公共物品和共有资源研究
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可以阻止一个人使用一种物品时该物品的特性 Laws recognize and enforce private property rights. 法律承认并对私人产权进行保护。
u
The Different Kinds of Goods 不同类型的物品
u Rivalness
u
竞争性
One person’s use of the good diminishes another person’s enjoyment of it. 一个人使用一种物品减少其他人使用时 该物品的特性。
Public Goods and Common Resources
公共物品和共有资源
“The best things in life are free. . .”
Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysis Most goods in our economy are allocated in markets…
Four Types of Goods
Rival?
Yes
Private Goods
No
Natural Monopolies
Fire protection Cable TV Uncongested toll roads
Yes
Excludable?
Ice- cream cones Clothing Congested toll roads
不同类型的物品
在考虑经济中的各种物品时,根据两 个特点来对物品分类是有用的: 物品有排他性吗? u 物品有竞争性吗?
u
The Different Kinds of Goods 不同类型的物品
u
u
Excludability 排他性
People can be prevented from enjoying the good.
Types of Goods 物品的类型
u Common Resources 共有资源 u Are rival but not excludable. 有竞争性但无排他性。 u Natural Monopolies 自然垄断 u Are excludable but not rival. 有排他性但无竞争性。
当一种物品没有价格时,私人市场就不能 保证该物品生产和消费的适当数量。
“The best things in life are free. . .” “生活中最好的东西就是免费的…”
In such cases, government policy can potentially remedy the market failure that results, and raise economic wellbeing.
…for these goods, prices are the signals that guide the decisions of buyers and sellers.
“生活中最好的东西就是免费的…”
免费物品向经济分析提出了特殊的挑 战。 在我们的经济中,大部分物品是在市 场中配置的。 …对这些物品来说,价格是引导买者 和卖者决策的信号。
在上述情况下,政府政策可以潜在地 解决市场失灵,并增进经济福利。
The Different Kinds of Goods
When thinking about the various goods in the economy, it is useful to group them according to two characteristics: u Is the good excludable? u Is the good rival?
当一些物品可以免费得到时,在正常情 况下,经济中配置资源的市场力量就不 存在了。
“The best things in life are free. . .” “生活中最好的东西就是免费的…”
When a good does not have a price attached to it, private markets cannot ensure that the good is produced and consumed in the proper amounts.
四种物品类型
竞争性
是
私人物品
否
自然垄断
消防 有线电视 不拥挤的收费道路
是
排他性
冰激凌 衣服 拥挤的收费道路
共有资源
公共物品
国防 知识 不拥挤的不收费道路
否
海洋中的鱼 环境 拥挤的不收费道路
Public Goods
Four Types of Goods 四种物品
u u u u
Private Goods Public Goods
私人物品 公共物品
Common Resources 共有资源 Natural Monopolies 自然垄断
Types of Goods 物品的类型
u Private Goods 私人物品 u Are both excludable and rival. 既有排他性又有竞争性。 u Public Goods 公共物品 u Are neither excludable nor rival. 既无排他性又无竞争性。
Common Resources Public Goods
Fish in the ocean The environment Congested nontoll roads
No
National defense Knowledge Uncongested nontoll roads
“The best things in life are free. . .”
“生活中最好的东西就是免费的…” When goods are available freห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ of charge, the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent.
u
The Different Kinds of Goods 不同类型的物品
u Rivalness
u
竞争性
One person’s use of the good diminishes another person’s enjoyment of it. 一个人使用一种物品减少其他人使用时 该物品的特性。
Public Goods and Common Resources
公共物品和共有资源
“The best things in life are free. . .”
Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysis Most goods in our economy are allocated in markets…
Four Types of Goods
Rival?
Yes
Private Goods
No
Natural Monopolies
Fire protection Cable TV Uncongested toll roads
Yes
Excludable?
Ice- cream cones Clothing Congested toll roads
不同类型的物品
在考虑经济中的各种物品时,根据两 个特点来对物品分类是有用的: 物品有排他性吗? u 物品有竞争性吗?
u
The Different Kinds of Goods 不同类型的物品
u
u
Excludability 排他性
People can be prevented from enjoying the good.
Types of Goods 物品的类型
u Common Resources 共有资源 u Are rival but not excludable. 有竞争性但无排他性。 u Natural Monopolies 自然垄断 u Are excludable but not rival. 有排他性但无竞争性。
当一种物品没有价格时,私人市场就不能 保证该物品生产和消费的适当数量。
“The best things in life are free. . .” “生活中最好的东西就是免费的…”
In such cases, government policy can potentially remedy the market failure that results, and raise economic wellbeing.
…for these goods, prices are the signals that guide the decisions of buyers and sellers.
“生活中最好的东西就是免费的…”
免费物品向经济分析提出了特殊的挑 战。 在我们的经济中,大部分物品是在市 场中配置的。 …对这些物品来说,价格是引导买者 和卖者决策的信号。
在上述情况下,政府政策可以潜在地 解决市场失灵,并增进经济福利。
The Different Kinds of Goods
When thinking about the various goods in the economy, it is useful to group them according to two characteristics: u Is the good excludable? u Is the good rival?
当一些物品可以免费得到时,在正常情 况下,经济中配置资源的市场力量就不 存在了。
“The best things in life are free. . .” “生活中最好的东西就是免费的…”
When a good does not have a price attached to it, private markets cannot ensure that the good is produced and consumed in the proper amounts.
四种物品类型
竞争性
是
私人物品
否
自然垄断
消防 有线电视 不拥挤的收费道路
是
排他性
冰激凌 衣服 拥挤的收费道路
共有资源
公共物品
国防 知识 不拥挤的不收费道路
否
海洋中的鱼 环境 拥挤的不收费道路
Public Goods
Four Types of Goods 四种物品
u u u u
Private Goods Public Goods
私人物品 公共物品
Common Resources 共有资源 Natural Monopolies 自然垄断
Types of Goods 物品的类型
u Private Goods 私人物品 u Are both excludable and rival. 既有排他性又有竞争性。 u Public Goods 公共物品 u Are neither excludable nor rival. 既无排他性又无竞争性。
Common Resources Public Goods
Fish in the ocean The environment Congested nontoll roads
No
National defense Knowledge Uncongested nontoll roads
“The best things in life are free. . .”
“生活中最好的东西就是免费的…” When goods are available freห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ of charge, the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent.