形容词和形容词短语的用法分析解析

• B. –most: utmost, foremost, innermost, etc. • C. –er: elder/eldest, inner, other, upper, latter, former, outer, utter, etc. • D. –en: wooden, leaden, golden, silken, earthen, woolen, flaxen, etc. (material) • E. only, mere, sole, total, main, chief (for emphasis) • G. –ing: living, existing, remaining, neighboring, dying (Ti)
Here are some adjectives that specifically describe nouns related to the picture below:
• • • • • • • • • • • African-American girl Lovely girl Yellow shirt Happy girl Shiny apple colorful books green book Brown hair Small eyes Round face …
Only as SC:
• A. a-: afraid, alive, alone, asleep, aware, awake, ashamed, ablaze, averse, aloof… • B. well, worth, content, ill, drunk, sunk, sure, unable, subject…
• 如：amazed, amused, bored, excited, surprised, relaxed, unknown, unprepared, unsettled等
• 以-ing结尾的形容词通常翻译为“令人…” 以-ed结尾的形容 词通常翻译为“感到…”
• 有些-ed分词本身不具形容词特性，要带副词做修饰 语构成复合词。如：badly-behaved, newly-invented 等。
• — in terms of syntactic function: • (1) central adjectives: able to be used both as modifier and as complement • (2) peripheral adjectives: unable to satisfy both the requirements A attributive adjectives: only as modifier B predicative adjectives: only as complement of subject or object
Chapter 23 Adjective and Adjective Phrase
• • • • • • Warming-up 1. Classification 2. Adjectives and participles p263 3. Adjectives as modifier in noun phrases 4. Adjectives as complement p268 5. Notes
形容词(Adjective)的分类
• 词的构成 • 句法功能
单词形容词
复合形容词
中心形容词 外围形容词 形容词+形容词 bitter-sweet 形/副+-ing good-looking, hardworking 形/副+-ed newfangled, wellmeant 名+形 duty-free 名+-ing law-abiding 名+-ed hand-made 形+名+-ed kind-hearted
fat fatter fattest more reasonable most reasonable
reasonable
2.能接受强调词的修饰
very good so amazing extremely moody 所有的动态形容词和大多数静态形容词都是可等级的。有一些静态形容词，特别 是某些由名词转化来的表类别，来源或出处的形容词是不可等级的。
• Eg： The job was done well. • It was a well-done job.
Why are adjectives important to use
• It makes your writing/speaking more visual and vivid. • It appeals to our senses so we can hear, see, touch, taste, and even smell what you’re describing. • It makes reading and writing much more fun.
Here are two sentences: one uses adjectives, one doesn’t. Which one allows you to see the picture better? • • a. The rainforest contains flowers and plants that may help cure hospital patients. b. The fresh, lush rainforest contains hundreds of bright, colorful flowers and healthy, green plants that may help cure many weak hospital patients.
形容词与分词
-ing分词和-ed分词可作名词修饰语，起形容词的作用，并具有 形容词的各种特征，故称为分词形容词。
The film was very amusing. 能被very修饰
This time they achieved more satisfying results. 有比较级形式 Smith is the most experienced doctor in the hospital. 有最高级形式 I shall be delighted to meet you at the airport. 做主语补足语
• 1）由-ing分词转化而来的形容词
• 如: absorbing, amusing, boring, challenging, disappointing, misleading, shocking 等。
• 这些词的否定形式通常带前缀un-,如 unchanging, unencouraging, uninteresting等。 • 2）由-ed分词转化而来的形容词
动态形容词和静态形容词
静态形容词：描写人或物的静态特征，即外貌，形状，颜色等不可随意发生变 化的特征。如：ugly, red, tall, deep etc. 大多数的形容词都属于静态形容词。 动态（感）形容词：带有动作含义的形容词，即描写心理活动，表情特点等可 以发生不定变化特征的词。如：ambitious, happy, loyal, timid etc.
• • • • • •
A well man? A healthy man/ he is well. An afraid man? A frightened man / he is afraid An ill person? A sick person / he is ill/sick.
• • • • • • • •
*Be blue. 3.动态形容词可用于使役结构，而静态形容词不可以。
I begged my parents to be friendly to my ex-husband.
*I begged my parents to be pretty.
等级形容词和非等级形容词
大多数形容词都是等级形容词。
其特征有：1.具有比较等级
He is very asleep.? He is fast asleep/ he is sound asleep. He is very awake.? He is wide awake. He is very aware of his danger.? He is fully aware/quite aware of his danger. Much, Exception: I am very well.
用法区别：
1.动态形容词可与动词be的进行体搭配，而静态形容词不可以。
The kid is being quiet in front of his father. *The kid is being short. 2. 动态形容词可用于由动词be为首的祈使句，而静态形容词不可以。
Be careful! You may hurt the little puppy.
动态形容词
ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
• 词汇意义
静态形容词 等级形容词
非等级形容词
Some other compound adjs.:
a)transformed from adverbial phrases: e.g.: round-the-clock discussion the ahead-of-schedule general election • b)transformed from verb phrases e.g.: a stand-up collar a see-through shirt c)condensed by attributive clause e.g.: an easy-to-paint portrait = a portrait which is easy to paint a difficult-to-operate machine d)formed by a sentence e.g.: He spoke in a look-who’s-talking tone. • There was an I-told-you-so air on his face.
Only as SC
• • • • • • • • He is an alive man.? He is a living man / he is alive. An alone person? A lone person / he is alone. An asleep child? A sleeping child/ the child is asleep. They are of an alike shape.? They are of a like shape/ they are alike in shape.
Central vs. Peripheral
• Green apples are sour. • Pillar-boxes are green. • They have painted the windows green. • central
Only as Premodifier:
A. Daily, weekly, monthly, yearly e.g. My weekly pay is $150. I’m paid weekly. My pay is weekly?
electrical toothbrush
Spanish architects
* It is the most electrical one.
* He is very Spanish.
另：还有少数本身带有“极度，极端”含义的形容词，如perfect, enthusiastic （极感兴趣的）,excellent, extreme, paramount（极为重要的，至高无上的）etc. 也属于非等级形容词，因为它们本身已经是“最高级”。 *more perfect , * most paramount, *very enthusiastic