修辞学： pun

合集下载

双关语

1.双关的定义英语修辞格Paronomasia，即双关，俗称Pun，来自拉丁语Paronomasia一词，意思是call by a different name(以不同的名称称呼)。

据记载，pun最早出现在古罗马时期，它的出现是为了满足表达双层意义的需要。

根据Oxford English Dictionary记载，双关作为修辞手法最早于1662年由John Dryden率先使用。

在Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English中，对于pun的解释是：Pun，an amusing use of a word or phrase that has two meanings，or of words with the same sound but different meanings.《辞海》所下的定义是“双关—修辞学上的词格之一，利用语言文字上同音或同义的关系，使一句话涉及到两件事。

”2.双关语的表现形式英语中的双关语大致可以细分为五种类型。

现分述如下。

2.1同音双关(homophonic pun)Britannia rules the waves ,Mussolini waives the rules.(大英帝国统辖四海,墨索里尼无法无天。

)wave本意是波浪,海浪,这里变成复数,意为各大海洋;而waive的词义是放弃、撇开,即撇开不管,可引伸为蔑视。

这两个词同音异义,构成双关。

19世纪英国依仗强大的海军称霸全球,中是到了二战时期,英帝国已日落西山,当时意大利的独裁者墨索里尼却敢蔑视英国、称霸地中海。

英国一位评论家用此双关语来概括当时欧洲的形势,哀叹英国走了下坡路。

: Make your every hello a real good-buy.(让你的每声“哈罗”都真的物有所值。

) 这是一则关于电话的广告，其中的“good-buy'’与“good- bye”同音，本意为“买得好，物有所值”，而“hello”和“good-bye”分别是打电话之初和电话结束时的礼貌用语，在这里用以表示电话声音从头到尾都很清晰，说明电话的质量好，买得“物有所值”。

英语修辞格Pun的分类比较研究

外语翻译摘要在英语中，英语修辞格Pun能够制造出多样性、多功能的修辞效果，已被广泛应用。

本文在解释Pun的基础上，从语意模糊这个视域来探索Pun的分类，并重点对同音双关（homophonic puns）和歧义双关（asteismus）等五个方面进行比较研究，为研究Pun提供新的研究视角。

关键词修辞格Pun分类比较A Classified and Comparative Study on the English Rhetorical Device Pun//Tong HaixiaAbstract In English,the English rhetorical device Pun has been widely used as it can produce diversified and multi-functional rhetorical effects.Based on the explanation of Pun,this paper ex-plores the classification of Pun from the perspective of semantic ambiguity,and focuses on the comparative study of homophonic puns and asteismus,in order to provide a new perspective for the research of Pun.Key words rhetorical device;Pun;classification and comparison1Pun在英语语言应用中，Pun是一种比较常见的修辞格，“Webster’s New World Dictionary”对Pun作了如下的解释：“the humorous use of a word,or of words which are formed or sounded alike but have different meanings,in such a way as to play on two or more of the possible applications”。

英语修辞格Pun与汉语双关语的互译研究

英语修辞格Pun与汉语双关语的互译研究何宁【摘要】双关语(Pun)是英语修辞格之一，深受广大文学家的青睐，其原理是利用一词多义、同音异义、同形异义的双关手段来达到多功能的修辞效果。

在此，文章研究英语修辞Pun的分类及其修辞功能，从谐音双关和寓意双关两个方面探讨英语修辞格Pun与汉语双关语的互译，促进中国文学与英语文学的发展。

%The pun (Pun) is one of the figures of English speech, many writers like to use it, its principle is to use the rhetoric effect of polysemy, homophone and homograph pun and achieves multiple functions of a word. This article researches the classification of English pun and its rhetorical function, and then explores the translation of English pun and Chinese pun from the two aspects of the homophonic pun and allegorical pun, finally promotes the development of Chinese literature and English literature.【期刊名称】《西昌学院学报（社会科学版）》【年(卷),期】2015(000)001【总页数】3页(P155-157)【关键词】修辞功能;双关语;语义双关;语音双关;互译【作者】何宁【作者单位】安徽财贸职业学院，安徽合肥 230001【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H315英语修辞格Pun与汉语双关语的互译研究何宁（安徽财贸职业学院，安徽合肥230001）收稿日期：2014-12-12作者简介：何宁（1980-），女，汉族，安徽巢湖人，讲师，硕士，研究方向：英语语言学、英语国家概况教学。

_pun_与_双关_辨异

(2b)杨柳青青江水平闻郎江上唱歌声东边日出西边雨道是无晴还有晴刘禹锡竹枝词
例(1a)的 principal 在此表面上是委托人骨子里却是主犯例(1b) 冷一冷表面看来指吃到冰淇淋在降温实际上针对上文所说的最好是给这事情冷一冷以上例子都是利用一词多义例(2a)和(2b)则分别利用 sole(鞋底)与 soul(灵魂) 晴与
然而值得注意的是 pun 定义的后半部却非汉语双关所能对应汉语双关是用了一个语词同时关顾着两种不同事物的修辞方式陈望道 1979:96 即所谓
一语双关而英语 pun 除了这种一语双关外还可以二语双关即利用两个甚至两个以上同音词或近音词来做文章跟例(2a)相对应例(2a’)也是 pun (2a’) Bassanio: Why dost thou whet thy knife so
34
or the use of two or more words of the same or nearly the same sound with different meanings, so as to produce a humorous effect. 用一个词去暗示两种或两种以上的意义或引起不同的联想或者用两个或两个以上发音相同或相近而意义不同的词以产生一种幽默效果这一定义的前半部与汉语双关的定义是吻合的例如
以上例(3)中同一动词 practise 实践实行练习重复三遍第一二遍同指行
道 (practise virtue)的行而第三遍表面上承接上文的行道但暗地里却转指练
Hale Waihona Puke 习唱歌 (practise singing)的练习修车匠要那位教区代理执事不仅要行道也

英语的两种修饰法：矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法跟PUN(双关语)

矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)是将两个互相矛盾，互不调和，的词放在同一个短语中，产生特殊的深刻含义的一种修辞手段。

用它来状物写景，能突出事物的实质；用它来描绘人物，能使其更加鲜明；用它来表达复杂的思想感情或意味深长的哲理，能使其更强烈，更深刻。

它是一种紧缩隽语。

矛盾修饰法是将两个意思截然不同的词放在一起，结合成一个词组，而对语是通过平行结构引起两个概念的对比。

矛盾修饰法：从哲学上讲，是对立的统一；从艺术上讲，更能体现出描写主体的个性化，更具渲染力。

例如：1.a clever fool聪明的傻瓜2.a victorious defeat胜利的失败3.cruel kindness残酷的仁慈4.expressionless expression毫无表情的表情5.sick health憔悴的健康6.a living death行尸走肉7.with careful carelessness小心翼翼又漫不经心地8.bright and dark既光彩夺目，又朦胧黑暗9.dove-feather’d raven披着白鸽羽毛的乌鸦10.with her disagreeably pleasant laugh（她）自鸣得意却令人讨厌地笑起来11.an honorable villain体面的恶棍12.There was an audible stillness, in which the common voice sounded strange.(from Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser)这时是一片听得见的寂静，连人声听起来都是异样的。

(选自美国作家西奥多•德莱塞的长篇小说《嘉莉妹妹》)(作者用audible来修饰stillness，匠心独具地从反面烘托环境，使人耳目一新，过目难忘。

矛盾的对立面取得了高度的一致，形成了完美的统一。

英语修辞之双关——Pun

1、Pun[pʌn]Definition：The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of which suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect.Typology(or types)1、The homophonic pun（谐音双关）.The homophonic pun, a common type, utilizes the exploitation [,eksplɔi'teiʃən] of word pairs which sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous.A homophonic pun exploits words which are spelled the same (homographs) but possess different meanings and sounds. Because of their nature, they rely on sight more than hearing, contrary to homophonic puns. They are also known as heteronymic puns.a common type, uses word pairs which sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous(the meaning is diffirent).Examples：①In George Carlin's phrase "Atheism is a non-prophet institution", the word "prophet 'prɔfit] " is put in place of its homophone "profit'prɔfit] ", altering the common phrase "non-profit institution".②"Pinky and the Brain" cartoon film series: "I think so, Brain, but if we give peas a chance, won't the lima beans feel left out?" which plays with the similar - but not identical - sound of "peas" and "peace".③Seven days without water makes one week(weak)2、The homographic pun（同形异义双关）exploits words which are spelled the same (homographs) but possess different meanings and sounds. Because of their nature, they rely on sight more than hearing, contrary to homophonic puns. They are also known as heteronymic puns.Examples：Douglas Adams's line "Y ou can tune a guitar, but you can't tuna fish. Unless of course, you play bass." (Bible)The phrase uses the homophonic qualities of "tune a" and "tuna", as well as the homographic pun on "bass", in which ambiguity is reached through the identical spellings of /ˈbeɪs/ (a string instrument), and /ˈbæs/ (a kind of fish).3、Homonymic puns(同音异义双关语), another common type, arise from the①exploitation of words which are both homographs and homophones.The statement "Being in politics is just like playing golf: you are trapped in one bad lie after another" puns on the two meanings of the word lie as "a deliberate untruth" and as "the position in which something rests".②a joke repeated by Isaac Asimov gives us "Did you hear about the little moron who strained himself while running into the screen door?", playing on 'strained' as "to give much effort" and "to filter".4、compound pun is a statement that contains two or more puns.Examples:①a complex statement by Richard Whately includes four puns: "Why can a man never starve in the Great Desert? Because he can eat the sand which is there. But what brought the sandwiches there? Why, Noah sent Ham, and his descendants mustered and bred."[8]This pun uses "sand which is there/sandwiches there, "Ham/ham", "mustered/mustard", and "bred/bread".5、A recursive pun is one in which the second aspect of a pun relies on the understanding of an element in the first.Examples:① the statement "π is only half a pie." (π radians is 180 degrees, or half a circle, and a pie is a complete circle).②"Infinity（无限大）is not in finity（有限的）," which means infinity is not in finite range.③"A Freudian slip is when you say one thing but mean your mother."[9] Finally, we are given "Immanuel doesn't pun, he Kant（康德）" by Oscar Wilde.6、Visual puns are used in many logos, emblems, insignia, and other graphic symbols, in which one or more of the pun aspects are replaced by a picture. In European heraldry, this technique is called canting arms.Visual and other puns and word games are also common in Dutch gable stones as well as in some cartoons Examples:① Visual and other puns and word games are also common in Dutch gablestones;② In some cartoons such as Lost Consonants and The Far SidePuns in comedies、jokes、literatureIn Romeo and Juliet when Mercutio begs Romeo to dance, Romeo refuses.Unlike Mercutio’s shoes with “nimble soles,” Romeo says that he has a “soul of lead.” At one point, Romeo asks for a torch, saying “being heavy [sad], I will bear the light.”Captain Aubrey: "Do you see those two weevils, Doctor?...Which would you choose?"Dr. Maturin: "Neither. There's not a scrap of difference between them. They're the same species of Curculio."Captain Aubrey: "If you had to choose. If you were forced to make a choice. If there were no other option."Dr. Maturin: "Well, then, if you're going to push me. I would choose the right-hand weevil. It has significant advantage in both length and breadth."Captain Aubrey: "There, I have you!...Do you not know that in the Service, onemust always choose the lesser of two weevils?"Other great works of literature have included puns as well. Poet John Donne, whose name rhymed with “done,” often punned his name in his own poetry. In one of his hymns, he even puns the name of his wife Anne More, with the line “Thou hast not done, For I have more.”Our Bible reveals to us the character of our God with minute andremorseless exactness ... It is perhaps the most damnatorybiography that exists in print anywhere. It makes Nero an angelof light and leading by contrast. [Msark Twain]Falling in love is not at all the most stupid thing that people do —but gravitation can not be held responsible for it. [AlbertEinstein]Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future. [NielsBohr]Essentially, all models are wrong, but some are useful. [George E.P. Box]The best material model of a cat is another, or preferably thesame, cat. [Norbert Wiener]As a child, I received instruction both in the Bible and in theTalmud. I am a Jew, but I am enthralled by the luminous figure ofthe Nazarene. [Albert Einstein]One morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got intomy pajamas I'll never know. » [Groucho Marx]Puns often are used in the titles of comedic parodies. A parody of a popular song, movie, etc., may be given a title that hints at the title of the work being parodied, substituting some of the words with ones that sound or look similar. Such a title can immediately communicate both that what follows is a parody and also which work is about to be parodied, making any further "setup" (introductory explanation) unnecessary.Examples would include the Star Trek: V oyager episode entitled "False Profits" (a pun on the saying 'false prophets') or the episode of Psych entitled "The Polarizing Express" (spoofing The Polar Express and the definition of polarization, which means 'to break into factions')Non-humorous puns were and are a standard rhetorical and poetic device in English literature. Puns and other forms of word play have been used by many famous writers, such as Alexander Pope, James Joyce, Vladimir Nabokov, Robert Bloch, Lewis Carroll, John Donne, and William Shakespeare, who is estimated to have used over 3,000 puns in his plays.[citation needed]Here is an example from Shakespeare's Richard III:"Now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer by this son of Y ork"(Son/sun)Shakespeare was also noted for his frequent play with less serious puns, the "quibbles" of the sort that made Samuel Johnson complain, "A quibble is to Shakespeare what luminous vapours are to the traveller! He follows it to all adventures; it is sure to lead him out of his way, sure to engulf him in the mire.It has some malignant power over his mind, and its fascinations areirresistible."[14] Elsewhere, Johnson disparagingly referred to punning as "the lowest form of humour".[citation needed]In the poem A Hymn to God the Father, John Donne, married to Anne More,reportedly puns repeatedly: "Son/sun" in the second quoted line, and twocompound puns on "Donne/done" and "More/more". All three arehomophonic, with the puns on "more" being both homographic andcapitonymic. The ambiguities serve to introduce several possible meanings into the verses."When Thou hast done, Thou hast not done / For I have more.that at my death Thy Son / Shall shine as he shines now, and heretoforeAnd having done that, Thou hast done; / I fear no more."。

双关与Pun的对比

双关与Pun的对比双关与Pun的对比摘要：双关和Pun是英汉两种语言当中相对应的一种修辞格，在各种场合下，只要应用得当，都能够巧妙曲折的表达出相应的内容。

但两者也有很大的区别。

文章主要就双关和Pun的定义、分类、手段进行对比，分析两者的不同。

关键字：双关；Pun；对比在英语中，与双关相对应的是Pun。

双关是一种很常见的修辞格，它言此及彼，使得语言幽默，语义含蓄，耐人寻味。

现代，除了在文学作品中和人们的日常对话中以外，双关作为一种幽默、辛辣的语言，在广告和新闻报刊、杂志等领域也被广泛运用，展示着其独特魅力。

但是，由于中外各种因素的影响，两者并不能完全等同。

以下就定义、分类、手段和功能进行对比，分析两者的相同和不同之处。

一、定义的对比根据《辞海》的定义，双关语即修辞学上辞格之一，利用语言文字上同音或多义的关系,使一个词或一句话关涉到两件事。

而朗文词典对Pun的解释是(Longman Dictionary of American English)对pun 的解释为：“also play on words. An amusing use of a word or phrase that has two meanings, or words with the same sound but different meanings.”韦氏三版新国际英语词典(Webster’s Third New International Dictionary)给pun下的定义为：“The humorous of a word in such a way as to suggest different meanings or applications or of words having the same or nearly the samesound but different meanings: a play on words.”通过定义的对比，不难看出，汉语的双关侧重的是双重的含义，涉及到的是两件事。

文体学-pun

bill: ① written statement of money owed for goods or services supplied. ② draft of a proposed law.

Marriage is an institution in which a man loses his bachelor’s degree and the woman gets her master’s.

Long time no see 是朋友之间见面时的问候语,意为“好久不见”。在这则小幽默中,这位男士利用sea 与see 的读音相同构成谐音双关,既巧妙地回答了女侍者的问题,“Long time no sea”即这条鱼离开大海很久了,已经不新鲜了;又含蓄地指责了这家饭店对顾客不负责的态度。
(5) He drove his expensive car into a tree and found out how the Mercedes bends.

他违章超速驾驶，结果将昂贵的名车撞到树上，他终于看到他的奔驰车（Mercedes）是怎样撞弯（bends）的。这句话的幽默之处是将Mercedes Benz（奔驰车）中的Benz，故意改写成bends

The major types of pun
Generally speaking, pun can be divided into phonetic pun(谐音双关)and semantic pun(意义双关). Phonetic pun can be further divided into homophonic pun(同音双关) and paronomastic pun (近音双关).
institution:① an organization ② long-established custom, practice bachelor: ① a person who holds the first university degree ② unmarried man master: ① holder of the second university degree ② employer

双关与pun的对比

Ｗａｌｋｅｒ的遗产；二指她继承了祖传的撒谎本领；
ＢｅｎｊａｍｉｎＦｒａｎｋｌｉｎ（你的论点响当当，除声音响亮之
三指她的钩鼻子；四指她特殊的习惯——说话时
总是钩起手指点着自己的鼻子。此处的“Ｈｏｏｋ— ｅｙ”是狄更斯运用ｐｕｎ的一个精彩例子，一词四关。可见，这里的ｐｕｎ与汉语中的“双关”是不对应的。二、分类对比国内的修辞学者一直把双关分为两种：谐音双关和语义双关。谐音双关是利用音同或音近的条件使词语或句子语义双关。例如：
ｏｒ
ｏｆ
ｍｏｒｅｗｏｒｄｓｏｆｔｈｅｓａｍｅ
ｎｅａｒｌｙｔｈｅ
ａｓｔｏ
ｓａｍｅｓｏｕｎｄｗｉｔｈｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｍｅａｎｉｎｇｓ，ＳＯ
ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅ
ａ
ｈｕｍｏｒｏｕｓｅｆｆｅｃｔ．”（用一个词去暗示两
种或两种以上的意义或引起不同的联想，或者用两个或两个以上发音相同或相近而又意义不同的词，以产生一种幽默效果。）汉语的“双关”在语言结构上表现为双指，在语义上表现为双重性，即具有词汇意义和情境意义，但后者才是双关的重点。修辞者希望传达的是隐藏在词汇意义下的情景意义。但不管从“双关”的命名，还是从它的缘起来看，“双关”都是“双重含义”或“关涉两种事物”［１］（ｐ１０¨。在这一点
（７）第二天，又上课了。几个相当用功的学生兴冲冲的给老师送上了几个答题的卷子。一…・ “你们算了！”老师笑着说，“算了！算了！” “我们算了。算了。我们算出来了！”（徐迟《哥德
巴赫猜想》）
ｗｅｉｇｈｔ”字面上是“扛重物”，同时又喻
指“挑起生活重担”，所以也是双关型隐喻。可见，比喻也是英、汉语构成双关的重要手段之一，这种“双关型隐喻”多见于文学作品。（二）汉语特有的双关手段１、彼此双关彼此双关是汉语自己独特的双关形式。它的音、形、意三者都是一致的，只是借此事说彼事而已。例如：

英语双关语的翻译

11
A
翻译策略——不可译
照抄原文：
What is the worst kind of fish? Selfish.
What keys won’t open door? A monkey, a donkey and a turkey.
12
A
英语双关语翻译原则
当两种语言和文化的相关因素出现巧合时，双关碰巧不难翻译，不得牺牲双关。
That home is home though it is never so homely. 家虽不佳也是家。 Why is the river rich? Because it has two banks. 为什么河流总是富有的？因为它总是向前（钱）流。
6
A
翻译策略——对等翻译法
双关语译为不同双关语双关语→双关语（求得神似，“得意” 而 “变形”, 不失为上策）
3
分类— 按表层结构
A
二词同音双关：一个音所涵盖或关涉的两个意义不同的词都在句中出现。
同音同形异义 If we don’t hang together, we’ll hang separately. 同音异形异义 The “in” idea in business travel——Hilton Inns.
这里埋葬的是莱斯特∙莫尔他死于 A44枪弹不多不少整四颗。
10
A
翻译策略——创造翻译法
非双关语译为双关语非双关语→双关语（在不含双关语的文字中自己创造双关语，又称谐音双关法）
Coca - Cola 可口可乐 Pepsi Cola 百事可乐 Maxam 美加净 Contac 康泰克
一词二义双关：利用词的同音和多义条件，以一个词或一个短语关涉两个意思。

修辞学： pun

• 我们大家必须团结起来，否则的话我们大家就必然会一个一个地被绞死。
• 不团结将必死无疑。
• Why is an empty purse always the same?
• Because there is never any change in it.
• 钱包里为什么老是瘪的？因为它里面从来就没有零钱。
• It saves a lot of trouble if, instead of having to earn money and save it, you can just go and borrow it.
• 假如你干脆可以去借钱，以此代替赚钱与省钱，那会省掉许多麻烦。
• 自己不想方法去挣钱和省钱，而是到处借钱过日子，当然会惹出许多的麻烦事来，作者说“会省掉许多的麻烦事”是反语。
• That virtuous ,dignified bishop has four illegitimate children.
• 那个品德高尚、威严的主教有四个私生子。
• 作者运用反语辛辣地讽刺和抨击了这个盗貌岸然、心灵肮脏的灵魂导师。撕破了他伪善的画皮。在这句话中，反语体现了语话的批判功能。
• 反语是一种富有幽默感或精妙地挖苦人的表达方法，其所用的词语意欲表达的意义正与这些词语通常意义相反。
• 2 表现形式 • 2.1从意义上划分 • 通俗地说，反语就是说反话。从意义上分
它可分为A）反话正说与 B）正话反说。但反意正说用得更多更平常。
•
Irony 反语
• 2.2 从语言形式上划分 • 如果从语言形式上来划分了，反语可分为 • A）词语反语（verbal irony) • B）情景反语（situational irony)

英语修辞格双关

Time flies like an arrow, fruit flies like a banana.
They pray for you today and prey on you tomorrow. (其中的pray（祈祷）和prey（捕食），发音相同，外形相似，因此这句话的意思是：他们今天为你祈祷，明天就会加害于你。)
Driver: Because, Your Honor, it said “Fine for Parking”
（fine: a. 好的； b. 罚款）
Homophone（同音双关）
Paronomasia（近音双关） Antalaelasis（同词异义双关） sylleptic pun (一词多义双关)
Homophone（同音双关）即利用两个发音相同的单词为条件构成双关 eg： Waiter: You are not eating your fish you ordered? Anything wrong with it?
（pupil: a. 瞳孔； b. 小学生）
Customer: Waiter, I'm in a hurry. Will the girdle cakes(烙饼) be long? Waiter: No, sir, round.
（long: a. 长时间； b. 长的）
Jugde: Tell me why you parked there.
sylleptic pun (一词多义双关)
即利用词语的多义性在特定语境中形成的双关
eg： “A professor tapped on this desk and shouted ‘Gentlemen—order!’ The entire class yelled ‘Beer!’”

修辞学的例子

修辞学的例子修辞学的例子一．Pun:1．Behind every successful man. There is a woman, and behind every unsuccessful man. There are two or more 2．One should love animals, they are so tasty3．Money is not everything, there’s Mastercard and Visa二．Irony1.Isn’t it a bit unnerving that doctors call what they do practice?(GeorgeCarlin)2.Marriage is a wonderful institution, but who wound want to live in aninstitution?’’ (H. L Mencken)3.He is a man who is most dependable when you are not in need三.Parody1. To be or not to be .that is a question to smoke or not to smoke. That is a question2. The lass who lassos the lad laughs last he who laughs as laughs best3. Beauty is more than skin deep beauty is but skin deep四，Hyperbole1.You are a strong man. You can hold a hill2.I was tired to death3.It was the honor that rocked the history五．Understatement1. Little did I dream of meeting you here2. Life is wonderful unless you have a stable job.3. As lean was his horse as is a rake, and he was not right I undertake 六．Euphemism1. Help: I wondered if you could do me a favor2. Mark: Thank For Not Spitting Here3. Pregnant: She is in an interesting condition七．Zeugma1. Two bandits killed the man and the luggage2. It is better to have a patched jacked than to have a patched character3. She was dressed in a maid’s cap. And a bright smile八．Oxymoron1. Happy tears2. Sweet sorrow3. familiar stranger九．Satire1. This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week2. Robbing a window of her savings was certainly a noble act3. It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning十．Simile1. The snow was as thick as a blanket2. Food is to the body as fuel is to the engine3. Jupiter is like a giant heat containing thermos十一Metaphor1. The next day he had a very red face2. Tim is a lion3 I’m burned up十二Personification1. Rose stood ashamed2. The moon hide in the clouds3. The flowers nodded in the breeze十三Parallelism1. The higher you stand. The farther you can see2. The more money. The happier3. The more I love her. The sadder she feels十四Alliteration1. She sells sea-shells by the sea-shore2. The furrow followed free3 Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeting十五Transferred Epithet1. He lay all night on a sleepless pillow2. My uncle clutched my shoulder and come to pious halt3. The men hid among trees and pointed their eager guns at the fields 十六Paradox1. Success consists in the climb2. If you don’t enjoy th e climb. Giving what it takes to get to the top isn’t worth it3. I started at the top and worked my way down十七Climax1.We are low , we are low, we are very .very low , as low as low canbe( Emest Jones)2.He was questioned. Tortured and finally shot by the enemy3.We could find peacocks here. there. everywhere十八Anticlimax1.But thousands die, without or this or that die and endow a college or acat2.I’ve lost my life and best hat3.The duties of a solder are to protect his country and peel potatoes十九Repetition1.He is a funny chap, he is2.across the window , panic it pours and pours3.You bad, bad boy!。

pun英语双关语集锦

PUN所谓pun，通常是指利用一个单词的两个含义，或者利用两个特定的单词，达到“一语双关”的目的。

双关语（pun）是英语中一种常见的修辞手法。

该修辞格巧妙利用词的谐音、词的多义或歧义等，使同一句话可同时表达不同意义，以造成语言生动活泼、幽默诙谐或嘲弄讥讽的修辞效果，使人读来忍俊不禁、英语中双关语的构成通常需要两个基本条件，即双重情境（double context）和多义词或同音异义词。

其构成方式主要有以下四种：1）同音异义双关（谐音双关）指在一个语境中巧妙运用两个或多个词语的同音或谐音达到讽刺或具诙谐意味的效果。

eg1. Seven days without water makes one weak.七天不进水，人就会虚弱。

weak和week是同音异义词。

因此这句话听起来可以理解为：Seven days without water makes one week.eg2. You earn your living and you urn your dead.生前劳碌奔命，死后化灰入土。

earn与urn(火化)同音异义，用在一起显得俏皮，别有趣味。

2）同词异义双关（多义词双关）指在同一语境中运用一个词语的两种意思巧妙地达到幽默风趣的效果，使读之别有韵味。

eg1. A: What's the longest sentence in the world?世上最长的句子是什么？B: Prison for life. 无期徒刑。

sentence既有“句子”的意思，也有“刑期”的含义。

eg2. Women have a wonderful sense of right and wrong, but little sense of right and left.女性对善恶感觉惊人，而对左右感觉麻木。

该句借用同词异义双关讽刺女性方向感差，开车左右不分。

eg3.We must all hang together, or we shall all hang se-parately. 我们必须团结一致，否则将一一被绞死。

汉语“双关”和英语“Pun”对比研究

汉语“双关”和英语“Pun”对比研究双关语作为“言在此而意在彼”的一种修辞方式，利用一个词语或词组所关涉的表里两层意思来达到一箭双雕的修辞功能。

作为一种重要的修辞方式，无论在汉语修辞还是在英语修辞中，都占有举足轻重的地位。

但这并不意味着汉语“双关”和英语“Pun”就是对等的，它们之间既有很多相似之处，同时在很多方面也存在大量的差异性，比如：定义、类型及修辞功能等方面均不尽相同。

如果我们不了解汉英双关语存在的这些差异，就很可能会在跨文化交际中带来不必要的麻烦。

通过对汉英辞格中双关语的对比研究，可以使从事双关语研究的爱好者扩宽研究视野，从而进一步扩宽双关语的研究范围；使文学翻译者了解不同民族的思维方式、价值观念及审美方式等，从而使其更好地把握汉英双关语的特色，更好的从事翻译工作；使从事二语教学的工作者将汉英双关语的对比推进到外语教学中去，从而能够更好的帮助学生学习语言，了解文化。

总之，通过本课题的研究能使语言学习者更好的学习和把握汉英两种语言之间双关语存在的异同，以便交际双方在以后的交际中更好的运用双关语。

本文共分为六章。

第一章为绪论部分，第二章为本课题的理论框架部分，从汉英对比的理论基础和语境学角度进行分析，从而为第三章的分类及第四章的对比奠定坚实的理论基础。

第三章对《红楼梦》前80回的双关语及《罗密欧与朱丽叶》作品中的双关语进行了归纳与分类。

第四章为本文的中心环节，是在第二章理论背景和第三章分类的基础上，对两本文学作品的双关语进行了对比研究，主要从定义、分类、修辞功能、关键词和表达方式等方面进行对比分析。

第五章主要是基于第二、三、四章节的基础上，从语音联系、语义歧义和双重语境方面对汉英双关的本质特征进行归纳。

第六章主要从理论启示和实用启示两方面探讨了本课题的研究价值，并总结了本课题的发现、启示、局限性以及对今后相关研究的建议。

文学作品中双关语的修辞效果及其翻译

文学作品中双关语的修辞效果及其翻译双关就是人们平常所说的“一语双关”，即言在此而意在彼。

理论上的双关语是利用语言和词义的关系，使语句同时兼顾两种事物的辞格。

它是一个词语、短语或句子、句群同时含有双重意思。

一种是字面意思及本身含义，一种是言外之意。

字面的意思及本身的含义是次要的或不是强调的重点，言外之意是说话的真意或强调的重点。

双关语是世界各民族都具有的语言修辞现象。

英语也不例外，英语的辞格pun，又叫paronvmasia 或play on words，是指同形异义词（homonym）或同音异义词（homophone）的巧妙使用。

这种辞格的恰当运用能丰富戏剧语言，烘托气氛，起到讽刺、幽默的效果，有时还能展示人物性格和内心活动；它还能使语言精炼、含蓄、诙谐、生动活泼，令人回味无穷，兴味浓厚。

因此，受到人们的喜爱和关注。

一、英语双关语的修辞效果许多英语文学作品中的双关语都是利用谐音双关（homophonic puns）和词义双关（homographic puns）紧扣双重语境，造成诙谐幽默的效果。

谐音双关利用此根本不同的谐音词（同音、近音、音似）来构成的。

词义双关则是利用一词多义的特点构成表里两层的意思。

1．谐音双关（Homophonic Puns）产生的修辞效果。

例如：①Civilization is syphilization！（文而明之，梅而毒之；世界愈文明，梅毒愈蔓延。

)Civilization（文明）与 syphilization（传染梅毒）发音相似，而意义不同，构成谐音双关，讽刺自命文明的资本主义世界，人欲横流，性病猖獗的不文明状态。

言简意赅，发人深省。

② Lady M: If he do bleed, I'll gild the faces of the grooms withal,For it must seem their guilt. (William Shakespeare: Macbeth)要是他还留着血，我就把它涂在那两个侍卫的脸上；因为我们必须让人家瞧着是他们的罪过。

英语修辞手法关于双关的介绍

A pun or making a pun implies making a humorous use of a word which bears two (and sometimes even multiple) meanings or of different words sounding the same. Invariably and inevitably, utilizing puns not only reveals delicate sensitivity but unfolds exquisite taste .Even, hardly will a text be comfortably comprehended unless the subtle usage of a pun is duly spotted and understood. To prove this, let facts be delivered.双关语或使用双关语系指利用词的一词多义现象或同音异义现象产生出的诙谐用法.故而，此美不仅演绎情感之细腻，更能诠释情趣之高雅。

若不能领悟双关之美，则恐难读懂语篇之意。

所谓pun，通常是指利用一个单词的两个含义（语义双关），或者利用两个特定的单词（谐音双关），达到“一语双关”的目的。

比如下面第一句话①He is not a grave man until he is a grave man.其中的grave有两个含义，一个是“严肃的”(形容词)，一个是“坟墓”(名词)，因此这句话的意思是：他不是一个严肃的人，除非他躺到坟墓里，才能严肃起来。

②They pray[prei]for you today and prey/prei/ on you tomorrow.其中的pray(祈祷)和prey(捕食)，发音相同，外形相似，因此这句话的意思是：他们今天为你祈祷，明天就会加害于你。

浅析英语修辞格双关(Pun)

浅析英语修辞格双关（Pun）双关(Pun)是英语中一种常见的修辞方式。

《牛津英语词典》(The Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. Oxford: Clarendon Press. V o1.xII.P832)对其的定义是：The use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more meanings or different associations, or the use of two or more words of the same or nearly the same sound with different meanings, so as to produce a humorous effect.”双关可以使语言意蕴丰富，诙谐幽默，或具有嘲弄讽刺的修辞效果，达到吸引读者的目的。

双关的分类大致分为语义双关，谐音双关，习语双关，语法双关以及延伸双关。

一、英语双关的构成１、语义双关语义双关（Homograph）是利用词语或句子的多义性在特定环境下形成的双关，例如：(1) Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man.明天你来找我，你就将发现我已经是个坟墓中的人了。

句中grave有两义，可作“坟墓”或“严肃的”、“重大的”解。

（2）--Why should a fisherman always be wealthy?--Because his business is net profit.为什么渔民总是湿乎乎的，因为他赚的是纯利润。

其中，net既可以指渔网，又可以指纯净的。

（3）Learn some craft when young, that when old you may live without craft.趁年轻时学一点手艺，以便在年老时可不靠行骗为生。

修辞课 pun 双关

• Classification
And how many hours a day did you do lessons? Ten hours the first day,nine the next, and so on. That's the reason they're called lessons, because they lessen from day to day.
• The recursive pun
the second aspect of a pun relies on the understanding of an element in the first.
• Classification
π is only half a pie.
Pun intended?
• Definition
《辞海》(缩印本)(1980.上海：上海辞书出版社。P.482)给 “双关”下的定义：修辞学上辞格之一。利用语言文字上同音或同义的关系，使一句话关涉两件事。例空对着，山中高士晶莹雪；终不忘，世外仙姝寂寞林。《红楼梦》第五回 “雪”谐“薛”，指“薛宝钗”；“林”字音形双关，指“林黛玉”的
• The homographic pun
exploits words which are spelled the same (homographs) but possess different meanings and sounds.
• Classification Why can a man never
PUN
Class 094 Amy 张浩洋
• inition
The Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Vo1.xII.P832给“pun”下的定义：“The use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more meanings or different associations, or the use of two or more words of the same or nearly the same sound with different meanings, so as to produce a humorous effect.” 用一个词去暗示两种或两种以上的意义或引起不同的联想，或者用两个或两个以上发音相同或相近而意义不同的词，以产生一种幽默效果。