同位语从句
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同位语从句
一、概念
同位语:一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰,限定或说明,这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。常用来作同位语的有名词、数词、不定代词(each,both,all)、短语、直接引语以及同位语从句等。
同位语从句:指的是在复合句中充当同位语的从句,属于名词性从句的范畴,同位语从句用来对其前面的抽象名词进行解释说明,被解释说明的词和同位语是同一层次的语言单位,在逻辑上是主表关系,单词作同位语时常用…,‟隔开。
同位语与被它限定的词的格式要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。
同位语从句即重复说明同一个称谓或事件的从句。
二、用法
(一)、先行词
可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,words(消息),possibility, decision等(特征:“抽象”名词,可补充说明其内容)。同位语从句一般跟在这些名词后面,用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。先行词常用单数形式,并且往往带有限定词(word除外)加以修饰。
I heard thenews that our team had won.
我听到了我们队获胜的消息。
I‟ve come from Mr. Wang with amessage that he won‟t be able to see you this afternoon.
我从王先生那里来,他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。
Where did you get theidea that I could not come?
你在哪儿听说我不能来?
(二)、引导词
英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有连词that,whether,连接代词what,who。连接副词how, when, where等。(注:if不能引导同位语从句,因if还有如果之意,可引导条件状语从句。)
He must answer the question whether he agrees with it or not.
他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。
一)that引导
that连接从句时从句为一个句意完整的陈述句。that不能省略,没有具体的意思,不充当句子成分,只起连接作用。(注:引导同位语从句的that不能省略)
The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.
你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。(作idea的同位语)
二)其它引导词引导
1.连接代词what, who, whom, whose引导同位语从句
1).I have no idea what size shoes she wears.
我不知道她穿几号的鞋。(what作定语)
2).The question who will take his place is still not clear. (who作主语)
2. 连接副词引导
连接副词when, where, how, why
We haven‟t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪儿去度暑假,这个问题我们还没有决定。
四、分隔式同位语从句
有时因为句子结构等原因,同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后,而被别的词语隔开,在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句,是同位语从句的特殊形式。
The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.
她突然想起可能在她离开家时没把门关上。
The ideacame to his mind that he could find another way to solve this question.
他想起可以用另外一种方法解决这个问题。
A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother's birthday.
(由于that从句太长,为避免句子失去平衡,此处用了间隔同位语从句)。
The story goes that he beats his wife.
传说他打老婆。
The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery.
消息传开说他中彩得了一辆汽车。
The rumor spreads that a new school would be built here.
谣传这里要盖一所新学校。
Report has it that the Smith sare leaving town.
有传言说史密斯一家要离开这座城市。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.
他想到可能敌人已逃离这座城市。
The order soon came that all citizens should evacuate the village.
不久命令下来,所有居民都必须撤出村子。
五、it作为先行词
代词it可用作同位语从句的先行词。这个it常放在某些动词或短语动词后作宾语,同时兼作其后that同位语从句的先行词。
I owe it to you that I am still alive.
幸亏你,我此刻还活着。
有的语法学家把先行词it后的that从句看作是动词或介词的真正宾语。一般认为,这种it 后的that 从句应看作it的同位语,因为它相当于“主语+be+表语”结构。
You must see to it that the children don't catch cold.(=You must see to it,and it is that the children don't catch cold.)
你要当心,别让孩子们着凉了。
六、Tips
【注意1】在某些名词,如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等,与宾语从句中的部分动词后要用虚拟语气同理,该类名词是这些动作的名词形式,这些动作具有其特定的对象,且动作的目的是使对象发生某种变化,本质是一种主观意愿,而非客观事实,故后面的同位语从句中的谓语动词通常要用“should +动词原形”的虚拟语气结构,句中的should可以省略。