Greek Thought 希腊哲学思想
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Greek Thought: From Myth to Reason I. Philosophy ----underlying the seeming chaos of nature were principles of order; general laws can be achieved by the human mind 1. The cosmologists: a rational inquiry into nature (1) Thales (624-548 B.C. ) ----water: the basic element ----omitted the gods from his explanation of the origin of nature ----first person to predict an eclipse of the sun
(5) Democritus (460-370 B.C. ) ----universe: empty space & atoms ----mechanical principles
Ionians: natural explanation for physical occurrences Pythagoras: the mathematical order of nature Parmenides: logical proof Democritus: the mechanical structure of the universe
rational reflection objective standards one’s life obtain moral values
regulate
True education meant the shaping of character according to values discovered through the active use of reason.
“ Man is the measure of all things.” ----Protagoras
(4) Merits and demerits merits:----examine political and ethical problems ----cultivate the minds of their students ----invented formal secular education ----broader conception of humanity: equality between Greek and non-Greek demerits: ----arose an intellectual and spiritual crisis ----encouraged loss of respect for authority ----disobedience to law ----neglect of civic duty ----selfish individualism
Acropolis
Parthenon
Phidias Athena
Erechtheum temple
Scala/Art Resource, NY
Vase
Black-figured
Red-figured
Sappho
Drama
Dionysus: the god of wine and agricultural fertility Choral songs and dances Thespis: the first actor Dialogue Fate or Destiny
The Greek Achievement reason freedom humanism
(4) Parmenides (515-450 B.C. )
----the founder of formal logic ----reality/cosmos: one, eternal, unchanging ----sense & experience mind & reason
----influenced Plato and the foundation of metaphysics ----religious implications
3. Socrates (467-339 B.C. ): the rational individual (1)Central concern: ----perfection of individual human character; ----the achievement of moral excellence
Aeschylus: The Persians
Sophocles: Oedipus Rex
The deeds of people Questions Available evidence In prose Herodotus: the father of history Persian War Thucydides: Peloponnesian War
The world of phenomena
Unstable, transitory, imperfect
important effect on religious thought
(2) The Just State: The Republic criticism of Athenian democracy ----human equality ----choice of leader ----danger ----demagogue individual soul: three major capacities ----reason, spiritedness, desire ----well-governed soul the structure of the just state the purpose
(2) Anaximander (611-547 B.C. ) ----Boundless ----matter philosopher
(3) Pythagoras (580-507 B.C. ) ----mathematical relationship ----shift of emphasis: matter sense perception form logic of mathematics
(2) Dialectics dialectics: a method of inquiry; logical discussion dialogue: the essential source of knowledge
4. Plato: the rational society ambitious goal principal concerns: ----the theory of Ideas ----the just state
pushed thought in a new direction made possible the theoretical thinking and the systematization of knowledge
(7) Hippocrates (460-377 B.C. ) ----Greek physician
----record
classify
predict
2. The sophists: a rational investigation of human society (1) the world of nature (2) professional teachers (3)Βιβλιοθήκη Baiduphilosophical relativism ----no truth is universally valid people and society
rulers soldiers producers
5. Aristotle (384-322 B.C. ): a synthesis of Greek thought organizing and systematizing the thought of the Pre-Socratics, Socrates, and Plato two great achievements (1) Critique of Plato’s Theory of Ideas (2) Ethical Thought: moderation “ Nothing in excess”
(1)Theory of Ideas two-world philosophy
Unchanging, eternal, absolute, universal standards of beauty, goodness, justice and truth
The world of Ideas/Forms
(5) Democritus (460-370 B.C. ) ----universe: empty space & atoms ----mechanical principles
Ionians: natural explanation for physical occurrences Pythagoras: the mathematical order of nature Parmenides: logical proof Democritus: the mechanical structure of the universe
rational reflection objective standards one’s life obtain moral values
regulate
True education meant the shaping of character according to values discovered through the active use of reason.
“ Man is the measure of all things.” ----Protagoras
(4) Merits and demerits merits:----examine political and ethical problems ----cultivate the minds of their students ----invented formal secular education ----broader conception of humanity: equality between Greek and non-Greek demerits: ----arose an intellectual and spiritual crisis ----encouraged loss of respect for authority ----disobedience to law ----neglect of civic duty ----selfish individualism
Acropolis
Parthenon
Phidias Athena
Erechtheum temple
Scala/Art Resource, NY
Vase
Black-figured
Red-figured
Sappho
Drama
Dionysus: the god of wine and agricultural fertility Choral songs and dances Thespis: the first actor Dialogue Fate or Destiny
The Greek Achievement reason freedom humanism
(4) Parmenides (515-450 B.C. )
----the founder of formal logic ----reality/cosmos: one, eternal, unchanging ----sense & experience mind & reason
----influenced Plato and the foundation of metaphysics ----religious implications
3. Socrates (467-339 B.C. ): the rational individual (1)Central concern: ----perfection of individual human character; ----the achievement of moral excellence
Aeschylus: The Persians
Sophocles: Oedipus Rex
The deeds of people Questions Available evidence In prose Herodotus: the father of history Persian War Thucydides: Peloponnesian War
The world of phenomena
Unstable, transitory, imperfect
important effect on religious thought
(2) The Just State: The Republic criticism of Athenian democracy ----human equality ----choice of leader ----danger ----demagogue individual soul: three major capacities ----reason, spiritedness, desire ----well-governed soul the structure of the just state the purpose
(2) Anaximander (611-547 B.C. ) ----Boundless ----matter philosopher
(3) Pythagoras (580-507 B.C. ) ----mathematical relationship ----shift of emphasis: matter sense perception form logic of mathematics
(2) Dialectics dialectics: a method of inquiry; logical discussion dialogue: the essential source of knowledge
4. Plato: the rational society ambitious goal principal concerns: ----the theory of Ideas ----the just state
pushed thought in a new direction made possible the theoretical thinking and the systematization of knowledge
(7) Hippocrates (460-377 B.C. ) ----Greek physician
----record
classify
predict
2. The sophists: a rational investigation of human society (1) the world of nature (2) professional teachers (3)Βιβλιοθήκη Baiduphilosophical relativism ----no truth is universally valid people and society
rulers soldiers producers
5. Aristotle (384-322 B.C. ): a synthesis of Greek thought organizing and systematizing the thought of the Pre-Socratics, Socrates, and Plato two great achievements (1) Critique of Plato’s Theory of Ideas (2) Ethical Thought: moderation “ Nothing in excess”
(1)Theory of Ideas two-world philosophy
Unchanging, eternal, absolute, universal standards of beauty, goodness, justice and truth
The world of Ideas/Forms