汉语语法研究专题

汉语语法研究专题

第三部分

第二讲条件句与汉语代词的指称研究1

2006年3月27日

蒋严编译

一、理论背景：代词的指称类型

Evans (1980)

I．提出了四种代词的指称类型：

i) 代词所指为共有知觉环境中出现的彰显个体 [直指代词]

(1)He’s up early. [指视野中出现的某人]

(2)I’m glad he’s left. [指刚离开的那个人]

ii) 代词所指是句中出现的一个指称表达式，后者为前者的先性词，代词与该词同指 [回指代词1，其先行词是指称表达式]

(3)John loves his mother.

(iii) 代词的先行词是量化表达式，代词所取的值与量化式的值共变，(在这个特定使用过程中)，代词因受量词约束，本身也没有固定的指称对象了 [受约变量，回指代词2，其先行词不是指称表达式]

(4)Every man loves his mother.

(iv) 代词的先行词也是量化表达式，但代词的指称对象不与量化式的值共变，即不受后者约束 [这是由Evans首次提出的，Evans 称之为E-type pronouns]

(5)Few M.P.s came to the party but they had a good time.

≠ but few M.P.s came to the party

= but the M.P.s who came to the party had a good time.

II．对E类代词的进一步说明

(6)Few congressmen admire only the people they know.

(7)Few congressmen admire Kennedy, and they are very junior.

1说明：本讲义根据参考书目部分内容编译，非本人原创内容。但阐释多依据个人理解，有时也采用了原作未提到的后继著述，所以不完全代表原作者的观点。如有谬误，当属本人之妄释及臆想。-- 蒋严

(6)是约束变量解，但(7)的few congressmen的辖域(scope)只能是第一个分句，不能延伸到第二个分句。否则就得理解为Few congressmen both admire Kennedy and are very junior.

(8)John owns some sheep and Harry vaccinates them in the spring.

≠ Some sheep are such that John owns them and Harry vaccinates them in the spring. = … Harry vaccinates all the sheep that John owns. [some sheep 并不约束them]

区分两者的办法是用No去置换原来的量词，然后考察代词的指称

(9)No congressmen admire only the people they know.

(10)*No congressmen admire Kennedy, and they are very junior.

(11)No sheep are such they John owns them and Harry vaccinates them in the spring.

(12)*John owns no sheep, and Harry vaccinates them in the spring.

E类代词指称一些个体，这些个体作为语义赋值可以证实先其出现的含带量化结构的小句的值。因此，从这个赋值角度看，代词当然要指代所有满足相关谓词的个体。[试与约束变量解的赋值情况作比较] 同理，如果先行词用了No这个量词，那么E类代词就不可能出现了。

如果量化结构要约束代词，前者必须居前且成分统领c-command后者。因此，凡是有E类代词解释的情况，就绝不能满足此结构要求。

(13)After Harry bought some sheep, Harry vaccinated them.

(14)*After Harry bought no sheep, Harry vaccinated them.

(15)If many men come to the ball, Mary will dance with them.

(16)*If no men come to the ball, Mary will dance with them.

(17)Just one man drank champagne and he was ill. [≠ Just one man both drank

champagne and was ill]

(18)If a man enters this room, he will trip the switch.

(19)If there is a man in the garden, John will tell him to leave.

简单的形式刻画，(20)是可导致E类代词解的结构；(21)是导致受约变量解的结构。

(20)A(Q + CN) and B(it/them, etc.)

(21)Q CN x(A(x) & B(x))

引伸到更广的情况

(22)Socrates owned a dog and it bit Socrates. (E-type)

(23)Socrates owns a dog which bites its tail. (bound-variable)

(24)There is a doctor in London and he is Welsh.