英汉语言对比第十二讲
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第十二讲
第七章英汉否定句式对比
第一节英汉否定词语用法对比
英语:not no never, neither, nor, none, nay, nobody, nothing, nowhere,等;汉语:不,没,无,非,未,否,勿,毋等
1. “not”与“不”的比较
1)相同
都是否定副词,都可以用来否定动词和形容词,在句中作状语. 都不能修饰名词。
例,他今天下午不来。
他这个人不聪明。
He will not come this afternoon.
He is not clever.
2)不同
A 在否定谓语是,not 不受时态的限制;但汉语中,对过去发生的事,如果强调“动作性(做不做)”,我们用“不”,如果强调“事变性(有没有这件事)”,我们用“没”。
姐姐怎么不听戏去?
原来请他的,他有事,没来。
I have not finished yet.
B 汉语中的“不”有时带有情态意义。
你去请他了吗?
去了,但是他不来么!(不愿意)
C 在否定的判断句中,not和“不”的用法相似,都是对“是”加以否定。
He is not an expert.
他不是专家。
英语中可以用no来否定表表语的名词,不过语气要更强一些。Ralph knows he is no expert.
2. no 与“没”的比较
1)在表“无”或“不存在”的概念时,英语可用no,汉语可用“没”来否定名词。
我没钱。
教室里没学生。
I have no money.
There are no students in the classroom.
英语也可以用not。
I have not any money.
There are n’t any students in the classroom.
2) 汉语中的“没”可否定名词和动词,但不能否定形容词。英语中no通常也只能否定名词,但在比较级中,no可以否定形容词。No 不否定动词。
没勇敢?
He is no taller than I .
No open the door.
3) 在简短回答中,英语只能用no,不能用not。但可以说certainly not, of course not.
第二节英汉否定词位置对比
1. 汉语中的否定词通常直接置于被否定词语之前,即根据所表达的意思来确定否定词的位置;英语中的否定词通常放在谓语动词之前。He does not like drinking very much.
他很不喜欢喝酒?他不是很喜欢喝酒?
很不喜欢怎么说?
He hates\dislikes drinking very much.
他干这件事不是为了自己。
He did it not for himself. ?
He did not do it for himself.
He did it not for himself but for you.
否定前移原则:汉语否定词都位于被否定的词语前。
He did not win the championship easily. 否定方式状语
Mr. Smith was not born in London. 否定地点状语
The new university has not been in operation long enough to prove its success as a venture. 否定时间状语
I am not paid to carry your words to anyone. 否定目的状语
Elvis did not die with a fortune. 否定伴随状语
Every morning he went out early to fish, but he had made it a rule not to cast his net more than four times a day. 否定频率状语
Certainly I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me. 否定原因状语The investigation was not held so that veterans could spill out their hearts. 否定目的状语
当英语句中有两个相对称的成分进行选择时,not 可直接置于被否定的词语前。
He wore an overcoat not because it was cold, but because he was ill.
英语中否定词与被否定成分的隔离往往会引起歧义。
He did not come here to talk idle.
他没有来这闲谈。
他来这儿不是为了闲谈。
怎么消除歧义?语音语调(口语);上下文(书面语)
2. 在否定谓语动词时,汉语中的否定词通常只能位于动词前,而英语中既可以用not,也可以用no。
他没穿衣服。
He did not wear clothes.
He wore no clothes.
现场没有发现证据。
The proof was not found on the spot.
No proof was found on the spot.
3. 在含有全称词的否定句中,英语和汉语的否定词的位置有所不同。