药学英语课后翻译
药学英语第三版上册胡延熹课后翻译-推荐下载
Vitamins ---- Translation1.Researchers found that the level of vitamin C stored in the body of the victim with a common cold fell drastically and was close to the level of people suffering from scurvy.2.Minor degrees of vitamin C deficiency are common, though outright scurvy only occur when the diet is markedly deficient in fresh fruits and vegetables.3.Vitamins are organic compounds that must be supplied in the diet or injected into the body to maintain health.4.Vitamins produce no energy but play an essential role in the transformation of energy and in the regulation of metabolism.5.Vitamins are classified/distinguished by the letters of the alphabet, such as vitamins A, C, D, E, K and the B-complex.6.Vitamins and minerals are found in small amounts and are needed in minute quantities, as compared with the other nutrients.7.The diseases which develop from the absence of vitamins are known as vitamin deficiency diseases. For example, a lack of vitamin A brings about night blindness; a deficiency of vitamin D results in rickets.8.Some vitamins are soluble in fats whereas others are soluble in water. They are, therefore, termed fat-soluble and water soluble vitamins respectively.9.In addition to the general nutrients, another two groups of nutrients, vitamins and inorganic, or mineral, salts are also required by the body.10.Most nutrients contain more than one nutrient, but no single food contains all the nutrients in the amounts you need.食物抗癌1.Overwhelming statistical evidence shows that smokers are more likely to develop cancer of the lung, throat, and tongue than are non-smokers.2.Fruits and vegetables are chock-full of a variety of antioxidants which can snuff out oxygen free radicals, substances that are thought to make cells more susceptible to cancer.3.A well-balanced diet will give your body various nutrients of vitamins, minerals, proteins, starches, and sugars that it needs to operate smoothly.4.The risk of lung cancer is directly related to the number of cigarettes smoked each day--the higher the number, the higher the risk.5.Even smokers may be protected from developing lung cancer by a daily portion of carrots, spinach or any other vegetables and fruits.6.Some studies of animals and humans have suggested that vitamin A offers some protection against lung cancer.7.Further studies will be necessary before the link between lung cancer and carotene can be firmly established.8.Animal studies show that garlic blocks carcinogens that have been linked to colon and stomach cancer.9.A diet of more fruits and vegetables will undoubtedly play a major role in reducing cancer incidence as well as the number of deaths caused by the disease.10.Beta-carotene not only has a direct toxic effect on tumor cells, but also reduces the growth of lung-cancer cells and altered the proteins needed for tumors to grow.化学与物质----Translation1.Briefly speaking, a scientist differs from an artist mainly in that a scientist not only interprets the outer world, but also tries to transform it into a better one.2.Science begins with necessity, curiosity, and questions about the unexplained phenomena in nature.3.The ways in which an element or a compound combines or reacts with other things are its chemical properties.4.The chemist is interested in the composition and properties of substances and the transformations they undergo during a chemical reaction.5.It is very easy to fall into the habit of taking some painkiller when there is any slight pain.6.The delicate operations performed by surgeons today would not be possible without anesthetics.7.Today it is generally recognised that the human body is a chemical factory in which countless complex chemical and physicalchanges are constantly taking place.8.The substance salt is composed of the metal sodium and the corrosive gas chlorine, but its chemical properties are quite different from those of sodium and chlorine.9.Chemotherapy is the treatment of disease by the administration of chemical substances which kill or prevent the growth of pathogenic organisms within the body.10.Substances that lessen pain but do not affect other sensations are called pain relieving drugs.麻醉药Translation1.It is not many years since a man who had to have an operation felt all its pain.2.It is attributable to the discovery of anesthetics that surgeons can now perform all kinds of operations without causing pain.3.Spinal anesthesia produces excellent anesthesia and relaxation for the performance of many operations on the lower parts of the body.4.The exact mechanism in which the general anesthetic drugs exert their effect on the brain is still unknown, although many theories have been proposed.5.The introduction of anesthetics to surgery has made possible much more delicate and lengthy operations, thus greatly extending the field of surgery.6.Narcotics are applied to those drugs which are sedative in their action upon the body but which also produce insensibility to pain.7.Contrary to what one might think, it’s only 50 years or so since penicillin, the antibiotic once regarded as the wonder drug, came into being.8.Scientists point out that since the sedative action of a drug results from its effect on the nerves, it must possess solubility in the fluids of the body which surround the nerves.9.An anesthetic must be volatile if it is to be administered through oral inhalation, while those which can be administered through the rectum or injected into the spine do not have to be volatile.10.In spite of the danger of a patient’s contracting pneumonia after the use of ether as an anesthetic, ether is still widely employed because the anesthesia it produces is one of deep relaxation.绿色药房-草药Translation1.The plant kingdom was once man’s only pharmacy. Yet when you enter a modern chemist’s shop today, you can hardly find a sign of the use of plants in medicine.2.Today the number of plants used in medicine has decreased, but hidden away in many pills, capsules, and medicine bottles are the active chemicals originally found in the plant kingdom.3.Some chemicals which plants make may be poisonous, others may be chemicals that are extremely valuable to us as medicines.4.During the many thousands of years that man has been on the earth, he has been trying out various plants that grew around him.5.There has existed for many years mistrust, suspicion or hostility between the orthodox and the herbal practitioner which threatens the possibility of a good working relationship.6.When one considers the therapeutic impact of quinine, it is evident how great is the debt of medicine to plant-derived drugs.7.However, the past few decades have witnessed an obvious diminution in the number of plant-derived drugs introduced into medicine.8.The legacy of traditional Chinese medicine is a treasure house with an inexhaustible supply of new potential drugs which is to be explored with an introduction of new approaches.9.Had pharmacological approaches not been introduced into the investigation of Vinca rosea, the discovery of vincalcukoblastine would have been postponed by many years.10.Western practitioners find it difficult to believe that someone who knows nothing of a disease mechanism could still be capable of curing it.Natural Products1. One of the oldest of human activities is the study of plants and animals, particularly as sources of food.2.From the earliest times man had to distinguish between those plants which were poisonous and those which were not and there graduall y developed a knowledge of natural drugs.3. As late as the beginning of the present century pharmacognosy had developed mainly on the botanical side, being particularly concerned with the description and identification of drugs.4.Undoubtedly the plant kingdom still holds many species of plants containing substances of medical value which have yet to be discover ed.5. As a result of modern isolation and pharmacological testing procedures, new plant drugs usually find their way into medicine as purified substances.6. Many of the botanical, chemical and physical techniques employed in pharmacognosy are also applicable to the analysis of other comm odities, such as foods, spices and cosmetics.7. While pharmacognosy has been generally studied for practical purposes and may thus be called an applied science it has played an imp ortant role in the development of the pure sciences.8. Recent phytochemical examination of plants which have a suitable history of use in folklore for the treatment of cancer has, indeed, oft en resulted in the isolation of principles with antitumour activity.9. The growth of knowledge of biochemistry and physiology, which led to the concept of the chemical control of biological processes, has been of particular importance for pharmacology.10. Primitive man depended on preventive use of nature’s stock of plants and herbs to avoid disease and to maintain health and vigor.有机化学Translation1. The remarkable advances made in modern medicine would not have been possible without the aid of chemistry.2. Since the body is essentially a chemical machine, a knowledge of the chemistry of bodily functions seems essential to the physician.3. The production of food by plants and animals involves the rearrangement of atoms in molecules.4. Fortunately, few kinds of work seem to urge people on to success more effectively than does the pursuit of chemistry.5. So far the motive behind the search for synthetics has been a wish to produce better things for less money, and for more people.6. Isolation of increasing numbers of purified materials from living forms and recognition of the fact that all contained carbon gave birth to organic chemistry.7. When coal is burned in a furnace it combines with oxygen to give carbon dioxide, a new substance with different composition and properties from coal and oxygen.8. Many specific chemical reactions are important because of the energy which they use or supply.9. In the study of organic chemistry, students are expected to use familiar symbols which are constructed into two- or three-dimensional molecular formulas.10.From the food we eat, the clothes we wear to the buildings we live in, all have been fashioned to a considerable extent by organic chemistry.新药研制1Translation1.Formerly, drugs were extracted from natural plants and animal sources, and therapeutic use was based on traditional experience.2.Drug development strategies involve serendipity, molecular roulette, programmed basic research with synthesis of specific chemical, etc..3.Though it’s the most satisfying in the development of new drugs, the approach is expensive and there is no guarantee of success.4.When a drug is used by millions, there are certain to be adverse reactions even though the risk to any individual is small.5.Most drugs have a safe upper limit of dosage; beyond this toxic effects may be expected to occur.6.Penicillin, one of the most powerful killers of bacteria was discovered quite by accident by Alexander Fleming.7.Pharmacological experiment on a new drug determines whether the drug has the desired profile of action in model system.8.The increase in knowledge of biochemical mechanisms results in a more rational approach to the development of new drugs.9.Extensive formal toxicological tests are required before a new drug can be used on patients.10.Chemists and biologists have now attached great importance to such fields of research as molecular biology and biochemicalpharmacology.新药研制 2 Translation1.The rationale for the development of new drugs should be provide better drugs; better in the sense of being either more effective, safer or cheaper.2.The representative of the pharmaceutical manufacturer has been specially trained to promote his particular new product.3.Only after animal studies have proved efficacy can clinical evaluation of new drugs be undertaken.4.New drug evaluation in man can be divided into four phases each of which should be conducted under strict supervision.5.A dose-ranging study should only be performed on volunteers who are informed about the implications of the tests, and who give their consent freely.6.Dose-ranging studies should only be performed under medical supervision, as there exist some possible risks during the test.rge scale clinical trials in Phase 3 are to establish new drug’s profile of action and frequency of adverse effects.8.The expensive cost in drug development is borne by the pharmaceutical manufacturer, which justifiably expects to recoup it when the product is finally marketed.rmation about the new drug published in well-established journals is more reliable than that offered by the medical representative whose livelihood depends on the ability to promote the product.10.Heavy investment in promotion has not simply led to the use of undistinguished new drugs, but to a higher cost of the drugs as well.药理学范畴Translation1.The science of the effects of drugs on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientists who study it are pharmacologists.2.Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its own, but that closely related to other branches of science.3.Pharmacologists should not only understand the normal processes that take place in the body, but know how the functions of the body are affected by disease.4.Properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroy the race.5.During the first part of the twentieth century there have been enormous strides in the field of pharmacology.6.Man continues to strive, not only for a longer life span, but for a healthier one as well.7.With the frequent use of more than one therapeutic agent by a patient, particularly the elderly, drug interactions that result in toxicity are likely events.8.The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases.9.Most of the natural drugs are now highly purified and differ little from synthetic chemicals, the interests of the clinician in pharmacognosy are correspondingly decreased.10.As a border science, pharmacodynamics borrows freely from both the theories and experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, immunology, pathology, etc..良药滥用-----Translation1.Although the development of antibiotics has been of incalculable benefit to mankind, it has also given rise to serious complications.2.The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in the natural evolution of strains of disease germs which are resistant to such medications.3.A new multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, now prevalent in the world, causes serious infections that may not respond to chemotherapy.4.Some antibiotics are effective against a large range of microorganisms, they are, therefore, known as broad-spectrum antibiotics.5.Some drugs may not cause physical dependence, or addiction, but many persons do become habituated to their use.6.Drug abuse is thought of as the misuse of drugs potentially harmful to the individual user or to society.7.Many persons, believing that antibiotics can cure any disease, press their doctors for a dose of penicillin for such virus ailment as influenza.8.Addiction is the body’s continued need for drugs because of their physiological effects after they are first taken.9.In comparison, the inadequacies and potential dangers of antibiotics are much less widely known.10.Antibiotics are used so carelessly around the world that they are creating a new health threat to mankind.抗癌的食物（全文翻译）现在饮食开始被考虑作为抵抗癌症的主要武器。
药学英语(化学工业出版社)课文翻译
药学英语课文翻译Unit1药品依据他们的产品或来源药物能够被分为三种：Ⅰ、全合成Ⅱ、天然产物和Ⅲ、由局部合成产物〔半合成产物〕本书的重点是关于最重要化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ——这类药物合成。
然而，这并不意味天然产物和其他的药物就不重要。
它们能够被用作有价值的先导化合物，同时它们通常被用作起始原料或作为重要合成产物的中间体。
而更加经济的。
在过往的几年里发酵，即微生物工程，差不多变得极其重要。
通过现代技术和基因的选择结果，导致了微生物高突变体演变的产生，发酵差不多变成了对物质广泛围的选择方式。
真核细胞〔酵母和霉菌〕和原核细胞〔单细菌细胞和放线菌〕都被用作微生物。
以下为可获得的生产形式:1.细胞原料〔单细胞蛋白质〕2.酶3.初级的落解产物〔初级酶代谢物〕4.次级的落解产物〔次级的代谢物〕在次级代谢物中，必先提起的是抗生素，以下五种药代表了每年世界范围内价值170亿美元的药物：青霉素，头孢菌素，四环素，红霉素，氨基糖苷类。
大约有5000种抗生素差不多从微生物中不离出来了，但在这些中仅有那些少于100种用于治疗使用。
然而，一定明白，那些衍生物通过局部合成被先进用于治疗。
在过往十年中，单单从β-内酰胺半合成的就有五万种药物。
发酵在容积大于400m3的不锈钠发酵罐中进行，防止了微生物噬菌体的污染等等，整个过程必须在无菌条件下进行。
〔倒数第五段开始〕大量使用的试剂不仅仅是酸〔盐酸、硫酸、硝酸、醋酸〕，还有无机和有机碱〔氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、碳酸钾、重碳酸钾、铵碱、三乙胺、吡啶〕。
还有辅助化学物质包括活性炭和催化剂。
所有这些补充的化学物质〔比方中间体〕在最终产物中可能是杂志的来源。
在1969年，世界卫生组织出版了关于“药品平安质量保卫〞的论述。
名目2是有关“药品赔偿和平安保卫质量的规定〞〔世界卫生组织，1969年第418号技术报告，名目2；1975年第567号名目1A〕这同时变为众所周知的“药品质量治理标准〞或GMP标准，同时这些规定在现在药品生产中也应遵守。
(完整word版)药学英语第五版原文翻译
Introduction to PhysiologyIntroductionPhysiology is the study of the functions of living matter。
It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities： how it feeds， how it moves, how it adapts to changing circumstances， how it spawns new generations. The subject is vast and embraces the whole of life. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry.Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology—the replication of the genetic code for or example-many are specific to particular groups of organisms. For this reason it is necessary to divide the subject into various parts such as bacterial physiology, plant physiology， and animal physiology.To study how an animal works it is first necessary to know how it is built. A full appreciation of the physiology of an organism must therefore be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy。
(完整版)药学英语第五版原文翻译
Introduction to PhysiologyIntroductionPhysiology is the study of the functions of living matter. It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities: how it feeds, how it moves, how it adapts to changing circumstances, how it spawns new generations. The subject is vast and embraces the whole of life. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry.Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology—the replication of the genetic code for or example—many are specific to particular groups of organisms. For this reason it is necessary to divide the subject into various parts such as bacterial physiology, plant physiology, and animal physiology.To study how an animal works it is first necessary to know how it is built. A full appreciation of the physiology of an organism must therefore be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Experiments can then be carried out to establish how particular parts perform their functions. Although there have been many important physiological investigations on human volunteers, the need for precise control over the experimental conditions has meant that much of our present physiological knowledge has been derived from studies on other animals such as frogs, rabbits, cats, and dogs. When it is clear that a specific physiological process has a common basis in a wide variety of animal species, it is reasonable to assume that the same principles will apply to humans. The knowledge gained from this approach has given us a great insight into human physiology and endowed us with a solid foundation for the effective treatment of many diseases.The building blocks of the body are the cells, which are grouped together to form tissues. The principal types of tissue are epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular, each with its own characteristics. Many connective tissues have relatively few cells but have an extensive extracellular matrix. In contrast, smooth muscle consists of densely packed layers of muscle cells linked together via specific cell junctions. Organs such as the brain, the heart, the lungs, the intestines, and the liver are formed by the aggregation of different kinds of tissues. The organs are themselves parts of distinct physiological systems. The heart and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system; the lungs, trachea, and bronchi together with the chest wall and diaphragm form the respiratory system; the skeleton and skeletal muscles form the musculoskeletal system; the brain, spinal cord, autonomic nerves and ganglia, and peripheral somatic nerves form the nervous system, and so on.Cells differ widely in form and function but they all have certain common characteristics. Firstly, they are bounded by a limiting membrane, the plasma membrane. Secondly, they have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to liberate energy for their activities.生理学简介介绍生理学是研究生物体功能的科学。
药学英语课后翻译
.VitaminsFoods That Fight CancerChemistry and MatterAnestheticsGreen Pharmacy Herbal MedicineIntroduction of Organic ChemistryDevelopment of New Drugs 1Development of New Drugs 2The Scope of PharmacologyBiopharmaceuticsDrug Abuse翻译Vitamins1.研究人员发现普通感冒患者体内维生素c水平急剧下降，接近坏血病患者水平。
2.虽然只有当饮食中新鲜水果、蔬菜严重缺乏时人才会患上坏血病，但轻度维生素c缺乏症还是普遍存在的。
3.维生素是有机化合物，必须通过饮食或肌肉注射予以补充，以维护身体健康。
4.维生素不产生能量，但却在能量转换及新陈代谢调节方面起着重要作用。
5.维生素是按字母分类的，如维生素A、C、D、E、K和复合B等。
6.和其他营养素相比，维生素和矿物盐的存在量较少，而需要量也很少。
7.由于维生素缺乏而引起的疾病叫维生素缺乏症，例如，维生素A缺乏出现夜盲症，维生素D缺乏导致佝偻症。
8.有些维生素溶解于脂肪，而其他的则溶解于水，故它们分别被称为脂溶性维生素和水溶性维生素。
9.除了一般的营养素之外，另两类营养素——维生素和无机盐或矿物盐也是人体必需的。
10.大多数食品含有多种营养素，但没有哪一种食品囊括人体所需的所有营养素。
Foods That Fight Cancer1.充分的统计资料证明，吸烟者较不吸烟者更有可能患肺、喉及舌等部位的癌症。
2.水果蔬菜富含多种抗氧化剂，该物质能杀灭被认为将诱发细胞癌变的无氧基。
3.均衡饮食将为机体提供正常运转所需的维生素、矿物盐、蛋白质、淀粉及糖类等多种营养素。
4.患肺癌的危险性直接与每天吸烟的数量有关，数量越大，危险越大。
5.甚至吸烟者亦可通过每天食用一些胡萝卜、菠菜或其他蔬菜水果来预防肺癌。
(完整版)药学英语第五版原文翻译
Introduction to PhysiologyIntroductionPhysiology is the study of the functions of living matter. It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities: how it feeds, how it moves, how it adapts to changing circumstances, how it spawns new generations. The subject is vast and embraces the whole of life. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry.Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology —the replication of the genetic code for or example specific to particular groups of organisms. For this reason it is necessary to divide the subject into various parts such as bacterial physiology, plant physiology, and animal physiology.To study how an animal works it is first necessary to know how it is built. A full appreciation of the physiology of an organism must therefore be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Experiments can then be carried out to establish how particular parts perform their functions. Although there have been many important physiological investigations on human volunteers, the need for precise control over the experimental conditions has meant that much of our present physiological knowledge has been derived from studies on other animals such as frogs, rabbits, cats, and dogs. When it is clear that a specific physiological process has a common basis in a wide variety of animal species, it is reasonable to assume that the same principles will apply to humans. The knowledge gained from this approach has given us a great insight into human physiology and endowed us with a solid foundation for the effective treatment of many diseases.The building blocks of the body are the cells, which are grouped together to form tissues. The principal types of tissue are epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular, each with its own characteristics.Many connective tissues have relatively few cells but have an extensive extracellular matrix. In contrast, smooth muscle consists of densely packed layers of muscle cells linked together via specific cell junctions. Organs such as the brain, the heart, the lungs, the intestines, and the liver are formed by the aggregation of different kinds of tissues. The organs are themselves parts of distinct physiological systems. The heart and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system; the lungs, trachea, and bronchi together with the chest wall and diaphragm form the respiratory system; the skeleton and skeletal muscles form the musculoskeletal system; the brain, spinal cord, autonomic nerves and ganglia, and peripheral somatic nerves form the nervous system, and so on.Cells differ widely in form and function but they all have certain common characteristics. Firstly, they are bounded by a limiting membrane, the plasma membrane. Secondly, they have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to liberate energy for their activities.生理学简介介绍生理学是研究生物体功能的科学。
第四版药学英语课后翻译（节选）
第四版药学英语课后翻译（节选）药学英语课后翻译Organic Chemistry Translation1. 没有化学的帮助，现代医学所取得的令人瞩目的进展是不可能的。
The remarkable advances made in modern medicine would not have been possible without the aid of chemistry.2. 既然人体从本质上讲是一台化学机器，那么，有人体功能的化学知识对医生来说就显得至关重要了。
Since the body is essentially a chemical machine, a knowledge of the chemistry of bodily functions seems essential to the physician.3. 通过植物和动物生产食品涉及到分子中原子的重新排列问题。
The production of food by plants and animals involves the rearrangement of atoms in molecules.4. 幸运的是，很少有其他工作能像研究化学那样更能激励人们去取得成功。
Fortunately, few kinds of work seem to urge people on to success more effectively than does the pursuit of chemistry.5. 迄今为止，寻求合成制品背后的动机便是祈盼以更少的钱为更多的人生产更好的东西。
So far the motive behind the search for synthetics has been a wish to produce better things for less money, and for more people.6. 人们从活体分离出越来越多的纯净物质，并认识到它们都含有碳元素，这样便诞生了有机化学Isolation of increasing numbers of purified materials from living forms and recognition of the fact that all contained carbon gave birth to organic chemistry.7. 煤与氧结合在炉中燃烧，生成二氧化碳——一种在成分和化学性质上都不同于煤和氧的全新物质。
药学英语第五版原文翻译.doc
Introduction to PhysiologyIntroductionPhysiology is the study of the functions of living matter. It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities: how it feeds, how it moves, how it adapts to changing circumstances, how it spawns new generations. The subject is vast and embraces the whole of life. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry.Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology—the replication of the genetic code for or example—many are specific to particular groups of organisms. For this reason it is necessary to divide the subject into various parts such as bacterial physiology, plant physiology, and animal physiology.To study how an animal works it is first necessary to know how it is built. A full appreciation of the physiology of an organism must therefore be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Experiments can then be carried out to establish how particular parts perform their functions. Although there have been many important physiological investigations on human volunteers, the need for precise control over the experimental conditions has meant that much of our present physiological knowledge has been derived from studies on other animals such as frogs, rabbits, cats, and dogs. When it is clear that a specific physiological process has a common basis in a wide variety of animal species, it is reasonable to assume that the same principles will apply to humans. The knowledge gained from this approach has given us a great insight into human physiology and endowed us with a solid foundation for the effective treatment of many diseases.The building blocks of the body are the cells, which are grouped together to form tissues. The principal types of tissue are epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular, each with its own characteristics. Many connective tissues have relatively few cells but have an extensive extracellular matrix. In contrast, smooth muscle consists of densely packed layers of muscle cells linked together via specific cell junctions. Organs such as the brain, the heart, the lungs, the intestines, and the liver are formed by the aggregation of different kinds of tissues. The organs are themselves parts of distinct physiological systems. The heart and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system; the lungs, trachea, and bronchi together with the chest wall and diaphragm form the respiratory system; the skeleton and skeletal muscles form the musculoskeletal system; the brain, spinal cord, autonomic nerves and ganglia, and peripheral somatic nerves form the nervous system, and so on.Cells differ widely in form and function but they all have certain common characteristics. Firstly, they are bounded by a limiting membrane, the plasma membrane. Secondly, they have the ability to break生理学简介介绍生理学是研究生物体功能的科学。
药学英语Unit4 Text A注释及译文
Unit FourText A The Scope of PharmacologyIn its entirety, pharmacology embraces the knowledge of the history, source, physical and chemical properties, compounding, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanisms of action, absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion, and therapeutic and other uses of drugs. Since a drug is broadly defined as any chemical agent that affects living processes, the subject of pharmacology is obviously quite extensive.1.entirety [en'taɪərɪti:] n.整体,全面in its entirety作为一个整体2. compounding ['kɑmpaundiŋ] n.配料；组合；复合3. Mechanism ['mekənizəm] n. 机械装置；构造, 机制；办法, 技巧, 途径4. absorption [əb'sɔrpʃən] n.吸收；吸收过程；吸收作用；专注，专心致志；合并；同化5. distribution [,distri'bju:ʃən] n.分发, 分配；散布, 分布6. biotransformation [,baiəu,trænsfə'meiʃən] n.生物转化metabolism [mɪ'tæbə,lɪzəm] n.新陈代谢7. excretion [eks'kri:ʃən] n.(动植物的)排泄,排泄物8. therapeutic [,θerə'pju:tik] adj.治疗(学)的;疗法的；对身心健康有益的9. living ['liviŋ]adj.活(着)的；现存的, 在使用中的；逼真的, 生动的n.生计, 生存之道；生活方式整体而言，药理学包括药学发展的历史，药物的来源、理化性质、配伍，药物对机体的生化过程和生理功能的影响，药物的作用机制，药物的吸收、分布、生物转化和排泄，药物的治疗作用和其他作用。
药学英语Unit 14Text B 注释及译文
Text B How Does FDA Approve New Drugs?Under current law, all new drugs need proof that they are effective, as well as safe, before they can be approved for marketing. But it’s important to realize that no drug is absolutely safe. There is always some risk of an adverse reaction. It’s when the benefits outweigh the risks that FDA considers a drug safe enough to approve.1.outweigh [a u tˊweɪ] vt. 在重量上超过；在重要性或价值方面超过根据现行法规，对于所有新药，只有经确认安全、有效，才会被批准上市。
但是，我们应该意识到没有所谓绝对安全的药物，认识到这一点是很重要的。
任何药物都可能有不良反应。
因此，只有认定某种药物的益处大于其风险时，FDA 才会认为某种药物足够安全，可批准其上市。
In fact, it was only 25 years ago that U.S. drug law first embraced the idea of risk vs. benefit that now the key to new drugs approval. Providing evidence of safety before marketing was first required by Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act in 1938, but not until the Drug Amendments of 1962 did firms also have to show a drug’s effectiveness before marketing. Before any drug gets on the market today, FDA decides—as quickly as a thorough evaluation allows—whether the studies submitted by the drug’s sponsor(usually the manufacturer) show it to be safe and effective for its intend use.1.embrace [im'breis] vt. 包括; 包含；接受；信奉, 皈依vt. & vi.拥抱n.拥抱, 怀抱2.cosmetic [kɔz'metik]n.化妆品adj.化妆用的; 美容的；装点门面的Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act联邦食品、药品和化妆法案3.Drug Amendments [ə'mendmənts] 药品法修正案4.thorough ['θʌrəu] adj.彻底的；十足的；考虑周到的5.sponsor ['spɔnsə] vt.赞助, 发起, 主办n. 申办者事实上，直到25年前美国药品管理法才刚刚引入“风险-益处评估”的概念。
药学英语,课后翻译
药学英语Unit 1Inflammatory reaction induced by local ischemic injury is one of the important pathophysiological characteristics after ischemic stroke, so anti-inflammatory therapy may be an effective strategy for acute ischemic stroke. Enlimomab, an anti-ICAM-1 murine monoclonal antibody, can inhibit the recruitment and activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, reduce their adhesion and decrease cerebral infarct size in experimental stroke models. However, a much larger efficacy trial including 625 acute ischemic stroke patients has shown that enlimomab was ineffective on ischemic stroke patients even with a worsening outcome. The therapeutic time window of rt-PA is within 3 hours of ischemic onset. Administration of the drug after more than 3 hours of ischemic onset has no significant therapeutic implications and may even end up with an increased hemorrhagic risk. A study using the animal ischemic model indicated that combination of anti-inflammatory therapy and rt-PA could significantly and might as well extend the therapeutic time window of thrombolysis.局部脑缺血损伤引起的炎症反应是缺血性脑卒中发生后的重要病理生理特征，因此，抗炎治疗策略可能是治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的一种有效方法。
药学英语课后翻译
良药滥用-----Translation1. Although the development of antibiotics has been of incalculable benefit to mankind, ithas also given rise to serious complications.2. The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in the natural evolution of strains ofdisease germs which are resistant to such medications.3. A new multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, now prevalent in the world, causes seriousinfections that may not respond to chemotherapy.4. Some antibiotics are effective against a large range of microorganisms, they are,therefore, known as broad-spectrum antibiotics.5. Some drugs may not cause physical dependence, or addiction, but many persons dobecome habituated to their use.6. Drug abuse is thought of as the misuse of drugs potentially harmful to the individualuser or to society.7. Many persons, believing that antibiotics can cure any disease, press their doctors for adose of penicillin for such virus ailment as influenza.8. Addiction is the body’s continued need for drug s because of their physiological effectsafter they are first taken.9. In comparison, the inadequacies and potential dangers of antibiotics are much lesswidely known.10. Antibiotics are used so carelessly around the world that they are creating a new healththreat to mankind.Vitamins ---- Translation1. Researchers found that the level of vitamin C stored in the body of the victim with acommon cold fell drastically and was close to the level of people suffering from scurvy.2. Minor degrees of vitamin C deficiency are common, though outright scurvy only occurwhen the diet is markedly deficient in fresh fruits and vegetables.3. Vitamins are organic compounds that must be supplied in the diet or injected into thebody to maintain health.4. Vitamins produce no energy but play an essential role in the transformation of energyand in the regulation of metabolism.5. Vitamins are classified/distinguished by the letters of the alphabet, such as vitamins A, C,D, E, K and the B-complex.6. Vitamins and minerals are found in small amounts and are needed in minute quantities,as compared with the other nutrients.7. The diseases which develop from the absence of vitamins are known as vitamindeficiency diseases. For example, a lack of vitamin A brings about night blindness; adeficiency of vitamin D results in rickets.8. Some vitamins are soluble in fats whereas others are soluble in water. They are,therefore, termed fat-soluble and water soluble vitamins respectively.9. In addition to the general nutrients, another two groups of nutrients, vitamins andinorganic, or mineral, salts are also required by the body.10. Most nutrients contain more than one nutrient, but no single food contains all thenutrients in the amounts you need.化学与物质----Translation1. Briefly speaking, a scientist differs from an artist mainly in that a scientist not onlyinterprets the outer world, but also tries to transform it into a better one.2. Science begins with necessity, curiosity, and questions about the unexplainedphenomena in nature.3. The ways in which an element or a compound combines or reacts with other things areits chemical properties.4. The chemist is interested in the composition and properties of substances and thetransformations they undergo during a chemical reaction.5. It is very easy to fall into the habit of taking some painkiller when there is any slightpain.6. The delicate operations performed by surgeons today would not be possible withoutanesthetics.7. Today it is generally recognised that the human body is a chemical factory in whichcountless complex chemical and physical changes are constantly taking place.8. The substance salt is composed of the metal sodium and the corrosive gas chlorine, butits chemical properties are quite different from those of sodium and chlorine.9. Chemotherapy is the treatment of disease by the administration of chemical substanceswhich kill or prevent the growth of pathogenic organisms within the body.10. Substances that lessen pain but do not affect other sensations are called pain relievingdrugs.麻醉药Translation1. It is not many years since a man who had to have an operation felt all its pain.2. It is attributable to the discovery of anesthetics that surgeons can now perform all kindsof operations without causing pain.3. Spinal anesthesia produces excellent anesthesia and relaxation for the performance ofmany operations on the lower parts of the body.4. The exact mechanism in which the general anesthetic drugs exert their effect on thebrain is still unknown, although many theories have been proposed.5. The introduction of anesthetics to surgery has made possible much more delicate andlengthy operations, thus greatly extending the field of surgery.6. Narcotics are applied to those drugs which are sedative in their action upon the body butwhich also produce insensibility to pain.7. Contrary to what one might think, it’s only 50 years or so since penicillin, t he antibioticonce regarded as the wonder drug, came into being.8. Scientists point out that since the sedative action of a drug results from its effect on thenerves, it must possess solubility in the fluids of the body which surround the nerves.9. An anesthetic must be volatile if it is to be administered through oral inhalation, whilethose which can be administered through the rectum or injected into the spine do nothave to be volatile.10. In spite of the danger of a patient’s contractin g pneumonia after the use of ether as ananesthetic, ether is still widely employed because the anesthesia it produces is one ofdeep relaxation.绿色药房-草药Translation1. The plant kingdom was once man’s only pharmacy. Y et when you enter a modernchemist’s shop today, you can hardly find a sign of the use of plants in medicine.2. Today the number of plants used in medicine has decreased, but hidden away in manypills, capsules, and medicine bottles are the active chemicals originally found in theplant kingdom.3. Some chemicals which plants make may be poisonous, others may be chemicals that areextremely valuable to us as medicines.4. During the many thousands of years that man has been on the earth, he has been tryingout various plants that grew around him.5. There has existed for many years mistrust, suspicion or hostility between the orthodoxand the herbal practitioner which threatens the possibility of a good workingrelationship.6. When one considers the therapeutic impact of quinine, it is evident how great is the debtof medicine to plant-derived drugs.7. However, the past few decades have witnessed an obvious diminution in the number ofplant-derived drugs introduced into medicine.8. The legacy of traditional Chinese medicine is a treasure house with an inexhaustiblesupply of new potential drugs which is to be explored with an introduction of newapproaches.9. Had pharmacological approaches not been introduced into the investigation of Vincarosea, the discovery of vincalcukoblastine would have been postponed by many years.10. Western practitioners find it difficult to believe that someone who knows nothing of adisease mechanism could still be capable of curing it.有机化学Translation1. The remarkable advances made in modern medicine would not have been possiblewithout the aid of chemistry.2. Since the body is essentially a chemical machine, a knowledge of the chemistry ofbodily functions seems essential to the physician.3. The production of food by plants and animals involves the rearrangement of atoms inmolecules.4. Fortunately, few kinds of work seem to urge people on to success more effectively thandoes the pursuit of chemistry.5. So far the motive behind the search for synthetics has been a wish to produce betterthings for less money, and for more people.6. Isolation of increasing numbers of purified materials from living forms and recognitionof the fact that all contained carbon gave birth to organic chemistry.7. When coal is burned in a furnace it combines with oxygen to give carbon dioxide, a newsubstance with different composition and properties from coal and oxygen.8. Many specific chemical reactions are important because of the energy which they use orsupply.9. In the study of organic chemistry, students are expected to use familiar symbols whichare constructed into two- or three-dimensional molecular formulas.10. From the food we eat, the clothes we wear to the buildings we live in, all have beenfashioned to a considerable extent by organic chemistry.新药研制1Translation1. Formerly, drugs were extracted from natural plants and animal sources, and therapeuticuse was based on traditional experience.2. Drug development strategies involve serendipity, molecular roulette, programmed basicresearch with synthesis of specific chemical, etc..3. Though it’s the most satisfying in the development of new drugs, the approach isexpensive and there is no guarantee of success.4. When a drug is used by millions, there are certain to be adverse reactions even thoughthe risk to any individual is small.5. Most drugs have a safe upper limit of dosage; beyond this toxic effects may be expectedto occur.6. Penicillin, one of the most powerful killers of bacteria was discovered quite by accidentby Alexander Fleming.7. Pharmacological experiment on a new drug determines whether the drug has the desiredprofile of action in model system.8. The increase in knowledge of biochemical mechanisms results in a more rationalapproach to the development of new drugs.9. Extensive formal toxicological tests are required before a new drug can be used onpatients.10. Chemists and biologists have now attached great importance to such fields of researchas molecular biology and biochemical pharmacology.新药研制2 Translation1. The rationale for the development of new drugs should be provide better drugs; better inthe sense of being either more effective, safer or cheaper.2. The representative of the pharmaceutical manufacturer has been specially trained topromote his particular new product.3. Only after animal studies have proved efficacy can clinical evaluation of new drugs beundertaken.4. New drug evaluation in man can be divided into four phases each of which should beconducted under strict supervision.5. A dose-ranging study should only be performed on volunteers who are informed aboutthe implications of the tests, and who give their consent freely.6. Dose-ranging studies should only be performed under medical supervision, as there existsome possible risks during the test.7. Large scale clinical trials in Phase 3 are to establish new drug’s profile of action andfrequency of adverse effects.8. The expensive cost in drug development is borne by the pharmaceutical manufacturer,which justifiably expects to recoup it when the product is finally marketed.9. Information about the new drug published in well-established journals is more reliablethan that offered by the medical representative whose livelihood depends on the abilityto promote the product.10. Heavy investment in promotion has not simply led to the use of undistinguished newdrugs, but to a higher cost of the drugs as well.药理学范畴Translation1. The science of the effects of drugs on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientistswho study it are pharmacologists.2. Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its own, but that closely related toother branches of science.3. Pharmacologists should not only understand the normal processes that take place in thebody, but know how the functions of the body are affected by disease.4. Properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroythe race.5. During the first part of the twentieth century there have been enormous strides in thefield of pharmacology.6. Man continues to strive, not only for a longer life span, but for a healthier one as well.7. With the frequent use of more than one therapeutic agent by a patient, particularly theelderly, drug interactions that result in toxicity are likely events.8. The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis,and treatment of human diseases.9. Most of the natural drugs are now highly purified and differ little from syntheticchemicals, the interests of the clinician in pharmacognosy are correspondingly decreased.10. As a border science, pharmacodynamics borrows freely from both the theories andexperimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, immunology, pathology, etc..。
【免费下载】 药学英语,课后翻译
药学英语Unit 1Inflammatory reaction induced by local ischemic injury is one of the important pathophysiological characteristics after ischemic stroke, so anti-inflammatory therapy may be an effective strategy for acute ischemic stroke. Enlimomab, an anti-ICAM-1 murine monoclonal antibody, can inhibit the recruitment and activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, reduce their adhesion and decrease cerebral infarct size in experimental stroke models. However, a much larger efficacy trial including 625 acute ischemic stroke patients has shown that enlimomab was ineffective on ischemic stroke patients even with a worsening outcome. The therapeutic time window of rt-PA is within 3 hours of ischemic onset. Administration of the drug after more than 3 hours of ischemic onset has no significant therapeutic implications and may even end up with an increased hemorrhagic risk. A study using the animal ischemic model indicated that combination of anti-inflammatory therapy and rt-PA could significantly and might as well extend the therapeutic time window of thrombolysis.局部脑缺血损伤引起的炎症反应是缺血性脑卒中发生后的重要病理生理特征，因此，抗炎治疗策略可能是治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的一种有效方法。
药学专业英语完整翻译
●symptomolytic 消除症状的●neurotransmitter神经递质●Oosperm 受精卵●prostaglandin 前列腺素●polyethylene 聚乙烯●octadecyl 十八(烷)基●osteoarthritis骨关节炎●dyspepsia 消化不良●pathophysiology 病理生理学●osteoporosis 骨质疏松症●hydrophilic 亲水的●urokinase尿激酶●trachoma沙眼●dysfunction功能紊乱●mucopolysaccharide 粘多糖(类) streptomycin 链霉素●pathophysiology 病理生理学●otorhinolaryngology耳鼻喉科学●phlebostenosis 静脉狭窄●nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油●pyrogen 热原,致热物●pseudocholinesterase拟(或假)胆碱酯酶●thioether 硫醚●somatotype体型●uricemia 尿酸血症●hysteroscopy子宫镜检查●chemoprophylaxis 化学预防●antipsychotic抗精神病的（药）●nephroangiosclerosis 肾血管硬化●bacteriostatic 抑菌的●parasympathomimetic拟副交感神经的(药)●adrenocorticotropin促肾上腺皮质激素●diuretic 利尿的(药)●vagosympathetic迷走交感神经的●alkaloid生物碱●teratogenesis 致畸作用●polioencephalitis 脑灰质炎●tetanotoxin 破伤风毒素●myotonia肌强直●hyperlipemia高脂血症●bronchiectasis支气管扩张●oxidoreductase氧化还原酶●oncology 肿瘤学●euthanasia 安乐死●Myocardial 心肌的●ophthalmoxerosis 干眼病●Vaginomycosis 阴道霉菌病●encephalorrhagia 脑出血●electrophilicity 亲电性●Mitochondria 线粒体●Stereochemistry 立体化学●Pancytopenia 全血细胞减少●streptokinase 链激酶●superinfection 二重感染，重复感染●osteomyelitis 骨髓炎●macromolecular 大分子的●Menopause 更年期; 绝经●Vasodilation 血管舒张●Thromboembolism 血栓栓塞●phytopharmacology 植物药理学●protoplasm 原生质●schizophrenia 精神分裂症●Hemiplegia 偏瘫,半身不遂●Fluorospectrophotometry荧光分光光度法●bradypnea 呼吸缓慢●Diarrhea 腹泻，痢疾●Pharmacodynamics药效学and pharmacokinetics药动学is the twomain areas of pharmacology药理学. The former studies the the effects of the drugs on biological systems, and the latter studies the effects of biological systems on the drugs. When describing the pharmacokinetics properties of a drug, pharmacologists药理学家are often interested in LADME:●Liberation●Absorption●Distribution●Metabolism●Excretion●药效学和药代动力学是药理学的两个主要领域。
药学英语课本学习知识翻译课后翻译节选中英双语对照第四版
本篇包括人卫第四版Unit 3B，Unit4A，5A，8A，10A，12AB，13A等七篇课文Unit 3 Text B The Other Side of Antibiotics抗生素的另一面Antibiotics have eliminated or controlled so many infectious diseases that virtually everyone has benefited from their use at one time or another. Even without such personal experience, however, one would have to be isolated indeed to be unaware of the virtues, real and speculative, of these “miracle” drugs1. The American press, radio, and television have done a good job of reporting the truly remarkable story of successes in the chemical war on germs. What′s more, any shortcomings on their part have been more than made up for by the aggressive public relations activity of the pharmaceutical companies which manufacture and sell antibiotics.抗生素可以消除或控制很多种感染疾病，以致几乎每人生病时都习惯于使用它而受益，但是如果一个人没有这样的亲身经历，他必定是离群索居才会不知道这些“特效药物”或真实或推测的优点。
(完整版)药学英语第五版原文翻译
Introduction to PhysiologyIntroductionPhysiology is the study of the functions of living matter. It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities: how it feeds, how it moves, how it adapts to changing circumstances, how it spawns new generations. The subject is vast and embraces the whole of life. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry.Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology—the replication of the genetic code for or example—many are specific to particular groups of organisms. For this reason it is necessary to divide the subject into various parts such as bacterial physiology, plant physiology, and animal physiology.To study how an animal works it is first necessary to know how it is built. A full appreciation of the physiology of an organism must therefore be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Experiments can then be carried out to establish how particular parts perform their functions. Although there have been many important physiological investigations on human volunteers, the need for precise control over the experimental conditions has meant that much of our present physiological knowledge has been derived from studies on other animals such as frogs, rabbits, cats, and dogs. When it is clear that a specific physiological process has a common basis in a wide variety of animal species, it is reasonable to assume that the same principles will apply to humans. The knowledge gained from this approach has given us a great insight into human physiology and endowed us with a solid foundation for the effective treatment of many diseases.The building blocks of the body are the cells, which are grouped together to form tissues. The principal types of tissue are epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular, each with its own characteristics. Many connective tissues have relatively few cells but have an extensive extracellular matrix. In contrast, smooth muscle consists of densely packed layers of muscle cells linked together via specific cell junctions. Organs such as the brain, the heart, the lungs, the intestines, and the liver are formed by the aggregation of different kinds of tissues. The organs are themselves parts of distinct physiological systems. The heart and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system; the lungs, trachea, and bronchi together with the chest wall and diaphragm form the respiratory system; the skeleton and skeletal muscles form the musculoskeletal system; the brain, spinal cord, autonomic nerves and ganglia, and peripheral somatic nerves form the nervous system, and so on.Cells differ widely in form and function but they all have certain common characteristics. Firstly, they are bounded by a limiting membrane, the plasma membrane. Secondly, they have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to liberate energy for their activities.生理学简介介绍生理学是研究生物体功能的科学。
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Unit 11. A full appreciation of the physiology of a living organism must be based on asound knowledge of its anatomy. Anatomy does not merely study the separationof parts, but the accurate description of the morphologies and functions ofdifferent organs.对生物生理学的全面了解必须基于解剖学的系统知识。
解剖学不仅仅是研究人体各部分的分离；还要准确的描述各个器官的形态和生理功能。
2. Our daily food intake must match requirements and any excess must be excretedfor balance to be maintained.我们每天摄入的事物必须满足需要；任何多余的东西必须排出体外才能维持平衡。
3. The process of stabilization of the internal environment is called homeostasis andis essential if the cells of the body are to function normally. 内环境稳定的过程称之为体内平衡；体内平衡也是机体的细胞正常发挥作用所必不可少的。
4. Human cells have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones toliberate sufficient energy for their activities.人类细胞有将大分子分解成小分子的能力；从而为自身活动释放足够的能量。
5. As long as normal conditions are maintained in this internal environment, thecells of the body continue to live and function properly.只要这种内环境正常的条件得以维持；机体的细胞就能继续生存并发挥正常功能。
Unit 21. Biochemistry asks how the thousands of different biomolecules interact with each other toconfer the remarkable properties of living organisms.生物化学探寻的是数千种不同的生物分子如何相互作用；以赋予生物体具备显着的特性。
2. Enzymes are catalysts that accelerate the rates of biological reactions. Each enzyme is veryspecific in its function and acts only in a particular metabolic reaction.酶是能加速生物学反应速率的催化剂。
每一种酶都有专一的功能并且仅在特定代谢反应中发挥作用。
3. One of the most fruitful approaches to understand biological phenomena has been to purifyan individual chemical component, such as a protein, from a living organism and tocharacterize its chemical structure or catalytic activity.用以了解生物学现象的最有效的方法之一是从生物体中纯化出单一化学成分；例如蛋白质；并对其化学结构或催化活性进行表征。
4. The chemical principles that govern the properties of biological molecules include thecovalent bonding of carbon with itself and with other elements and the functional groupsthat appear in common biological molecules, etc.决定生物分子特性的化学原理包括碳与自身或其他元素的共价结合和一般生物分子中出现的功能基团等。
5. The basic unit of DNA is a linear polymer of four different monomeric subunits,deoxyribonucleotides, arranged in a precise linear sequence.脱氧核糖核酸的基本单位是由四种不同的脱氧核糖核苷酸单一亚单位以精确的线性序列进行排列而构成的线性聚合物。
Unit 31. Although the existence of microbes was determined almost threehundred yearsago, the study of microbiology is only getting started compared with zoology and1/7页botany.尽管三百年前人们就确定世界上存在微生物；但与动物学和植物学相比；微生物学研究还只是刚刚开始。
2. In ancient times, the existence of microbes was hypothesized and they might bethe responsible agent of diseases, which was pure speculation(推断) as there wasno microscope at the time.在古代, 人们认为有微生物存在而且微生物可能是传染病的致病原；但当时没有显微镜；所以这一切纯属猜测。
3. The first one who suggested taxonomic classification(分类法) of bacteria anddiscovered spores is Ferdinand Cohn, a botanist who studied algae and photosynthetic bacteria. He established bacteriology.第一位提出对细菌分类和发现孢子的人是植物学家费南?科恩；他对藻类和光合细菌进行了研究；创建了细菌学。
4. Microbes may be tiny, but the field of microbiology is relatively huge, whichencompasses many subdisciplines affecting people’s life and health a lot.微生物体积虽小；但微生物学领域却很大；其中包括很多分支学科；对人类生活和健康产生了重大影响。
5. Some of microbes may cause diseases but not all microbes are detriment, such assome of them used in industrial fermentation(发酵) to make wine and vinegar(醋).有些微生物能引发疾病；但不是所有的微生物都是有害的；如一些微生物可用于工业发酵；制作酒和醋等。
Unit 41. The science of the effects of drugs on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientistswho study it are pharmacologists. Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on itsown, but that closely related to other branches of science. Pharmacologists should not onlyunderstand the normal process that take place in the body, but know how the functions ofthe body are affected by disease.研究药物作用于人体的科学叫药理学；研究这门学问的科学家便是药理学家。
药理学不是一门能够独立研究的科学；而是与其它学科紧密相关的。
药理学家不仅要了解人体内进行的正常反应过程；还应懂得机体功能是怎样受疾病影响的。
2. For physicians and medical students, the scope of pharmacology is not so expansive as itscommon definition. The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in theprevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease, or in the prevention of pregnancy.医生和医学生对药理学的理解和要求没有其定义范畴那么广泛。
临床医生的主要兴趣在于药物对人类疾病的预防、诊断及治疗；或者在避孕方面所起的作用。
3. All physicians should share the responsibility to resolve kinds of sociological problems causedby the abuse of drugs, properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used,they could destroy human race. When a patient, particularly the elderly is prescribedfrequently to take more than one therapeutic agent, drug interactions resulting in toxicitywill occur.所有医生都应该负起责任解决药品滥用所引起的各种社会问题。