胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题详解(语音)【圣才出品】

第2章语音

2.1 复习笔记

本章要点:

1. Speech Organs 发音器官

2. Distinction, Classification and the Criteria of Description between Constants and Vowels

辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规则

3. Coarticulation and Phonetic Transcriptions

协同发音和语音转写

4. Phonemes and Allophones

音位和音位变体

5. Phonological Processes, Phonological Rules and Distinctive Features

音系过程、音系规则和区别特征

6. Syllable Structure, Stress and Intonation

音节结构、重音和语调

常考考点：

1. 语音学

语音学的定义；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的定义、发音部位、发音方法和分

类；英语元音的定义和分类、基本元音；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；

语音标记，国际音标；严式与宽式标音法。

2. 音系学

音系学的定义；音系学与语音学的联系和区别；音素、音位、音位变体、最小对立体、自由变体的定义；音位理论；自由变异；音位的对立分布与互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音(词重音、句子重音)；音高和语调。

本章内容索引

I. The Definition of Phonetics and Phonology

1. Phonetics

2. Three Major Research Fields of Phonetics

3. Phonology

II. Speech Organs

1. Speech organs

2. Voiceless sounds

3. Voiced sounds

4. IPA

III. Consonants and Vowels

1. Definition

2. Consonants

(1) Manner of Articulation and Place of Articulation

(2) Classification of Consonants

3. Vowel

(1) Cardinal vowels

(2) Criteria of vowel description

(3) Monophthongs, Diphthongs and Triphthongs

IV. Coarticulation and Phonetic Transcriptions

1. Coarticulation

2. Phonetic Transcription

V. Phonemes and Allophones

1. Phoneme

2. Allophones

VI. Phonological Processes and Distinctive Features

1. Phonological processes

2. Assimilation

3. Distinctive features

VII. Suprasegmentals

1. Suprasegmental features

2. The Syllable Structure

3. Stress

4. Intonation and Tone

I. The Definition of Phonetics and Phonology (语音学和音系学的定义)

1. Phonetics (语音学)

Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.

语音学研究语音的发生、传递和感知。

2. Three Major Research Fields of Phonetics (语音学研究的三大领域)

(1) Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.

(2) Acoustic Phonetics is the study of physical properties of speech sounds.

(3) Perceptual (Auditory) Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.

(1) 发音语言学研究语音的发生。

(2) 声学语音学研究语音的物质特征。

(3) 感知语音学(或听觉语音学)研究语音的感知。

3. Phonology (音系学)

Phonology is the study of sound systems of languages, in another word, it studies the way in which speakers of a certain language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meanings.

音系学研究的是语言的语音系统。换句话说，音系学研究的是说话人为表达意义而系统地选择语音的方法。

II. Speech Organs (发音器官)

1. Speech organs (发音器官)