TOEFL Online 赵东坡托福听力方法课讲义 5
托福听力试讲lesson four
Section A • Review homework • Question type four: attitude • Examples and practice • Review test(前四种题型复习) Section B • Conversation type 2. service encounter • Related background information • Examples and practice
Section B Long Conversation
Section B 课堂内容讨论场景
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场景特点：学生课下对于课堂 的某些问题的讨论，可能涉及作业、教师等 话题 常见套路： （1） 讨论课堂留下的作业。 （2） 讨论学生课堂表现，出勤率等。 （3） 涉及课堂内容，比如学生没有听 懂课下讨论上课的某一问题。
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例1 P43写论文方法论
Research Data/statistics/cite reference Analyze Summarize Classify Organize---outline Reflecting your thoughts(put in your own personal ideas/draw your own conclusions) • draft • revise
Practice (选自讲义P43/P131) y
Office Hours
（讲义p59） 讨论presentation
• • • • Award Photographer Ceremony unique
Listen, summarize and take notes.
奖学金场景
TOEFL学习资料听力05
TOEFL学习资料听力05TOEFL学习资料听力051. (A) Discuss the situation with the person in charge of the dormitory.(B) Ask her roommate not to make so much noise.(C) Go to bed after midnight.(D) Send a letter to the residents.2. (A) Now he understands the system.(B) He has no use for technology.(C) He has to do some calculations.(D) He doesn't know how to operate the computer.3. (A) He's growing very quickly.(B) He's the tallest of three boys.(C) He can jump high.(D) He has to leave today at three.4. (A) Nothing can help Debra pass the exam.(B) Debra doesn't need to study at all.(C) Being well rested will help Debra on the exam.(D) Debra should get some fresh air in the morning.5. (A) The woman's roommate went to get it.(B) It was sent to the woman's roommate by mistake.(C) The woman picked it up at the post office.(D) The postal service delivered it to the woman's house.6. (A) He has to wash a thousand dishes.(B) He has more dishes than his brother.(C) His brother takes too much time washing the dishes.(D) He has asked his brother to wash the dishes many times.7. (A) He'd like to reschedule the party.(B) He and Jill aren't free next week.(C) He's not sure if Jill is available on Friday.(D) He doesn't know what to bring to the party.8. (A) The bicycle is being repaired.(B) The bicycle is new.(C) She lent the bicycle to a friend.(D) The bicycle is parked outside.9. (A) She wanted to visit Joe's home.(B) She doesn't understand why Joe left without her.(C) Joe should take a taxi to her house.(D) Joe didn't want to take the taxi to his house.10. (A) He has always admired her.(B) He wishes he could spend more time with her.(C) She's taller than he is.(D) She looks very different from him.11. (A) Train service will return to normal in a few days.(B) It's better to tak。
托福听力讲义 非常详细
新托福强化听力讲义新托福考试听力部分介绍1. 新托福和旧托福的对比2. 题量，时间，分数3. 题目的考查形式考场环境：独立电脑，耳机，铅笔，草稿本电脑环境：图片，视频，声音，板书新题型：双选题，重听题，表格配对题答题时间：总时间限制，每题分配时间不限答题流程：永不悔改4. 文章材料的考查形式文章结构：删除了旧托福的PART A 部分，更加注重于对于能力的考查 文章长度：比旧托福长文章语速：无所谓快慢，比旧托福更加贴近真实的学习生活文章类型：对话，独白，讨论CONVERSATION文章思路LECTURE文章思路5. 新托福考试题型概述6. 界面展示7. IBT新托福资料说明——听力部分托福听力中的九大语音问题1. 语速问题托福听力过程中的语速问题如何解决语速问题2. 连读问题托福听力过程中的连读问题（1）关键性词语出现连读：否定形式●not at all：The meeting yesterday wasn’t at all boring.（2）常用性词语出现连读●for him连读中的基本规则（1）辅音+元音连读●I was found on the ground by the fountain about a field of a summer stride.●Not at all.●Rush hour.●This dictionary is not exactly what I wanted but it will do.●Travel agency, travel agent（2）辅音+辅音连读●Some money, bike key（3）元音+元音连读●Be on time●An apple a day keeps the doctor away（4）H连读●I lent him a book.●Larry is taking a lot of art, isn’t he?●The stuff the nurse gave me seemed to have helped.●I must have left my keys at my sister’s house.●She learned to use the computer on her own.（5）其他特殊连读●【t】+【j】=【ch】：meet you, hurt you, that your●【d】+【j】=【dg】：would you, hand your, did you●【s】+【j】=【sh】：miss you, this year●【z】+【j】=【g】：as usual, because you●Example: won’t you, don’t you, didn’t you, haven’t you, hadn’t you, wouldn’t you,weren’t you, last year, next year, not yet, did you, had you, would you, I advice you, Iuse your, how’s your如何解决连读问题3. 失爆问题托福听力过程中的失爆问题：【p】，【b】，【t】，【d】，【k】，【g】任意两个连续出现就会发生失爆现象●Sit down, good night, friendly●-this calculator isn’t working right.-I think you’ve got the battery in upside down.如何解决失爆问题4. 略读问题托福听力过程中的略读问题：书写时将两个或多个相邻的单词省略某些字母而连接起来●I am = I’m, you have = you’ve, how is = how’s, that would = that’d●Doesn’t, didn’t, shouldn’t, hadn’t, hasn’t, wouldn’t, won’t●Official guide P199：OK. So we’ve talked about some different types of root systems of plants,and I’ve shown you some pretty cool slides, but now I want to talk about the extent of the rot system- the overall size of the root system…the depth.如何解决略读问题●I’m, you’re, she’s, they’re, there’s, he’s, who’s●We’ve, he’ll, she’d, she’ll, she’s, they’d, they’ve, they’ll●Can’t, weren’t, won’t, are n’t, wouldn’t, shouldn’t●Gotta, gonna5. 弱读问题托福听力过程中的弱读问题（1）介词弱化：●stay at home, do it for fun, come from China, go in the house, a cup of coffee, the train toParis（2）代词弱化：●Phone us when you are free.●I’ve lost my book.（3）连词弱化：●Please give me some cream and sugar.●Either Tom or Peter can come.如何解决弱读问题6. 英美音差异问题托福听力过程中的英美音问题（1）【r】音问题●Idea, really●They weren’t at the dorm last night.(A) They went to the dormitory.(B) They didn’t go to the dormitory.●-The snow is really coming down, isn’t it?-Rarely do we have so much snow in December.-What does the man mean?(A) it is typical December weather for this region.(B) such a large amount of snow is unusual for this month.（2）【o】【a:】●Glass, class, fast●Hot, box, rock（3）其他情况●Neither如何解决英美音问题●常见易混音：Course-cause, once more-one small, career-Korea, worse-was, bore-ball,door-doll, core-call, tear-tea, short-shot●不加儿化音的词：China, Australia, banana, wall●常见英美音不同读法：Neither, either, record, cupboard, cassette, garage, laboratory, adult,ordinary, secretary, dictionary7. 词性变音问题托福听力过程中的词性变音问题●Method- methodically●校园词汇的变音：meteorology, economics, geography如何解决词性变音问题8. Company-companion, library-librarian, geography-geographical, ignore-ignorant,photo-photographer-photographic, declare-declaration, economy-economic-economical, invite-invitation, technology-technological, type-typical缩写问题托福听力过程中的缩写问题●Sitcom●Chem lab●prof如何解决词性缩写问题●Intro. Course = introductory course 导论性课Demo = demonstration 演示●Memo = memorandum 备忘录Info. = Information 信息●Expo = exposition 博览会Chem.= chemistry 化学●Comm. = commerce 商业Tech = technology 技术●Ad.= advertisement 广告Dorm = dormitory 寝室●M.A. = Master of Arts 文学硕士M.S. = Master of Science 理学硕士● B.A. =Bachelor of Arts文学士 B.S. = Bachelor of Science理学士●alga = algebra 代数学、代数anat = anatomy 解剖学、解剖●archit = architecture 建筑学、建筑arith = arithmetic 算术、算术●astron = astronomy 天文学、天文eng = engineering工程学、工程●electr = electricity电学、电fin = finance财政学、财政●geol = geology地质学、地质geom = geometry几何学、几何●gram = grammar文法hist = history历史、史●ling = linguistics语言学、语言maths = mathematics数学、数学●mech = mechanics 机械学、机械med = medical医学、医●met = meteorology气象学、气象myth = mythology 神话●phil = philosophy哲学phon = phonetics 语言学、语言●photo = photography摄影术、摄影phys = physics物理学、物理●physiol = physiology生理学、生理pol = politics政治学、政治●psych = psychology心理学、心理9. 数字问题托福听力过程中的数字问题●逗号原则1,234,567,890:新托福听力记笔记NOTE TAKING记笔记的两种形式符号●＞: surpass, exceed●＜:less than●＝: equal to, the same as●≠: difference●↑: increase, promote, enhance, improve●↓: decrease, fall, worsen●＋: plus, add, besides, moreover●－: minus, deduct, except●→: result in, lead to●←: originate from, date back to●√: correct, good, positive, affirmative●×: wrong, bad, mistaken, negative●☆: outstanding, elite●∵: because, owing to, thanks to, since, as●∴: therefore, consequently, as a result, so, hence●∑: total, amount●γ: government缩写●able?BL: PRBL，RSBL，DBL●ing?G: SHPG●tion?N: OPTN，NAN●ment?T: AGRMT●ize?Z: RCGNZ，OGNZ●tive?TV: EFCTV，●ful?FL: SCFL●less?LS: RGDLS●ent/ant?T: URGT●al/ial?L: ARVL练习Sample Script:American universities have been offering classes online through computers for a number of years.Now, some newly created colleges are offering academic degrees online. One university offers both bach elor’s degrees and master’s degrees. Official say they try to provide students with a social experience as well as an educational one. For example, in some programs, groups of the same six students progress through all their classes together. They communicate by computer. Another online school uses a problem-solving method of teaching. Students attempt to solve real problems in their classes online instead of reading information.Students who have taken online classes say they like them because they do not have to travel to building at a set time to listen to a professor. Professors say they have better communication with students through e-mail notes than they do in many traditional classes.新托福听力文章套路1. 托福听力中的重点原则原则一：大写原则原则二：开头结尾原则：3T-2M原则原则三：重复原则原则四：转折对比原则原则五：强调原则原则六：比较原则原则七：建议原则原则八：举例原则原则九：现在原则原则十：解释原则原则十一：因果原则原则十二：观点态度原则原则十三：特殊问句原则2. 举例：OFFICIAL GUIDE PRACTICE SET 1——CONVERSATION3. 举例：OFFICIAL GUIDE PRACTICE SET 2——LECTURE1. 课程相关事务场景场景特点：主要涉及到一些和课程相关事项的解决方法。
TOEFLSpeakingLecture(task5)
Task 5 Stude nt-related Problems & Soluti ons ______________Outli ne一、Testing Purpose of Task 5:测试考生听懂、记录、归纳、转述对话中与学生有关的困难和解决方案，并发表、支持考生自己见解的能力。
、Introduction of Task 5:1听对话：1、对话长度：1-1.5分钟2、内容：1 problem+2 soluti ons3、两个解决方案的三种来源：（1）、对方给两个（最多）（2）、自己给自己两个（3）、双方各一个2、典型问法The speakers discuss two possible solutions to the woman 's problem. E’riefly summarize the problem. Then state which solution you recommend and explain why.3、说：答题任务：1. 客观任务：转述1困难和2解决方案2. 主观任务：说出考生自己推荐的方案（从上述两个方案中选1个）和2个理由、Strategies for Task 5:听力技巧1、带着六个问题听对话：问题1.听对话双方身份：要判断人物身份，因为对话双方不一定都是学生*可能的人物身份组合:组合1: a male student ---------------- a female student （最多）组合2: a student ---------------------- a professor组合3: a student ------------------------- a n university staff or worker组合4: a male professor --------------- a female professor 问题2.谁有困难？问题3•什么困难？（困难的类型）*五大常考困难：1. time or schedule conflict ----------------- 25.00%2. paper problem ------------------------------ 14.47%3. Course Registrati on Problem ----------------------------------------- 13.16%4. Dorm Problem ------------------------------ 9.21%5. Car Problem -------------------------------- 9.21%问题4.困难的原因？问题5.哪两方案？问题6.优点缺点？听力技巧2、记笔记的技巧：笔记格式：男左女右------- 十字架法听力技巧3、Task5常考场景的场景规律和语汇:学生困难解决题场景思路三字经4、选课困难Course Registration Problem :(5sb. can do Asb. can do BOne (thing the woman can do) is to do A_Another (thing the woman can do) is to do EB_1) . The professor is very strict with sb. (be strict with sb.) 2) . The professor will be very an gry.情况2.要得着：1. deduct his score 区另U ： deduct 扣除 deduce 演绎四、a Sample Question :The speakers discuss two possible solutions to the woman' s problem. Briefly summarizethe problem. The n state which soluti on you recomme nd and explain why.五、 Prepari ng your resp onse▲转述人物1遇到的困难的内容及原因： 具体题目，具体分析，恰当开篇，不能任选:① .（广泛适用，主动出击、想实现一个临时目标、遇困难、障碍） The woman wants / needs to do _____ ，but / however sec )has / faces a problem 时间冲突专用：has/faces a timecon flict/schedulecon flict② .（适用范围窄，被动挨打、没有目标、只有困难）The woman ' s problem is that ___________ , because ____________ （ 10 sec ）▲转述人物1面临的两个方案:To solve / han dle / cope with / deal with this / her problem, the woma n has / faces two possible solutio ns. sec )▲ 表述考生本人给人物 1的方案和这么做的好处:(so she _____________ .) ( 10First, to do A (方案 1) Second, to do B (方案 2)(10 sec )Pers on ally, I recomme nd / believe / thi nk that the woma n (should) 序号版for/due to /because of two ben efits: (7 sec)First, _________ . _________ . (10 sec) Second, __________ . _________ . (10 sec) in this way, the woma n can by doing this, the woma n cansolution. (8 sec)So, these are the reasons why I believe that the woman should take the策略一、设计考生自己给的好处”何来？自圆其说即可!一、搬（抄，给建议者说的好处T直接引用）二、转（改，遇困难者说的顾虑T开导解围）三、编（创，无中生有，只要自圆其说即可）策略二、权衡两个可能的方案的利弊：只要凑够2个好处即可!①.趋己方2利（时间冲突：两全齐美一一两好事同时进行）②.避对方2害③.先趋己方1利后避对方1害④.先避对方1害后趋己方1利1Listening Script for TPO Test 1 Speaking Task 5 NarratorNow liste n to a con versati on betwee n two stude nts.The speakers discuss two possible solutions to the man ' s problem. Describe the problemand the two soluti ons. Then expla in what you think the man should do and why.Stude nt AHey, Mary! How's your volunteer work going? You still involved in that after-schoolprogram with the eleme ntary school kids?Stude nt BYeah! But「ve got a problem. I ' mupposed to be driving a bunch of them to the zoo tomorrow.Student AYeah?Student BAnd I was supposed to rent a van for the trip. But I waited too long to call the rental agencyto reserve one.And now it turns out they don't have any vans available for tomorrow. I don't know what todo! These kids will be really disappointed if their trip gets cancelled.Student AUnr • welt, does n't one of your friends here on campus have a car? I mean, could n' t you borrow it for the day?Student BYeah, probably, but I'd need to borrow two cars or there wouldn't be enough space for all the kids.Student AUh-huh.Student BThat's why I was going to rent the van. And then I need to find somebody else to drive too.I can ' t idvre two cars by myself.Student A[Chuckles] Yeah, that's true! Well, I ' m sure you can probably find a volunteer, or if youwanted to save yourself the trouble of hunting down the second driver, well r what about public transportation? Check the bus schedule. I...I think there's a bus line that goes rightpast the zoo!Student BYeah! That's a possibility. But r I don't know. It might be a real 'challenge', supervising thekids on the bus.Student A [Chuckles]Student BSometimes they are a handful when they get excited. It's an option, though.2 Listening Script for TPO Test 12 Speaking Task 5NarratorListen to a conversation between two students.Male studentHey Madison! What's wrong?Female studentOh! I'm just struggling about what to do. I won an award from the Pacific JournalismIn stitute for an article I submitted, and …Male student… doesn't sound like anything's wrong.Female studentWell, it's a huge honor to win and there is an award ceremony they ed'mveetoinvait t end, which I 'm super excited about. But, and here is what 's frustrating, I've got a philosophyexam that's scheduled to end right when the ceremony begins.Male studentOh …you are say ing you'll just be finishing up tak ing the exam right whe n t he ceremonystarts?Female studentExactly.Male studentBut those ceremonies never start on time. They give long introductions, you know, have ageneral speech or something before they ever get to handing out awards. I ' m sure they won' t be ready to hand o ut your award right at the right at the beginning. Just go when you are done with the test. You won't miss anything important.Female studentMaybe, but that 's bait risky. I don't want to miss being there when they announce my name. Male studentWell, have you talked to your professor about this?Female studentDoctor Forester? No.Male studentMaybe she'll let you take the exam some other time.Female studentTrue! She lets people reschedule exams sometimes. But she always makes them, take ita couple o f days early. That would mean less studying time for me, which I ' m not thrilled about.Male studentLess time to study … oh …Female studentLike I said, I ' m still struggling about what to do.3Listening Script for TPO Test 11 Speaking Task 5NarratorNow listen to a conversation between two students.Student ABy the way, Frank, I heard you got a summer research position with Professor DavisStudent BUh, huh.., but, I've got a problem.Student AOh?Student BYeah, well, since I didn't hear from her for so long I assumed I didn't get the position. So I didn't apply for a dorm room for the summer. I'm afraid it's too late for that now.Student AYeah, the deadline for campus housing applications has already passed. So what are you gonna do now?Student BWell, I can stay with my parents. They live two hours from here. So I thought I could drive and commute to campus every day. I know my mom and dad would be happy to have me over for a few weeks, and most of my old friends will be home for the summer. So in a way it ' d be fun.Student AYeah, I understand. But you ' d spend quite a bit of time on the road going back and forth.Won't you get tired?Student BYeah, that thought did cross my mind. The other thing I could do is rent an apartment off campus. Besides Being much closer to work, I ' d also save tons of money on gas.Student AUh huh, but then you'd have to pay rent.Student BI know …there ' s always somethi ng, is n't there?Task 5-1In the listening material, the woman meets with a problem she ----------The man gives her two possible solutions.The first one is that she should -----------------------------------------------------The second possible solution for her is that shethatFor me, I think the --------------------------- one is better for her.Because takingcar ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------If using the public transportation, it will be troublesome and ------------------------- to manage children, since the children are too --------- to be disciplined. (121 words) may the theTask5-2In the listening material, the woman meets with a problemshe ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The man gives her two possible solutions.The first one is that she ------------------------------------------------------------------The second possible solution for her is that shethatmay For me, I think the one is better for her.Because firstly, ------------------------------------Secondly ------------------------------------------Task5-3In the listening material, the man meets with a problemshe ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The woman gives him two possible solutions.The first one is that she --------------------------------------------------------------------The second possible solution for him is that shethatmay For me, I think the --- one is better for her.Because firstly,Secondly ------(121 words)Assignments：1、复习Task 5题型介绍、解题技巧。
新托福听力课讲义
新托福听力基础班讲义新托福及听力的基本情况托福基础听力的主要内容：⏹新托福听力的基本情况⏹美语语音⏹托福特色场景词汇扩展⏹托福听力基本应试技巧⏹北美校园生活透视新托听力基本形式⏹新答题方式：隔间+电脑+耳机+笔记⏹ 2.答题程序：听读选不可跳跃旧托福：先读，后听，再选。
新托：1.耳机中出现所问题声音，画面上出现题干和相关场景图片。
2.听完整篇文章之前无法预读任何问题或选项。
只得先听，后读，再选。
考题依然延续机考托福的规则，不可看，不可逆，不可改。
⏹ 3.考察题型增多：单选多选图表是非排序⏹ 4.语音形式：美音为主流+国际口音⏹新托福基础听力基本范围北美大学真实课堂，教室内外的各种交流包括对话和讲座两种类型。
⏹共6篇，做题时间60-90分钟。
每篇在600字左右，时间为3-5分钟。
（注：托福基础课的任务之一即适应托福段子的长度）instructors’ office hours⏹对话人物：教授与学生；⏹对话地点：教师办公室；⏹对话内容可为学术讨论或有关询问课程等问题。
对话(2)service encounters 后勤服务⏹对话人物：学生与工作人员；⏹对话地点：校园某办公室；⏹对话内容：非学术的询问。
对话(3) student interactions⏹对话人物：学生甲乙；⏹对话地点：教室以外相遇；⏹对话内容：学术讨论；非学术讨论托福听力考试基本内容之讲座LECTURE内容:天文、地理、生物、历史等等也都是托福惯用的测试内容。
形式：有的是教授”独白“有的是教授演讲中夹杂学生提问、教授提问。
新托福听力新特点l．整个铲除了容易丢分的笔试小对话，没有过的的俚语俗语.举例：You bet. I am out of here.2. 允许考生记笔记。
因祸得福，既然要记笔记，语速自然放慢；特别是重听题，大概有2-3题，通常问Listen again and then answer the question “why does the professor say this？”4.新托福关键的难词和术语显示在屏幕上，使考生心里踏实不少。
托福听力练习方法之五步精听法你真的掌握了吗？
托福听力练习方法之五步精听法你真的掌握了吗？声明：本文整理自赵东坡老师的听力方法课程。
在托福听力考试中，同学们普遍遇到的问题只有两类：听不清，或者听清了但反应不过来。
通过使用五步精听方法来进行英语听力练习，可以修正正确发音，并且达到将声音与意群直接联系起来的目的，从而解决这两类问题。
具体的五步方法流程，可以参考下图：但是仍有许多同学表示，用五步精听法练习过了许多篇听力文章，却仍然收效甚微。
这是因为在练习过程中，在某一步或者几步并未使用正确姿势进行练习。
为此，小编特意将五步精听法的具体步骤和需要注意的地方进行了整理，请同学们核对自检：练习准备听力材料：老托福听力段子老托福段子长度在100词左右，时间长度为1分钟，比TPO的听力内容短、容易。
比较适合上手训练。
辅助工具工具书（纸质或电子辞典）、书写用纸（或使用电脑输入工具如word等）。
练习步骤1.预听练习姿势：将音频听一遍。
完成标准：完整地听过一遍即可。
注意事项：预听不需要纠结于是否听懂、听懂了多少、记住了多少，主要是进行热身，对于音频段落有初步的了解。
2.通读听力原文练习姿势：通读听力原文，查生词、找难点、做标注。
完成标准：确保整篇原文100%读懂，没有不理解或者理解模糊的地方。
注意事项：这一步请专注于理解文章，明白文章大意，尤其是攻克生词和难点，这一步可以与第三步翻译结合起来。
3.翻译练习姿势：将听力原文逐词逐句翻译成汉语。
可以手写在纸上或者打字输入到word中。
完成标准：没有漏译、模糊翻译，务必逐词逐句完整翻译全篇。
注意事项：这一步的目的是为了进一步全面理解文章意思，切勿在脑海中默译或大概翻译，请落实到纸面或文档上。
若通篇翻译完成的时间在5到8分钟内，这一步可以略过。
4.跟读练习姿势：首先以原文辅助，逐句模仿音频的发音，熟练后整段模仿，直到脱稿。
完成标准：能够脱稿并流畅地跟读完整篇文章。
注意事项：跟读时与音频发音的时间间隔约为几个单词，时间上间隔约半秒到一两秒。
【托福听力备考】TPO5听力文本——Lecture 3
¡¾Íи£ÌýÁ¦±¸¿¼¡¿TPO5ÌýÁ¦Îı¾¡ª¡ªLecture 3Lecture 3 ChemistryNarrator£ºListen to part of a lecture in a chemistry class.Professor£ºOkay. I know you all have a lot of questions about this labassignment that¡¯s coming out so ... I¡¯m gonna take a li ttle time this morning to discuss it. So, you know the assignment has to do with Spectroscopy, right? And your reading should help you get a good idea of what that¡¯s all about. But,let¡¯s talk about Spectroscopy a little now just to cover the basic s.What is Spectroscopy? Well, the simplest definition I can give you is that Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and light. Now,visible light consists of different colors or wavelengths, which together makeup what¡¯s calle d spectrum, a band of colors, like you see in a rainbow. And all substances, all forms of matter, can be distinguished according to what wavelength of light they absorb and which ones they reflect. It¡¯s like, um,well, every element has, what we call, its own spectral signature. If we canread that signature, we can identify the element. And that¡¯s exactly what spectroscopy does.Now, Laser Spectroscopy, which is the focus of your assignment, works by measuring very precisely what parts of the spectrum are absorbed by different substances. And it has applications in a lot of different disciplines. And your assignment will be to choose a discipline that interests you, and devise anexperiment.For example, I¡¯m gonna talk about art. I¡¯m interested in the art and to meit¡¯s interesting how spectroscopy is used to analyze art. Let¡¯s say a museum curator comes to you with a problem. She¡¯s come across this painting that appears to be an original - let¡¯s say, a Rembrandt. And she wa nts to acquire it for her museum. But she¡¯s got a problem: she¡¯s not absolutely certain it¡¯s an original. So, what do you do? How do you determine whether the painting¡¯s authentic?Okay. Think about the scientific process. You¡¯ve got the questi on: Is the painting a Rembrandt? So first, you¡¯ll need to make a list of characteristicsthe painting would have to have to be a Rembrandt. Then you have to discover whether the painting in question has those characteristics.So first of all, you¡¯ll need to know the techniques Rembrandt used when he applied paint to canvas - his brushstrokes, how thickly he applied his paint. So you¡¯d need to work with an art historian who has expert knowledge of Rembrandt¡¯s style. You¡¯d have to know when he created his paintings, um... what pigments he used, in other words, what ingredients he used to make different colors of paint, ¡®cause the ingredients used in paints and binding agents plus burnishes, finishes, what have you, have changed over time.Since you¡¯re trying to verify if it¡¯s a Rembrandt, the ingredients in the pigment would need to have been used during Rembrandt¡¯s lifetime - in the 17thcentury. And that¡¯s where chemistry comes in. You¡¯ve got to find out what¡¯s in those pigments, learn their composition, and that requires lab work - detective work really - in a word, Spectroscopy. So, how do we use Spectroscopy?Well, we put an infrared microscope - a spectroscope - on tiny tiny bits of paint. And using ultraviolet light we can see the spectral signature of each component part of the pigment. Then we compare these signatures with those of particular elements like zinc or lead, to determine what the pigment was made of. So, you can see why this type of analysis requires a knowledge of thehistory of pigments, right? How and when they were made? Say we determined a pigment was made with zinc, for example. We know the spectral signature of zinc. And it matches that of the paint sample. We also know that zinc wa sn¡¯t discovered until the 18th century. And since Rembrandt lived during the 17th century, we know he couldn¡¯t have painted it.Now, Spectroscopy has a very distinct advantage over previous methods of analyzing our works, because it¡¯s not invasive. You don¡¯t have to remove big chips of paint to do your analysis, which is what other methods require. All you do is train the microscope on tiny flecks of paint and analyze them.Now a word or two about restoration. Sometimes original art works appear questionable or inauthentic because they¡¯ve had so many restorers add touch-up layers to cover up damage, damage from the paint having deteriorated over time. Well, spectroscopy can reveal the composition of those touch-up layers too. Sowe can find out when they were applied. Then if we want to undo some bad restoration attempts, we can determine what kind of process we can use to remove them to dissolve the paint and uncover the original.。
托福听力全解 ppt课件
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Lecture
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1. Basic Comprehension 基本理解力 1). Gist 2). Detail
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2. Pragmatic Understanding 实际理解力 1). Function 2). Attitude
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ocean
oceanic
declare declaration
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3. 语音现象
连读：辅音＋元音
get up
check out
run out of all about it
in-side out put it off
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失爆：/ b / / p / / d / / t / / g / / k / + 与其不相 同的辅音，发后一个辅音，前一个做发音准 备
blackboard breakfast
stop by sit down
lap top
mid-term
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弱读：元音音素的弱化，指一个单词中的元音音素 在口语中由于说话时语速快或在句子中处于次要位 置而不被强调等原因，不能发完全而标准的读音， 却变为强度较弱的其他元音的现象。
history ／histəri／→／histri／ family ／fæ mili／→／fæ ｍli／
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列举： first(ly), second, third, last/ finally one, another
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补充： and, as well as also, too, in addition further, furthermore
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Basic Comprehension Questions 基本理解型题
• 1. Gist-Content—内容主旨题 • 2. Gist-Purpose—目的主旨题 • 3. Detail—细节题
1. Gist-Content—内容主旨题
• 明确主旨，主抓大意。讲座和对话都有。
• 材料中明确提出—lucky • 需要概括总结—实力体现
discuss? What is the lecture mainly about? What is the main topic of the lecture? What is the woman’s problem? What problem does the man have?
2. Gist-Purpose—目的主旨题
典型问法:说啥呢？
• • • • •
• • • •
What is the subject of the conversation ? What are the man and the woman discussing? What is the professor mainly discussing? What are the speakers mainly discussing? What aspect of …… does the instructor mainly
• 考查目的，多出现在对话题中
• 材料内容对目的判断的干扰性大，要主抓真实目的，不 要被迷惑
• 围绕解决问题出现的，一定要抓住问题及其解决方案
典型问法:为什么呢？
• • • • • • • • • Why Why Why Why Why Why Why Why Why did the man/woman go to see the professor? did the professor ask to see the student? does the student visit the professor? does the student visit the registrar’s office? does the professor explain ……? does the student say ……? does the student mention ……? does the professor talk about ……? does the instructor ask the class about ……?
• 考查对句子功能以及讲话目的的理解：
• 这类目的题的问题通常问的是某个短语或句子的作用。 • 说话人通常不会直接说出自己的目的，而是用间接的 表达
• 通常题目需要考生再听一次部分对话或讲座的内容
典型问法：
Why does the professor explain ……? (replay) Why does the student say ……? (replay) Why does the student mention ……? (replay) Why does the professor talk about ……? (replay) Why does the instructor ask the class about ……? (replay) • What does the professor mean/imply when he says this: (replay) • What can be inferred from the professor’s response to the student? (replay) • What is the purpose of the woman’s response? (replay) • • • • •
• 抓逻辑结构，既判明材料的组织方式。
• 考查宏观把握能力，观点间的辨析能力，判断某句话在 句子中的结构性功能，起承转合，承上启下，具体有： 话题转换，连接主题与分论点，提供引言或结论，举例， 甚至是无关内容和玩笑。
典型问法：
• 1. How does the professor organize the information that she presents to the class? • 2. How does the professor clarify the points he makes about …?
Pragmatic Understanding Questions 情景(实际)理解型题
• 4. Understanding the Function of What Is Said—句子功能题
• 5. Understanding the Speaker’s Attitude—说 话人态度题
4. Understanding the Function of What Is Said— 句子功能题
• The instructor briefly explains how to draw the subject. Indicate whether each sentence below is a step in the process. • For each sentence, click in the correct box. • • YES NO • Draw the outline of the violin. • Take a photograph of the subject. • Study the subject for a few minutes. • Rub the violin strings with the bow.
5. Understanding the Speaker’s Attitude—说话人态度题
• 需要判断出说话人对讨论过的人或事的看法、立场或感觉， 主要考察考生能不能听出讲话者所呈现的态度及观点。 • • • • • • 态度题特点： 有些题目需要考生再听一次部分对话或讲座的内容 说话人是引用事实还是表述观点？ 所陈述的事实是被接受的还是仍有争议的？ 正确答案往往不是文中的直接表述 说话人的态度通常是印象深刻、高兴、好恶、惊讶、焦虑、 快乐等，很可能被问及原因。
典型问法：
• What is the likely outcome of doing procedure X before procedure Y?
1) Match each term with the correct definition. 2) Which creatures have lived in each cave zone? Drag each answer choice to the correct box. A. Shrimp B. Bats C. Early humans • Entrance Zone Twilight Zone Dark Zone • • • •
3. Detail—细节题
• 考查细节把握能力，讲座、对话都有。
• 典型的举例，说明，定义，以及解释性语言要多注意。 • 与内容主旨相关联的信息，不论是直接关联还是间接的都 会考。 • 缺德题：考与主旨内容不相关的细节！有30%几的机率 考！
典型问法
• What does the woman suggest the man do? • What help did the young man receive? Click on two answers. • What is …? • What resulted from the invention of the …? • According to the instructor, what characteristic should ….... have? • According to the speaker, what does ……… mean? • According to the professor, why is A superior to B? • According to the professor, what is one way that A can affect B? • According to the professor, what is the main problem with the … theory? • Select the diagram that represents ………?
Connecting Information Questions— 整合信息型题
• 6. Understanding Organization—组织结构题
• 7. Connecting Content—连接内容题 • 8. Making Inferences—推论题
6. Understanding Organization 组织结构题
典型问法：
• What is the professor’s/ student’s/speaker’s attitude toward …? • What is the professor’s/ student’s/speaker’s opinion of …? • What does the professor think of ……? • What is the professor’s point of view concerning ……? • What can be inferred about the student when she says this: (replay) • What does the woman mean when she says this: (replay) • Select the sentence that best expresses how the student probably feels?
7. Connecting Content—连接内容题
• 考查考生对听力段落中涉及事物进行分门别类的能力。一 般是将文章所探讨的观点或事物等按照某种规律分组。 • • 分类题特点： • 分类题一般只出现在演讲部分 • 要求考生重新组织信息，认清甚至推断比较关系，因果关 系，反对/赞同关系。 • 要求对事物进行分门别类，识别事件顺序或事物发展过程 的步骤，说明事物间的具体关系。 • 分类题很多采用表格的形式，让考生将正确选项拖到表格 中正确的位置；或对正确的分类内容进行ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้选。