托福TOFEL考试阅读背景知识(十)
TOEFL阅读背景知识精选篇2020
TOEFL阅读背景知识精选篇2020为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家整理新托福阅读背景知识，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
新托福阅读背景知识：Early jazzEarly jazz.Fully developed jazz music probably originated in New Orleans at the beginning of the 1900s. New Orleans style jazz emerged from the citys own musical traditions of band music for black funeral processions and street parades. Today, this type of jazz is sometimes called classic jazz, traditional jazz, or Dixieland jazz. New Orleans was the musical home of the first notable players and composers of jazz, including contests Buddy Bolden and King Oliver, cornets and trumpeter Louis Armstrong, saxophonist and clarinetist Sidney Bechtel, and pianist Jelly Roll Morton.Jazz soon spread from New Orleans to other parts of the country. Fate Marble led a New Orleans band that played on riverboats traveling up and down the Mississippi River. King Olivermigrated to Chicago, and Jelly Roll Morton performed throughout the United States. Five white musicians formed a band in New Orleans, played in Chicago, and traveled to New York City, calling them the Original Dixieland Jazz Band (the spelling was soon changed to "Jazz"). This group made the earliest jazz phonograph recordings in 1917. Mamie Smith recorded "Crazy Blues" in 1920, and recordings of ragtime, blues, and jazz of various kinds soon popularized the music to a large and eager public.The 1920sThe 1920s have been called the golden age of jazz or the jazz age. Commercial radio stations, which first appeared in the 1920s, featured live performances by the growing number of jazz musicians. New Orleans; Memphis; St. Louis; Kansas City, Missouri; Chicago; Detroit; and New York City were all important centers of jazz.A group of Midwest youths, many from Chicagos Austin High School, developed a type of improvisation and arrangement that became known as "Chicago style" jazz. These musicians included trumpeters Jimmy McFarland and Muggy Spinier; cornets Box Beiderbecke; clarinetists Frank Tastemaker, Pee Wee Russell, Mezzo, and Benny Goodman; saxophonists Frankie Rombauer andBud Freeman; drummers Dave Tough, George Wetting, and Gene Krupp; and guitarist Eddie Condon. They played harmonically inventive music, and the technical ability of some of the players, especially Goodman, was at a higher level than that of many earlier performers.In New York City, James P. Johnson popularized a new musical style from ragtime called stride piano. In stride piano, the left hand plays alternating single notes and chords that move up and down the scale while the right hand plays solo melodies, accompanying rhythms, and interesting choral passages. Johnson strongly influenced other jazz pianists, notably Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Art Tatum, Fats Waller, and Teddy Wilson.Fletcher Henderson was the first major figure in big band jazz. In 1923, he became the first leader to organize a jazz band into sections of brass, reed, and rhythm instruments. His arranger, Don Redman, was the first to master the technique of scoring music for big bands. Various Henderson bands of the 1920s and 1930s included such great jazz instrumentalists as Louis Armstrong and saxophonists Benny Carter and Coleman Hawkins.Armstrong made some of his most famous recordings with his own Hot Five and Hot Seven combos from 1925 to 1928. Theserecordings rank among the masterpieces of jazz, along with his duo recordings of the same period with pianist Earl "Fatah" Hines. Armstrong also became the first well-known male jazz singer, and popularized scat singing-that is, wordless syllables sung in an instrumental manner.During the late 1920s and early 1930s, jazz advanced from relatively simple music played by performers who often could not read music to a more complex and sophisticated form. Among the musicians who brought about this change were saxophonists Benny Carter, Coleman Hawkins, and Johnny Hodges; the team of violinist Joe Venetia and guitarist Eddie Lang; and pianist Art Tatum. Many people consider Tatum the most inspired and technically gifted improviser in jazz history.The swing era flourished from the mid-1930s to the mid-1940. In 1932, Duke Ellington recorded his composition "It Dont Mean a Thing If It Isn’t Got That Swing." "Swing" was soon adopted as the name of the newest style of jazz. Swing emphasizes four beats to the bar. Big bands dominated the swing era, especially those of Count Basie, Benny Goodman, and Duke Ellington.Benny Goodman became known as the "King of Swing." Starting in 1934, Goodmans bands and combos brought swing tonationwide audiences through ballroom performances, recordings, and radio broadcasts. Goodman was the first white bandleader to feature black and white musicians playing together in public performances. In 1936, he introduced two great blacksoloists-pianist Teddy Wilson and vibraphonist Lionel Hampton. Until then, racial segregation had held back the progress of jazz and of black musicians in particular. In 1938, Goodman and his band, and several guest musicians, performed a famous concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City. Their performance was one of the first by jazz musicians in a concert hall setting.Other major bands of the swing era included those led by Benny Carter, Bob Crosby, Jimmy Dorsey, Tommy Dorsey, Woody Herman, Earl Hines, Andy Kirk, Jimmie Lunsford, Glenn Miller, Artie Shaw, Chick Webb, and, toward the end of the period, Stan Kenton. The bands in Kansas City, Missouri, especially the Count Basie band, had a distinctive swing style. These bands relied on the 12-bar blues form and riff backgrounds, which consisted of repeated simple melodies. They depended less heavily on written arrangements, allowing more leeway for rhythmic drive and for extended solo improvisations.新托福阅读背景知识：Boogie-woogie。
TOEFL阅读背景知识精选整合2020
TOEFL阅读背景知识精选整合2020为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家整理新托福阅读背景知识，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
新托福阅读背景知识：超现实主义超现实主义(Surrealism)第一次世界大战完毕后的几年, 人们开始怀疑理性主义, 虽理性主义然使欧洲的文化, 政治达到顶峰但还是发生了恐怖一次大战. 虽然达达派(Dada)的艺术风靡了当时的欧洲画坛. 但是把印了字的纸片洒在地上作诗, 似乎太过消极了. 超现实主义(Surrealism)这时开始萌芽了. 1924年, 超现实主义的创始人, 也是达达派的诗人与评论家-安德烈布尔顿发表了"超现实主义宣言"(The Surrealist Manifesto). 宣言中指出: 超现实主义是结合了意识的和无意识的精神领域在每天的现实生活中而完成世界的美梦与幻想. 简单的说, 超现实主义不但重视人类意识的思考, 另外更重视下意识的范畴. 他们用科学的方法研究人在无意中画出的图画, 信手写出的字, 小孩或疯子的图画, 结合心理学与精神病学的原理, 配合上人的梦境与幻想. 结论是: 美是在解放了的意识中那些不可思议的幻象与梦境. 所以超现实主义是一种超理性, 超意识的艺术. 超现实主义的画家不受理性主义的限制而凭本能及想象, 表现超现实的题材. 他们自由自在的生活在一种时空交错的空间, 不受空间与时间的束缚, 表现出比现实世界更真实更有意义. 超现实主义首先在法国展开, 立即受西班牙画家的欢迎, 很快普及到全世界. 而原本是单纯的美术改革运动, 不久也影响到了文学, 雕刻, 戏剧, 戏剧舞台, 电影, 建筑等其它的应用艺术, 所以超现实主义可以说是影响全世界的新文艺运动. 但在第二次世界大战时, 大量的艺术家迁往美国, 同时影响美国超现实主义的风行. 1945年后"新具象"在艺术之都巴黎兴起, 超现实主义才渐渐没落新托福阅读背景知识：polymer gelspolymer gels一种聚合凝胶The following information was part of our display for theSET96 and SET98 Scientific Power to the People Exhibition, The Galleries, Bristol, 20th and 21st March 1998.A POLYMER is a very long molecule rather like a very long piece of string.The borax joins two molecules together to make a large network - rather like flexible scaffolding. This is cross-linking.This turns the fluid dissolved polymer into a GEL.In oil wells water is pushed down to push oil up. If this breaks through to the production well bore, the well will just produce water. A solution is to block the rock pores with polymer gel to make the well produce oil again. These gels can be made from naturally occurring sugar-based polymers such as Guar and they can be cross-linked with Cobalt or Chromium.Other everyday examples of polymer gels are to be found in non-drip emulsion paints, foods, car tires and agrochemicals.The polymer that we are using is POLYVINYL ALCOHOL and we are joining the strands together with BORAX. This gel, when colored, is sold in toyshops as SLIME.新托福阅读背景知识：鹦鹉螺鹦鹉螺(中文版)鹦鹉螺属于头足纲中的四鳃类。
托福阅读中常考背景解释总结
托福阅读中常考背景解释总结辽阔的海洋既是一个硕大无比的储热库，它大量地吸收着太阳能；同时它又是一台极其巨大的调温机，随时都在调节着海洋的表面和深层的水温。
海洋中上下层水温的差异蕴藏着一定的'能量，专家们称之为海水温差能，也叫做海洋热能。
而这种海水温差能可以用来进行发电，人们把这种发电方式叫做海水温差发电。
早在本世纪20年代，科学家们就开始着手研究试验海水温差发电的方法。
1926年，法国物理学家G·克劳德进行了海水温差发电的小型试验。
他在烧瓶A里加入28℃的温水（这相当于海水表层的水温）；连接在另一端烧瓶B里放入冰块，并保持0℃水温（以代表海洋深层的水温）。
用真空泵将A烧瓶内的空气抽出（抽到压力低到每平方厘米0。
038）。
由于液体的沸点是随着加在液面上压力的减小而降低的，所以在此低压下，足以使得烧瓶中28℃的水沸腾起来。
要是能够使烧瓶内的真空度进一步提高，也就是使烧瓶内的压力变得更低，那么烧瓶内的温水就会提前沸腾而迅速蒸发。
这样，相对于烧瓶B内0℃的冰块，就产生了以水蒸汽压差为主的压力差。
于是，A烧瓶内蒸发的水蒸汽通过一个喷嘴喷出，推动涡轮发电机组进行发电。
克劳德试验成功以后，于1929年在古巴建造了一套专门进行海水温差发电的实验装置。
他用一根直径2米的铜管，在距离海岸2000米处，从 650米的深海中汲取冷海水。
当温海水的温度为27。
5℃而冷海水的温度为13℃时，其发电功率为22千瓦。
然而，他用水泵抽取冷海水时所消耗的功率却达 80千瓦。
这岂不是得不偿失吗？实际上不然，克劳德的这套实验装置的发电潜力并没有得到充分发挥，按计算其发电功率可达220千瓦。
但不管怎样，克劳德的实验表明：利用海水的温差来进行发电，在技术上是可行的。
现在的新型海水温差发电装置，是首先把海水引入太阳能加温池，将海水加温到45～60℃（有的可高达90℃），然后再将温海水引进保持真空的某一空间，让它蒸发，借助于水蒸汽来推动汽轮发电机组进行发电。
TOEFL新托福阅读背景知识精选5篇
TOEFL新托福阅读背景知识精选5篇为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理新托福阅读背景学问汇总，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
新托福阅读背景学问：太空城休士顿太空城休士顿休士顿是US的第五大都市，人类第一次登上月球的阿波罗飞船11号就在这里升空，因而使它也成为全球著名的城镇。
这一城镇是在1836年当德克萨斯州自墨西哥获得独立时，随之而诞生。
通往墨西哥湾的休士顿港，是US第三大港，在那里出口的棉花和石油产品，其数量占全美第一位。
自从US国家航空太空总署NASA在近效设置太空中心以来，休士顿正在连续不断地急速进展。
阿斯托洛圆顶运动场Astrodome耗资3，100万美元，于1965年兴建完成的这一运动场是目前世界上最大的一座室内运动场，内部装有冷暖气设备。
棒球、足球、骞马，以至于马戏团表演，都可以在室内进行。
紧邻的Afterworld是一个规模极大的消遣中心，游客可以欣赏欧洲各种村落的景色，也能够观赏各类表演。
圣哈新托古战场SanJacintoBattlefield1836年，休士顿将军为了争取德州独立，率军与墨军激战的地方。
现在已成为州立公园，纪念塔高达174公尺，可乘电梯登上塔项。
塔下是历史博物馆。
距休士顿市约26公里。
US航空太空总署太空飞行中心NASAMannedSpacecraft因阿波罗11号在此升空而全球著名。
US国家航空太空总署NASA于1961年设立于休士顿东南方45公里处的克利阿湖畔。
四周有GeneralElectric和InternationalBusinessMachines等重要的电子工业企业，是名符其实的航空太空科学中心。
展览馆Exhibit Hall的一号馆中，陈设着太空飞行员使用的器具、太空食物、太空船模型、月球上采集的岩石，对一般观光客公开。
太空飞行中心内部极为宽阔，可在进入中心的问讯处索取地图，备作参考。
太空中心内也有礼品店，出售太空船模型、月球石头模型，以及阿波罗帽等。
托福考试阅读背景知识(全)
托福考试阅读背景知识（下）第二次世界大战后第二次世界大战规模空前。
战争中发生的事，如600万犹太人被屠杀，原子弹在广岛爆炸，使美国知识分子感到震惊。
他们怀疑人性是否还有善良的一面，也感到人难以控制自己制造出来的巨大物质力量。
他们对文明与进步的信念发生了极大动摇。
50年代在“冷战”、麦卡锡主义和朝鲜战争的背景下，文坛趋于沉寂；印、70年代，经过越南战争、民权运动、学生运动、女权运动、水门案件，文坛活跃起来，出现了一批爱思索的作家。
在他们眼里，美国的社会变得十分复杂，价值观念混乱。
他们普遍感到不知怎样解释这样的现实，于是便通过怪诞、幻想、夸张的方式，再现生活中的混乱、恐怖和疯狂。
他们表现的是没有目标与方向的梦境世界他们讲的是支离破碎的故事，写的是“反英雄”、甚至是不完整的形象。
这个时期，文学作品中对**(包括同性爱)的描写也更为；露骨。
战争文学战后出现的第一股文学浪潮是战争小说。
其中较好的是梅勒的《裸者和死者》(1948)和詹姆斯·琼斯的《从这里到永恒》(1951)。
两部书的共同点是通过战争，写小兵、下级军官与军事机构的矛盾，即人的个性与扼杀个性的权力机构之间的冲突。
这些小说已经触及战后整个一代文学最突出的一个主题。
“怯懦的十年”50年代，右翼保守势力向30年代激进主义传统进攻，许多人由关心社会进步转而关心个人的私利。
这10年被称为“怯懦的十年”或“沉寂的十年”。
这期间，出现了一些作品，将资产阶级描绘成正面人物，鼓吹服从权威，如《穿灰法兰绒衣服的人》(1955)。
这类作品企图维护既定价值标准和现存社会秩序，很快就失去了影响。
另一方面，阿瑟·米勒等作家抵制麦卡锡主义，继续用作品抨击社会的不正义。
“垮掉的一代”50年代沉闷的政治空气使许多青年感到窒息，他们吸毒、群居，以颓唐、放纵的生活方式来表示自己的抗议。
其中有些人把这种生活与情绪写入文学作品，这便是“垮掉的一代”文学。
这种文学发展到60年代后，在国内民主运动高涨的背景下，增加了一些政治色彩。
托福阅读背景知识 很全很详细
托福阅读的得分保障—背景知识补充托福阅读的得分保障—背景知识补充新托福阅读理解部分的难度不仅在于其词汇量之大，更是由于文章涉及的领域及其广泛，同样的一篇文章，如果熟悉背景知识，阅读起来就轻松很多，答题的准确率也会提高不少。
如果光是靠托福专门的复习材料显然不能达到广泛阅读的水平，因此，考生应该大量阅读不同领域的文章，只要理解文中的主要内容就可以，时间充裕的考生可以定一个明确的阅读计划，例如每天读10页，可多可少。
通常托福阅读会涉及以下内容，建议考生搜集这些方面的文章来扩充自己的背景知识：一、印第安题材1.白令海峡移民理论2.印第安文化3.印第安宗教观4.印第安建筑业：大、先进。
5.印第安手工业：好。
6.社会组织结构：严密、分工细、凝聚力强。
二、动植物题材1.植物学题材a. 地衣、苔、真菌、蘑菇最常见。
b. 树冠上方生物。
c. 植物在生态平衡中的作用。
2.动物学题材a. 考普通动物为多。
最近常考鸟类、蚂蚁、动物智能与灭绝(联系天文学与冰河理论)。
b. 考动物进化(evolution)。
c. 考动物的分类(classification)。
phyla(单数phylum) —门 class—纲 order—目 family—科 genus—属 species—种 carnivore/predator—食肉动物 herbivore—食草动物 omnivore—杂食动物d. 动物的生活习性最为多见。
j群居(social animal)动物的习性a) 蚂蚁：社会组织结构—等级制(caste)：交流方式—信息素—气味；生活来源；外来物种的有害性。
b) 蜜蜂：群居个性；“8”字舞；蜜蜂智能；防御；天敌—大黄蜂。
c) 大猩猩：智能：猩际关系k迁徙 (migration )野鸭、大雁：日照长短；辨别方向。
l伪装 (camouflage)、花拟态(mimicry )三、考古学(archaeology)题材1.文化(cultural ) 考古学形态(physical)考古学2.化石(fossil )3.人的左右手j 使用工具。
托福阅读背景知识大全
托福阅读背景知识大全托福考试中，阅读每篇文章篇幅在700字左右，总共3-4篇。
托福阅读是托福考试中相当重要的一个科目，而它涵盖的题材又十分广泛。
如果在考场上，同样的考题，考生熟悉并掌握了阅读文章的背景知识，做起题来就会非常轻松，做题的速度和准确率也会提高很多。
虽然托福阅读并不考察背景知识，但背景知识又绝对是需要备考的资料之一。
本篇文章雷哥托福小托君就带领大家一起来看看托福阅读中常常出现的背景知识。
一、历史历史背景知识在托福阅读中出现得还是比较多的，历史是一个很宽泛的概念，它包括不同国家的发展进程，从文化、政治到生活、社会等等。
比如说，在欧美近代史中，工业革命占据着特别重要的位置。
从托福TPO中出现的有关工业革命的文章可以看到，它也会涉及工业革命中的农业发展、铁路建设等，还涉及那个时期的人口增长等方方面面。
工业革命起源于英国，它的发展包括了当时的棉花、运输、钢铁、汽车等等产业。
大家在进行阅读备考的时候，可以留意一下文章内容。
除了工业革命之外，还有诸如美国发展史、民族融合、文化融合等等。
二、地理地理学题材包括地球的构成、地理现象、降雨降雪、冰川的形成、河流森林等。
三、文学一般文学都是与历史分不开的，文学就是在记录历史。
研究文学就是重温历史。
托福阅读中常常出现诸如美国文学作品的介绍，包括作者生平、文学流派等。
比如，各种古希腊罗马神话故事作品、史诗文学、自传等等；有黑人文学、男方作家、纽约作家以及诗歌流派等。
四、天文学涉及宇宙、银河、八大行星、日食月食极光天文现象、火星上有水、雷电现象等。
五、社会社会生活中大家比较关心的问题以及比较有争议的问题等，比如说，男女平等、抑郁症的治疗、节日庆典、人际交往、社会群体、社交媒体、交通问题、教育问题、城市规划等等。
六、动植物此题材属于托福阅读必考题材。
涉及到的内容通常涵盖某种动物的起源、某地植物的起源、乌龟的习性、鹿群数量的变迁、植物与矿物等。
七、其他类包括艺术（陶器、瓷器、音乐、绘画、玻璃艺术、手工艺）、建筑、生物科技、经济金融等。
TOEFL阅读理解之十大题型PPT课件
7
② Sentence Simplification questions
句子简化题与细节题在本质上类似，都是对原句的改写 句子简化题应注意两点：文间逻辑关系一致；核心信息点
一致 问题形式：Which of the following best expresses the
essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
According to the passage, why did states need private companies’ help in road building?
A. The states were unable to build roads themselves financially B. Private companies could spend less time completing roads C. The states did not have as much equipment as private companies D. Private companies had more knowledge of the interior
5ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
TOEFL新托福阅读背景知识汇总
TOEFL新托福阅读背景知识汇总TOEFL新托福阅读背景学问汇总为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理新托福阅读背景学问汇总，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
新托福阅读背景学问：现代派文学的兴起两次世界大战之间从第一次世界大战到其次次世界大战，是US文学的其次次富强时期。
20年月，各种流派相继消失，表现了高度进展的资本主义社会的种.种冲突和精神世界方面的问题。
30年月基本上是左翼文学占主导地位，从30年月后期起，文学界分化成各个流派，又消失了纷坛多样的局面。
总的来说，现代派文学与左翼文学是这个时期两股最大的文学思潮。
从这个时期起，US文学开头发生世界性的影响。
1930年后，US作家间续得到诺贝尔文学奖金。
现代派文学的兴起20世纪初，US的经济有了很大进展。
垄断资本进一步集中，大城市人口密集，工农运动规模越来越大。
社会面貌与人的精神面貌，已非19世纪传统现实主义手法与惠特曼式的风格所能精确反映。
大战前的最初10年为孕育新的风格、新的流派作了预备。
欧洲的现代派文艺不断介绍到US。
19世纪下半期US的诗歌处于过渡阶段，继惠特曼后只消失了一个重要诗人艾米莉·狄更生。
她一反浮夸的浪漫主义诗风，以不规章的韵律、奇怪的对比和自由的联想，打开了通向US现代诗的道路。
1912年，《诗刊》在芝加哥创办，标志着现代派文艺的开头。
《诗刊》的头3卷里，消失了庞德(1885-1973)、韦·林赛(1879-1931)、艾·洛威尔(1874-1925)、威·卡·威廉斯(1883-1963)、桑德堡(1878-1967)、沃·斯蒂文斯(1879-1955)、艾·李·马斯特斯(1868-1950)、玛·莫尔(1887-1972)等人的作品。
这些人后来都成为US有成就的诗人。
其中有意象主义者，有接近劳动人民的芝加哥诗派，有20世纪的田园诗人，有新的乡土主义者，有抽象哲理派诗人。
新托福阅读背景知识精选篇
新托福阅读背景知识精选篇新托福阅读背景知识：大苹果纽约大苹果纽约纽约，世界最大的城市，在这里，摩天大厦林立，有著名的第五大道(Fifth Avenue俗称第五街)、对世界经济极具影响力的华尔街Wall Street，以及艺术家们响往的格林威治村Greenwich Village。
帝国大厦EmpireStateBuilding长时期来象征著纽约摩天大楼的高达102层超高层大厦。
顶层高度达1，250英尺(381公尺)。
在第86楼上有一展望台，气候晴朗时，可以眺望周围50英里以内的景色。
洛克斐勒中心Rockefeller Center呈现美国典型的一面，在都市建筑学方面也颇饶兴趣的商业与娱乐中心。
自第49街与第50街之间，通过第五街的Promenade Gardens内，四季花草茂盛，美丽如图画，公园四周是具有代表性意义的大厦，诸如Paulding、RadioCityMusicHall,CenterTheatre等。
NBC与ABC的制作室就是RCA大厦的第70楼。
自由女神StatueofLiberty世界著名的自由女神像，位于纽约湾的利勃坦岛上，像高约46公尺。
自由女神像内部中空，可搭电梯直达神像头部。
此外，还有新设的移民博物馆Immigration Museum。
联合国theUnitedNations纽约的历史系由曼顿产生，而现代世界史则与联合国密切相关。
自第42街起直到第48街上，在广达18英亩的地基上，就兴建着著名的联合国大厦。
联合国容许观光客依到达先后次序入内参观会议情形。
中国城Chinatown中国城已具有百年以上的历史，城内居住的华裔第二代约有六千人。
中国城位于Chatham Square的西边一部份，城中主要街道为Mott。
城内有中国博物馆。
大都会美术馆TheMetropolitanMuseumofArt乃是世界最大美术馆之一。
自由代东方到现代，有关美术史的重要事项，一一呈现眼前。
内中有一美国馆，可由馆中陈列品窥知初期美国人的生活状况。
TOEFL阅读十大题型精讲
试题结构阅读部分篇数时间文章长度问题数量Passage120分钟Approximately700 words12-14 个Passage2 & Passage340分钟Approximately700 words perset每篇12-14个Passage 4& Passage 5（遇加试时才有）40分钟Approximately700 words perset每篇12-14个TOEFL 阅读首堂课介绍• 1. what is TOEFL? why do you guys study TOEFL？• 2. what is TPO?• 3. what is pbt-cbt-ibt?• 4. what is OG?• 5. 托福阅读十大题型介绍+ 例题？• 6. 高分标准？•7. 教案思路？（词汇+ 语法+ 长难句+ 简单阅读）•8. 介绍上这门基础课的目的何在？？学生学完这门课有什么收获？？•9. “授渔”而非“授鱼”？一.事实信息题（Factual Information Questions ）•①.问题形式：•According to the paragraph,which of following is true of X?•The author's discription of X mentions which of following?•According to the paragraph,X did Y because...•According to the paragraph, why did X do Y?•②.例题：•1790 saw the nation entering a new era of road development.Unable to finance road construction,states turnd for help to privatecompanies,organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in better communications with the interior.•According to the passage, why did states need private companies' help in road building?• a. the states were unable to build roads themselves financially.• b. private companies could spend less time completing roads.• c. the states did not have as much equipment as private companies.• d. private companies had more knowledge of the interior.二.指代题（Reference Questions）• .问题形式：The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to ?（常考的代词有they,this, it, others, which等）。
新托福阅读背景知识汇总
新托福阅读背景知识汇总新托福阅读背景知识：19世纪后半叶经济迅速发展南北战争后，由于南部种植园制度的废除，为资本主义在全国范围的发展创造了条件;造船业和机器制造业迅速发展，横贯大陆的4条铁路建成，西部广大土地的垦殖，边疆的消失，促进了国内统一市场的形成和扩大。
在中西部、远西部和南部日益开拓进程中，各地区发展了具有本地特点的工业。
外国移民的大量涌入，提供了丰富的劳动力，使北美能够大规模进行农业生产。
19世纪后半叶农业机械化迅速发展。
从1860-1916年，耕地面积由4.07亿英亩增加到8.79亿英亩，改良的土地面积扩大了3倍多，小麦和玉米的产量约增加了3倍多。
农业中大生产排挤和兼并小生产，在以工业为主的北部，农业日益采用集约耕作，在其他地区，大农场数字逐渐增加，1900年美国农产品总数的一半是由1/6的大农户生产的，形成了美国式农业资本主义发展道路。
19世纪后半叶，科学技术领域有重要发明和突破，其中首推电力的应用;1876年A.G：贝尔发明电话机，1886年T.A.爱迪生制造了电灯，1892年杜里雅兄弟试制成功汽车，1903年莱特兄弟试制飞机航行成功。
电力广泛应用于工业，导致美国经济的全面发展。
1880年工业在全国生产总值中的比重已超过农业，工业生产总值由1860年的世界第4位，跃居至1894年的首位。
美国成为高度发达的资本主义国家。
第一次世界大战前的内外政策(1889—1914)1889年美国召开泛美会议，1898年美西战争爆发，美国击败了西班牙，夺取了加勒比海的古巴和波多黎各、太平洋的关岛及菲律宾群岛，接着合并了夏威夷群岛。
1903年美国夺取了巴拿马运河区。
在远东，1899年美国提出对华“门户开放”政策。
美国在1904-1905年日俄战争中支持日本。
在日俄战争结束后，美日双方经过谈判，于1908年签订了罗脱—高平协定。
在1912年总统选举中，民主党总统候选人T.W.威尔逊上台。
威尔逊以“新自由”作为号召进行改革，降低关税，建立联邦储备银行制度，通过克莱顿反托拉斯法(1914)，征收累进所得税。
新托福加试(听力、阅读)大全——含答案及背景
新托福加试（听力/阅读）大全——内含答案及背景浪漫主义诗歌机经原文：本文讲18-19世纪英国浪漫主义诗歌的特点。
威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）是浪漫主义诗歌的鼻祖。
但是，开始时，他们并没有称这种诗歌形式为浪漫主义，浪漫主义诗人这个称谓是他们的后人为他们加上的。
浪漫主义中的浪漫并不是我们平时所理解的“浪漫”，这里的“浪漫”与男女之间的爱情无关。
浪漫主义诗歌针对的是普通大众，而不是少数受过教育的人。
浪漫主义诗歌用的是简单语言，描述的是日常生活中常见的事物，比如孩子、人与人之间的情感、以及自然和人类之间的互动。
教授说，我自己在散步时感受到了这种所谓的自然与人类之间的互动。
与浪漫主义针锋相对的一种风格是新古典主义（neo-classicism），浪漫主义的鼻祖——威廉·华兹华斯很反对新古典主义。
新古典主义诗歌中使用了太多的详尽细节（elaboration）。
比如，在新古典主义诗歌中：天空（sky）不叫天空，而是叫了蓝色（blue）；鸟（bird）不叫鸟，而叫羽人（feathered person）。
威廉·华兹华斯的作品分为3个阶段。
1.早期的浪漫主义作品，主要描述植物的(花与草)诗歌。
2.中期的浪漫主义作品，主要是对一些社会现象的评论。
3.后期的浪漫主义作品，主要是对早期的作品进行修改。
目前文学界还是认为他早期的作品是最好的。
教授认为他的诗越写到后来就越糟糕，反而早期的比较好。
但是在课堂上，我就不对中厚期的作品作评价了。
真题重现：（1）问：浪漫主义诗人的称谓是怎么来的？答：浪漫主义诗人这个称谓是后人为他们加上的，不是他们本身这样称呼自己的。
（2）问：演讲中为何提到了教授散步？答：为了说明自然与人类之间的互动。
（3）问：（双选）浪漫主义诗的特点是什么？答：1.针对的是个人情感；2.与古典主义不同。
（4）问：（重听题）教授说“在课堂上，我就不对中厚期的作品作评价了”暗示了什么？答：演讲中重点介绍威廉·华兹华斯的早期作品。
tpo50三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案背景知识
tpo50三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (7)答案 (16)背景知识 (18)阅读-2 (21)原文 (21)译文 (24)题目 (27)答案 (35)背景知识 (37)阅读-3 (41)原文 (41)译文 (44)题目 (47)答案 (54)背景知识 (55)阅读-1原文American Railroads①In the United States,railroads spearheaded the second phase of the transportation revolution by overtaking the previous importance of canals.The mid-1800s saw a great expansion of American railroads. The major cities east of the Mississippi River were linked by a spiderweb of railroad tracks.Chicago's growth illustrates the impact of these rail links.In1849Chicago was a village of a few hundred people with virtually no rail service.By1860it had become a city of100,000, served by eleven railroads.Farmers to the north and west of Chicago no longer had to ship their grain,livestock,and dairy products down the Mississippi River to New Orleans;they could now ship their products directly east.Chicago supplanted New Orleans as the interior of America's main commercial hub.②The east-west rail lines stimulated the settlement and agricultural development of the Midwest.By1860Illinois,Indiana,and Wisconsin had replaced Ohio,Pennsylvania,and New York as the leading wheat-growing states.Enabling farmers to speed their products to the East,railroads increased the value of farmland and promotedadditional settlement.In turn,population growth in agricultural areas triggered industrial development in cities such as Chicago,Davenport (Iowa),and Minneapolis,for the new settlers needed lumber for fences and houses and mills to grind wheat into flour.③Railroads also propelled the growth of small towns along their routes.The Illinois Central Railroad,which had more track than any other railroad in1855,made money not only from its traffic but also from real estate speculation.Purchasing land for stations along its path, the Illinois Central then laid out towns around the stations.The selection of Manteno,Illinois,as a stop of the Illinois Central,for example,transformed the site from a crossroads without a single house in1854into a bustling town of nearly a thousand in1860, replete with hotels,lumberyards,grain elevators,and gristmills.By the Civil War(1861-1865),few thought of the railroad-linked Midwest as a frontier region or viewed its inhabitants as pioneers.④As the nation's first big business,the railroads transformed the conduct of business.During the early1830s,railroads,like canals, depended on financial aid from state governments.With the onset of economic depression in the late1830s,however,state governments scrapped overly ambitious railroad projects.Convinced that railroads burdened them with high taxes and blasted hopes,voters turnedagainst state aid,and in the early1840s,several states amended their constitutions to bar state funding for railroads and canals.The federal government took up some of the slack,but federal aid did not provide a major stimulus to railroads before1860.Rather,part of the burden of finance passed to city and county governments in agricultural areas that wanted to attract railroads.Such municipal governments,for example,often gave railroads rights-of-way,grants of land for stations, and public funds.⑤The dramatic expansion of the railroad network in the1850s, however,strained the financing capacity of local governments and required a turn toward private investment,which had never been absent from the picture.Well aware of the economic benefits of railroads,individuals living near them had long purchased railroad stock issued by governments and had directly bought stock in railroads, often paying by contributing their labor to building the railroads.But the large railroads of the1850s needed more capital than such small investors could generate.Gradually,the center of railroad financing shifted to New York City,and in fact,it was the railroad boom of the 1850s that helped make Wall Street in New York City the nation's greatest capital market.The stocks of all the leading railroads were traded on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange during the1850s. In addition,the growth of railroads turned New York City into thecenter of modern investment firms.The investment firms evaluated the stock of railroads in the smaller American cities and then found purchasers for these stocks in New York City,Philadelphia,Paris, London,Amsterdam,and Hamburg.Controlling the flow of funds to railroads,the investment bankers began to exert influence over the railroads'internal affairs by supervising administrative reorganizations in times of trouble.译文美国铁路①在美国，铁路超越了运河从前的重要性，成为运输革命第二阶段的先锋。
TOEFL阅读背景知识
TOEFL阅读背景知识为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家整理新托福阅读背景知识，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
新托福阅读背景知识：地球的旋转时间变短地球的旋转时间变短We have been talking about some of the effects that the human beings had on the earth. One you may not be aware of is that we actually begin to change the length of the day. In the other way to say, one day is the amount of time the earth needs to spin completely around an axis, the imaginary line around the center of the earth, from the north to the south. And of course there are a lot of physical causes th at can affect the speed of the earth’s rotation, but there was only one that is direct result of the human activity. Since 1950, human beings have built about ten thousand artificial reservoirs all over the world. These reservoirs have redistributed tremendous amount of the earth water. When they are used to be in the area near the equator, the imaginary line surround the middle of the earth, it’s now the reservoirs in the areas of differentlatitudes. The latitude matters because, well, thinking the earth and axis, the equator contains the areas on the earth that are the farthest away from axis. So water has been redistributed from the equator regions, then wherever the water is, to it’s close to the earth axis. It’s like when ice skaters perform spins when those skaters put their arms enclose to their bodies, they spin faster. So the earth is spinning faster because the reservoirs have redistributed the water close to its axis. And because the earth was spinning faster, since 1950 the length of day has decreased by about 8 millionths of second. I know that doesn’t sound like much but significant in that this is the first time that human beings ever had measurable affect on the earth’s motion.新托福阅读背景知识：潮汐发电潮汐发电凡在海边上生活过的人都知道，海水时进时退，海面时涨时落。
托福阅读背景知识汇总
托福阅读背景知识汇总托福考试中，阅读想要做的又快有准确，不仅需要提升英语阅读能力，还要掌握阅读背景知识。
下面就和大家分享托福阅读背景知识知多少，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读背景知识知多少阅读背景知识汇总一.考古学(archaeology)题材1.文化(cultural )考古学形态(physical)考古学(多见)2.化石(fossil )化石构成。
化石比原物更沉重(矿物质环境)化石形成原因。
坚硬物质，迅速掩埋。
化石与动物的进化关系。
3.人的左右手使用工具。
证据：敲击的划痕;手柄的形状。
牙齿上的划痕。
大脑左右半球的大小差别;趾骨的粗细差别。
作画时人像的方向4.古代陶瓷的考古。
Clay，model，wheel (转盘)，glaze，kiln5.古代文字的考古。
二.印第安题材1.白令海峡移民理论2.印第安文化3.印第安宗教观4.印第安建筑业：大、先进。
5.印第安手工业：好。
6.社会组织结构：严密、分工细、凝聚力强。
7.农业先进：A. irrigation; B. maize，squash，bean，pea。
三.动植物题材(必考)1.植物学题材(不多见)地衣、苔、真菌、蘑菇最常见。
树冠上方生物。
植物在生态平衡中的作用。
2.动物学题材(90%以上)考普通动物为多。
最近常考鸟类、蚂蚁、动物智能与灭绝(联系天文学与冰河理论)。
考动物进化(evolution)。
考动物的分类(classification)。
phyla(单数phylum)—门class—纲order—目family—科genus—属species—种carnivore/predator—食肉动物herbivore—食草动物omnivore—杂食动物动物的生活习性最为多见。
群居(social animal)动物的习性蚂蚁：社会组织结构—等级制(caste)：交流方式—信息素—气味;生活****;外来物种的有害性。
蜜蜂：群居个性;“8”字舞;蜜蜂智能;防御;天敌—大黄蜂。
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托福TOFEL考试阅读背景知识(十)
Jazz
Jazz is one of the greatest forms of music originating in the US. The names of its stars, who are mostly *African Americans, are known around the world. Most people have heard of stars like Ella *Fitzgerald, 'Count' *Basie, 'Duke' *Ellington and Louis *Armstrong. Wynton *Marsalis, who plays in the traditional style, is the best-known jazz musician today.
Jazz was begun in the *South by African Americans. Many of its rhythms came from the work songs and spirituals (= religious songs) of black slaves. New Orleans street bands first made jazz popular. Early forms of jazz created at the beginning of the 20th century were *ragtime and the *blues. Ragtime musicians included the singer 'Jelly Roll' *Morton and the composer and piano player Scott *Joplin. Famous blues singers included Bessie *Smith and later Billie *Holiday. *Dixieland developed from ragtime and the blues and made a feature of improvisation (= making up the music as it is being played), especially on the trumpet and saxophone. Dixieland stars included Louis Armstrong and Sidney Bechet.
In the 1920s many African Americans moved north, taking jazz with them, and *Chicago and New York became centres for the music. This was the beginning of the big band era. In the 1930s swing music came into fashion and people danced to jazz. Radio and the new recording industry helped to make it even more popular. The big bands were led by Basie, Ellington, Woody *Herman, Glenn *Miller and 'the King of Swing', Benny *Goodman. In the 1940s there were new styles such as *bebop, developed by 'Dizzy' *Gillespie, Charlie 'Bird' *Parker and Thelonious *Monk. Freer forms like progressive jazz developed in the 1950s with stars including Stan *Getz and Dave *Brubeck. Cool jazz followed in the 1960s, led by Getz and Miles *Davis. More recent styles have included funky jazz, jazz-rock and hip-hop jazz. Many jazz clubs, like the *Cotton Club, have now closed but others, like Preservation Hall in *New Orleans, and Birdland in *Manhattan, remain.
In Britain jazz attracts a small but enthusiastic audience. The height of its popularity was in the 1940s and 1950s, when large crowds gathered to hear big bands. British jazz has always been heavily influenced by US jazz. In the 1960s pop and rock music replaced jazz as the music of the young generation. There are now few jazz bands, although smaller combos (= groups) continue to play a wide range of trad (= traditional), bebop, cool and avant-garde jazz. The most famous British jazz musicians have included Johnny *Dankworth and Cleo *Laine, George Melly, Humphrey *Lyttelton and Courtney *Pine. The home of jazz in Britain is Ronnie *Scott's club in London.
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