典型数控组合件设计

摘要

数控机床的组成部分包括测量系统、控制系统、伺服系统及开环或闭环系统，在对数控零件进行实际程序设计之前，了解各组成部分是重要的。

数控中，测量系统这一术语指的是机床将一个零件从基准点移动到目标点的方法。目标点可以是钻一个孔、铣一个槽或其它加工操作的一个确定的位置。用于数控机床的两种测量系统是绝对测量系统和增量测量系统。绝对测量系统（亦称坐标测量系统）采用固定基准点（原点），所有位置信息正是以这一点基准。换句话说，必须给出一个零件运动的所有位置相对于原始固定基准点的尺寸关系。X和Y两维绝对测量系统，每维都以原点为基准。增量测量系统有一个移动的坐标系统。运用增量系统时，零件每移动一次，机床就建立一个新的原点（基准点）。使用增量测量系统时的X和Y值。注意，使用这个系统时，每个新的位置在X和Y轴上的值都是建立在前一个位置之上的。这种系统的缺陷是，如果产生的任何错误没有被发现与校正，则错误会在整个过程中反复存在。

用于数控设备的控制系统通常有两类，即点位控制系统和连续控制系统。点位控制数控系统机床（有时称为位置控制系统数控机床）只有沿直线运动的能力。当沿两轴线以等值（X2.000,Y2.000)同时编程时，会形成45度斜线。点位控制系统常用于需确定孔位的钻床和需进行直线铣削加工的铣床上，以一系列小步运动形成弧形和斜线。然而，用这种方法时，实际加工轨迹与规定的切削轨迹略有不同。

Abstract

N/C machine tool elements consist of dimensioning system, servomechanisms and open- or closed-loop systems. It is important to understand each element prior to actual programming of a numerically controlled part.

The term measuring system in N/C refers to the method a machine tool uses to move a port from a reference point to a target point. A target point may be a certain location for drilling a hole, milling a slot, or other machining operation. The two measuring systems used on N/C machines are the absolute and incremental. The absolute (also called coordinate) measuring system uses a fixed reference point (origin). It is on this point that all positional information is based. In other words, all the locations to which a part will de moved must be given dimensions relating to that original fixed reference point. It shows an absolute measuring system with X and Y dimensions, each based on the origin. The incremental measuring system (also call delta) has a floating coordinating system. With the incremental system, the machine establishes a new origin or reference point each time the part is moved. It show X and Y values using an incremental measuring system. Notice that with this system, each new location bases its values in X and Y from the preceding location. One disadvantage to this system is that any errors made will be repeated throughout the entire program, if not detected and corrected.

There are two types of control systems commonly used on N/C equipment: point-to-point and continuous path. A point-to-point controlled N/C machine tool, sometimes referred to as a positioning control type, has the capability of moving only a straight line. However, when two axes are programmed simultaneously with equal values (X2.000 in., Y2.000 in.) a 45°angle will be generated. Point-to-point systems are generally found on drilling and simple milling machine where hole location and straight milling jobs are performed. Point-to-point systems can be utilized to generate arcs and angles by programming the machine to move in a series of small steps. Using this technique, however, the actual path machined is slightly different from the cutting path specified.