第9堂 并列平行结构

LECTURE 9 并列平行结构本堂目标：熟悉平行结构的基本原则及可用于并列平行结构的语法单位，掌握常用于并列平行结构的连词、并列句中表句际关系的副词，以及并列平行结构的一致问题。

基础预习一、平行并列结构的基本原则平行结构是延长英文句子的重要因素之一，是理解英文长难句的必备知识。

并列连词所连接的并列成分应当在结构和功能上保持一致，这就是通常所说的并列平行结构。

英语中运用并列平行结构的基本原则是：以同类语法形式来表达同类概念，以达到明晰句意、节省用词、加强语气、增加韵律的修辞效果。

重点讲解一、常用于并列平行结构的连词1．表示同等关系由以and为代表的表示语义引申的并列连接词和以besides为代表的副词连接词连接起来的并列句，前后两个句子在语法地位上是平等一致的。

具体的连接词有and, not only…but also, neither…nor，besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition, what’s more等。

【例】(05-Text 4)2．表示选择关系由or, either…or“不是…就是…”，otherwise“否则”，or else“否则”等表示选择的连接副词连接的句子。

【例】（00-Part B）3．表示转折对比关系以but为代表的连词连接词或以however为代表的副词连接词连接的句子。

but为代表的连词连接词有：but, not…bu t, while, whereas, yet, and yet, yet but等；however为代表的连接副词有：however, nevertheless“但是，然而”，still“然而”，on the contrary“相反地”，on the other hand“另一方面”等。

【例】（95-Passage 2）4．表示因果关系以so为代表的连词或以therefore为代表的副词连接的表示因果关系的连接词连接的句子。

【例】（02-Passage 1）三、并列平行结构的一致问题1．使句子前后保持平衡，句中的并列成分应该在结构上保持一致。

2.在比较结构中，被比较的事物应该是同等成分。

难句分析1. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipient lose interest as they plough through them. (04-Text 2)2. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening. (04-Text 3)3. Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves.4. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. (06-Text 3)5. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. (02-Text 2)6. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. (01-Text 1)7. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. (00-Passage 3)8. The trouble is that a cable-television system, like a telephone network, involves high fixed costs and passes homes that do not want it, as well as homes that do.9. The limit of what we know must be apparent, the means and opportunities of inquiry must be understood, the value of research shared, even if it is only some members of a department, a faculty or an institution who are actually engaged in it. 10. He will master the art of logical explanation, of exact letter-writing, of formal speeches and natural conversation and of vivid impressionistic description.课堂讲评1. 【分析】and连接的两个表示同等关系的并列句，第一个分句中的all是对冒号前的三个并列名词短语的总称；第二个分句包含一个由as引导的时间状语从句。

【译文】求职面试的名单、选票、会议发言和出席名单：所有这些往往都是按字母表顺序排列的，而人们在翻看这些东西的时候渐渐就失去了兴趣。

2. 【分析】本句是由and连接的同等关系并列句，第二个分句中say后为宾语从句，其中还含有一个even as引导的让步状语从句。

【译文】消费者们似乎只是稍有忧虑，并不惊慌，许多人说他们对经济的长远发展还是很乐观的，虽然他们已经勒起了裤腰带。

3. 【分析】复合句。

when引导状语从句，从句主干为the enclosures made many people dependent on paid work；by…作方式状语；and连接两个并列的介词短语of the use…和of the means…。

【妙译】17世纪和18世纪的圈地运动剥夺了许多人的土地使用权，使他们失去了为自己谋生的途径。

因此，他们不得不依赖付费工作。

这样，雇佣就变得广为流行了。

4. 【分析】该句是由no t…but…连接的表示转折对比关系的并列句。

句子的主干是Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass…but rather changes…。

其中介词结构of fish species in particular parts of the ocean和in that biomass over time都作定语。

【译文】他们的研究方法并非是要试图估计出某个特定海域中鱼类生物的实际单位面积数量（目前存活的生物数量），而是找出该单位面积生物数量随时间的变化程度。

5. 【分析】本句的主干是the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos，but 连接两个whose引导的并列定语从句，定语从句修饰gizmos。

【译文】结果，当今世界智能化的小装置日益增多，我们几乎不注意它们的存在，但它们的广泛存在已经减轻了不少人类的工作。

6. 【分析】该句由分号连接的并列句组成。

studies represe nted…research是第一部分的主干，in the nineteenth century作状语，local geological和in their own right作定语，分别修饰studies 和research；第二部分的but表示前后两部分形成对比，其中if引导一个条件状语从句。

【译文】因此，在19世纪，这种局部性的地质学研究本身代表了有价值的科研活动；但是，到了20世纪，这种地质学研究只有在包含并反映范围更广的问题(地质面貌)时，才越来越被专业人员所接受。

7. 【分析】for连接的表示因果关系的并列句。

for前分句中，主干为it is advisable to…,不定式短语为真正主语。

for后分句中，however farfetched引导让步状语从句，主干是it is possible…，其中it是形式主语，主语从句that in years as normal为真正的主语。