [ D ] are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Who were considered as people by the ancient Athens?A. Women citizensB. AdultsC. Adult male citizensD. Foreigners and children2. Which of the following is true about Dialogues?A. Dialogues was a book written by Socrates.B. Dialogues was a record of life of Plato.C. Dialogues was a record of Socrates written by Plato.D. Dialogues was a record of Socrates's sayings by his followers.3. The great deed that David performed was ____.A. he took the Hebrews back to CanaanB. he killed Goliath, the philistine giantC. he went to the top of the mountain in Sinai to receive message from (~dD. none of the above4. In the early clays of Christianity, it was a religion of _____.A. the richB. the poorC. the ruling classD. all people5. Which of the following statements about knighthood is not true?A. A nobleman was born a knight.B. Knighthood had to be earned.C. One had to be trained in order to become a knight.D. After being dubbed a knight, he had to observe the Code of Chivalry.6. The Inquisition was ______A. a church court set up to try hereticsB. an organization for church investigationC. a court in many kingdomsD. the decision - making body of the church7. Art to Michelangelo was a means by which._____.A. he expressed his opposition to the despotic ruleB. he made inquiry into the realityC. he expressed his vision of manD. B and C8. Counter- Reformation means that the Roman Catholic Church _____.A. suppressed the Reformation movement by forceB. refused to accept any reformC. re - established itself as a dynamic force in European affairs by introducing reforms and improvementsD. ganged up with the Spanish monarchy to set up the Inquisition9. Kepler's contribution to astronomy isA. his discovery of the law of inertiaB. his discovery of the Ptolemaic systemC. his discovery of the three laws of planetary motionD. none of the above10. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke stated that .__A. all our knowledge sprang from experienceB. knowledge was powerC. every man was enemy to every manD. the world was made up of simple, active substances11. The symbolic event of the French Revolution in 1789 was _____.A. the issuance of the Declaration of IndependenceB. the founding of the First RepublicC. the seizure of the BastilleD. the publication of The Spirit of the Laws12. V oltaire was noted for his_____.A. witB. satireC. passionD. A and B13. In Critique of Pure Reason, Kant argued that________.A. knowledge is the joint product of both sense and reasonB. creation is never complete; it is ever going onC. virtue can be sustained without religious beliefD. man's greatest ills are not natural but are made by man himself14. The Lyrical Ballads was written by _________.A. ShelleyB. Wordsworth and ColeridgeC. Blake and KeatsD. Byran and Shelley15. The line "Beauty is truth, truth beauty" comes from_________.A. WordsworthB. ByronC. KeatsD. BlakeI6. The contribution of ancient Greeks to world civilization is _________ A. Athenian democracy B. The Olympic GamesC. The epics of HomerD. All of the above17. Which of the following is true about Herodotus?A. He is called " Father of History".B. He wrote about the wars between "Athens 'and Sparta.C. He contributed greatly to lragic3art.D. He used clever parody in his writing.18. Genesis of the Old Testament tells about __________A. the fall of manB. the creation of the worldC. Noah g ArkD. all of the above.19. The leader of the slave uprising in 73 B. C. was _________A. NeroB. MosesC. SpartacusD. Abraham20. The great contribution of St. Jerome was __________A. the building of monasteriesB. the translation of Old and New Testaments into LatinC. the setting up of the church systemD. none of the above21. The main classes under feudalism in Western Europe were __A. monks, lords and townspeopleB. clergy, knights and peasantsC. knights, peasants and townspeopleD. clergy, lords and peasants22. Which of the following is not true about Dante?A. Dante was a great Italian poet.B. Dante wrote Beowulf.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian.D. Dante was a great political thinker.23. John Wycliffe was twice condemned as a heretic because of __________A. his teaching philosophy at OxfordB. his vigorous attack on orthodox church doctrinesC. his clerical associations and activitiesD. A&C24. Scientists in the 17'h century, such as Galileo and Newton, attached great importance to ________A. deductive reasoningB. classical authorityC. direct observation and experimentD. humanist learning25. The method that Francis Bacon introduced in inquiry was _________.A. practical B, deductive reasoningC. inductionD. experiment26. The characteristic of Dutch art in the early 17'8 century was ________.A. that it was still mainly religious paintingsB. that it recorded the familiar scenes and everyday life of the timeC. that it was mainly portraits of noble familiesD. that the theme was mainly court life27. Who was the first one to put forward the doctrine of separation of powers?A. LockeB. HobbesC. V oltaireD. Montesquieu28. Diderot is best known as ________.A. the author of Persian LettersB. the author Of the Origin of Human InequalityC. the editor of the EncyclopedicD. the author of Philosophical Thoughts第二部分非选择题PART TWOII. In the following part there are two columns. The left hand column consists of a list of names. The right hand column consists of a list of titles, names of organizations or works. Match each name in the left hand column with corresponding title or organization or work in the right hand column and put the number a or b or c etc. in the bracket on the test paper.21. Plato [ ] (a) the Society of Jesus22. Dante [ ] (b) Socialism : Utopian and Scientific23. Ignatius [ ] (c) Dialogues24. Bacon [ ] (d) the mazurkas25. Engels [ ] (e) The Counterfeiters26. James Joyce [ ] (f) Faust27. Shelley [ ] (g) the Divine Comedy28. Goethe [ ] (h) the Advancement of Learning29. Chopin [ ] (i) Ulysses30. Andre Gide [ ] (j) Prometheus Unbound21. Euclid [ ] (a) Eugene Onegin22. da Vinci [ ] (b) Ten Commandments23. Galileo [ ] ( c ) the Cantos24. T.S. Eliot [ ] (d) Elements25. Milton [ ] (e) Moll Flanders26. Defoe [ ] (f) Last Supper27. Pushkin [ ] (g) The Waste Land28. Mozart [ ] (h) Paradise Lost29. Moses [ ] (i) The Marriage of Figaro30. Ezra Pound [ ] (j) the Starry MessengerWrite between 100 - 120 words on the following topic in the corresponding space on the test paper.What are the impacts of Greek culture?名词解释：1. PlatoPlato was a very famous philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. He argued that men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth and goodness. Only these “ideas” are completely real, while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason, Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism, and Plato was called idealist.2. The PentateuchIn the Old Testament, the oldest and most important are the first five books including Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. These five books are called Torah, or Pentateuch.3. Code of ChivalryIn the Middle Ages of Western Europe, as a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of Chivalry.4. GothicThe Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe. It flourished and lasted from the mid-12th century to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque, but it was given direction by adifferent aesthetic and philosophical spirit and reflected a much more ordered feudal society with full confidence. Gothic cathedrals soared high, their windows, arches and towers reaching heavenward, flinging their passion against the sky. They were decorated with beautiful stained glass windows and sculptures more lifelike than any since ancient Rome.5. CalvinismThe French theologian John Calvin put his theological thoughts in his institutes of the Christian Religion, which was called Calvinism. Calvinism stressed the absolute authority of the God’s will, holding that only those especially elected by God are saved. Its belief was that any form of sinfulness was a likely sign of damnation whereas work could be a sign of salvation. This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path that many historians have suggested that Calvinism was one of the main courses of the capitalism spirit.6. The English RevolutionThe English Revolution took place in the middle of the 17th century. Among the causes of this revolution were the growth of capitalism, the break-up of serfdom and the Puritan Movement. In 1642, the Civil War broke out between the king and the Parliament. The English bourgeoisie won the victory, Charles I was beheaded. A republic was born and Cromwell became the protector. In 1660, Charles II returned from France and was put on the throne. This was the restoration of the Stuart. In 1688, the English throne was offered to Mary and her husband William, thus the short-lived restoration ended. This event of 1688 bwas called the Glorious Revolution which marked the end of English Bourgeois Revolution of the 17th century.7. Baroque ArtBaroque art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to the Netherlands and Flander in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on colour and light. The representatives were Michelangelo Caravaggio, Bernini, Borromini, Velazquez, Rubens, Rembrandt, etc. It referred to architecture of the period with its proliferation of ornament. Later the th em “baroque” was applied to music and paintings. In music, the new art represented a transformation of its elements into a swelling, emotional style.8. The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France, which attracted widespread support among the ruling and intellectual classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by Church or State. Therefore the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason.9. FaustIt is not only Goethe’s own masterpiece but the greatest work of German literature. It is a tragedy chiefly in verse. It utilizes a broad variety of styles to underscore its theme of total human experience. In Faust, Goethe draws on an immense variety of cultural material –theological, mythological, philosophical, political, economic, scientific, aesthetic, musical, and literary.问答：10. What did the Romans have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chief difference between them?They had a lot in common. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to servility and to monarchy. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified -- Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus，and so on -- and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Ido-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greek didn't, except for the brief moment of Alexander's conquests, which soon disintegrated.11. What was the Hebrews major contribution to world civilization?About 1300 B. C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan at that time, and formed small kingdoms. Their history of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament, which still later became the first part of the Christian Bible. Though a minor tribe in ancient East with a small population, the Hebrews made one of the greatest contributions to the world civilization.12. What are the main elements of humanism? How are these elements reflected in art and literature during the Italian Renaissance?(1) Humanism is the essence of Renaissance. Humanists in Renaissance believed that human beings had rights to pursue pleasure and wealth and they admired the beauty of human body. (2) This ran counter to the medieval ascetical ideal of poverty and stoicism, and shifted man's interest from Christianity into humanity, from religion to philosophy, from heaven to earth, from beauty of God, and the House of God to the beauty of human body in all its senses, feelings, joys and pains.(3) Theoretically, the humanists were religious, but they began to look at the problems of God and Pro vidence with a view to understanding man’s work and man’s earthly happiness.(4) The philosophy of humanism is reflected in the literature and art in Italy and the rest of Europe, to pass down as the beginning of the history of modern man, who, instead of brooding about death and the other world, lives and works for the present and future progress of mankind.(5) Of course, the philosophy of humanism is especially reflected in the literary works of Boccaccio and Petrarch and in the arts of Giotto, Brunelleschi, Donatello, Giorgione, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian, etc.13. What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?The significance of the Reformation in European civilization is profound.(1) Before Reformation, Europe was essentially feudal and medieval. It was under the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire. Economically, peasants all over Europe had to pay a good amount of their gains to the Pope. After the Reformation, all those things are different.(2) In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the Church was broken.(3) In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.(4) In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.(5) In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest and debate was ushered in by the Reformists.(6) Reformation shake the very foundation of the Roman Catholic Church and Europe was to take a new course of development, a scientific revolution was to be under way, and capitalism was to set in with its dynamic economic principles.。