张培基讲得翻译理论

第一讲 翻译原则简介



一、教学目的：了解基本的翻译原则和翻译研究的问题

二、教学过程：

1．翻译的定义和内涵：（Definition and Connotation）

Translation is an art/ science/craft?

2． 中国几位翻译家的理论（influential translation principles）：

严复：信达雅--- faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance. The “three character guide” is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.

傅雷：神似---spiritual conformity. Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original.强调原作神韵再现。

钱钟书：化境---sublimed adaptation. Focus on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.

刘重德：信、达、切---faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.

3．中国翻译史上的论争：

鲁迅：宁信而不顺---rather to be faithful than smooth。 目的：引入英文句式的表达法

梁实秋、赵景深：宁顺而不信---rather to be smooth than faithful 目的：可读性强，便于交流。

4．直译与意译：

直译---literal translation 意译：free translation

直译的例子：crocodile tears鳄鱼的眼泪; armed to the teeth武装到牙齿; chain reaction连锁反应; gentlemen’s agreement君子协定; one country, two systems 一国两制;

The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流; paper tiger 纸老虎; Breath one’s last---断气; go to one’s external rest---安息; the long sleep---长眠; see Marx 见马克思;

Go west 上西天; go to heaven 上天堂; blow out the candles 吹灯拔蜡

kick the bucket 蹬腿: You can kick everything but you can not kick the bucket

直译不等于死译(dead translation):

街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生：Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.

“In the street” should be replaced by “in the community”.

她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹：She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father. Public father should be father in law.

意译的例子：It rains cats and dogs / at sixes and sevens /Adam’s apple

句子比较：Little fish does not eat big fish

直译：小鱼不吃大鱼 意译：胳膊拧不过大腿

试译：天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福：

直译：Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.

意译：The weather and human life are both unpredictable

有人说，翻译是带着镣铐跳舞（translation is like dancing in fetters）；还有人说，翻译像女人，忠实的不漂亮，漂亮的不忠实。实际上，忠实与通顺的关系是辩证关系。

5．归化与异化（domestication/adaptation or foreignization / alienation）

归化的翻译在理论上是把语言看作交际工具；在实践上，强调通俗易

懂，避免多义或歧义。习惯认为，当原文与译文之间因文化差异而出现不能通达的情况时，“要用译语文化替代原语文化”即把在译语中找不到对等的外语词汇改头换面，或套用译语中与之相似的现成的表达法，把它们变成读者熟悉的译语文化形象。

归化派代表人物尤金?奈达（Eugene A. Nida）: Functional Equivalence 功能对等

What is functional equivalence?

“The receptors of the translated text could respond to it with comprehension and appreciation in essentially the same manner and to the same degree as the original receptors of the message”;

“Translation should arouse the same feeling in its receptors as the feeling of the readers of the original”---- Nida

For instance: as white as snow 通常译为白如雪 / 但没有见过雪的人可以将其翻译为“白如白鹭毛”，以达到功能对等的目的。

Spring up like mushrooms---雨后春笋

Everybody's business is nobody's business. 三个和尚无水喝

Among the blind the one -eyed man is king. 山中无老虎，猴子称霸王

然而，翻译负有文化交流的使命，即尽可能把一个民族的语言和文化习惯介绍给另一个民族。鲁迅先生就特别强调译文要“保留原文的丰姿”。 在南京大学姜秋霞教授举办的一次翻译调查中，多数读者认为，读异国文学是为了欣赏异国作品特有的韵味和语言风格，他们在读译文之前就已经对不同文化的差异有了一定的心理准备，有些人读译文的目的之一是想了解外国人与中国人之间的异同究竟在什么地方。因此，从促进世界文化交流这个角度上讲，我们在处理英译汉或汉译英时，都应着力于全面、完整地向译语读者介绍对方(己方)的全部意蕴，包括文化。特别要强调的是，在汉译英中，我们尤其要树立这种文化意识，积极创造条件，弘扬中华文化，帮助英语读者扩大加深对中华文化的了解。异化的翻译无疑在文化交流方面起了巨大的作用。

异化派代表人物韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti ）:

All roads lead to Rome: 条条大道通罗马 不能译成：殊途同归

To teach one’s grandmother to eat eggs: 教老祖母吃鸡蛋 不能译成：班门弄斧

班门弄斧：show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter.

Hence：

Make hay while it is sunshine: 不能译成：趁热打铁

If I slapped someone, He would see the way to Cracow: 要是我给谁一巴掌，准会把他扇到克拉科去。不能：一巴掌扇到西天去。

武松要吃酒，哪里听他人发说，一转身道：“放屁！放屁！”pass your wind/sheer nonsense

6．段落翻译练习：

沿着荷塘，是一条曲折的小煤屑路。这是一条幽僻的路；白天也少人走，夜晚更加寂寞。荷塘四面，长着许多树，蓊蓊郁郁的

。路的一旁，是些杨柳，和一些不知道名字的树。没有月光的晚上，这路上阴森森的，有些怕人。今晚却很好，虽然月光也还是淡淡的。

Beside the lotus pond there is a small tortuous cinder path. This is a secluded road even by day, more isolated still at night. Around the pond, there are many trees rich in leaves, lush and green. There are some willows along the path, and some trees whose names I do not know. When there is no moonlight the road and pond have a haunted disconcerting feel to them. Tonight is not bad, even though the moon looks pale.















第二讲 翻译的过程



一、教学目的：怎样去理解和表达；学会表达的基本策略。

二、教学过程：

1．理解与表达：

He found them pushing needles, thread, pots, pans, ribbons, yarns, scissors and buttons to house wives.他发现他们在向家庭主妇推销针头线脑，锅碗瓢盆。 （国外没有瓢）

改为：他发现他们在向家庭主妇推销针线，锅罐，绸带，剪刀和钮扣。

Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是好欺骗的吗?

It is an order from President Bush/ I don’t care if it is from bush, tree, or grass.

这是布什总统的命令，管他什么布什，布头儿，布片儿，我才不在乎呢。

The old man’s heart missed a beat when he saw the pearl.

这位老人一看到这颗珍珠高兴得连心都跳不过来。

A good dancer never missed a beat.善于跳舞的人从不漏跳一拍（总能跟上节拍/总能采对步点）

If we don’t hang together, they shall hang us separately.

咱们要是不摽到一块儿，保准会吊到一块儿。我们不紧紧团结一致，必然一个个被人绞死。

我们必须共赴沙场，否则就得分赴刑场。

It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

世间有这样一条公认的真理，凡财产丰富的单身汉势必缺少太太。

She is pregnant/ she is very pregnant. 她怀孕有段时间了。

Gonna fight with me? Tell’em I am read for it. I am always ready for it.

想和我打架？告诉他们我奉陪，我随时奉陪。

Even the pine logs which burned all day in the fireplace couldn’t keep my little house warm and dry.火炉里整天烧着松柴，还不能使我的小屋子温暖和干燥？（可我的小屋还是又冷又潮）

He was glad because he couldn’t have to send me away without buying anything.

他总能买点什么让我带走，这令他很高兴。

The market in China is an almost bottomless pit.

中国的市场几乎是个无底洞。/ 中国的市场无限巨大。

切不可望文生义

If not： ( possibly, perhaps)

In Europe, Hitler’s name was well known, if not a household word.

在欧洲，希特勒的名字纵使不是家喻户晓，也很响亮。/ 在欧洲，希特勒的名

字广为人知，也可以说家喻户晓。

Such a mistake could cost us thousands, if not millions of pounds.

这种失误能够造成我们几千磅，或许几百万磅的损失。

Not to say: indeed or possibly, even。

It is warm, not to say hot. 天气很暖和，甚至有点儿热。

The answer is illogical, not to say totally wrong.答案不合逻辑，甚至是完全错误的。

It would be unwise, not to say stupid to leave your first job after only six months.

初次工作刚六个月就想辞掉它，这样做很不明智，甚至可以说很愚蠢。

3. 习惯与表达

Anna was thin and black, a very umbrella of a woman.

安娜是一个又瘦又黑的女人，上身粗大，下身细长。简直像一把雨伞。 改正：安娜是一个又瘦又黑的女人，活像一把细长的黑雨伞。

It was a cold winter day. 这是个寒冷的冬日。

Unemployment has stubbornly refused to contract from more than a decade. 十多年来，失业一直顽固地拒绝压缩（F）/ 失业人数总是减不下来，已经十多个年头了。

4. 段落翻译练习：

曲曲折折的荷塘上面，弥望的是田田的叶子。叶子出水很高，像亭亭的舞女的裙。层层的叶子中间，零星地点缀着些白花，有袅娜地开着的，有羞涩地打着朵儿的；正如一粒粒的明珠，又如碧天里的星星，又如刚出浴的美人。微风过处，送来缕缕清香，仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。这时候叶子与花也有一丝的颤动，像闪电般，霎时传过荷塘的那边去了。叶子本是肩并肩密密地挨着，这便宛然有了一道凝碧的波痕。叶子底下是脉脉的流水，遮住了，不能见一些颜色；而叶子却更见风致了。

Above the winding lotus pond, leaves with quartered lines fill my eyes. Leaves are high above the water, like the skirts of slim dancing girls. In those layers of leaves, dotted with white flowers here and there, some are gracefully in bloom, some shyly in bud, like scattered pearls, like stars in the clear sky, like beautiful girls just after a bath. Where gentle winds pass, there are wisps of light perfume, like faint songs coming from distant high buildings. At this moment, there is a tiny thrill between the flowers and leaves, like lightning, streaking across the lotus pond suddenly. Leaves are shoulder to shoulder, closely standing together, now there is a patch of green water. Water is flowing silently under the leaves, it is hidden, no color can be seen, but more charming are the leaves.

月光如流水一般，静静地泻在这一片叶子和花上。薄薄的青雾浮起在荷塘里。叶子和花仿佛在牛乳中洗过一样；又像笼着轻纱的梦。虽然是满月，天上却有一层淡淡的云，所以不能朗照；但我以为这恰是到了好处——酣眠固不可少，小睡也别有风味的。月光是隔了树照过来的，高处丛生的灌木，落下参差

的斑驳的黑影，峭楞楞如鬼一般；弯弯的杨柳的稀疏的倩影，却又像是画在荷叶上。塘中的月色并不均匀；但光与影有着和谐的旋律，如梵婀玲上奏着的名曲。

Moonlight is like flowing water, pouring peacefully onto the leaves and flowers. Filmy mists rise in the lotus pond. The leaves and flowers are as if washed in cow’s milk, like a dream covered with light yarn. Although it is a full moon, there is a thin layer of cloud in the sky. The moon cannot get through to give full light. But I think it’s just about perfect- although sound sleeps are necessary, naps also have a special flavor. Moonlight is passing through trees. Bushes from higher ground cast irregular black shadows, like ghosts. The beautiful shadows of bending willows are sparsely drawn on the lotus leaves. Moonlight in the pond is not even, but lightness and shadows are in harmony, like sublime music played on a violin.















第三讲 英汉词汇现象的对比



一、教学目的：了解英汉两种语言表达的不同，词汇对应与不对应等情况。

二、教学过程：

1. 中西思维的差异导致语言的差异：

思维与语言的关系犹如母与子的关系。先有人类思维后有语言、图画、音乐等外在表现形式。Language serves as dress of thought/Thoughts are always expressed by words /Without thinking，language would be meaningless

那么，思维又是如何作用在语言形式上的呢?通过研究可知：思维---表现法---语言具体形式。中国自古以来就是传统的农业大国，即所谓“靠天吃饭”。农业、土地与民生息息相关，所以就形成了“天人合一”这一中国文化的精髓。即把人与自然视为和谐统一的整体，人类文化与天命自然统一。

The Taoist notion Of following nature is closed related，as in other naturalistic movements，to the idea of fate.

这种中国文化的最高境界使中国人习惯于崇尚自然、行于自然；不违天命、顺其自然的处世哲学和宿命论，即Let things remain as they are.而在人与天地万物协调共存的世界中，则存在着循环往复、生生不息的发展变化。美国人说这是moving in endless circles and repeating it over and over again。中国的儒家与道家哲学就深深体现了这种观点。如“道生一、一生二、二生三、三生万物，万物归于道”等，这就是汉民族的循回式思维方式，比如在语言表现法中有回环式：“人不犯我，我不犯人”，及递进式表达：“道高一尺，魔高一丈”。所以，中国人表达事物总是按时间和事理发展顺序由因到果、由先到后、由大到小进行阐述，这种思维模式可称为具体一般型表达(Particular-General Pattern)。习惯于问题解决型模式(Problem-solution Pattern)，它们不仅在语言上如此，在文化艺术、

经济活动中也都占有统治地位。也就是说中国人擅长具象思维。西方人恰恰相反，他们一向将人与自然分隔开来，认为思维是独立于自然之外的客观事物，讲究“人物分立”，人能够通过斗争征服自然、改造自然。从美国前总统里根(Ronald Reagan)说过的一句话之中我们就可见一斑：

I do not believe in fate that falls on us no matter what we do，but，1 do believe in fate that will fall on us if we do nothing.我不相信，无论我们做什么，我们的命运都一样；但是我相信，如果我们什么都不做，我们的命运是一样的。

也就是说，He wants us to believe in the struggle，not in the fate.诸多此类像美国人热衷于job-hopping(跳槽)，美国人的梦想便是being a self-made man from rags to riches。再比如，从东方人与西方人做事的动因也可以发现：

The Chinese is always described as a person who does things because they have been done before. And the Americans a person who does things because they haven’t been done before.中国人做一件事是因为这件事以前有人做过；美国人做一件事是因为这件事以前从未有人做过。Americans love to try something new mostly because of a belief that newer maybe better.美国人喜欢尝试新事物，很大程度上因为他们认为更新的可能是更好的。

通过研究可知，英语自莎士比亚时代以来有很大发展。英语被誉为理性语言，这与欧美哲学较早与改造、征服自然的科学技术相结合，特别是培根和洛克等一代启蒙哲学家恪守的客观形式化方法(即逻辑论证)很有关系。

British people love science and technology because these fields of study bring the excitement of new discovery. 英国人热爱科学技术因为它能带来新发现，是改造自然、征服自然的最有力武器。

The love of change is closely tied to faith in improvement.培根思维精深周密；洛克的哲理明豁通达，对英语影响极深。“哲学思辩”(Speculative Philosophy)使他们将英语化为对人类经验(物理变化经验、感觉经验、价值经验)理性构建的精辟描述。从语言学角度来说，培根和洛克等一代理性主义哲学家实质上为英语作了科学规范，以至被称为：“King’s English'’。综上所述，我们不难理解：西方人的思维模式是一般具体型思维，擅长抽象思维，总是先概括后分解、先表态后叙述、先总结后事例、先整体后细节，由果到因、由小到大等。众所周知，地名的叙述便为一例。由于中西思维模式的迥异，说话的语序就存在很大区别，所以中国式英语频繁出现。试举例说明：

我原先打算七月一日去香港旅游，后来不得不取消，这使我很扫兴。

中国学生就常按中文语序脱口而出，使语义重心落在后面。实际上，按英语思维习惯应

先概括，将语义重心放在前面，然后分解开来，所以应翻译成It was keen disappointment that I had to cancel the visit I had intended to pay to Hong Kong On July 1St.

再看下面典型的例句：

“在全球经济事务中，中国应继续保持一个积极而充满活力的力量，我坚信这是符合我国利益的。”让我们看英语的语序：I strongly believe that it’s in the interests Of my countrymen that China should remain an active and energetic power in global economic matters.由此可见，汉语是按时间顺序和逻辑发展关系由先到后、由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到论证，而英语则相反。

2. 英汉词语完全对应（word for word correspondence）

Aspirin； Marxism； Capitalism； modernism.

3. 英汉词语部分对应 (one word with multiple equivalents of the same meaning )

Wife: 妻子、爱人、老伴、内人、贱内、夫人、老婆；

president: 总统、主席、校长、议长、会长、社长；

Morning: 早晨、上午

部分对应造成翻译时的选择，如对于morning 的翻译：

Late in the morning 接近晌午/ Early in the morning 一大早；

而mid-morning 等最好用时间表示：

Mid morning: 上午十点左右 Mid-afternoon: 下午三、四点

In the middle of next week: 下周三前后

4. 英汉词语不对应 (words without correspondence ):

Teenager: 13至19岁的青少年 Clock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人

Prey: 被捕食的动物 Porridge: 牛奶燕麦粥（Combination of milk and oatmeal）

Individualism 个人主义 IT Dink=double income no kids 丁克家族

5. 汉英表达尽量简洁（Brevity）

Any person leaving litter about instead of putting it in this basket will be liable to a fine of 5 pounds. 任何不把凌乱的东西放入这个筐内而任意乱扔的人将处于罚款5英镑。

废物入筐，违者罚款5磅。

Clothes or no clothes, I can read you like a book. 不管你怎样伪装，我都能看透你。

6．形合和意合（hypotaxis and parataxis）

例如：Don’t come in until I call you. 我叫你再进来。

条件：if it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 明天不下雨，我们就去公园。

时间：He has never been back to Beijing since he left it five years ago.

离开北京五年了，从未回去过。

结果：he read so fast that we could not hear it clearly. 他读的太快，我们听不清楚。

原因：It must have been done by you since only you stayed in the classroom last night.

昨晚你在教室，肯定是你干的。

转折：it is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a person’s nature.

江山易改，禀性难移。

对比：the future is bright while the road ahead is tortuous.道路是曲折的，前途是光明的。

Shanghai was once paradise for the capitalists but hell for the laboring people.

上海是资本家的乐园，劳动群众的苦海。

If you confer a benefit, never remember it, if you receive one, remember it always.

施恩勿记，受恩勿忘。

我们过了江，进了车站，我买票，他忙着照看行李。

张培基：we entered the railway station after crossing the River. While I was at the booking office buying a ticket, father saw to my luggage.

杨宪益：we crossed the Yangze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage.

7．段落翻译练习：

江南的春天素称多雨，一落就是七八天。住在上海的人们，平日既感不到雨的需要，一旦下雨，天气是那么阴沉，谁也耐不住闷在狭小的家里；可是跑到外面，没有山，没有湖，也没有经雨的嫩绿的叶子，一切都不及晴天好；有时阔人的汽车从你身旁施过，还得带一身污泥回来。

Spring in the south is known to be rainy. During this season, it never rains there but it remains wet for seven or eight days on end. Dwellers in Shanghai, who usually do not feel the need for rain, will be bored with having to confine themselves in their close quarters when outside it is gloomy with rain. While in the open, seeing to mountains, nor lakes, nor rain-drenched soft green leaves, you’ll find nothing comparable to a fine day. Sometimes, worse still, a rich man’s car flashing past may splash you all over with mud.













第四讲　词义的选择，引伸和褒贬


一、教学目的： 要求准确理解句子中词的意义， 从而在翻译时做出正确的选择。

二、教学过程：

词义的选择：
英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属
于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义。一词多义就是说同一个词在同一个词类中，又
往往有几个不同的词义。在英汉翻译过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后就要善于选择
和确定原句中关键词的词义。选择和确定词义通常从以下几个方面着手：
1。根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义
选择某个词的词义，首先要判明这个词在原句中应属哪一种词类，然后再进一步确定其词义。例如，在Like charges repel; unlike charges attract 一句中，like用作形容词，它的汉语
对应意义是“相同的”，因此全句可以译为：“相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸”。
但在下面例句中，like又分属其他几个不同词类：
1) He likes mathematics more than physics.
他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。（动词）
2) In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.
在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发光。（前置词）
3) Like konws like.
英雄识英雄。（

名词）
2。根据上下文联系以及词在句子中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义
英语中同一个词，同一词类，在不同场合往往也有不同的含义，必须根据上下
文的联系以及词的搭配关系或句型来判断和确定某个词在特定场合下所应具有的词
义。例如“Last”这一形容词：
1) He is the last man to come.
他是最后来的。
2) He is the last man to do it.
他绝对不会干那件事。
3) He is the last person for such a job.
他最不配干这个工作。
4）He should be the last(man)to blame.
怎么也不该怪他。
5) He is the last man to consult.
根本不宜找他商量。
6) This is the last place where I expected to meet you.
我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。

再如“take （off）这一动词：
1) To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her,but it had been an agony
for years.
脱鞋或穿鞋对她是一种痛苦，但这已经是多年以来的痛苦了。
2) An area the size of the Hornet's flight deck was marked off on an airstrip and they
practiced taking off time after time from this restricted space.
在机场上标出了与大黄蜂号甲板一样大小的一块地方,他们（机组人员）一
次又一次地联系从这样一块有限的面积上起飞。
3) He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to

take off.
他工作的时候，总是坐在椅子边上，好象随时都会跳起身来的样子。
4) Their first major design was a pleated denim jean with external pockets dubbed
"baggies" that took off in high schools and colleges and soon was imitated by other
apparel manufacturers.
他们的头一项重要设计是一种打褶的、缝上明袋的兰色斜纹粗布裤，这种
裤子人们称为“袋子”，在中学和大学中首先流行，接着别的服装商店也都很
快仿制起来。
词义的引伸
英译汉时，有时会遇到某些词在英语词典上找不到适当的词义，如任意硬套或
逐词死译，会使译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达原意，甚至造成误解。这时就应根据
上下文和逻辑关系，从该词的根本含义出发，进一步加以引伸，选择比较恰当的汉
语词来表达。现举例说明如下：
1。将词义作抽象化的引伸
英语中，特别在现代英语中，常常用一个表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性、
一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类词时，一般可将其词义作抽象化的引伸，译文才能
流畅、自然。
1.1 将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词
1) There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the ch

aracter of the imperialists.
帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。
这里把tiger（老虎）和ape（猿）这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：
“残暴”和“狡猾”。
2) Every life has its roses and thorns.
每个人的生活都有甜和苦。
这里把roses（玫瑰）和thorns（刺）这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性
：“甜”和“苦”。
1.2 将带有特征性形象的词译为该形象所代表的概念的词
1) In fact the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the
1920s that Hitler's storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930...
事实上，在整个二十年代，纳粹党在巴伐利亚一带已博得公众的好感，以至于在一九三O年，希特勒的冲锋队员就耀武扬威地夺取了菲尔特镇的权力。
To goosestep 是从名词Goosestep（鹅步；正步）转化来的动词，本作“鹅步走”或“正
步走”解，这里goosestepped into根据例句上下文引伸为“耀武扬威地夺取”。
2) See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous ,the news for the next four weeks
was never distinct.
在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗化。
see-sawing是从see-saw（跷跷板）转化而来的动词，本作“玩跷跷板”解，这里根据上下文引伸为“两种情况不断地交替出现”。
2. 将词义作具体化的引伸
2.1 英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引伸。
1) As the Politburo gave the go-ahead to Brezhev, Nixon and Kissinger were meeting in the President's Kremlin apartment, prepared to accept a setback on SALT.
在政治局向勃列日涅夫开放绿灯时， 尼克松和基辛格正在克里姆林宫的总统下榻处开会，准备承受限制战略武器会谈失败的挫折。
2) Vietnam was his entree to the new Administration, his third incarnation as foreign policy consultant.
越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。他担任政府的对外政策顾问，那是第三次了。
2. 2 英语中有些词在特定的上下文中，其含义是清楚的，但译成汉语时还必须作
具体化的引伸，否则就不够清楚。
1) The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.
我前头的那辆车停住了，我错过了绿灯。
2) Jewish-owned shops were shut down.Swastikas replaced sixpointed stars. The walls

of anti-Semitism were closing in.
犹太人的铺子关闭了。卐字旗取代了六角星旗。反犹太主义的包围圈一天紧似一天。
词义的褒贬
语言本身虽没有阶级性，但在具体使用时不可能不为一定的阶级服务。为了忠
实于原文的思想内容，

翻译时必须正确理解原作者的基本政治立场和观点，然后选
用适当的语言手段来加以表达。原文中有些词本身就表示褒贬意义，就应该把褒贬
意义相应地表达出来；但也有些词语孤立起来看似乎是中性的，译成汉语时就要根
据上下文恰如其分地把它们的褒义或贬义表达出来。
1. 英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义，汉译时就应相应地表达出来，如：
1) He was a man of high renown (fame).
他是位有名望的人。（褒）
2) His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death .
他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开的。（贬）
3) The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy.
他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。（褒）
4) Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President.
亨利总是吹嘘说他曾同总统谈过话。（贬）
5) "He was polite and always gave advice willingly," she recalled.
她回忆说，“他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。”（褒）
6) We were shocked by his coarse manners.
我们对他的粗暴态度感到震惊。（贬）

2. 英语中有些词义是中立的，本身不表示褒义或贬义，但在一定的上下文中
可能有褒贬的意味，汉译时就应该用具有褒贬意味的相应的词来表达，如：
2.1 需要用褒义的词来表达
1) Once early in 1974,while driving along the San Diego Freeway from Clemente to Los

Angeles, he was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions.
一九七四年初，有人同他一起驱车从克利门蒂沿圣地亚哥公路去洛杉机，途中请他谈

了他的希望和抱负。
2) "After all," counseled Sonnenfeldt, "you're the only Republican I know with the proper academic credentials. "Kissinger demurred. Such an offer, he said, was highly unlikely.
索南费尔特劝他"说，“共和党里我知道只有你一个人具有这适当的学术方
面的条件。”基辛格免不了谦虚一番，说恐怕不大可能给他这样的职位吧。
3) The two politicians talked for no more than minutes, at a significant moment in their
careers.
两位政治家交谈了仅仅五分钟。这次谈话是在他们一生事业的重大时刻进
行的。
2.2 需要用贬义的词来表达
1) He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation.I believe the
reputation was not deserved.
他是一个正直诚实的人，但不幸有某种坏名声。我相信他这个坏名声是不
该有的。
2) Then, just as Chinese friends arrived who might secure my journey,the Russians
arrested me as a "spy"and sent me out through Poland.(A.L.Strong)

后来，就在那些可能为我安排旅行的中国朋友刚刚到达的时侯，俄国人把
我当作“间谍”而逮捕了我，并把我驱逐出境，取道波兰。
3) He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.
他欺骗了我，是我成了他进行罪恶勾当的工具。
4) As a demanding boss,he excepted total loyalty and dedication from his employees.
他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。
5) Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it .
凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。



































第五讲 词法和句法的差异



一、教学目的：主要了解英汉句子构成的差异，学会基本的转换方法。

二、教学过程：

1. 词的搭配 ( matching of words)

（1） Cut wheat / cut cake/ cut finger-nails

（2）炉子着得很旺

The fire is burning briskly in the stove.

她着凉了

She has caught cold.

你猜着了

You have guessed right.
老李躺下就着了
Lao Li fell asleep as soon as he lay down.
他走错了一着
He has made a false move./ take a wrong step
这些孩子穿着整齐。
These children are all neatly dressed.
这些措施都着眼于进一步解放生产力。
All these measures are aimed to further emancipating the productive forces
(3) Some Americans pop across the border simply to fuel up on flavorful Mexican food and beer
fuel up on: 加燃料于… 一些美国人越过国境线，只是为了吃些可口的墨西哥食物，喝点美味的墨西哥啤酒。
2. 词在句子中的位置（Order of words in the sentence），以副词为例。

(1) .The cruel murder of the patriots has understandably aroused worldwide indignation.
残酷杀害爱国志士激起了全世界人民的义愤，这是可以理解的。
(2). He also concluded that insight into prehistoric cultures should ideally proceed from knowledge of living cultures.
他还得出这样的结论：要对史前各种文化有深刻的认识，应从了解现存的种种文化着手，这是最理想的方法。
(3). A certain number of characteristic errors have been pointed out by linguists and can be usefully recalled at this point.
语言学家已指出一定数量的典型错误，如今回顾一下，不无裨益。
3. 句序（sentence order）

(1)．汉语按照时间先后。
I went out for a walk, after I had my dinner.
The “purely spoken ”examples need to be written down before it is possible to examine them in detail.
那些纯粹口头的例子需要先写下来，然后才可能加以仔细研究。
The government would wait a month or two before deciding their next move.
政府将在一两个月后再做出下一步的行动。
(2)．英语复合句------

--------汉语简单句
While we were operating the machine tools, we were very careful.
我们在操纵机床时非常小心。
I have no idea when my Denis will be back?
Who made the cake is unknown.
(3). 英语复合句--------------汉语复合句
It worries her mother much that her daughter often stays up so late.
女儿经常熬夜，这让妈妈很担心。
4．被动----------主动
She did not wish to be troubled .
Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.
防腐的新措施已引起了关注。
4. 英语句子结构转换：

(1)．英语简单句------------汉语复合句
His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition-free College of the City of New York.

由于在中学成绩优异，他进入了免费的纽约市立大学。
Father’s falling ill worried mother.
父亲病了，这让母亲很着急。
The pursuit of science withdraws a scientist’s interest from external things.
科学家因潜心于科学研究，所以没兴趣关注外界的事情。
Firemen battled against the flames for several hours before getting them under control.
消防队员同火搏斗了几个小时才控制了火势。
(2)．逻辑关系，汉语“因”前“果”后。
He would be a rash man if he should venture to forecast the results of this event.
如果有人敢于预言此事的结果，那他定是个鲁莽之徒。
He who would eat the nut must first crack the shell.
要吃核果，必先敲果。
4. 思维差异　

All the irregularities of the students in that university resulted in punishment.

那所大学的学生做出的任何越轨行为 / 违纪行为都会受到处罚。

Whether such a fine literary effort made by a woman writer exists, I can not say, if it does exist, it’s unknown to me.

女作家能否写出如此绝妙的作品来，我不能肯定，也许能，只是我不知道。

三、段落翻译练习

这里宝玉悲恸了一回，忽然抬头不见了黛玉，便知黛玉看见他躲开了。自己也觉无味，抖抖土起来，下山寻归旧路，往怡红院走来。可巧看见林黛玉在前头走，连忙赶上去，说道：“你且站住。我知你不理我，我只说一句话，从今以后撂开手。”林黛玉回头见是宝玉，待要不理他，听他说“只说一句话，从此撂开手”，这话里有文章，少不得站住说道：“有一句话，请说来。”宝玉笑道：“两句话，说了你听不听？”黛玉听说，回头就走。宝玉在后面叹道：“既有今日，何必当初！”林黛玉听见这话，由不得站住，回头道：“当初怎么样？今日怎么样？”

When Baoyu recovered sufficiently to look up she had gone, obviously to avoid him. Getting up rather sheepishly, he dusted off his clothes and walked down the hill to make his way back again to Happy Red Court. Catching sight of Daiyu ahead, he overtook her.

“Do stop!

” he begged. “I know you won’t look at me, but let me just say one word. After that we can part company for good.”

Daiyu glanced round and would have ignored him, but was curious to hear this “one word, ” thinking there must be something in it. She came to a halt.

“Out with it.” Baoyu smiled.

“Would you listen if I said two words?” he asked.

At once she walked away. Baoyu, close behind her, sighed. “Why are things so different now from in the past?”Against her will she stopped once more and turned her head.

“What do you mean by ‘now’ and ‘the past’?”



















































第六讲 加注和释义法



一、教学目的：了解在翻译时可以采取不同的策略，加注和释义法适用的情况。

二、教学过程：

1．Annotation　加注法:

You told me the other day that you weren’t going to write anything about yourself. It would be rather like a dog in manger to keep to yourself a whole set of material that you have no intention of using.前些日子，你告诉我你自己不打算写有关他的任何东西，可你却又占着大批材料自己不用，这岂不是狗占马槽太自私了吗？

A dead leaf fell in Soapy’s lap. That was Jack Frost’s card.

一片枯叶飘落到苏比的膝头。那是杰克弗罗斯特的名片。

But I am short-tempered, frazzled from all responsibilities. I am the “Sandwich Generation”, caught between kids and parents.但我的脾气不好，都是这些事给烦的。我是个夹在孩子和父母之间的“三明治人”。

People considered that what he had played on that occasion was no more than a Judas Kiss. 人们认为他在那种场合所表现出的不过是犹大之吻，居心险恶。

The favors of Government are like the box of Pandora, with this important difference that they rarely leave hope at bottom.

政府的恩惠如同潘多拉的盒子，后患无穷， 主要的不同之处是：盒底很少留有希望。

The professor rapped on his desk and shouted: “Gentlemen, order!” the entire class yelled, “Beer!”　

教授敲着桌子喊道“先生们，安静！”　全班同学回应“啤酒！”

再如：Why a river is so rich?

The answer：Because it has two banks.

What usually happen to a lawyer after his death?

The answer：He lies still.

2．Paraphrase释义法：

Bill’s new boyfriend is certainly a knockout.

比尔新结识的女朋友确实很迷人。（源于拳击比赛）

Our team won the game, all right, but it was touch and go for while.

我们队赢了，但又一阵子险些输掉。（千钧一发的形势）

I wonder whether he is a Trojan Horse.

He acts a lot older than his years.

他年纪轻轻，做事却相当老练。

His best jokes fell flat.

他那些

最逗人的笑话不灵了。

He was smooth and agreeable.他待人处事，八面玲珑。

Arthritis runs in my family, and my mother had struggled with severe arthritis for decades.

关节炎在我家族里世代相传。我母亲患了严重的指关节炎后，在痛苦中煎熬了几十年。

The more you try to hide, the more you are exposed.欲盖弥彰。

He was smooth and agreeable.

他待人处事，八面玲珑。

If you think me in a way to be happier than I deserve, I am quite of your opinion.

如果你认为我的幸福来之容易，受之有愧，那我完全同意你的看法。/不配获得这样的幸福.

Nothing, whether a weighty matter or small detail, was overlooked.

事无巨细，无一遗漏。

“Getting an agent is catch-22,”Hoffman says, “You can’t get one unless you’re published and you need one to get published.”

要找个出版代理商真是比登天还难，霍夫曼说，你要是没有出版过东西，那就别想找到代理商；可要出版东西，又非要找个代理商不行。第二十二条军规：不可逾越的障碍；由于一套本身不合逻辑的规则或条件而不可能获得期望的结果或解决方式的情形。

三、诗歌翻译练习：

小时候，乡愁是一枚小小的邮票，我在这头，母亲在那头。

长大后，乡愁是一张窄窄的船票，我在这头，新娘在那头。

后来啊!乡愁是一方矮矮的坟墓，我在外头，母亲在里头。

而现在，乡愁是一湾浅浅的海峡，我在这头，大陆在那头。"

When I was a child, my homesickness was a small stamp

Linking Mum at the other end and me this.

When grown up, I remained homesick, but it became a ticket

By which I sailed to and from my bride at the other end.

Then homesickness took the shape of a grave,

Mum inside of it and me outside.

Now I'm still homesick, but it is a narrow strait

Separating me on this side and the mainland on the other.

































第七讲 词类转换



一、教学目的：了解和掌握翻译中词类的活用情况，以便在翻译时采取灵活的策略。

二、教学过程：

1. Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.

火箭已经用来探索宇宙。

The sight and the sound of jet planes filled me with longing.
看到我们的喷气式飞机，听到隆隆的机声，我感到心驰神往。

3. The streets are marked by an absence of color.

街上明显缺乏色彩。
4. We are enemies of all wars, but above all of dynastic wars.

我们反对一切战争，特别是王朝战争。
5. After several blocks, he found an empty park bench.
过了几个街区，他发现一条公园里的长凳，空着没人坐。
6. Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.
党的干部每天长时间工

作，吃的是粗茶淡饭，住的是冰冷的窑洞，点的是黯淡的油灯。
7. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.
学习中的独立思考是绝对必要的.
8. I saw that his face was pale. I followed his eyes and looked across the room to a woman who was setting a tray of drinks before some customers.
我见他脸色煞白。 我循着他的目光，看到餐厅那边有个女人端着托盘给几位客人上饮料。
9. He is sitting behind a beer。
10. Father passed his hand over his face。
父亲用手摸了摸脸。
11．Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them.
他们之间一直有着传统的友好关系

12. The girl impressed her boyfriend’s relatives favorably with her vivacity and sense of humor.

这个女孩以她的活泼和幽默感给她未婚夫的亲戚们留下了极好的印象。

13. We find that in building socialism we have to overcome a combination of national poverty and a deeply ingrained belief that an individual can lift that burden from himself and his children by acquisition of personal wealth.
我们发现，在建设社会主义的过程中，我们在克服国家贫穷状况的同时，必须克服一种根深蒂固的思想，这就是认为只要个人发财致富就能使本人和子女摆脱贫困。
14. A week after his prelude to the President’s visit, China was in.
在他为总统出访所作的序幕之行一周后，中国成了最时新的话题。
15. I mumbled an embarrassed “no, thank you” and thrust my misshapen hands into my lap.
我窘迫地咕哝一声“不用了，谢谢您”，同时把我那双变形的手缩回放在膝上。
16. As a result of those economies, many of our most important new projects in other fields became possible.
由于采取了这些节约措施，我们在其他方面的许多最重要的新工程才得以实施。
17. The design aims at automatic operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance and high productivity.
设计的目的在于自动操作，调节方便，维护简易，生产率高。
18. Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.
这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强
19. 徐悲鸿画马画得特别好.
Xu Beihong’s drawings of horses are exceptionally good.
20. 这种人闹什么呢?闹名誉, 闹地位, 闹出风头.
What are these people after? They are after fame, position and opportunity to be in the limelight.
21. 该厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛, 经久耐用.
The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and durability.
三、古文翻译练习:

晋太元中，武陵人捕鱼为业；缘溪行忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林。夹岸数百步，中无杂树，芳草鲜美，落英缤纷，渔人甚异之。复前行，欲穷其林。

林尽水源，便得一山。山有小口，仿佛若有光，便舍船从口入

。初极狭，才通人。复行数十步，豁然开朗。土地平旷，屋舍俨然，有良田、美池、桑竹之属，阡陌交通，鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作，男女衣着，悉如外人；黄发垂髫，并怡然自乐。

---------选自陶渊明“桃花源记”

In the years of Taiyuan during the reign of Emperor Xiaowu in the Jin Dynasty, there lived in Wuling a man who made his living as a fisherman. Sailing up a stream one day, he forgot how far he had traveled when all at once he saw a grove of peach blossoms stretching hundreds of paces on both banks of the stream. There were no other kinds of trees but verdant grass in full splendor and angry flowers in profusion. Enticed by the sight, the fisherman sailed on to have a complete view of the grove.

The grove stretched as far as the source of the stream, where the fisherman found a hill with an opening that seemed to be lit within. He left his boat and entered the opening. At first the opening was very narrow, barely allowing him to pass, but as he went on some dozens of paces, a wide view suddenly opened before him. There was an expansive plain scattered with orderly houses, lush fields, beautiful ponds and clumps of mulberry and bamboo trees. Footpaths crisscrossed the fields, where the crowing of cocks and the barking of dogs were heard within distance. The men an women working in the fields were attired in the same manners as the people living outside; both old and young enjoyed a happy life.





















第八讲 正反表达转换



一、教学目的：了解和掌握在翻译时正面表达和反面表达的灵活使用。

二、教学过程：

1．英语为肯定式，汉语译作否定式　(affirmative in English but negative in Chinese).

You are quite a stranger here.

这儿的人都不认识你．

Free-frost refrigerator

Wet paint!

He yelled “freeze!”

Keep off the lawn!

I failed to understand your meaning.

我弄不懂你的意思。

A person who does a regrettable action is often regretful afterwards.

一个人做了不该做的事， 日后往往会懊悔。

But I could see that my arguments were hopeless. Those pigeons would have to go.

但我发现我的争辩是徒劳的，这些鸽子留不住的。

2. 英语为否定式，汉语译作肯定式 (affirmative in Chinese but negative in English).

Where is the wretched girl? Why do you not come when I call you?

这死丫头去哪里了？怎么叫你半天才来？

Pierre: hey, what the…! You old fool.

Lena: don’t talk to me that way! I am not your wife.

皮埃尔：哎，怎么，你这傻女人！

莉娜：嘴里放干净点！我又不是你老婆

The United Nations organization has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of the world set on it.

到目前为止，联合国辜负了世界人民寄予的希望。

Such a chance was denied to me.

我没有得到

这样一个机会。

I have read your article. I expect to meet an older man.

拜读了你的大作，没想到你这样年轻。

The lecturer spoke above the heads of his audience.

演讲者讲得太深奥，听众听不懂。

I am at my wit’s end to keep this child quiet.

我实在没有办法让这孩子安静下来。

双重否定 (double negative )
There is no rule that has no exception.

任何规则都有例外。

There is not any advantage without disadvantage.

有一利必有一弊。

It never rains but it pours.

不下则已，一下倾盆。

The sea food goes against my stomach.

不合我口味。

His speech leaves no room to improvement.

他的演讲完美之至。

That’s all Greek to me.

这我一窍不通。

The music is like nothing on the earth.

此曲只应天上有

4、一些习惯表达的译法：

Far from:

Your work is far from satisfactory. 你的工作一点儿也不令人满意。

Far from admiring his paintings I dislike them intensely. 我不但不钦佩反而十分讨厌他的画。

Far from advocating nuclear war, China is the only nuclear power to have undertaken never to use nuclear weapons first.中国根本没有鼓吹核战争，是唯一承诺不首先使用核武器的核大国。

Free from:

The Southeast Asian countries want to build a zone of peace, freedom and neutrality, free from any form or manner of interference by outside powers.

东南亚国家要求建立一个和平、自由和中立的地区，不受外来国家任何形式和方式的干涉。

Free from anxiety: 常译为“无忧无虑”；Free from arrogance and rashness.: 不骄不躁。

The vast discrepancies in wealth and standard of living show clearly that such a country can make no claim to be building a state free from the exploitation of the laboring masses.

财富与生活水平悬殊的差别清楚地表明，这样的国家不能自称为是在建设一个劳工大众不受剥削的国家。

人人有不挨饿的权力。Every person has the right to be free from hunger.

如果你有小汽车，就不用去坐火车或挤公共汽车。

If you have a car, you are independent of trains and buses.

Too…to 不要总译为 “太。。。以致”

He is too exited to speak. 他激动得说不出话来。

In the past few years, some countries had strikes too many to list.

在过去几年中，有些国家里的罢工多得不胜枚举。

This book contained too much gossip, too many distortions and falsehoods to warrant comment.

这本书里无聊的话太多，歪曲和弄虚作假之处太多，不值一评。

The military structure of the puppet clique is getting too broken to be propped up.

这个傀儡集团的军事结构太支离破碎了，无法把它支撑起来。

Notice: he is too ready to speak. 他太喜欢讲话。

I am only too delighted to accept your kind invitation.我接到你的盛情

邀请太高兴了。

Teachers are but too glad to sing with students.教员非常高兴和学生一起唱歌。

Not too… to相当于 not so …that …not…/ 而too… not to…等于so…that…cannot but

We are never too old to learn.我们不至于老得不学习。/我们活到老，学到老。

A teacher should not be too proud to learn from his students.教师不应骄傲得不向学生学习。

He was too experienced not to know it.等于he was so experienced that he cannot but know it.

他很有经验，不会不知道这点/ 或“他很有经验，一定会知道这点” （不得不，必定）

I cannot but complain about the food. 我不得不抱怨这食物。

Cannot…too…等于it is impossible for us to over+原形动词。如 we cannot praise him too much =It is impossible for us to over praise him.我们怎样称赞他都不会过分。

A book may be compared to your neighbor; if it be good, it cannot last too long; if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early.一本书好比你的邻居；如果是好书，读书时间再长也不嫌长；如果不是好书，越早丢开越好。

Not …because

The engine didn’t stop because the fuel was finished.引擎并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转。

Don’t scamp your work because you are pressed for time.不要因为时间紧而敷衍塞责。

In that city, we had never suffered discrimination because we were Jews.我们在那个城市从未因为是犹太人而遭受歧视。

He didn’t half like the girl.他非常喜欢那姑娘。

I couldn’t feel better. 我觉得身体好极了。

I couldn’t agree with you more. 我太赞成你的看法了。

If that isn’t what I want! 我所要的就是这个呀！

He can’t see you quick enough. 他很想尽快和你见面。

Half, nearly, possible 和 not 用在一起时的理解。

Paper tiger is not half so fierce as it is painted.纸老虎根本不像有些人描绘得那样可怕。

Not half = not at all 又如：The show is not half bad=it is a very good show.

The earth does not pull the kitten to it nearly as much as it pulls a big rock.

地球对小猫的引力根本不像对一块儿巨石那么大。Error=没有近乎像.

His last three novels are not nearly so good as the earlier ones.

他的最后三部小说远远不如早期的几部那样好。

Their views could not possibly be misunderstood.他们的意见根本不会被误解。

Such a state could not possibly have waged war against its neighbor without the backing from other countries. 这样贫穷的国家没有别国的支持，本来根本（或无论如何）不会对它的邻国发动战争。could not possibly用来加强语气，不能译为“不可能”。













































第九讲 增词法



一、教学目的：了解和掌握增词法（Am

plification）在翻译中的运用。

二、教学过程：

A．根据意义上或修辞上的需要for purpose of rhetoric or coherence

1.1增加动词

根据意义上的需要，可以在名词前增加动词。如果把下面例1中的after the banquets，

the concerts and table tennis exhibition译为“在宴会、音乐会、乒乓球表演之后”，意思似乎

不够明确。如果在词之前增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的动词，译为“在参加宴会、出席

音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后”，形成三个动宾词组，那就意思明确，读起来也较通顺自然，

符合汉语习惯。

1）In the evening ，after the banquets，the concerts and table tennis exhibitions，he would

work on the drafting of the final communiqué.

晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。

2）There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats，no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and banquets of flowers。

没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“普通中国人”挥舞纸旗、花束的场面。

3）Rostow was about to become，for lack of anyone or anything better，a very influential intellectual—the very wrong man at the wrong place with the wrong idea。

因为找不到比他更合适的人，也没有更好的办法，于是，罗斯托就要成为一个很有影响的知识分子，这真是在错误的地方任用错误的人去实行他的错误主张。

4）They had been through it al at his side—the bruising battles，the humiliations of the defeat|…through empty mid-1960s—until at last，in 1968，they were able to savor the sweet taste of triumph。

他们始终站在他的一边，经历过残酷的厮杀，忍受过辛酸的失败，熬过了一事无成的六十年代中期，毫不容易挨到了一九六八年，他们才尝到了胜利的甜头。

2. 增加形容词

1）With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism。

中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！

2）The plane twisted under me，trailing flame and smoke。

（敌人的）飞机在下面螺旋下降，拖着浓烟烈焰掉了下去。

3）O, Tom Canty，born in rags and dirt and misery，what sight is this！（Mark Twain）

啊，汤姆·康第，生在破烂、肮脏和苦难中，现在这番景象却是多么煊赫啊！

根据原著，汤姆·康第本是个贫儿，穿上王子服装以后，被人认为真是王子，就显得特别煊赫。原文虽无“煊赫”的字眼，但含有此意，所以翻译时应增加上去。以上三例表明，为了意义上或修辞上的需要，有些英语句子中的名词，译成汉语时，可以增加一些适当的形容词。

3. 增加副词

根据原文的上下文，有些动词在一定场合可增加适当的副词，才能确切表达