英语词汇学1

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Word and Vocabulary
1.1 What is a word?

Four characteristics of a word: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unit; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.
1.2 Sound and Meaning


arbitrary: no logical explanation conventional: People of the same speech community have agreed to use the sound to refer to the entity. W.S. Romeo and Juliet ―That we call a rose, by any other name, would smell as sweet.‖
passive vocabulary: 10000-?
1.5 Classification of Words

Criteria for classification: 1. use frequency: basic word stock & non-basic V. 2. notion: content words & functional words 3. origin: native words & borrowed words
References
林承璋《英语词汇学引论》（第3版）武汉大学出版社 2005 丁建新《现代英语词汇学教程》重庆大学出版社 2004年 陆国强《现代英语词汇学》（新）上外教出版社 1999年 汪榕培《英语词汇学高级教程》上外教出版社 2002年 冯世梅《英语词汇学》中国水利水电出版社 2006年
Chapter 1
1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary

Basic word stock = common core 1. All national character snow, fire, water, sun hand, face, father, mother apple, tree; horse, cow eat, hear, good, old, I, you, in, out



2. Quicker change of sound than spelling Sound and spelling do not change simultaneously. Printing stabilized spelling while sound continued to change.
Introduction
• Nature: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words (WNWD) • cf. Webster‘s New World Dictionary of the American Language. • English Lexicology deals with English words.
1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary

2. Stability man, fire, mountain, water, sun, moon BUT bow, chariot, knight, rickshaw (out of common use) plane, computer, internet, cellphone (in common use)
1.1 What is a word?

internationalization de-internatinalization 废除国际化 non-internatinalization非国际化
1.2 Sound and Meaning




A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world. dog woman bird tree The connection is arbitrary and conventional.
1.4 Vocabulary




All the words in a language make up its vocabulary. vocabulary of a book vocabulary of a period: Old English V. personal vocabulary: 5000 8000 10000 active vocabulary: 3000-3500



Simple words: sun, book, fine, eat, well Complex words: internationalization (inter + nation + al + iz[e] + ation) national international nationalize internationalize nationalization internationalization
1.2 Sound and Meaning

English dog /d‫ב‬g/ woman /`wumən/ bird /bə:d/ tree /tri:/
Chinese /gəu/ /fùnǚ/ /niau/ /shu:/
1.2 Sound and Meaning




heart and hand 全心全意 heart and soul 全心全意 One‗s heart sinks within one 心寒 take something to heart 把……放在心上; 在意 wear one‗s heart upon one‘s sleeve 流露 感情 with all one‗s heart 诚心诚意
1.3 Sound and Form

3. Spelling affected by scribes
difficult to recognize and the scribes changed spelling forms. sum cum wuman wunder munk some come woman wonder monk
Same sound: /s٨n/ son
/flauə/ flower
sun flour
1.3 Sound and Form

Written Form = written record of the oral form

The two forms of a language should agree with each other, such as Russian, German, Old English.





able to form collocations a change of heart 改变主意 after one‗s heart 正中下怀 a heart of gold 金子般的心 at heart 在心底
1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary


1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary


BUT Not all the words of the basic word stock have these characteristics. Pronouns, numerals: monosemous non-productive ―All national character‖ is the most important of all characteristics.
• Domain: a theoretically-oriented course as well as a practical course.
Aims and Course:
Significance
of
the
–To know the general rules of word formation which helps us enlarge our vocabulary.
i u v m w n made handwriting

1.3 Sound and Form



4. Un-assimilated borrowings A large proportion of them are not assimilated yet: stimulus (L) dénouement (F) fiesta (Sp) eureka (Gr) kimono (Jap)
1.3 Sound and Form


In modern English, sound (pronunciation) and form (spelling) have a lot of differences. Indication: phonetic transcription to show the pronunciation of each word
What are the reasons?

1.3 Sound and Form

1. More phonemes than letters Not enough letters to represent phonemes phonemes ≥ letters

1.3 Sound and Form
• To foster the ability to use ―the right word‖.
• To have a better awareness of language (English).
• To get a deeper understanding of the culture of foreign countries. • To sum up, English Lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course as well as a practical one.
1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary





4. Polysemy Most words have plural meanings. get go give
1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary

5. Collocability 搭配力强
1.1 What is a word?

Definition: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
1.1 What is a word?
1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary

3. Productivity dog: doglike, doghood, dogcart, dogcheap, dog-ear, dog-fall, dog-fight, doghole, dog paddle, dogsleep


break one‗s heart 令人心碎 cross one‗s heart 上帝保佑; 祈祷 cry one‗s heart out 痛哭
eat one‗s heart out 因伤心而消瘦
忐忑不安;紧张万分 have one's heart in one's mouth
1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary