平湖方言
浙江省曲艺类国家级非物质文化遗产
小热昏小热昏是一种民间说唱艺术,是伴随着梨膏糖产业的兴起而产 生的。
绍兴莲花落表演(4张)据清末绍兴文化人周作人所写日记推测,“绍 兴莲花落”问世于清光绪二十六年(1900年)前。
1906年至1910年间,“下三府”(今杭州、嘉兴、湖州一带)有一个 绰号“长手指甲”的张姓艺人来绍兴卖唱,并收上虞崧厦沈可发、绍兴坡 塘唐茂盛为徒。
温州莲花形成于清末,至今已有百余年的历史,由道情演化而来,清 末民初已拥有大量听众,主要流行于浙南的温州市区、永嘉、瑞安、乐清、 平阳、泰顺及台州的部分地区。
绍兴莲花落,又称“莲花乐”、“莲花闹”,是浙江绍兴一带的曲艺 种类之一。
绍兴莲花落,形成之初以沿门说唱为主,此后艺人又开始以绍兴方言 说唱长篇书目,其说表语言通俗生动,唱词通顺流畅,幽默风趣,有说有 唱,以唱为主。代表性曲目有《闹稽山》《马家抢亲》《天送子》等。
绍兴莲花落主要流行于绍兴、宁波、杭州等地区。2006年5月20日, 浙江省绍兴县申报的“绍兴莲花落”经国务院批准列入第一批国家级非物 质文化遗产名录,项目编号Ⅴ-23。
2008年6月7日,上海市黄浦区和浙江省杭州市申报的独脚戏被国务院 公布为第二批国家级非物质文化遗产名录,编号Ⅴ—68。
杭州评话又称“杭州大书”,是流行于浙江省杭州市及周边地区的曲 艺品种。
杭州评话源自南宋时期的古代曲艺,明末清初逐步形成,至清代道光、 咸丰年间进一步成熟。杭州评话由一人采用杭州方言说表,叙事中可不时 插入模拟代言内容,夹叙夹议。
常用嘉兴方言
常用嘉兴方言1.昨天逛超市,“亨浜哴打”用了100元(昨天逛超市,总共花了100元)。
2.一不小心,把“脚馒头”弄伤了(一不小心,把膝盖弄伤了)。
3.“唔搭内七白相”(我带你去玩)。
4.他这个人有点“牵丝板登”(他这个人有点不爽快)。
5.“内个宁是蛮虾喳额”(你这个人是很能干的)。
6.“火车脱班哩”(火车晚点了)。
7.这点“事体毛毛雨”(这件事是很容易,不值得一提)。
8.“各个小把戏皮杀特了”(这个小孩很顽皮)。
9.“今朝恩起阿面挞了个玉”(今天我去外面洗了个澡)。
10.“格个人真是白脚花脸猫,纳哈坐不定”(这个人真是坐立不定)。
11.今天中午我家吃“弯转”(今天中午我家吃虾)12.张三的老婆很“做人家”。
做人家:节省、持家。
音:zou nin ga13.过完圣诞,可要“收收骨头”好好工作了。
收收骨头:收拾起玩乐的心。
音:sei sei guo dei14.下雨了没收衣服“哪哈办”?哪哈办:怎么办。
音:na ha bai15.今天的早餐是薄粥和“灰鸭蛋”。
灰鸭蛋:咸鸭蛋。
音:hui a dai16.做人不要“勿三勿四”。
勿三勿四:言语或行为流里流气,不正派。
音:wu sai wu si17.30岁的小李决定今年“谈朋友”了。
谈朋友:谈恋爱。
音:dai bang you18.大学毕业还找不到工作,真是“坍面子”。
坍面子:丢脸。
音:tai mie zi19.邻居家生了一对龙凤胎,一个是“嗯子”,一个是“呢嗯”。
嗯子:儿子。
音:en zi呢嗯:女儿。
音:ne en20.伊很“来三”。
来三:能干。
音:lai sai21.伊很“坍板”。
坍板:差劲。
音:tei bai22.这件事,“闲话一句”!闲话一句:一言为定。
音:ai wo yi ju23.老刘家的“小百戏”不大听话。
小百戏:小孩子。
音:xiao ba xi24.我的“爷娘”身体都很健康。
爷娘:父母音:ya niang25.70岁的林大爷十分“值钿”孙子。
古田平湖话音、词汇研究
不过,中国讼师的起源还是可以追溯到西周的诉讼代理制度。
早在《周礼》中有“刑不上大夫”的原则,在这个原则上演化出了当时的诉讼代理制度,这是奴隶主阶级意志在司法活动中的体现。根据《周礼·小司寇》记载:“凡命夫,命妇不躬坐狱讼。”命夫指的是“男子之为大夫者”,命妇则指命夫之妻。就是大夫及其妻子,一律不亲自到法庭坐对受审,而派其部属或者家属代理诉讼活动。
Key words:Qing Dynasty Legal pettifogger Social status Latent mechanism
浙江方言
浙江方言目录概述语言介绍吴语徽语闽语官话方言岛概述浙江省位于中国东南沿海,东临东海,南接福建,西与江西、安徽相连,北与上海、江苏接壤。
东西和南北的直线距离均为450公里左右,陆域面积10.18万平方公里,占全国的1.06%,是中国面积最小的省份之一。
浙江地形复杂,山地和丘陵占70.4%,平原和盆地占23.2%,河流和湖泊占6.4%,耕地面积仅208.17万公顷,有“七山一水两分田”之说。
地势由西南向东北倾斜,大致可分为浙北平原、浙西丘陵、浙东丘陵、中部金衢盆地、浙南山地、东南沿海平原及滨海岛屿等六个地形区。
境内有钱塘江、瓯江、灵江、苕溪、甬江、飞云江、鳌江、京杭运河(浙江段)等八条水系。
最大的河流为钱塘江,因江流曲折,称“之江”,又称“浙江”,省以江名。
浙江历史悠久,文化灿烂,是中国古代文明的发祥地之一。
早在5万年前的旧石器时代,就有原始人类“建德人”活动。
已发现距今7000年的河姆渡文化、距今6000年的马家浜文化和距今5000年的良渚文化。
浙江春秋时分属吴、越两国。
秦设会稽郡。
三国时富阳人孙权建立吴国。
唐朝时先后属江南东道、两浙道,渐成省级建制的雏形。
五代十国时临安人钱镠建立吴越国。
元代时属江浙行中书省。
明初改为浙江承宣布政使司,辖11府、l州、75县,省界区域基本定型。
清康熙初年改为浙江省,建制至此确定。
浙江现设杭州、宁波2个副省级城市,温州、湖州、嘉兴、绍兴、金华、衢州、舟山、台州、丽水9个地级市,36个县、22个县级市、32个市属城区,837个镇、562个乡、212个街道。
省会杭州。
2003年底,全省人口为4536万人。
少数民族主要有畲族,17万多人,其他少数民族的人口都很少。
(本节内容参考了中国浙江省人民政府门户网站浙江概览栏目的资料)语言介绍浙江省的主要少数民族畲族也使用汉语客家话——畲话,因此,浙江全省通用汉语方言。
除了畲话和其他一些方言岛以外,浙江省的语言包括吴语、客家语、徽语、闽语、官话几种,其中吴语是浙江使用人口最多,使用范围最广的语言,也是浙江境内最重要的语言。
深圳平湖围头话音系分析
深圳平湖围头话音系分析(文学院中文系汉语言文学专业黄建全)(学号:2000011055)内容摘要:本文是一篇方言调查报告。
调查的对象是深圳市龙岗区平湖地区的方言——平湖围头话。
调查的方法是实地考察。
本报告内容主要分为三部分:第一、描述平湖围头话的音系——声韵调系统;第二、描述平湖围头话内部差异,分别从“墨点式”语音变化情况分析、从年龄阶层上的使用差异;第三、把平湖围头话与粤语(广州话)进行对比,最后推测一下平湖围头话的发展趋势,并导出相应的结论。
本文是平湖围头话音系的首次和首份报告。
关键词:调查报告粤方言深圳平湖围头话濒危语言教师点评:这是迄今为止对深圳龙岗区平湖地方方言音系所做的第一篇研究性的论文。
文章描述了深圳粤语——平湖围头话的音系并分析了它的内部差异,做到了语料翔实、可靠,分析精当,有条理,尤其是提出平湖围头话音系"墨点式"分布的特点,比较有创见。
因此可以认为这是一篇有创见,有观点,有内容,有材料的优秀的方言学毕业论文。
(点评教师:汤志祥副教授)平湖话也称之为平湖围头话。
围头话是属于粤方言区莞宝片区的一个方言土语,主要通行于深圳平湖镇、横岗荷坳村、上沙、下沙以及香港的新界一带,但是近年随着经济的快速发展,平湖话围头话的使用范围正在不断缩小,使用人数也正在不断减少,可以说围头话是一个逐渐趋向消亡的粤语地方土语。
因此,现在研究平湖围头话就等于是在研究一种濒危的语言,带有“抢救”的意味。
一、深圳平湖镇概况1、地理、历史、行政区划和人口平湖,地处深圳市龙岗区西北部,其北面与东莞市毗邻,其东面与龙岗交界,全镇面积41.8平方公里。
历史上平湖镇曾经是一个圩,始建于明嘉靖元年(公元1522年)。
据传当时该地区地势较为平坦,一无江河,二无湖泊,水资源较为贫乏。
出于对水的渴望,人们遂将此地称之为平湖。
早期的平湖包括伍屋围村、大围村、松柏围村。
因伍屋围村地形颇像一只螃蟹,大围村地形像一只蚌,松柏围村地形像一只虾,村民们认为这些螃蟹、蚌、虾均是水生动物,必须有湖泊才能成活。
桐乡方言Word
桐乡方言(杭嘉湖平原的吴侬音)中没有翘舌音,少有后鼻音,基本声调是平音第1声,少有仄音,有则一般为第2、4声,一般用在粗鲁、贬怨之气中,不如苏州方言那么软,不如上海咸话那么嗲。
现在的孩子从小就受打着浓厚南方方言的桐乡家长给影响下,官化了,很多新生代已经不会自己家乡的方言了。
我们桐乡话属于吴方言,吴方言通行于江苏南部、上海、浙江、江西东北部、福建西北角和安徽南部的一部分地区,大约有110多个县市,使用人口7000万左右。
到如今已经有1000多年的历史了。
渊源流长的历史使桐乡话显得既丰富多彩又耐人寻味。
在古语里面,白天就叫“昼”,所以有个词语叫昼夜不分,表示“昼”和“夜”是相对的。
那时的人们为了区分上午和下午,就把中午之前叫“上昼”,中午之后叫“下昼”,这种叫法就一直延续到今天。
由此可见,我们的桐乡话代代相传,不知已经延续了多少年。
除了上昼、下昼,桐乡话里还有很多词保存了古语的风貌。
火柴用桐乡话叫“洋火”。
清朝末年的时候,中国没有火柴,火柴是从大洋彼岸的外国进口的,那时候人们把外国人叫“洋人”,所以外国进口的火柴就叫“洋火”了。
由于当时中国是个落后的封建国家,从外国进口的东西还有很多,像柴油,我们就把他叫做“洋油”,肥皂就叫“洋皮皂”。
原来桐乡话里还有不少的辛酸历史。
从很多桐乡话里面,我们还可以了解桐乡的风俗习惯。
“吃豆腐饭”是参加丧礼的意思。
那么为什么把参加丧礼叫“吃豆腐饭”呢?因为以前我们江浙一带农民家里有了丧事,要把一具尸体从家里移到坟地去埋葬,是需要邀些村里的人、亲戚朋友来帮忙的。
但是由于主人家都不富裕,所以办丧事的饭菜比较简拙,以豆腐为主,因为豆腐不仅价钱便宜,还是白色的。
亲戚朋友忌讳说去参加丧礼,就说是去吃豆腐饭的。
我们的桐乡话是“土话”自然也融入了桐乡老百姓的智慧,很多词语还非常形象生动呢!缝衣针用桐乡话叫“引线”,膝盖用桐乡话叫“脚馒头”缝衣针的作用就是把线从这头引向那头,“引线”把针的功能说得再明了不过。
浙江平湖方言中的“来”字句
浙江平湖方言中的“来”字句结构助词“来”是典型的吴方言虚词,平湖方言中仍在大量使用。
平湖方言中“来”字句主要有三种表达式,包括一式“动/形+来/得来+补语”、二式“动/形+来/得来”和融合式“动/形+来+动/形+来/得来”,三种表达式在句法结构和语义表达上既有共性也有个性,相互之间存在着密切的联系。
标签:平湖方言结构助词“来” 句法结构语义表达平湖市位于浙江省东北部,与上海交界,邻近苏州。
平湖方言属于吴语太湖片苏嘉沪小片。
平湖方言中,虚词“来”使用频率很高,文本试对“来”的不同用法从句法形式和意义及相关表达等方面进行描写和分析,以求形成对平湖方言中关于“来”字句的较为全面的认识。
一、相关研究《汉语方言概要》将“来”看作是“得助词“来”“得来”是吴语中较为特殊的虚词。
来”的简化形式,将其称为后附的程度副词,并指出它们附加在动词后面往往还需要一个补语。
江蓝生(2000)对此提出疑问,并从汉语史的角度进行了研究,认为“来”是由动词逐渐虚化为助词而来的,其意义由早期的“到、到达”的实在义逐渐向表示动作的完成、实现和达到演化,在此基础上,“来”最终形成表示完成态的动态助词和结构助词。
与“来”相对应的是同样表完成态、又作结构助词的“得”,二者之中“得”用得更普遍,几乎没有地域限制,且沿用至今;而“来”则有时代和地域限制,“只是‘得’的陪衬,其地位无法跟‘得’相提并论”。
钱乃荣(2003)将“来”和“得来”归于副词,认为两者都表示“很”。
“来”原来是引介程度补语的介词,相当于普通话的“得”,如“冷来要命”。
而“得来”则是官话“得”与上海话“来”合成,用法与“来”相同。
值得一提的是,关于这个问题的研究,江先生与钱先生都以上海话为主要的研究对象。
其中,江先生指出,该问题的研究反映了吴语总的特点,“具体到每一个方言点,情况会有不同”。
通过对前辈所做研究的学习及将其与作者母语方言对照,本文认为平湖方言中的“来”字句具有其自身的特点。
嘉兴方言小搜集
• 一、课题的提出 • 二、资料搜集方法
• 三、我们整理到的资料(嘉兴方言歇后语、 嘉兴方言农语、俗语、童谣等)(可以使 用WORD文档进行链接) • 四、我们的结论
• • • • • • • • •
不知道—— 谁—— 小孩子—— 勺子—— 父亲和母亲—— 爷爷和奶奶—— 洗澡—— 闯祸—— 怎么办——
▲清爽冬至邋遢年, 邋遢冬至清爽年。
嘉兴方言生活用语
▲好记性不如烂笔头。
▲金窠银窠,勿如自家合草窠。
嘉兴方言童谣
新剃白白头, 勿敲三记触霉头, 本来要敲千千万万记, 现在辰光来不及, 马马虎虎敲三记。 一!二!三!
你会用嘉兴话说吗?
数量多——
凑热闹——
丢面子—— 什么事—— 厉害—— 睡觉——
猜猜嘉兴方言习惯用语的意思
过二勿过三—— 事不过三 挑绷绷,会落雨—— 大人嘲笑小孩
喜怒无常的话。
猪头肉,三勿精—— 比喻一无所 长的人
▲勿识相,请侬吃辣火酱!
▲哭出乌拉笑嘻嘻
▲面皮老老,肚皮饱饱嘉Fra bibliotek方言农语▲白露身勿露,赤膊变猪猡。
平湖方言——精选推荐
平湖⽅⾔⼏个词红头⿊脑⼦:形容醉态。
宿⾥宿塔:不新鲜。
着介:这样。
哭淘:以为。
脱⼿放舵:放⼿让⼈⼲。
⼗只落苏⼗个柄,⼗个⼈⼗个性。
碰饭篮:闯祸,撞⽊钟。
掮⽔浸⽊梢:上当。
⽊梢看似⼩,经浸⽔后特别沉重。
⽩脚花猫:喜出外串门浪荡在外。
传说⽩脚花猫天⽣性格,喜浪荡。
猪头三:缩脚韵影射“牲”字,即骂⼈众牲。
吸不通烟管:不通窍,骂⼈固执转不过弯来。
撒恭⽼头星:不可收场。
冷头牌位:⼈死后头必冷即骂⼈死⿁。
⽓刹猫:⼀种有盖的陶器,光溜溜地猫⼉⽆法偷⾷。
寿勃鸪:瓷器套筒⾷盒,有寿字花纹及花鸟图案。
鸟泥坑:⽪肤上的⿊⾊泥垢。
常码常情——经常、长久呒青头——不知分⼨五筋亨六筋——⼗分卖⼒哭出污拉--哭丧着脸五⿊能登——魁武雄壮异出百样——不合情理⽇五常遭——经常性异个路道——与众不同千⽇隔宿——很早以前厚脂纳得——脸⽪真厚想头刮脑——搜肠刮肚死活能吞——半死不活⼀落⼆五——端端正正狗⽪到灶——爱占便宜疙⾥糊涂——缠不清楚⽜牵马牵——推推攘攘异奇各式——稀奇古怪七张⼋嘴——七嘴⼋⾆挨⼀从头——按照次序哭出乌拉——⼀脸哭相从去⽩来——翻来覆去笑眉堂堂——满脸微笑鹅头鹅脑——呆头呆脑穷息福息——来势汹汹神智⽆知——不⽤脑筋⽕出兵崩——⽕⽓很⼤⾃说三道——⾃说⾃话呒赖细作——没事找事明清必博——明明⽩⽩杀死杀活——拼命认乎其真——认认真真祸及乒乓——抢前格勒施⽩——雪雪⽩⽩皇尽皇⼭——许许多多墨出洞⿊——墨墨⿊⿊园⾻能登——园溜溜碧⾥伏青——碧绿⽣青疑⼭到和——拿不定主意蜡擦焦黄——蜡蜡黄⼭痴不朝——傻乎乎⾎喷⼤红——鲜红牵势板登——拖拖拉拉急势⾓落——不停动弹舒全落⾓——全部完成细李刻⽊——过份细致吞屁臭——乌烟瘴⽓丑样呒势——难为情结格噜多——语⽆论次死⽊罗锅——笨⼿笨脚⽔浸⽊梢——吃亏事情半摊呒头——没有常性⿊铁摸托——⿊乎乎粗制朋亨——粗糙常码常情——经常、长久⽑⾥泰疏——⽑糙⽑刺麟钉——不光滑松勃捞槽——不紧密⽔出露滴——⽔淋淋轮轮搁搁——不平整什⾥果东——样样都有歪⾥斜⾓——不整齐亨朋冷打——全部脱⾥脱空——⽆凭⽆据上本扎经——⼀本正经稀⾥糊涂——糊⾥糊涂⼿脚劈脱——做事利索轻⾻头——不稳重吼天天——等不及插烂污——闯祸过开来——传染⼤劲攻——⼩事⼤做门份戏——⼀般塌⽪笑——⽪笑⾁不笑⽊兴兴——很多呒青头——不知分⼨原照旧——照常象不同——差不多滚车轴——进寡妇门⼤唛唛——不拘⼩节兑汤灌——换亲轻摇忙——轻活隔⽇⼦——那天呒数脉——没准数呒成码——没标准怕依蔼—是吗?趣来——很漂亮象意——满⾜劳会多——别太多叉⽓——看不惯挨⽪头——按层次懊糟——烦恼法边——过头、超越海万——不得了洋神舞道——不专⼼偶凑——偶⽽灰⽑泰驼——没精打彩划⼀——(突然想起)唷五筋亨六筋——⼗分卖⼒闲板——肯定三个成道四个块——结伙灵清——聪明瞎七弄咚——乱说仓脱——浪费嚎少——要紧⽯界——这样呒弄头——没办法民谣:1、正⽉⼗五着辣⼦:着辣⼦,着辣⼦,阿那⽥⾥出⾦⼦,别⼈家⽥⾥出稗草.2、"摇摇⽵头长,⽵头糜⽼<慢慢>长,同我⼀道(块)长."3、⼀⼤麦,两⼤麦,三三拍⼤麦。
平湖方言疑问句研究
平湖方言疑 问句研究
。 施 玲 丽
( 浙江师范大学, 浙江 金华 3 2 l 0 0 4 )
【 摘 要 】 平 湖方言属吴语太 湖片, 是 浙北吴语 中的重要一支。平 湖话 疑问句 与普通 话疑 问句一样 , 可分
为是 非 问句 、 特指问句 、 选 择 问 句 和 正 反 问 句 四种 类 型 , 但 结 构 形 式 有 其 自身 的 特 点 。 本 文 以 疑 问 句 句 式 为 框 架, 对 平 湖 方 言 疑 问句进 行 初 步 描 写 , 力 图在 一 定 程 度 上 揭 示 其 特 点 。
( 四) 啊里
以上 三例 中 , 例( 1 1 ) 是关 于人 的询 问 , 例( 1 2 ) 是 对地 方
处所 的询 问 , 而例 ( 1 3 ) 是对 时间的提问。但 “ 啥” 表疑 问并 不
“ 啊里” 在平湖方言 中通常用于询问处所 , 如:
是非 问句的疑 问信 息主要 由句子语 调或 者语气词 来传 达 。普通话 的是非 问句在结构上跟一般 的陈述句相 同 , 语调
变为升调 , 或带上疑问语气词 , 陈述句就变为疑问句 。普通话 中是非问句所用 的疑 问语气词主要有“ 吗” 、 “ 吧” 、 “ 啊” 。平湖 方言 的是非 问句在结构上 与普通话 相同 , 句式 表现为陈述句 形式 , 但常用疑 问语气词主要是“ 伐” 、 “ 啦” 、 “ 嚎” 、 “ 么” 。
( 二) 啦
带“ 么” 的是非 问句 , 疑 问语气较 弱 , 往往带 有求证 的意
图。 二、 特 指 问旬
特指问句是 由疑 问代词提 出疑 问 , 要求 针对疑问做 出回
答 的一类 问句 。疑 问代词 承担特指 问句的疑 问信 息 , 同时也
经典嘉兴话
嘉兴话好多都和上海话差不多,不过还是有只属于嘉兴的经典嘉兴话:错咖——(要求挑剔、过分)姿勒无勒——(话多)末冲——(呆子)茅康棒——(粪坑)时候\时间--辰光这边--格蔑那边--爱蔑再见--再会没有--嗯没逃学--赖窝小气--狗逼到灶脖子--头颈猴子--活狲咳嗽--呛摔--掼失火--火烧认生--扑抹生凉快--风凉娶媳妇--讨老婆脸盆--面盆老头--老头子奶奶--亲妈爷爷--大嗲外公--阿公外婆--阿扑女儿--囡五儿子---恩子手指头--节头管壁虎--乾龙、四脚蛇泔水--饭脚水脸--篾孔锅--垢子新郎--新官人新娘---新娘子傍晚--亚快边、亚来得锅铲子--抢刀小孩儿--小把戏、小人吵架--吵相骂打架--当巷当蜈蚣--百脚绳索--绳子玩--别相、白相胳膊--臂膊环子--圈脏--龌鹾、垃圾吃零食--吃零散厉害-----接棍怎么---哪哈舒服--夏衣、色衣很舒服----乱色衣洗澡----达哟小鬼--小句小过才女的朋友--小姐妹男的朋友---小朋友男女恋爱关系--朋友出事情、闯祸----擦来无干什么-----主啥打-----靠给------本拿---耐情人-----姘头丢脸-----太面子讨厌---戳起泡妞-- 俏大女追男仔--扎大男撬边--帮腔出去---册起学校---握堂热----捏死---西,撒特河道、湖泊---无刚但是,可是---别够开水----开(读降调)司铅丝---开(读第一声,平调)司你是谁--内撒拧钱--草票机灵---窝落,接令子恶心---泥心不要面子、耍无赖----fai(拼音)蔑孔毒头、寿头、阿污勒(就是256。
加起来十三点)草狗(与洋狗有区分,骂男人用)草鸡(是土鸡的意思,骂妓女用)另嘉兴专语草黄--嘉兴本地产黄酒、贤湖亭黄酒草啤--嘉兴本地产啤酒,银燕重叠是吴语构词形态变化主要手段之一,嘉兴方言的名词、动词、形容词都有重叠的形式,重叠后表示某种附加的词汇意义或语法意义。
先说形容词的重叠:单音节重叠后加“交”,表示程度弱化,在句子里作状语。
平湖土话教学大纲
平湖土话教学大纲平湖土话教学大纲平湖土话,是浙江省嘉兴市平湖市地方的一种方言,属于吴语的一支。
平湖土话作为当地居民的日常交流语言,具有浓厚的地方特色和文化内涵。
为了传承和弘扬平湖土话,制定一份平湖土话教学大纲,有助于保护和传承这一宝贵的方言文化。
一、背景介绍平湖市位于浙江省北部,是一个历史悠久、文化底蕴深厚的地方。
平湖土话作为当地的方言,是平湖市人民的日常交流语言,有着重要的地方意义。
然而,随着现代化的发展和城市化的进程,平湖土话的使用逐渐减少,年轻一代对土话的了解和使用程度也越来越低。
为了保护和传承平湖土话,制定一份教学大纲势在必行。
二、教学目标1. 培养学生对平湖土话的兴趣和热爱,提高对土话的认同感和自豪感。
2. 培养学生听、说、读、写平湖土话的能力,使其能够流利地运用土话进行日常交流。
3. 培养学生对平湖土话的文化内涵和历史背景的了解,增强对土话的文化认同。
三、教学内容1. 基础词汇和语法:教授平湖土话的基本词汇和常用语法,包括名词、动词、形容词等的使用方法。
2. 口语表达:通过实际情境的模拟和角色扮演,让学生能够流利地运用平湖土话进行口语表达。
3. 阅读理解:选取平湖土话的经典文学作品和民间故事,进行阅读理解训练,提高学生对土话的理解和运用能力。
4. 写作训练:引导学生运用平湖土话进行写作训练,如写家乡风景、家庭生活等,培养学生对土话的书面表达能力。
四、教学方法1. 情景教学法:通过模拟真实情境,让学生在实际交流中学习和运用平湖土话,提高口语表达能力。
2. 听说结合法:将听力和口语训练有机结合,通过听力理解和口语练习,提高学生对平湖土话的听说能力。
3. 多媒体教学法:利用多媒体技术,如录音、视频等,让学生更加直观地学习平湖土话的发音和用法。
4. 互动教学法:鼓励学生之间的互动和合作,通过小组讨论、角色扮演等方式,增强学生对平湖土话的学习兴趣和积极性。
五、教学评价1. 口语表达评价:通过口语对话和演讲等形式,考察学生对平湖土话的流利程度和准确性。
平湖方言
几个词红头黑脑子:形容醉态。
宿里宿塔:不新鲜。
着介:这样。
哭淘:以为。
脱手放舵:放手让人干。
十只落苏十个柄,十个人十个性。
碰饭篮:闯祸,撞木钟。
掮水浸木梢:上当。
木梢看似小,经浸水后特别沉重。
白脚花猫:喜出外串门浪荡在外。
传说白脚花猫天生性格,喜浪荡。
猪头三:缩脚韵影射“牲”字,即骂人众牲。
吸不通烟管:不通窍,骂人固执转不过弯来。
撒恭老头星:不可收场。
冷头牌位:人死后头必冷即骂人死鬼。
气刹猫:一种有盖的陶器,光溜溜地猫儿无法偷食。
寿勃鸪:瓷器套筒食盒,有寿字花纹及花鸟图案。
鸟泥坑:皮肤上的黑色泥垢。
常码常情——经常、长久呒青头——不知分寸五筋亨六筋——十分卖力哭出污拉--哭丧着脸五黑能登——魁武雄壮异出百样——不合情理日五常遭——经常性异个路道——与众不同千日隔宿——很早以前厚脂纳得——脸皮真厚想头刮脑——搜肠刮肚死活能吞——半死不活一落二五——端端正正狗皮到灶——爱占便宜疙里糊涂——缠不清楚牛牵马牵——推推攘攘异奇各式——稀奇古怪七张八嘴——七嘴八舌挨一从头——按照次序哭出乌拉——一脸哭相从去白来——翻来覆去笑眉堂堂——满脸微笑鹅头鹅脑——呆头呆脑穷息福息——来势汹汹神智无知——不用脑筋火出兵崩——火气很大自说三道——自说自话呒赖细作——没事找事明清必博——明明白白杀死杀活——拼命认乎其真——认认真真祸及乒乓——抢前格勒施白——雪雪白白皇尽皇山——许许多多墨出洞黑——墨墨黑黑园骨能登——园溜溜碧里伏青——碧绿生青疑山到和——拿不定主意蜡擦焦黄——蜡蜡黄山痴不朝——傻乎乎血喷大红——鲜红牵势板登——拖拖拉拉急势角落——不停动弹舒全落角——全部完成细李刻木——过份细致吞屁臭——乌烟瘴气丑样呒势——难为情结格噜多——语无论次死木罗锅——笨手笨脚水浸木梢——吃亏事情半摊呒头——没有常性黑铁摸托——黑乎乎粗制朋亨——粗糙常码常情——经常、长久毛里泰疏——毛糙毛刺麟钉——不光滑松勃捞槽——不紧密水出露滴——水淋淋轮轮搁搁——不平整什里果东——样样都有歪里斜角——不整齐亨朋冷打——全部脱里脱空——无凭无据上本扎经——一本正经稀里糊涂——糊里糊涂手脚劈脱——做事利索轻骨头——不稳重吼天天——等不及插烂污——闯祸过开来——传染大劲攻——小事大做门份戏——一般塌皮笑——皮笑肉不笑木兴兴——很多呒青头——不知分寸原照旧——照常象不同——差不多滚车轴——进寡妇门大唛唛——不拘小节兑汤灌——换亲轻摇忙——轻活隔日子——那天呒数脉——没准数呒成码——没标准怕依蔼—是吗?趣来——很漂亮象意——满足劳会多——别太多叉气——看不惯挨皮头——按层次懊糟——烦恼法边——过头、超越海万——不得了洋神舞道——不专心偶凑——偶而灰毛泰驼——没精打彩划一——(突然想起)唷五筋亨六筋——十分卖力闲板——肯定三个成道四个块——结伙灵清——聪明瞎七弄咚——乱说仓脱——浪费嚎少——要紧石界——这样呒弄头——没办法民谣:1、正月十五着辣子:着辣子,着辣子,阿那田里出金子,别人家田里出稗草.2、"摇摇竹头长,竹头糜老<慢慢>长,同我一道(块)长."3、一大麦,两大麦,三三拍大麦。
浙江方言
浙江方言目录概述语言介绍吴语徽语闽语官话方言岛概述浙江省位于中国东南沿海,东临东海,南接福建,西与江西、安徽相连,北与上海、江苏接壤。
东西和南北的直线距离均为450公里左右,陆域面积10.18万平方公里,占全国的1.06%,是中国面积最小的省份之一。
浙江地形复杂,山地和丘陵占70.4%,平原和盆地占23.2%,河流和湖泊占6.4%,耕地面积仅208.17万公顷,有“七山一水两分田”之说。
地势由西南向东北倾斜,大致可分为浙北平原、浙西丘陵、浙东丘陵、中部金衢盆地、浙南山地、东南沿海平原及滨海岛屿等六个地形区。
境内有钱塘江、瓯江、灵江、苕溪、甬江、飞云江、鳌江、京杭运河(浙江段)等八条水系。
最大的河流为钱塘江,因江流曲折,称“之江”,又称“浙江”,省以江名。
浙江历史悠久,文化灿烂,是中国古代文明的发祥地之一。
早在5万年前的旧石器时代,就有原始人类“建德人”活动。
已发现距今7000年的河姆渡文化、距今6000年的马家浜文化和距今5000年的良渚文化。
浙江春秋时分属吴、越两国。
秦设会稽郡。
三国时富阳人孙权建立吴国。
唐朝时先后属江南东道、两浙道,渐成省级建制的雏形。
五代十国时临安人钱镠建立吴越国。
元代时属江浙行中书省。
明初改为浙江承宣布政使司,辖11府、l州、75县,省界区域基本定型。
清康熙初年改为浙江省,建制至此确定。
浙江现设杭州、宁波2个副省级城市,温州、湖州、嘉兴、绍兴、金华、衢州、舟山、台州、丽水9个地级市,36个县、22个县级市、32个市属城区,837个镇、562个乡、212个街道。
省会杭州。
2003年底,全省人口为4536万人。
少数民族主要有畲族,17万多人,其他少数民族的人口都很少。
(本节内容参考了中国浙江省人民政府门户网站浙江概览栏目的资料)语言介绍浙江省的主要少数民族畲族也使用汉语客家话——畲话,因此,浙江全省通用汉语方言。
除了畲话和其他一些方言岛以外,浙江省的语言包括吴语、客家语、徽语、闽语、官话几种,其中吴语是浙江使用人口最多,使用范围最广的语言,也是浙江境内最重要的语言。
汉语方言概要
汉语方言概要中国七大方言概述中国七大方言1.北方话(简称:北语)2.广东话(简称:粤语)3.江浙话(简称:吴语):4.福建话(简称:闽语):5.湖南话(简称:湘语):6.江西话(简称:赣语):7.客家话(简称:客语):北方方言中国七大方言又称北方话,以北京话为代表,通行语中国北方地区各省区,贵州、四川、云南以及华中地区的部分县市。
北方方言分为四个次方言区:(1)华北方言,通行于京津两市及东北三省,河北、山东及河南六省。
其中吉林、辽宁、黑龙江三省方言最接近北京话。
[5] (2)西北方言,通行于山西、陕西、甘肃、内蒙古、宁夏一部分、青海一部分及新疆等六省一区。
(3)西南方言,通行于四川、贵州、云南三省及湖北大部分。
湖南、广西北部边沿地区。
(4)江淮方言,俗称下江官话,通行于长江中下游,包括安徽、江苏、江西部分沿江地区吴方言中国七大方言吴方言又称江浙话或江南话。
过去以苏州话为代表,现今随着上海市的经济发展,使上海话使用的人口不断的增多,通晓上海话也逐渐多。
因此现今吴方言的代表乃是上海话。
[20]通行地域主要是江苏省长江以南、镇江以东,南通小部分,上海及浙江大部分地区,可分为五个片:(1)以上海话为代表的太湖片,通行地域:上海市、常州地区、杭州地区和宁波地区。
(2)以临海话为代表的台州片。
(3)以温州话为代表的东瓯片。
(4)以金华话为代表婺州片。
(5)以丽水话为代表的丽衢片。
湘方言中国七大方言湘方言又称湖南话或湖湘话。
以长沙话为代表,分布在湖南省大部分地区。
湘方言从内部语音差异上看,又有新湘语和老湘语的分别。
[8]老湘语广泛流行于湖南中部宁乡、衡阳等地,新湘语流行于长沙、株州等大中城市中。
[1]赣方言中国七大方言赣方言又称江西话、赣语或溪语。
以南昌话为代表,通行于江西省大部分地区以及福建西部、湖南省部分县市。
因历史上多次北方汉人南迁多从江西为中转,家之地理上与江淮官话、湘方言、棚民话区接壤,就使江西省边缘地区深受其他方言影响,也导致赣方言自身特点被淡化。
平湖方言
几个词红头黑脑子:形容醉态。
宿里宿塔:不新鲜。
着介:这样。
哭淘:以为。
脱手放舵:放手让人干。
十只落苏十个柄,十个人十个性。
碰饭篮:闯祸,撞木钟。
掮水浸木梢:上当。
木梢看似小,经浸水后特别沉重。
白脚花猫:喜出外串门浪荡在外。
传说白脚花猫天生性格,喜浪荡。
猪头三:缩脚韵影射“牲”字,即骂人众牲。
吸不通烟管:不通窍,骂人固执转不过弯来。
撒恭老头星:不可收场。
冷头牌位:人死后头必冷即骂人死鬼。
气刹猫:一种有盖的陶器,光溜溜地猫儿无法偷食。
寿勃鸪:瓷器套筒食盒,有寿字花纹及花鸟图案。
鸟泥坑:皮肤上的黑色泥垢。
常码常情——经常、长久呒青头——不知分寸五筋亨六筋——十分卖力哭出污拉--哭丧着脸五黑能登——魁武雄壮异出百样——不合情理日五常遭——经常性异个路道——与众不同千日隔宿——很早以前厚脂纳得——脸皮真厚想头刮脑——搜肠刮肚死活能吞——半死不活一落二五——端端正正狗皮到灶——爱占便宜疙里糊涂——缠不清楚牛牵马牵——推推攘攘异奇各式——稀奇古怪七张八嘴——七嘴八舌挨一从头——按照次序哭出乌拉——一脸哭相从去白来——翻来覆去笑眉堂堂——满脸微笑鹅头鹅脑——呆头呆脑穷息福息——来势汹汹神智无知——不用脑筋火出兵崩——火气很大自说三道——自说自话呒赖细作——没事找事明清必博——明明白白杀死杀活——拼命认乎其真——认认真真祸及乒乓——抢前格勒施白——雪雪白白皇尽皇山——许许多多墨出洞黑——墨墨黑黑园骨能登——园溜溜碧里伏青——碧绿生青疑山到和——拿不定主意蜡擦焦黄——蜡蜡黄山痴不朝——傻乎乎血喷大红——鲜红牵势板登——拖拖拉拉急势角落——不停动弹舒全落角——全部完成细李刻木——过份细致吞屁臭——乌烟瘴气丑样呒势——难为情结格噜多——语无论次死木罗锅——笨手笨脚水浸木梢——吃亏事情半摊呒头——没有常性黑铁摸托——黑乎乎粗制朋亨——粗糙常码常情——经常、长久毛里泰疏——毛糙毛刺麟钉——不光滑松勃捞槽——不紧密水出露滴——水淋淋轮轮搁搁——不平整什里果东——样样都有歪里斜角——不整齐亨朋冷打——全部脱里脱空——无凭无据上本扎经——一本正经稀里糊涂——糊里糊涂手脚劈脱——做事利索轻骨头——不稳重吼天天——等不及插烂污——闯祸过开来——传染大劲攻——小事大做门份戏——一般塌皮笑——皮笑肉不笑木兴兴——很多呒青头——不知分寸原照旧——照常象不同——差不多滚车轴——进寡妇门大唛唛——不拘小节兑汤灌——换亲轻摇忙——轻活隔日子——那天呒数脉——没准数呒成码——没标准怕依蔼—是吗?趣来——很漂亮象意——满足劳会多——别太多叉气——看不惯挨皮头——按层次懊糟——烦恼法边——过头、超越海万——不得了洋神舞道——不专心偶凑——偶而灰毛泰驼——没精打彩划一——(突然想起)唷五筋亨六筋——十分卖力闲板——肯定三个成道四个块——结伙灵清——聪明瞎七弄咚——乱说仓脱——浪费嚎少——要紧石界——这样呒弄头——没办法民谣:1、正月十五着辣子:着辣子,着辣子,阿那田里出金子,别人家田里出稗草.2、"摇摇竹头长,竹头糜老<慢慢>长,同我一道(块)长."3、一大麦,两大麦,三三拍大麦。
湖州方言对照整理
湖州方言对照整理傻——哎傻了——猫特搞笑、疯癫、痴狂、不着边际、夸——荡虾——弯簪螃蟹——哈(音长较长,且按照现代汉语五度标音法,调值约为412,与上声相反)鱼鳍——花丝(划水)鳃——SAY掰翅膀——鸡挂火柴——洋火、洋莫豆(洋木头)划火柴、划炮的摩擦动作——比吃——切穿——扎斥责、责骂——吴小丫头——是(细)乌豆快乐——卡为胡说八道——哈三吴四(原应为“说三道四”的意思,但在话中当“胡说八道”用)揍——切桑威自以为是——老B仙人自行其事——子瑟子吴(自说自话)爬——补、喇(调值412)外行、不懂新式玩意的人——洋盘一无所知的人——把掰(白板)蜘蛛——疖子梁毛蝉——洋斯塔鸭——啊(去声)很、十分、非常——滥敲诈——拷做工(敲竹杠)门道——调门经干净——清爽家——屋里知道——晓得粥——作姑姑——娘娘、阿娘(娘字都为阴平)趋炎附势——挤斗门屋坎(扛大门屋坎)肩膀——鸡挂窗户——窗盘脏——龌龊门槛——屋坎酒席——句司青蛙——地址(田鸡)桌子——DAY子(台子)冬季——冬天功夏天——落夜里时候、时间——神光(标准的吴方言话翻译为“辰光”)以前、从前——个神光现在、目前——噶现以后、下次——梧桐后来——啊么类回家、回来——为灾脸——面空手——序额头——nga过头(话中“ng”也为声母,比如“我们”为“nga”、“牙齿”为“ngazi”)洗——打竹子——毛座午睡——困宗高、党宗高熬夜——KEY亚粗河流——GON池塘——DON败家子——扒噶精自暴自弃破碗破摔的人——拐特后扔——换砸——拐狠抽——掴瞎子——哈子、盲子高度近视眼——盲当和——搭给——拨着急、担心——嘿司急切的样子(贬义)——嘿哒哒比较——蛮傻子——癌包这样——噶(价)呆——莫惺惺笨——港笨蛋——港督厉害——接棍晕死——昏撒好——攒很——来的行的——类塞瘸子——寡夹,阿跷麻烦——鸡遭猴子——沃嫂学生——沃嫂子大学生——打沃桑猪——资鲁猪八戒——资巴嘎癞蛤蟆——拉嘎布畜牲——宗桑很多——莫落罗,叫怪这么多——嘎西度摔跤——拐高小青年——青豆盎鸡小女孩——西乌豆小孩子——细盎鸡,小巴西情妇——青嘎布生煎——桑嗨丝瓜——school 热——腻冷——浪吃——切喝——呼拉,撒,放——砸玩——别相打——拷吵架——操相目,相目窝囊废——焦货,青肚皮夜壶——哑乌热水袋——汤不自自行车——假大粗出租车——测资粗买东西被坑——卡泥子卡兔子可恨——色误色狼——没豆小气——母居打达(特殊用法)小噶吃洗澡——造哟,打哟读书——读丝肿块——得不溜体型——嘎英洗衣服——打衣桑大流氓——雷俗王心里添堵——挫气脑子进水——牵攒、胖系(碰线)睡觉——困高妈妈——木马爸爸——老豆子爷爷——阿嗲奶奶——娘母婴儿——毛毛好吃的零食——茫茫(声调阴平)坐下——把把(幼儿用语)——下下再见——八台(百坦);也可译为“慢慢来”的意思是——哎不是——弗(可能是古入声,韵尾短促)。
平湖方言对英语语音学习负迁移现象探究
摘要语言迁移理论长久以来一直是二语习得研究领域所关注的重要课题。
任何地区的方言都会影响这一地区方言使用者接受另一种语言,平湖方言也不例外。
本文首先通过搜集前人在吴语领域的研究成果,筛选平湖特有的方言现象进行归类;然后在语音学对比分析理论框架内对平湖籍学生的英语发音进行实证研究,旨在找出平湖方言和英语在元音和辅音及两者语调节奏方面的异同,着重分析前者对后者语音学习产生的干扰;最后提出相应的解决策略以减少平湖方言对英语语音学习的负迁移影响。
关键词:平湖方言;负迁移;英语语音ABSTRACTThe hypothesis of language transfer has long been the important part of the studies for the Second Language Acquisition (SLA).Dialects of any region will affect the natives' learning of another language, so does Pinghu dialect. This paper first collects the predecessors’achievements on the Wu dialect, screening and classifying the peculiar phenomenon of Pinghu dialect. By contrasting of phonetics between English and Pinghu dialect with numerous surveys, the author reveals the standard phonemes including vowels, consonants, intonation and rhythm, thus analyses and minimizes the negative transfer on English pronunciation acquisition for learners in the area of Pinghu dialect.Key words:Pinghu dialect; negative transfer; English pronunciationContents1. Introduction (1)2. Transfer Theory (2)2.1 Defining transfer (2)2.2 Phonology transfer (5)3. Negative transfer of Pinghu dialect (6)3.1 Contrastive analysis (7)3.2 Error analysis (8)3.3 Survey result (8)3.3.1 Vowels (9)3.3.2 Consonants (9)3.3.3 Intonation&Rhythm (10)4. Approaches (11)4.1 Solution to Vowels (11)4.2 Solution to Consonants (12)4.3 Solution to Intonation & Rhythm (13)4.4 Addition (14)5. Conclusion (15)Acknowledgements (17)References (18)1. IntroductionLanguage is the most important tool among people, and speech is the shell of language, no voice, one cannot express his thought in mind. Phonetics is defined as the study of phonic medium of language. Pronunciation refers to the way a word or a language is spoken, or the manner in which someone utters a word. If someone is said to have “correct pronunciation,”then it refers to both within a particular dialect. A word can be spoken in different ways by various individuals or groups, depending on many factors, such as: the area in which they grew up, the area in which they now live, if they have a speech or voice disorder, their ethnic group, their social class, or their education. Second language acquisition or second language learning is the process by which people learn a second language in addition to their native language(s). Just as the term itself suggests, the second language learners generally fail to attain native-like competence. Language transfer has long been a controversial topic in applied linguistics, second language acquisition, and language teaching for many years.Each language has its own unique pronunciation system, pronunciation rules, pronunciation habits, and different languages have different phonemes, then there occurs different stress, rhythm and intonation. When to learn a foreign language, learners would intentionally or unintentionally use the mother tongue as reference, so the learning of another language tends to be tedious as learners are subject to resistances derived from the framework of their first language. Pinghu English learners confront various problems in pronunciation due to the differences of phonetic systems. Therefore, a comparison of English and Pinghu dialect phonological system, along with an analysis of their differences leading to interlingua interference, is of vital importance in reducing its negative effect.2. Transfer TheoryLanguage transfer is the effect of one language on the learning of another. It is a pervasive term and this has led to diverse interpretations and research practices of it. With the last few decades, its importance in foreign language learning has been reassessed several times. Recently, a more balanced perspective has emerged in which the role of transfer is acknowledged and in which transfer is seen to interact with a host of other factors in ways not fully understood. However, there are still many theoretical and practical problems that attend the study of transfer.2.1 Defining transferTransfer, derived from the Latin word “transferre”, means “to carry”, “to bear” or “to print, impress or otherwise copy from one surface to another”. Transfer can also mean “the carry-over or generalization of learned responses from one type of situation to another”, especially “the application in one field of study or effort of knowledge, skill, power, or ability acquired in another”(Webster’s Third New World International Dictionary, 1986). The use of “transfer”in “linguistic transfer”is such an example. By linguistic transfer, we mean what the learners carry over to or generalize in their knowledge about their native language (NL) to help them learn to use a target language (TL). Here transfer does not indicate whether what is carried over is bad or good. This meaning from the dictionary shows that transfer is a neutral word in origin and nature.[1]1From the developmental point of view, the research on language transferhas gone through three stages:1. In the 50s and 60s in early 20th century, early behaviorism representative of empirical research is Erik (1953:135-150), in his study of immigrant's bilingualism in US, he finds that in bilingual environment, the contraction of L1 and L2 can produce transfer and mutual interference on voice, grammar, vocabulary and other aspects.2. In late 60s to early 70s, Chomsky throws down the challenge on the behaviorism epistemology of U.S. theory of structural linguistics and proposed Mentalism. Chomsky argued as follows: Suppose that the constraints needed for English grammar are not learned, suppose that they are somehow innate in a child’s language faculty. Then, since the child is capable of acquiring any language depending on its environment, the same constraints should be found in the grammar of any language and should be part of universal grammar. This hypothesis predicts that the study of English grammar can tell us things about French, or Japanese, or Turkish grammar, an empirical prediction.3. In late 70s to early 80s, transfer is considered as important strategy and cognitive process in the field of language learning which is influenced and restricted by many factors. In Odlin (2001:3)'s view, transfer just means the influence resulting from similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been obviously, and perhaps imperfectly, acquired. This definition thus suggests that transfer can occur at any levels, strategic, linguistic, discoursal, and pragmatic. Linguistics concerns, in overall, with the static structures within a language system. Viewed from the TL grammatical rules, certain NL-based linguistic transfers are found to coincide with linguistic errors. In this way, NL-based linguistic transfers are divided into two broad types, positive and negative. Positive transfer would facilitate the target language; Negative transfer, also known as interference, is the use of a native language pattern or rule which leads to an error or inappropriate form in the target language. In second language classroom teaching, a positive linguistic transfer is generally not attacked, but a negative linguistic transfer, almost to allinstructors, is definitely not recommended for the learners, since it is erroneous.Since English is a foreign language in China, emphasis on how to teach and learn it led to practices of linguistic and non-linguistic contrasting which have resulted in nearly 1000 articles since 1949 (Li, 1996). It was reported that transfers by Chinese learners of English occurred at all linguistic levels, phonetic, lexical, semantic and syntactic. The relationship between transfer and interlanguage was always at core concern. Selinker (1969) did repeatedly imply that transfer was one of the factors associated with the unique system of the learner language (Selinker, 1969; 1972). Then Newser (1971) addressed the relationship by discussing the concepts of an approximate system and plateau. To resume the line, Bickerton (1975) referred to interlanguage as a continuum, while Kellerman (1977) tried to characterize transfer in the learner’s interlanguage.Kellerman & Sharwood-Smith (1986) studied the exactitude of the term and tried to draw a distinction between transfer and influence. To them, transfer is not the same thing as cross-linguistic influence. Whereas transfer refers to those linguistic behaviors incorporated from L1 into IL without capturing other interlingual effects, cross-linguistic influence, on the other hand, refers to those L1 effects such as avoidance, L1 constraints on L2 learning and performance, and different directionality of interlingual effects. Wolfson (1989) analyzed how the transfer of speaking rules from one’s own native speech community influences interacting with members of the host community. She insisted that transfer mainly stands for the use of rules of speaking from one’s own native speech community when interacting with members of the host community or simply when speaking or writing in a second language. For Wolfson, sociolinguistic and pragmatic are interchangeable, and so are her sociolinguistic rules and rules of speaking. Then to Beebe et al (1990), transfer specifically refers to the learners’L1 socio-cultural competence in performing L2 speech acts or any other aspects of L2 conversation. Hence for Clyne et al (1991), “apologies”and “complaints”are pragmatic, while turn-taking discoursal. In terms of the scope oftransfer, Takahashi & Beebe (1992) held that transfer consists of both cross-linguistic influence and cross-cultural transfer elements. Kasper (1995) focused on pragmatic transfer and defined it as “the influence exerted by learners’pragmatic knowledge of languages and cultures other than L2 on their comprehension, production, and acquisition of L2 pragmatic information” (Kasper, 1992; 1995). [1]22.2 Phonology transferEnglish is the most widely used language as a communicative tool in the world. As we know, a language includes three elements--- pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. However, if one wants to learn English well, the mastering of pronunciation is the most important and fundamental, because the other two elements are realized by pronunciation. If the pronunciation is wrong, the spelling of a word will be wrong, either, and then the grammar will be out of rules. It will make learners feel annoyed and depressed and uninterested in English learning. Furthermore, if one does not understand rhythm, stress, and intonation, wrong meanings will be expressed, and he or she will feel embarrassed during the communication.In practice, transfer has attracted people of different academic backgrounds and led researchers to different interpretations and definitions of the term. Scarcella (1983), for instance, was interested in the transfer of discourse accent and believed that it is a reflection of ‘conversational features’such as forms and functions of conversational management.In discussing the phonological features of the learner’s interlanguage, Tarone (1973; 1976; 1978) contended that NL-based phonology transfers are partially responsible for the features of an interlingual phonology. Similar discussions included Ioup & Weinberger (1987).Empirical studies to sort out the mother tongue influence on the learner’s language were initiated by Newser (1971) who reported NL influences in the speech of some immigrant workers in the States. To follow up, Dulay & Burt (1974) conducted a case study comparing children’s learning in a first and second language.At the level of phonetics, Gui (1978) examined the differences between Chinese and English in terms of phoneme, tone, intonation, rhythm, and juncture. Fan (1982) compared the sound systems of the two languages. Jin (1986) considered the interlingual phonetic features of the Chinese learners. Chen (1987) focused on the sound pitch differences of the two languages. Wang (1990) conducted an experiment to detect that fluctuations played a cardinal role in distinguishing English and Chinese apart: English is prominence-related while Chinese tone-determined. Gong (1991) looked at the interlingual status of the learners in terms of Chinese influence in English intonation. Wang prefers to seek out the negative transfer phenomenon of Wu dialect .etc. All implied possible Chinese-based transfers in all these aspects into the learning English as a foreign language.3. Negative transfer of Pinghu dialectChina is a big country of various dialects; different regions also have different pronunciation system. English pronunciation differs a lotfrom Chinese pronunciation especially from the Chinese dialects. Pinghu dialect belongs to Wu dialect, besides the common characters, it has its own pronunciation features. Therefore, when to learn English pronunciation, there are two tasks: Learning the sounds and learning the proper pronunciation of every word that you're going to use. Here are two common research methods.3.1 Contrastive analysisContrastive analysis is the comparison of the linguistic systems of two languages, for example, the sound system or the grammatical system. Contrastive analysis was developed and practiced in the 1950s and 1960s, as an application of structural linguistics to language teaching, and is based on the following assumptions:1. The main difficulties in learning a new language are caused by interference from the first language.2. These difficulties can be predicted by contrastive analysis.3. Teaching materials can make use of contrastive analysis to reduce the effects of interference.The English language belongs to the Indo-European language family while the Chinese language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family.In English,there are in total of 44 phonemes including 20 vowels and 24 consonants. It uses different sounds than other languages. For example, the first sound in the word thin and the first sound in the word away are never heard in many languages. Reading an English word does not tell you how it is pronounced. For example, the words “no” and “do” both end in the letter "o", but they are pronounced very differently. English is so irregular that you should check the pronunciation of every new word that you learn.In Pinghu dialect, there are in total of 29 initial consonants (excluding zero initial consonants), it completely keeps ancient voiced stops, voiced affricates and voiced fricative initial consonants; it contains 41 compound vowels, of which pure compound vowels are plentiful, and also retains the fourth tone. There are in total of 512 basic syllables which make up with initial consonants and compound vowels. And there aremore than 1000 tonal syllables including 110 fourth tones.3.2 Error analysisError analysis developed as a branch of Applied Linguistics in the 1960s, and set out to demonstrate that many learner errors were not due to the learner’s mother tongue but reflected universal learning strategies. Error analysis was therefore offered as an alternative to Contrastive Analysis. It is the study and analysis of the errors made by second language learners. Error analysis may be carried out in order to:1. Identify strategies which learners use in language learning.2. Try to identify the cause of learner errors.3. Obtain information on common difficulties in language learning, as an aid to teaching or in the preparation of teaching materials.3.3 Survey resultThe author posted a survey asking Pinghu students what they felt were some of the more difficult aspects of learning English phonology. The author also asked respondents to read a list of words which were easily to be wrong in order to find the pronunciation problems. Comparing the pronunciation problems with the pronunciation system of Pinghu dialect, we find that most pronunciation errors are based on the negative transfer of the dialect. Kind thanks to those who respond to the survey. The following is what students said having the most trouble with: The difficulty varies between individuals, but generally speaking they all have hard time learning to pronounce the cacuminal and velar nasals, so the biggest difficulty is embodied in the consonants. And for the stressed words and sentences, they find it also difficult to deal with.By analyzing Pinghu students' recordings, coupled with references to literature to support these findings, the following comments can be made about these students’performance and the performance of Pinghu learners in general.3.3.1 VowelsVowels are sounds in which there is no obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from the larynx to the lips. There are 20 vowels in English,among which 12 are pure vowels and 8 are diphthongs.1. Most of the English vowels seem able to be found a corresponding sound in Pinghu dialect, but in fact there are differences between the two similar sounds; Students cannot grasp accurately about the tightness of the pure vowels and the length of the sound. This is because there is no distinction of tightness in Chinese compound vowels. Due to the differences in vowel sounds, Pinghu learners may experience a number of challenges, for example:(1) The mix up of / i / and /i: /, the two are front vowels. Students often pronounce "sit" as "seat"," grin" as "green" or even pronounce the two both as Chinese Pingyin “yi”.(2) /u / and /u:/ are two back vowels in English, / u / is not the short sound for /u:/.Students pronounce /u:/ as the Chinese Pinyin "wu" and / u / as the Chinese Pinyin "wo", that's wrong.2. The characteristics of low opening degree of the mouth in Pinghu dialect leads to the incomplete pronunciation of the long vowels and diphthongs in English. For example, students pronounce /ai / as the pinyin "ai",/ əu / as the pinyin "ou", / uə/ as the pinyin "wo". Also it's common that /ɑ: / be pronounced as / ʌ /, / ə: / as /ə/ .etc. Another problem is the transition of diphthongs is unnatural; /aʊ/ sounds like the pinyin "a+o".3.3.2 ConsonantsThere are certain sounds in English that do not have equivalents or near equivalents in Pinghu dialect. There may also be confusion between other consonant sounds. And for those phonemes which cannot be found in Pinghu dialect, learners have little ability to distinguish them.1. /θ/ and /ð/. There's no retroflex bite in Pinghu dialect, so students cannot pronounce /θ/, /ð/ correctly, the words thanks, there are always been pronounced as /sæks/, /zɛə/.2. /w/ and /v/, students cannot pronounce correctly the words servevoice .etc. According to the survey, voice is easily being pronounced as Chinese Pinyin[wɔis]. Actually, /v/ is a voiced labio-dental fricative consonant.3. /n/ and /ŋ/. As we know that there is no velar nasal not only in Pinghu, but also the whole Wu Dialect District, so it's evidently that learners will use /n/ in place of /ŋ/ and thus make sin and sing sound alike.4. /r/. /r/ is absent in Pinghu dialect so it's another typical difficult point for Pinghu learners. In English, /r/ is a post-alveolar fricative sound, some students pronounce it as Chinese Pinyin "r", and the two are similar,5. / ʃ/ and / ʒ/, / tʃ/ and / dʒ/. / ʃ/ and / tʃ/ are two voiceless palato-alvelar fricative sounds while / ʒ / and /dʒ / are two voiced palato-alvelar fricative sound. The author fined the testers try to pronounce the four sound well but still unsatisfactory. When to pronounce/ ʃ/, it sounds like Chinese Pinyin "xu", / tʃ / like Chinese Pinyin "qu", and / ʒ / mostly sounds like / ə / or Chinese Pinyin"u", / dʒ / like the letter "G" or Chinese pinyin "ju".6. /p/, /t/, /d/, students have no problems with those sounds when they occur in the beginning of a word, but when they are in the end of a word, students always artificiality add an /ə/ to it. For example, cut, bad is pronounced as /kʌtə/, /bædə/, /ʃ i:pə/.3.3.3 Intonation&RhythmChinese (including dialects) is a tonal language. This means that the meaning of a Chinese word depends not only on the phonemes which make up the word, but also the pitch and contour used when pronouncing the word. Pinghu natives pronounce every word separately, this leads to the stressed syllables and weak stressed syllables sound the same.4. ApproachesWhat is good English pronunciation? There are three levels of English pronunciation:Level 1: Using the wrong sounds in English words. People often don't understand what you want to say.Level2: People understand what you want to say, but it is unpleasant to listen to you.Level 3: People understand you, and your English is pleasant to listen to.Level 3 will be called good pronunciation. Notice that good pronunciation is not "perfect American or British accent". One doesn't have to sound like the Queen of England or the President of the United States of America, because there are so many regional kinds of English. However, the learners' accent should be close to the general standards.A good English pronunciation should sound like real English, being accurate and fluent.Here the author proposes some countermeasures in connection with the negative transfer of Pinghu dialect according to the survey.4.1 Solution to Vowels1. (1) /i: / is a front, long vowel, the mouth should be unrounded and tense when pronouncing. The pronunciation of / i / is based on the pronunciation of /i: /. The correct way should be: Narrow the corners ofthe mouth ,flatten the lip, do not cling the tip of the tongue to the lower alveolar ridge but close to it.(2)With the same idea, the pronunciation of / u / is based on the pronunciation of /u:/, just slightly open the mouth and slightly unwrap the lip.For Pinghu learners, a higher opening degree of the mouth is an obstacle when pronouncing a word, so Pinghu students should do more practice intentionally.2. There are 8 diphthongs in English. Diphthongs are sounds which consist of a movement or glide from one vowel to another. Students in the area of Pinghu dialect should remember: For all the diphthongs, the first part is much longer than the second part. Take /ai / as an example, only in about the last quarter does the glide to [i] begin. The loudness of the sound should decrease as the glide to [i] happens, so the [i] part is shorter and quieter.4.2 Solution to Consonants1. Students should learn to imitate from the real English pronunciation, doing practice again and again. Also tongue twisters can be a useful and interesting way to improve one’s poor pronunciation. For the sounds /s/ and /z/, /θ/ and /ð,/the difference is when to pronounce /s/ and /z/, the tip of the tongue should be closed to the upper alveolar, then force the air out through the narrow channel with friction. And to the dental fricative sound /θ/ and /ð/,the tip of the tongue should be placed close to the upper teeth, then hold the lips slightly open, breathe out the air through the narrow passage, making a fricative sound.2. The organic formation for /v/ is: Press the lower lip against the upper teeth, force the air to pass in a continuous stream between the lip and the teeth with friction, raise the soft palate so that the nasal cavity is closed. /w/ is a voiced labio-velar semi-vowel; it's easier for Pinghu students to pronounce. So when meeting the words contain the sound /v/, learners can face the mirror, doing practice, watching the different mouthpiece and always be careful of that.3. /ŋ/ is a voiced nasal consonant, the organic formation for /ŋ/is: Raise the back of the tongue against the soft palate to stop the air behind the closure, keep the teeth parted, lower the soft palate so that the air can pass through the nose and vibrate the vocal cords. It is important to realize that imitation is always the best and soundest method in learning pronunciation when coupled with an adequate knowledge of phonetic theory.4. Students should pay more attention about the phonemes which are absent in Pinghu dialect. The difference between Chinese Pinyin "r" and English /r/ is: in Chinese Pingyin "r", the tip of the tongue should be rolled up to the front of the hard palate, then flatten the lips, while in the English /r/, the tip of the tongue should unwrap to the upper alveolar ridge. In other words, the curl degree is lower than the Chinese /r/.5. The correct pronunciation method to the four phonemes should be: Protrude the lips slightly, place the tip of the tongue near the lower teeth and raise the blade of the tongue towards the hard palate, narrowing the air passage, cause a broad current of air to pass over the blade ofthe tongue with friction, only to remember that /ʃ/ and / tʃ/ are not needto vibrate the vocal cords.6. Students always artificially add an /ə/ after the sound /p/, /t/, /d/ unintentionally. The sound /p/, /t/, /d/ is located in the beginning of the word, so when to pronounce them, Pinghu students should use more strength so that the beginning of the word can be powerful and the end sound /ə/ can be eliminated.4.3 Solution to Intonation & RhythmBriefly speaking, intonation means the rise and fall of the pitch of the voice during speech. Rhythm is the internal law of language. It is the regular occurrence of phonetics in a given time. Rhythm in English speech is based on stress. It is, in brief, the pattern of regular arrangement and alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. English is not a tonal language; it does use intonation and stress. Every English word has a definite place for the stress and we are not allowed to change it, so stress is the core of rhythm. If we stress the wrong syllable, itspoils the shape of the word for an English listener and he may have difficulty in recognizing the word.English stress is free allocated, in polysyllabic words, the stress can allocate on no matter the head, the middle or the end or the word, and it’s very flexible.Students in the area of Pinghu dialect cannot use the linking very well, so the words sound “separate”. Linking is the phenomenon of joining words together without making any sudden stops. If our lips are round at the end of the first word, we insert a /w/ sound. For example, we write it like this: do all, we should say it like this:do w all.If our lips are wide at the end of the first word, we insert a /i/ sound: For example, we write it like this:I am, we should say it like this:Iyam. When a word ends in a consonant sound, we often move the consonant sound to the beginning of the next word if it starts with a vowel sound. For example, in the phrase "turn off", we should say it like this: tur noff. When to link the same sound, then the sound be a little longer. For example, in the phrase had-difficulties, the sound “d” should be longer.For the unnatural rhythm, the best method to this is using audiogram to record the sound wave. Different speaking speed has different sound wave, learners can make a comparison between the real English sound wave and his/her own sound wave, it’s a simple and accurate way to correct the wrong rhythm of speaking.4.4 AdditionIn the 70s in 20 century, on the impact of Communicative Language teaching method, there occurs 10 ways of pronunciation training: listen and imitate, phonetic training, minimal pair drills, contextualized minimal pairs, visual aids, tongue twisters, developmental approximation drills, practice of vowel shifts, reading aloud recitation and recordings of learners' production. These are reasonable and practical ways for general pronunciation correction.As we all know, language learning begins with the ear. So in learning English pronunciation, first of all, the students are required to listen carefully and attentively and to hear accurately stresses, stress patterns, tones, tunes, and phonemes. Students should firstly become a。
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几个词红头黑脑子:形容醉态。
宿里宿塔:不新鲜。
着介:这样。
哭淘:以为。
脱手放舵:放手让人干。
十只落苏十个柄,十个人十个性。
碰饭篮:闯祸,撞木钟。
掮水浸木梢:上当。
木梢看似小,经浸水后特别沉重。
白脚花猫:喜出外串门浪荡在外。
传说白脚花猫天生性格,喜浪荡。
猪头三:缩脚韵影射“牲”字,即骂人众牲。
吸不通烟管:不通窍,骂人固执转不过弯来。
撒恭老头星:不可收场。
冷头牌位:人死后头必冷即骂人死鬼。
气刹猫:一种有盖的陶器,光溜溜地猫儿无法偷食。
寿勃鸪:瓷器套筒食盒,有寿字花纹及花鸟图案。
鸟泥坑:皮肤上的黑色泥垢。
常码常情——经常、长久呒青头——不知分寸五筋亨六筋——十分卖力哭出污拉--哭丧着脸五黑能登——魁武雄壮异出百样——不合情理日五常遭——经常性异个路道——与众不同千日隔宿——很早以前厚脂纳得——脸皮真厚想头刮脑——搜肠刮肚死活能吞——半死不活一落二五——端端正正狗皮到灶——爱占便宜疙里糊涂——缠不清楚牛牵马牵——推推攘攘异奇各式——稀奇古怪七张八嘴——七嘴八舌挨一从头——按照次序哭出乌拉——一脸哭相从去白来——翻来覆去笑眉堂堂——满脸微笑鹅头鹅脑——呆头呆脑穷息福息——来势汹汹神智无知——不用脑筋火出兵崩——火气很大自说三道——自说自话呒赖细作——没事找事明清必博——明明白白杀死杀活——拼命认乎其真——认认真真祸及乒乓——抢前格勒施白——雪雪白白皇尽皇山——许许多多墨出洞黑——墨墨黑黑园骨能登——园溜溜碧里伏青——碧绿生青疑山到和——拿不定主意蜡擦焦黄——蜡蜡黄山痴不朝——傻乎乎血喷大红——鲜红牵势板登——拖拖拉拉急势角落——不停动弹舒全落角——全部完成细李刻木——过份细致吞屁臭——乌烟瘴气丑样呒势——难为情结格噜多——语无论次死木罗锅——笨手笨脚水浸木梢——吃亏事情半摊呒头——没有常性黑铁摸托——黑乎乎粗制朋亨——粗糙常码常情——经常、长久毛里泰疏——毛糙毛刺麟钉——不光滑松勃捞槽——不紧密水出露滴——水淋淋轮轮搁搁——不平整什里果东——样样都有歪里斜角——不整齐亨朋冷打——全部脱里脱空——无凭无据上本扎经——一本正经稀里糊涂——糊里糊涂手脚劈脱——做事利索轻骨头——不稳重吼天天——等不及插烂污——闯祸过开来——传染大劲攻——小事大做门份戏——一般塌皮笑——皮笑肉不笑木兴兴——很多呒青头——不知分寸原照旧——照常象不同——差不多滚车轴——进寡妇门大唛唛——不拘小节兑汤灌——换亲轻摇忙——轻活隔日子——那天呒数脉——没准数呒成码——没标准怕依蔼—是吗?趣来——很漂亮象意——满足劳会多——别太多叉气——看不惯挨皮头——按层次懊糟——烦恼法边——过头、超越海万——不得了洋神舞道——不专心偶凑——偶而灰毛泰驼——没精打彩划一——(突然想起)唷五筋亨六筋——十分卖力闲板——肯定三个成道四个块——结伙灵清——聪明瞎七弄咚——乱说仓脱——浪费嚎少——要紧石界——这样呒弄头——没办法民谣:1、正月十五着辣子:着辣子,着辣子,阿那田里出金子,别人家田里出稗草.2、"摇摇竹头长,竹头糜老<慢慢>长,同我一道(块)长."3、一大麦,两大麦,三三拍大麦。
4、弯哩多,弯哩多,阿里去?娘娘拉去。
去啥?吃枇杷。
枇杷船老一朵花,娘娘吃只歪枇杷,弟弟吃只好枇杷,舅妈弯个白眼屋子红吃。
5、公公长,公公短,公公头老套只碗。
6、蛛蛛斗,蛛蛛斗,共共飞。
7、摇啊摇,摇啊摇,摇到外婆桥.去做啥?去曲(吃)枇杷.枇杷开的一朵花.8、谈杜(傻瓜的别称)谈, 买只篮, 篮漏, 买只鸡, 鸡叫. 买只雕, 雕共共飞.9、(两人对话)笃笃笃笃笃笃外头拷(敲)门啥人?张波波李婶婶。
来啥?捉小狗。
小狗还未开眼,过贰日天再来。
(第二遍,之前的重复一遍,再说,小狗还未开食,过贰日天再来。
第三遍,之前的再重复后说:格只小狗不乖,捉去好哩。
)10、(两人对话)你姓啥?我姓王,啥后王?尺头王。
啥后尺?比例尺。
啥后笔?毛笔。
啥后毛?三毛。
啥后三?高山。
啥后高?年糕。
啥后年?年头老。
啥后老?老头子。
啥后子?朱八嘎。
啥后八?扒开动工吹喇叭。
11、着辣子,着辣子,田稻好来讨娘子,讨个大脚滥麻子.12、小河水,哗啦啦,我和姐姐采棉花,采来的棉花交国家,国家心里乐开了花。
13、一箩俏,两箩拨,三箩拖根叫花棒;四箩腹壁听,五箩挑担勿肯停;六箩穷,七箩富,八箩开个剪刀铺;九箩骑白马,十箩做个大干部。
(这是唱手指纹的)俗语:千日笛子百日箫,叫花二胡一黄昏。
(形容乐器学习难易的程度。
)落(la)学精,猪油炒菜心。
小和尚念经念勿来,油豆腐炒菜好吃来!(滥竽充数的平湖版)一夜勿困,十夜勿醒勿足训平湖人多念作“勿足兴”,错了。
意思是不值得作为典范或法则。
明·胡应麟《诗薮》:“君诗如风螭巨鲸,步骤虽奇,不足为训”。
扇子扇凉风三北童谣:扇子扇凉风,扇夏勿扇冬。
有人问吾借,要过八月中。
(网上看到上海郊区也有:“扇子扇凉风,扇夏勿扇冬。
偌要侬来借,等到我勿用”。
)汤滚也未六朝吴处厚《青箱杂记》:(刘烨)尝与刘筠饮茶,问左右云,汤滚也未?众曰,已滚。
平湖人称热茶为“汤”,喝点茶称“吃答汤”。
“也”平湖话音“啊”。
“未”“味”同音,念“米”。
“汤滚也未”用平湖话来说就是“汤滚啦米”,与我们日常用语发音完全一样。
平湖话词汇(2)(一) 气象、时间、方位表示气象状况的名词、词组日头(日读“逆”) 太阳雾露棚天大雾弥漫凌宕檐冰戗风逆风落霜结霜打霍险(或“打险”) 闪电空阵头响雷不下雨缸爿云鱼鳞云阵头(雨) 阵雨还潮湿度高, 物面凝水气蓬花雨毛毛雨表示时间或时间性状况的名词、副词辰光时间日脚日子茫茫亮拂晓早晨头(大清老早)清晨天亮边凌晨4至5时夜快边傍晚上昼头上午下(晏)昼头下午(下读ho)日中心里中午(日读“逆”) 黄昏头约晚上9 时豪稍赶快今(跟)早今天就口介马上明早明天后日后天(日读“逆”)冷生(霎)里突然间昨日昨天各乡现在前日前天晏歇歇一会初头上上旬百坦慢慢来月半边中旬慢慢焦慢慢来月底边下旬年脚边接近过年着末收稍最后旧年界去年(界读ga)老早老己历史上,早就前头介拉从前三日勿隔两经常长远很久本向本来表示方位、地点的名词里厢里面该带这里眼睛面前在前面一点点、立刻格头那里该面这边屋里家里(二)量词、代词、虚词表示数量和多少程度的词语几化(化读“霍”)多少扣卡扣长短、大小、斤两正好鲜褒秤杆翘起半当中、半中央在中间交关很多木老老很多一搭刮子、周身全部人称代词啥人谁伢、阿肯我们唔我那(读“捺”) 你们伊拉他们伊他、她表示程度、情况、承接的虚词越发更加偏生煞偏偏话勿出也许,可能乃(哪)么于是,这下长怕(怕读“扑”)恐怕齐头、齐巧恰巧格末(么) 那么搭和、同(三)婚姻、家庭、身份称谓和衣食住行指称有关婚姻家庭关系的指称做舍姆(产妇) 坐月子阿婆媳妇的婆婆大大祖父亲亲祖母伢(阿)公外祖父伢(啊)婆外祖母爷、阿爸父亲姆妈妈妈妈妈(妈读ma)伯母娘姨母亲的姐妹大姨(大读“度”)母亲的姐姐阿姨母亲的妹妹娘舅舅父阿巴姑母老太婆、娘子妻子人的社会身份指称小白西小孩学生子学生帐房先生会计教书先生教师衣、食、住、行等行为指称汰衣裳洗衣服引线缝衣针淘米洗米净菜洗菜精肉瘦肉油肉肥肉馅子(园子、包子等)内馅面疙瘩、麦块头水氽面糊块饭(镬)糍锅巴滚水开水下脚、下水猪羊内脏料作衣料或其他材料癞塌(癞读“辣”)龌龊、脏潮浴、汰浴洗澡汰头(脚)洗头发(洗脚)潮面洗脸长生果花生蕃瓜南瓜地婆葫芦、婆瓜寒豆豌豆树树米玉米调羹瓢羹、汤匙作者:sjpjjs2007-10-16 02:39 回复此发言2 【推荐】平湖话词汇(2)粢年糕打年糕摊镬糍烤糯米锅巴寮檐屋檐弄堂胡同、巷瞒弄堂死胡同灶脚屋厨房矮灶单眼灶、无烟囱出山学徒期满,事业有成做生活工作寻铜钿工作缉底纳鞋底回头解雇、回绝洋钿、铜钿、铜钿银子钞票吃得出生活过得去白相东西玩具吃勿出生活困难触霉头倒霉(四)动植物及有关实体物品的称谓动植物田鸡青蛙百脚蜈蚣癞狮、癞蛤蟆蟾蜍跌蛛蜘蛛乌鸡乌龟老虫鼠甲鱼鳖瘪虱臭虫猫如古毛毛五蝌蚪叫哥哥蝈蝈才结蟋蟀友飞虫萤火虫有关实体、物品的称谓天横头田边港滩头河边石帮岸石砌河岸(五)能力、品行、礼数交往对人的能力的比喻对能力的比喻来山办事能力强大好老好朋友拎勿清遇事糊涂、思路不清拆烂污把事办糟对人行为品行的比喻潦胚不上进,浪荡做人家节约烂潦不持家白相人不务正业硬头颈性子强蹩脚货好吃懒做,行为不轨勿上路朋友之间不守信用推板品质不好有关礼数交往方面的指称对勿住对不起大家娘舅常调解邻里矛盾的人搭讪头与人接触说话或讲空话塌招势丢面子促客占人便宜又尖酸刻薄烂好人不讲原则,一团和气摆噱头卖关子或逗笑搭界关系活络思路敏捷,办事灵活吃生活、掼一顿打一顿爽气干脆、大方跑得出、走得出相貌好寻吼势无事生非、无理取闹后生年轻趣漂亮讲刁话用尖酸刻薄的话挖苦人捉紧小孩漂亮又玲珑活泼讲风凉话事不关己,还讲大话疙嘴(嘴读“知”)说话结结巴巴促壁脚挑拨离间咬耳朵打小报告拉带胡子连腮胡节头官手指死人勿管不负责任脚节头脚趾(六)人的貌状、形状、情状人的性状与情状的指称火毛裂拉脾气急噪状假子假呆故作不知状发火发怒及出污拉急得团团转轻骨头亲昵或发嗲状活龙活现把事情讲得和真的一样哭出污拉装作可怜相希奇勿煞有点成就即骄傲和顺和气、舒服汗毛凛凛害怕状神之巫之醉醺醺闹猛热闹二、地方谚语(一)天气春雾雨,夏雾热,秋雾凉风冬雾雪。
夜里雾水重,明朝太阳红。
冬霜浓又浓,太阳红又红。
春东风,雨祖宗;夏东风,燥松松。
春南风,雨蒙蒙;夏南风,井底空。
夏北秋南风,多半雨来送。
冬天吹东风,雪花白蓬蓬。
早晨薄薄云,中午晒煞人。
月亮生毛,大雨淘淘。
九月田鸡叫,田里水滔滔。
小暑一声雷,倒转做黄梅。
雨打秋头,晒煞鳝头。
吃了端午棕,还要冻三冻。
(二)年景预测处暑里格雨,滴滴是白米。
冬雨麦命,春雨麦病。
夏天勿热,五谷勿结。
二月里格雨,网船上格饭米。
立夏吹北风,十个鱼塘九个空。
西风响,蟹脚痒。
菊花黄,蟹肥壮。
九月九,蟹篓抖。
蟹立冬,影无踪。
(三)立身处世端人家格碗,服人家管。
嘴巴甜,有人缘;手脚勤,有人情。
起早三日抵一工。
手滑塌有收场,嘴滑塌姆收场。
人穷勿攀高亲,落雨勿走高墩。
夫妻相骂常事,闲人插白多事。
船头上相骂,船艄上搭白。
若要好大做小。