考研英语翻译冲刺讲义
考研英语翻译冲刺指导
考研英语翻译冲刺指导考研英语翻译冲刺指导考研即将进入最后一个月的冲刺阶段，考生的时间比较紧迫，所以，有的放矢，最大限度的把握考点，把握命题趋势，是当务之急。
其中，考研翻译以其综合性和主观题的特点高居四种题型难度的首位。
为了帮助考生攻克这一题型，万学海文老师就从词汇、长难句和备考误区三个方面入手进行分析和讲解，并为考生提供一些有针对性的备考建议，希望对考生有所帮助。
单词似曾相识但无法成文-难点词义会推导句子支离破碎却毫不通顺-长句语序会调整一、难点词义会推导词汇是备考考研英语翻译的基础和重中之重。
认识翻译句子中的每个单词，是考生拿到高分的最基本前提。
然而，对于考研英语大纲中给出的五千多个单词，多数考生在淮备时感到很茫然，不知该如何记忆。
从历年翻译题目中看出翻译很少有生僻词，重点应该是词汇的一词多义、词性转换、词义引申、词组搭配等，即考生要在词汇的纵深上下工夫。
针对这一点，老师给大家提出几点建议：第一，将近10年翻译真题中出现过的单词强化记忆考研翻译的单词是有相当高的重复出现率的。
比如justify 这个词经考过三次：20xx-48，20xx-47，20xx-50。
(20xx-48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need.此处justification需要进行词性转化，译文“为……辩护；证明……合理”译文：这似乎是在为忽视贫困者的行为作辩护。
(20xx-47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.此处justification 可直译为合理化的解释；理由。
冲刺翻译讲义
翻译方法_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 翻译八大原则_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 2012年46. Directions: Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate. A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age of 25. This “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.2013年I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this, since I was 4.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everybody does—try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because mymemory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotion s any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical Hair opened on Broadway on the same day—they both just pop into my mind in the same way.2014年46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down—say, after giving a bad lecture—he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.2017年46. Directions: Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)My dream has always been to work somewhere in an area between fashion and publishing. Two years before graduating from secondary school, I took a sewing and design course thinking that I would move on to a fashion design course. However, during that course I realized I was not good enough in this area to compete with other creative personalities in the future, so I decided that it was not the right path for me. Before applying for university I told everyone that I would study journalism, because writing was, and still is, one of my favourite activities. But, to be honest, I said it, because I thought that fashion and me together was just a dream — I knew that no one could imagine me in the fashion industry at all! So I decided to look for some fashion-related courses that included writing. This is when I noticed the course “Fashion Media & Promotion.”。
考研英语一冲刺翻译PPT课件
考研翻译的考试内容＝ 考点
①考察专有名词、词组和多义词、代词、省略词 的翻译
专有名词：人名、地名、国家名称、组织机构 名称、术语
词义选择、词序调整、词性转换和增词法 ②考察具体句型的翻译步骤和方法 包括定语和定语从句、状语和状语从句、主语
从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、并 列结构、比较结构、倒装结构、插入结构、被 动结构、否定结构、形式主语和there be等句 型
moonlight；brain drain c.专业术语：black hole; mad cow disease;
swine flu
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His mother always complains and beefs about his future.
We need a plan to address the problem of the homeless people.
In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science.
Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.
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汉译英的难点 —— 词汇 四六级汉译英：瑰宝、皓月、辟邪 瑰宝：treasure 皓月：bright moon 辟邪：avoid evil spirits
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英译汉难点
(1)词汇 a.绝对生词：millennium; anthropology;
astrophysics b.相对生词：set; beef; duck; cause; school;
考研英语翻译冲刺讲义
一、考研翻译高分策略【本章要点】-掌握考研翻译高分两大策略-巩固试题演练【翻译技巧】◎尽量译主干1）划竖线，断开结构2）看动词，瞻前顾后3）译主干，稳定分数◎修饰层层加1）看词性，分析关系2）译修饰，能加则加【试题演练】【例1】（2005年49题）Creating a“European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.模考：笔记：【例2】（2008年47题）He asserted,also,that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited,for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.模考：笔记：【例3】（2008年49题）He adds humbly that perhaps he was“superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention,and in observing them carefully.”模考：笔记：本章参考译文【例1】不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织在一起，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌”绝非易事，需要人们做出战略性的选择。
【例2】他还坚持认为自己进行长时间完全抽象思维的能力十分有限，由此他认定自己在数学方面根本不可能有大的作为。
【考研英语】2019考研英语一翻译冲刺电子讲义
考研翻译高分策略(2005,49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.(2005,49) Creating a “European identity” //that respects the different cultures and traditions //which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent //is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.创造一个“欧洲品牌” 1尊重不同文化和传统 2去组成联系旧大陆的网络 3并不容易，且需要战略选择 4尽量译主干修饰层层加尽量译主干：●划竖线，断开结构●看动词，瞻前顾后●译主干，稳定分数断句(2008, 47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.断句(2008, 47) He asserted, also, //that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, //for which reason he felt certain //that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.看动词(2008, 47) He asserted, also, //that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, //for which reason he felt certain //that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.瞻前顾后(2008, 47) He asserted, also, //that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, //for which reason he felt certain //that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.译主干，稳定分数(2008, 47) He asserted, also, //that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, //for which reason he felt certain//that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.他断言，他的能力有限，因为这个原因，他确信，他就不该成功。
汉译英冲刺( 文字版课件)(1)
幻灯片1Translation主讲教师：刘赓个人微信：tianxiadi1sha个人微博（新浪）：叨叨xdf 幻灯片3课程介绍●题目综述●词汇翻译●句子翻译幻灯片4题目综述●翻译的基本原则：●准确：忠实于原文●通顺：译文符合英文逻辑●完整：信息点覆盖全面幻灯片5题目综述●翻译的考点：●对于英语与汉语之间的差异认知及双语转换能力●例如：●中国特色词：中国结；佃户；第十二个五年规划●主谓搭配：“今天食堂吃饺子”●被动语态：“有件事忘了说了”幻灯片6题目综述●冲刺阶段翻译复习总纲：●1、不要纠结于词汇量：●生僻词是大多数人都不会的●2、练习时要关注汉语：●多数难点都难于汉语●3、学转换而非学英语：●即便单词不认识，也要将句子调整为英语结构幻灯片7题目综述●热点预测：●2014年末至2015年5月热点事件：●APEC会议；《穹顶之下》；两会；“一带一路”；亚投行；抗日战争；北京冬奥会；股市幻灯片8题目综述●关键词：●经济：对外开放；自由贸易；股票；创新型经济●区域：互利共赢；和平稳定；沿海大国●环境：APEC蓝；金山银山与绿水青山；雾霾●文化：国际奥委会；冬奥会；唐装；中西交流幻灯片9词汇翻译●症状：●汉语词汇不认识●认识但不会表达幻灯片10词汇翻译●病因：●词汇量不足：（道家、儒家、松树、核能、指南针）●背景知识匮乏：（新粒子、佃户、第十二个五年计划）●汉语能力不足幻灯片11词汇翻译●处方：●理解词汇、进行解释●保证准确、进行省略幻灯片12词汇翻译：理解与解释●先理解，再解释●1、拆分理解●例：大熊猫被列为濒危物种(endangered species）●濒—濒临—几乎—nearly●危—危险—灭绝—die out/disappear●物种—即大熊猫—直接省略幻灯片13词汇翻译：理解与解释●先理解，再解释●2、模糊译法●例：手机刷新(refresh)了人与人之间的关系●刷新——精确●改变——模糊——change幻灯片14词汇翻译：理解与解释●先理解，再解释●2、模糊译法●例：屈原投江之后，楚国人民赶来打捞他的遗体。
2024版考研一冲刺翻译PPT课件
通过案例分析、角色扮演等多样化教学方式，引 导学员关注语言背后的文化内涵，增强跨文化交 际意识和能力。
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精准选词
根据语境和上下文，选择最符合原文意思的词汇。
词义辨析
区分近义词、反义词、一词多义等，确保选词准确性。
专业术语
熟悉专业领域术语，避免误译或漏译。
短语搭配及运用
常用短语
掌握考研英语中常见的短语和 固定搭配，提高翻译效率。
短语变形
根据语境和表达需要，灵活运 用短语的变形和扩展。
短语与句子结构
深入剖析了翻译的本质、原则和 方法，重点讲解了词义选择、句 子结构转换、文化因素处理等翻 译技巧。
真题模拟与解析
针对历年考研翻译真题，进行了 详细的模拟练习和解析，使学员 熟悉考试题型和难度，掌握应对 策略。
翻译实践与互动讨论
组织学员进行了大量的翻译实践 练习，通过互动讨论的方式，引 导学员发现问题、解决问题，提 高翻译实践能力。
学员自我评价及反馈
知识掌握程度
通过本次课程的学习，学员普遍表示对翻译理论和技巧有了更深入的理解，能够较好地 运用所学知识进行翻译实践。
学习收获与感悟
学员们纷纷表示，通过课程学习和实践练习，不仅提高了自己的翻译水平，还增强了对 语言文化的敏感度和跨文化交际能力。
问题与建议
部分学员提出，希望在未来课程中增加更多针对不同领域的专业翻译训练，以满足不同 专业背景的考研需求。
理解短语在句子中的结构和作 用，确保翻译的准确性。
上下文语境理解
语境分析
仔细阅读原文，理解上下文语境，把握文章主旨和作 者意图。
文化背景
考研冲刺动词讲义最新版
考研冲刺动词讲义最新版.txt等余震的心情，就像初恋的少女等情人，既怕他不来，又怕他乱来。
听说女人如衣服，兄弟如手足，回想起来，我竟然七手八脚地裸奔了二十多年！今天心情不好，我只有四句话想说，包括这句和前面的两句，我的话说完了！ 4. abide [??????abide坚持，忍受bite 咬president 总统，总裁，主持人sit 单音节词明月vi. (by)遵守，坚持；持续，住，逗留vt. 容忍，忍受；等候abide byabbreviate 缩短briefa-加强语气阿姨老师bite-咬summerwinderpresident-总统、总裁（pre sid=sit ent） sitstudentI abide by what I said. 我坚持我所说的话。
9. abolishstand 站着stable 稳固的e + stable + ish动exit ex-外e-外establish建立（制度）买卖加减天地男女好坏fire 开火，开除hire 雇佣 f/hhhffhfhfhfhfh反义同源establish 建立abolish 废除反义同源obsolete 过时的，废弃的ete-形容词后缀complete 完整的accomplish 完成加强finish 完成反义同源好男买加坏女卖减fire 开除hire 雇佣[???????] vt. 废除(法律、习惯等)；取消establish 建立stable 稳固的10. abound 大量存在a-否定前缀band 布带bound绑缚的abound v.丰富,大量存在abundant a.丰富的redundant 冗余的play replay re-再abundance n.丰富通知 notice通知notify-tion-siond t sts=c[???????] vi. 大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于a-否定bound-词根：边界board-板子，上船boat-船border-边界、边缘oar-橹、桨abundance丰富abundant丰富的、充裕的He abounds in courage. 他很有胆量。
清华大学考研辅导强化班英语翻译讲义
清华大学考研辅导强化班课程《英语翻译》清华大学外语系许建平主讲并提供文档资料第一部分：考研英语翻译状况分析与策略I. 翻译考试的内容与考生状况分析研究生英语入学考试中的翻译项目旨在通过翻译测试考生正确理解英文原文的能力及汉语的表达能力。
此项测试方法是通过阅读一篇难度适中的短文（题材不限，长度约400字上下），翻译其中较为复杂的5个句子。
翻译共5题，每题2分，满分为10分；每题划分为若干个给分段，每一分段的分值为0.5或1。
对考生的要求是对原文理解正确，译文表达清楚准确，对汉语不作过高要求。
从近几年的考研翻译情况来看，考试成绩都不够理想。
满分为10分的考题，多数考生的成绩都在6、7分上下，不少考生甚至很难保住4、5分—这就对总体得分造成了影响。
考研英语试卷就那么五个句子的翻译，看起来并不太难，为什么会出现普遍的丢分现象呢？我认为主要有两方面的原因：一是考生思想上对翻译的重视不够，二是缺乏相应的技巧方法及其训练。
前一个原因是众所周知的事实，我们的英语学习一直强调的是听、说、读、写，在外语学习的五大技能中“译”处于一种几乎完全被忽视的地位。
各类英语课本中很少有全面系统的翻译知识、方法指导以及技能训练，间或穿插一点，也只不过是围绕课文开展的零星翻译练习。
这样一来，就难免形成平时缺乏训练，翻译考试力不从心的困境。
第二个原因不难从每年考研的翻译考试情况看出：考生的翻译能力远远低于读写的实际水平。
在很多情况下，能理解的，却不会表达；勉强能表达的，又表达失误，不是生搬硬套便是词不达意，因此造成翻译上的失败。
另外，翻译考试不是短文或段落的连贯翻译，而是从某一篇章中的取出若干句子，这些句子大都比较复杂，必须根据原文上下文才能正确理解英文，因此加大了翻译的难度，使不少考生感到不好下笔。
综上所述，翻译考试要想立足于不败之地，就必须克服上述两大问题。
一是要加以重视，投入一定的时间做翻译练习，二是掌握必要的翻译技巧方法。
正确理解英文原文是确保翻译准确无误的前提，而通顺清楚的表达则是获取高分的保证。
2012考研英语冲刺班翻译讲义
2012考研英语冲刺班翻译讲义翻译全真试题（1996—2009年）第一部分英译汉全真试题（1996-2009年）delightful aspects. 75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.Passage 2Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd; for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people — for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says "I don't like this contract"?The point is this without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?Many deny it. 74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake —a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely "logical". In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl —is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.Passage 3They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite —Cobe —had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy.)72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait. 73) Astrophysicists working with groundbased detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.Passage 471) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conformsto one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own tune and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian's craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.72) I nterest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodolgy is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tunnel method," frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy." Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 75)It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.Passage 5Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country' s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization —with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed —was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements —themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.Passage 6In less than 30 years' time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain' s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital agewill have arrived.According to BT' s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. "By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck," he says. 74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: "It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century."Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. 75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder —kitchen rage.Passage 7Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. 61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning "values". Who will use a technology and to what ends? 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Passage 8Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. (61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth."Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos "the study of." By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences. (62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. (63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor's formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. (64) Tylor defined culture as "... that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor's definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.(65) Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.Passage 9The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. (62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from "exotic" language, were not always so grateful. (63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapir's pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. (64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought ma society. He reasoned that because the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages , Sapir himself never explicitlysupported the notion of linguistic determinism.Passage10It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. 46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. 47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice -- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs. 50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unit ed we stand, divided we fall” -- and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.Passage 11Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected Americans. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not Americans, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? 46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. 47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals -- the average scientist, for one. 48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties -- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. 49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. 50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. “Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in public and illustrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, “is something else.”Passage 12The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European university. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.Passage 13In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors inreasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Passage 14There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.（46）It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor,。
【翻译】考研英语翻译讲义
考研英语翻译讲义【词类活译】1.A well-dressed man ,who looked and talked like an American,got into the car. 译文：一个衣着讲究的人钻进了轿车，他的外表和谈吐都像是个美国人；【代词归位】代词所指的对象一般在前文找到，但是有些状语从句前置时，造成迷惑，指代的内容不在状语从句中，而是在后文；1.Pollution is the price we pay for an overpopulated,over-industrialized planet.When we come to think about it ,there are only four ways you can deal with rubbish :dump it ,burn it,turn it into so mething you can use again ,attempt to produce less of it译文：当我们开始考虑垃圾问题时，我们只有四种对付垃圾的方法：倾倒，焚烧，让其变成再生材料或努力减少垃圾；【语态转换】被动语态首先考虑译成主动语态，其次保留原文的被动形式，再次灵活处理；若存在动作的发出者，通常译成主动语态，对于不言自明的发出者可适当添加，也可译成无主句；1.By the end of the war ,about 1,000 children had been rescued by the organization 译文：截止到战争结束，这个组织拯救了大约1000名儿童；2.The child is to be told not to touch the piano 译文：我们应该告诉孩子不要碰钢琴；3.About that project ,much has said but little has been done译文：关于那项工程，说的多，做的少；也可译成“被......”，“遭到......（不好的事）”，“受到......（好的事）”，“由......”，“为......所......”，“把......”等【It is ...句式翻译】It is alleged that 据说...It is rumored that 据传...It is argued that 有人主张...It is to be discussed that 需要讨论的是...There is no agreement ...人们对此看法不一It is necessary that 有必要...It is true that 诚然...It is likely that 可能...It is a mystery that 让人不解的是...It is common knowledge that 常识是...It occurred to me that 我突然想起...【状语从句】状语从句一般前置到句首，有时前置到所修饰谓语动词的前面；但结果状语从句和伴随转语从句一般不前置翻译；1.He pushed open the door gently and crept out of the room for fear that he should awake the ba by译文：为了不惊醒孩子，他轻轻推开门，蹑手蹑脚溜了进去；2.I was never allowed by my parents to do things ass I wanted to译文：父母从不允许我按照自己想要的方式来做事；3.New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past ,giving rise to new standards of elegance译文：就像以往那样，在将来，新的思维方式和新的思维对象一定会出现，并带来新的完美标准；4.The sense is growing that the Americans need to turn things round fast ,militarily and politically ,if they are to ensue that events do not get out of control;译文：人们越来越强烈地感觉到：如果美国人想确保情况不失去控制，他们就需要在军事和政治两方面，快速扭转形势；5.If experience are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the sci ence journals indicate,then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce r esults measurable in dollars and cents译文：如果试验被计划并像科学杂志上的报告所表明的那样忠实地按照计划得以实施，那么管理方面期待着研究能够带来可以用金钱衡量的结果也是完全符合逻辑的；【定语从句】比较短的定语从句一般合译，即译成形容词“...的”；较长的定语从句常用分译法，即单独译成一个句子，此时要翻译连接词！多个定语从句嵌套时，常将第一个定语从句合译，后面的从句分译；对于“there be ”句型的定语从句常用融合法，即将从句作为主语的谓语；还有的非限制性定语从句有状语的含义，此时用状译法译成相应的状语从句；1. The people who work for him live in moral fear of him;译文：在他手下工作的人对他惧怕得要死；2.The fine arts , such as painting and sculpture ,involve the production of works to be seen and ex perienced on an abstract level;译文：像绘画和雕塑这样的美术，往往要求创作出能够从抽象的角度加以欣赏和感受的作品；3.There are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write译文：在世界上有些地方，甚至现在人们也不会书写；4.He grabbed the letter from his rival that would prove him guilty in the smuggling case译文：他把信件从对方手里一把夺了过来，因为这封信可以证明他在走私案中的罪行；竹节式：5.A culture in which the citizens share similar religious beliefs and values is more likely to have la ws that represent the wishes of its people than is a culture where citizens come from diverse bac kgrounds译文：有的文化中，公民们拥有着相似的宗教信仰和价值观；还有的文化中，公民们来自不同文化背景，前者比后者更有可能产生代表民意的法律；洋葱式：6.Oneof my friends got pregnant in her boyfriend’s hospital room while he was recovering fro m a terrible car accident which left him partially paralyzed译文：我有一个朋友，她的男朋友遭遇了一起严重的车祸，结果导致了半身不遂。
考研英语翻译讲解
考研英语翻译—词法翻译讲义名词性从句一、主语从句（一）以what, whatever, whoever, whether, when, where, how, why等词引导的主语从句，在翻译的时候，一般可以按照英语原文顺序来翻译。
What he told me was only half-truth. 他告诉我的只是些半真半假的东西而已。
Whatever is worth doing should be done well. 任何值得做的事情都应该做好。
Whether he comes or not makes no difference. 他来不来都没有关系。
When we can begin the expedition is still a question. 我们何时才能开始这次考察仍然是悬而未决。
How he is going to do it is a mystery. 他准备怎么做这个事情是个迷。
（二）用it作形式主语的主语从句，可以把主语从句放到汉语句子最前面去翻译。
为了强调起见，it一般可以译出来；如果不需要强调，it也可以不译出来。
It doesn’t make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not..他参加不参加会议没有多大关系。
（It没有翻译）It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash.驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后，竟然还能活着，这看来是不可想象的。
（It翻译为“这”）有时候，如果主语从句仍然按照英语原来的顺序翻译的话，it一般不需要译出来。
在汉语译文的开始，一般可以用“...的是，...”这样的结构来翻译。
It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.真奇怪，她竟然没有看出自己的缺点。
考研英语冲刺阶段的翻译复习重点
考研英语冲刺阶段的翻译复习重点考研英语翻译重点：皮影戏Shadow play, also called light shadow play, is one ofthe oldest operas in China. Actors sing along withmusic, and control shadow tools at the sametime.The contents of those plays are more abouttraditional historical drama and fable stories.Shadow play combines some characters of drama, music and paintings,and is an integration ofliterary writing, handicraftsmen's carving and painting,and folk singing.It'sdelightful,abundant,suiting both refined and popular tastes,and contains rich culture and artresources.In ancient times, it brought people pleasure as modem movies and TVs do. Inmodern society, it's verydifficult to find the mysterious drama again. Shadow play is atreasurein the world culture and art circles.参考翻译：皮影戏(shadow play)也叫灯影戏(light shadow play),是中国最古老的戏剧之一。
考研英语翻译【讲义】
新东方在线考研翻译基础班讲义课程简介以讲解翻译基础知识为主，基本不涉及考研翻译的真题。
但是，真题很重要，有必要在强化训练中完全掌握真题。
课程大纲考研翻译基础知识一翻译的定义二翻译的标准和翻译的方法三翻译的基本过程四考研翻译的核心解题策略第二章翻译技巧：词法翻译法一词义选择和词义引申二词性转换三增词法四省略法第三章翻译技巧：句法翻译法一名词性从句的翻译二定语从句的翻译三状语从句的翻译四被动结构的翻译第一讲翻译的定义翻译是一门语言的艺术，是语言之间的转换，是在准确理解的基础上用一种语言来忠实的表达另外一种语言。
考研翻译简介（一）考研翻译考查内容和形式根据全国硕士研究生统一考试英语考试大纲规定，考研翻译“主要考查考生准确理解内容或结构复杂的英语材料的能力。
要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章，并将其中5个划线部分（约150词）译成汉语，要求译文准确、完整、通顺。
考生在答题卡2上作答。
”以2007年考研翻译题为例，考生在试卷上阅读的是一篇完整的文章，翻译的是5个划线部分。
如：（二）考研翻译的评分标准根据大纲规定，考研翻译的评分标准如下：5个小题，每题2分，共10分。
·如果句子译文明显扭曲原文意义，该句得分最多不超过0.5分。
·如果考生就一个题目提供了两个或两个以上的译法，若均正确，给分；如果其中一个译法有错，按错误译法评分。
·中文错别字不个别扣分，按整篇累计扣分。
在不影响意思的前提下，满三个错别字扣0.5分，无0.25扣分。
（三）考研翻译今年考题特点和内容根据对大纲和最近十几年来考研翻译已经考过的真题的分析，我们发现考研翻译具有如下明显的特点。
首先，考研翻译的短文内容大多是涉及当前人们普遍关注的社会生活、政治、经济、历史、文化、哲学、心理和科普方面的题材。
其体裁基本上是议论文。
如：1990年：人的性格和行为分析1991年：能源与农业1992年：智力评估的科学性1993年：科学研究的方法1994年：科学家、技术与科学发展的关系1995年：标准化测试与评估1996年：科学发展的差别和动力1997年：动物的权利1998年：天体物理学中的大爆炸理论1999年：历史研究的方法论2000年：政府调控与工业化发展2001年：计算机与未来生活2002年：行为科学的发展2003年：人类学的发展2004年：语言学2005年：传媒领域中的电视媒介2006年：美国知识分子的作用2007年：法学在新闻报道中的作用。
翻译硕士MTI冲刺讲义(1)语法与改错
考频极高的语法/词汇考点：1 冠词（a/an/the）2 逻辑关系词3 指示代词或物主代词（these/ those/ this/ that/ their/ its）4 介词搭配5 分词（包括伴随状语以及独立主格结构）6 形容词的比较级7 副词8 动词的第三人称9 动词时态10定语从句冠词a/an 的进阶用法1．如果复数名词或者专有名词作为整体受到形容词的修饰，那么前面需要有冠词的修饰，需要注意的是，这种形容词一般表示暂时的情况，而非名词本身所固有的属性；例：Weak America is not in the best interests of the whole world. (误)A weak America is not in the best interests of the whole world. (正)a Great Britain (误) Great Britain (正)a split Supreme Court (正) split Supreme Court (误)2．a ... of a ... 结构，构成前者对后者的比喻；例：it was opened by a small barrel（桶）of a woman. 像桶一样的女人。
(《法国中尉的女人》John Robert Fowles)例：a man of importanceA angel of a girl 天使般的女孩a mountain of a wave 排山倒海的巨浪a nightmare of a city 噩梦般的城市note：如果是特指，只能把第一个不定冠词变成定冠词，即，the ... of a ...the angel of a girl 那个天使般的女孩冠词the 的进阶用法1，如果动作施加在整体的某一个局部之上，那么英文中会把整体当成宾语，局部处理成状语，而局部虽然仍然与整体属于从属关系，此刻却使用定冠词而非物主代词；例：He hit my head. (误)He hit me on my head. (误)He hit me on the head. (正)例：She gently patted me on the back. (正)He kissed her on the forehead. (正)2，the +adj. 构成一个集体名词，需要注意的是，这样一来就等同于复数形式，后面最好接第三人称单数；例：the impoverished 穷人the disabled 残疾人The palace is now open to public. (误)The palace is now open to the public. (正)冠词真题练习(1)The previous section has shown how quickly a rhymepasses from one schoolchild to the next and illustrates the further the-a（第一次出现且泛指）difference between school lore and nursery lore.注：illustrate此处的意思是“表明...真实”“显示...存在”，等同于demonstrate。
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考研英语冲刺班翻译讲义主讲：唐静欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材翻译满分是十分。
讲解分两部分：第一部分，讲解想要得到翻译的基本分该怎么办。
三个优先：1.短句优先 2.介词优先 3.顺序优先短句优先就是汉语短句优先就是把你有限的英语单词转变成为汉语之后来造句。
造汉语短句。
越精短越好。
参见04年真题64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.沃尔夫对语言和思维的关系感兴趣介词优先考的最多的是介词，而考的最多的介词又是in,其次是of ,with... 介词优先就是先翻译介词后面的，再把它放到介词前面的那个词前面去。
a of b of c即c的b的aof 的翻译参见97年真题72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.一些哲学家辩论说，权利今仅存在于社会契约中，作为责任和权利的交换的一部分。
参见07年真题(46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.当你发现句子已经像个短句是就打上逗号。
a sort of ,a piece of 等数量词就不能从后往前了。
65) Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. immense amounts of 大量的in的翻译 1.在......中（里面）2.以（用）一种方式讲解第二种用法的翻译参见03年真题62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.in the manner 以......方式参见04年真题65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.in its strongest form 以一种形式参见06年真题46）I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic（苏格拉底）way about moral problems.in ...way 以......方式with 用法 1.随着......，2.用......，3.带有、具有，4.用......,5.和......、与......参见01年真题71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.cars with pollution monitors 带有污染监控器的小汽车参见04年真题61）The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought语言的结构和思维的过程有一些联系。
顺序优先原则先不考虑改变顺序。
按照英语的顺序翻译。
如果说不通时再考虑用汉语的顺序。
46）Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.电视是一种方式参见08年真题47 He asserts, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.He asserts他也断言，他的思维力有限，argue辩论state陈述demonstrate 证明、证实a long and purely abstract train 一长串，一个很长的系列follow 跟上，还可当明白、理解他也断言，他要理解那一长串的并且极度抽象的思维的能力是有限的。
因为这个原因，他确认他从来没在数学上获得成功。
49 He adds humbly that perhaps he was "superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully."He adds 他谦卑地补充说，也许他比别人有优势，superior 比......高级的、有优势的common 普通run 一群人在这儿不必翻译他谦逊地补充道，或许他"比普通人更能够注意到那些容易忽视的细节，并对其进行仔细的观察"。
参见04年真题63）The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the wellstudied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.第二部分，讲解想要得到翻译的高分该怎么办。
四读翻译法1.读英语2.还是读英语3.仍然读的是英语4.读汉语一读最多只能花四分钟内面的30秒钟。
一读的目的是拆分句子，即断句。
断句点有哪些？连词、介词、引导词。
最好的断句方法是根据英语的语法来找出主句、从句，找出主语，找出谓语。
2007年The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally legal learning has been viewed in such institutions the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectualequipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflection on law is a desir able component of a journalist’s int ellectual preparation for his or her career.(48)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49)In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50)While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.二读：拿到一句话最多只能看30秒钟，就要开始写汉字了。