赖世雄英语语法

第1章句子的构成

最后，来翻译英文观止里面的句子。

弄完了以后，打印出来，装订好。

语法的目标：看懂句子，分析句子的结构，这是学习语法的终极目标。

修饰的时候不一定是连接在一起的, 要分清格局, 用大块结构的形式来分析.

动词块, 不定式块….

1.句子由主语（subject）+谓语(verb)构成；

2.主语省略时，构成祈使句。

Work hard!

Be quite!

Don’t be silly.

1.1 可充当主语的词类

1.名词

2.代词

3.动名词，不定式短语

Seeing him makes me angry.

其实应该是动名词短语做主语或不定式短语作主语

To see him makes me angry.

但是，这种动名词或不定式短语做主语时，一般用形式主语。

It makes me angry seeing him.这里不是修饰angry。

It makes me angry to see him. 分析句子时，先看一看是不是形式主语。

4.名词从句做主语

That he doesn’t work hard makes me angry.

三种形式：that从句，whether从句，疑问从句（when what how where why）

Where he lives is still a doubt.

一、名词从句：

名词从句作动词宾语

I know that he will go abroad in the nearest future(名词从句作动词宾语)

I don’t know how he’ll handle it.

名词从句作介词的宾语

I am worried about whether he can do it

I am sure of how he’ll cope with the problem

I am sure of the fact that the team has won the game.

I am worried about the fact that he can do it.

这里因为介词+ that从句，所以，需要在介词后加the fact ,that 从句变为the fact的同位语，都是介词的宾语。

I am worried about his playing around all day.

I am worried about his not studying.

这里，介词后边的还是宾语，其实是由that 引导的。但是介词加that从句，需要变换，所以变成这样了。

原句是：that he plays around all day.->his playing around all day.

that he not study.-> his not studying.

变化的过程中，去掉that,助动词，变所有格，动词变成动名词。

that he doesn’t study-> his not studying.

That the team will win the game the team’s winning the game.

be + adj. + that 从句

I am worried that he plays around all day.(状语从句，修饰形容词)

I am sure that the team has won the game(状语从句).

有时，介词后也可以直接加that从句。

是固定的。

In that = because

Except that

He is great in that he can speak five different languages.

二、名词短语做主语

名词短语：疑问词+不定式短语

Where to live

Whether to try again.

When to talk to hime

三、表距离的地点副词短语做主语

From ...to …

It is about 160 kilometers from Beijing to Xiamen.

1.2 动词的种类及其用法

完全(complete) 及物(intransitive) 两种修饰，出来4个形态，还有一个是授予动词(Dative)，所以总共有5种动词。

A transitive verb has a direct object. (动词) 及物的; 传递；及物动词

1.完全不及物动词

判断方法：把动词放入中间。

我。。。他

他被我。。

两句都没有毛病的及物，有毛病的，不及物。

如kill 我杀他他被我杀，可以，为及物动词

Dance 我跳他，他被我跳，不及物动词

有的动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。

如kill 有杀某人，也有杀戮的意思，前者是及物，后者是不及物动词

2.不及物动词+同源名词

有些不及物动词，以同源名词作宾语后，可以变为及物动词

Dream a terrible dream.

Live a happy life

Smile a bright smile.

3.完全及物动词与完全不及物动词

完全及物动词(需要加宾语的动词)：即加了宾语后，意思完全。

He killed her. 有一个作用对象的动词。

完全不及物动词（无需加宾语）：

He laughed.

The book was written by him

The book :主语，此时，为write的对象。

He wrote a book.

4.完全不及物动词出现的形态。

Something happened.过去时

Something was happening. 进行时。

完全不及物动词：完整的动词，放在主语后，可单独存在，意义完整，无需任何词类补充其意思的不足；但，完全不及物动词之后，可接副词或副词对等语（如介词短语，状语从句），以修饰该动词。

Something happened yesterday. 时间名词作状语，修饰happened.

这里，yesterday做时间状语

He died in an accident. 介词短语，做副词，修饰died.

He left because he didn’t want to see Mary again. 状语从句，做副词，修饰left

5.不完全不及物动词

即，系动词，意思不完全，无法单独存在，周后要接名词、形容词的对等语（如代词，动名词，不定式，动名词从句，名词短语等），以补充其意思的不足。此类补足语，同时修饰主语，故称为主语补足语或表语。

He looks happy. Look是系动词，形容词happy做补语，做主语补语。

He became a good student. 名词做补语，做主语补语，修饰主语。

My trouble is that I have no money 名词从句做补语，做主语补语。

He is in danger now. 介词短语做补语，做主语补语。

6.不完全不及物动词的判定方法系动词

我。。。他

他被我。。。

如become

（1）确定及物不及物