四川农业大学历年生物化学博士考题解答

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考博生物综合试题及答案

考博生物综合试题及答案

考博生物综合试题及答案一、单项选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 细胞分化的实质是基因的选择性表达,下列哪项不是细胞分化的结果?A. 细胞形态的改变B. 细胞结构的改变C. 细胞功能的改变D. 细胞数量的增加答案:D2. 下列关于DNA复制的叙述中,哪项是错误的?A. DNA复制需要模板、原料、能量和酶B. DNA复制方式为半保留复制C. DNA复制过程中,两条新链的合成都是连续的D. DNA复制需要引物答案:C3. 下列哪项不是酶促反应的特点?A. 高效性B. 专一性C. 需要高温条件D. 可调节性答案:C4. 光合作用中,光反应和暗反应的联系是?A. 光反应为暗反应提供ATP和[H]B. 暗反应为光反应提供ATP和[H]C. 光反应和暗反应相互独立D. 光反应和暗反应同时进行答案:A5. 下列关于细胞呼吸的叙述中,哪项是错误的?A. 有氧呼吸和无氧呼吸的第一阶段相同B. 有氧呼吸的第二阶段在线粒体基质中进行C. 无氧呼吸的产物是乳酸或酒精和二氧化碳D. 有氧呼吸的第三阶段在线粒体内膜上进行答案:B6. 下列关于基因突变的叙述中,哪项是正确的?A. 基因突变只发生在有丝分裂间期B. 基因突变可以是增添、缺失或替换碱基对C. 基因突变只发生在减数分裂过程中D. 基因突变一定导致生物性状的改变答案:B7. 下列哪项不是生态系统的功能?A. 物质循环B. 能量流动C. 信息传递D. 物种多样性答案:D8. 下列关于遗传病的叙述中,哪项是错误的?A. 遗传病是由遗传物质改变引起的疾病B. 遗传病的发病与环境因素无关C. 遗传病可以是单基因遗传病或多基因遗传病D. 遗传病的发病与遗传因素有关答案:B9. 下列关于生物进化的叙述中,哪项是错误的?A. 物种形成的基本单位是种群B. 突变和基因重组为生物进化提供原材料C. 自然选择决定生物进化的方向D. 生物进化的实质是种群基因频率的改变答案:D10. 下列关于生物多样性的叙述中,哪项是正确的?A. 生物多样性仅指物种多样性B. 生物多样性包括遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性C. 生物多样性的保护只涉及物种的保护D. 生物多样性的丧失只影响生态系统的稳定性答案:B二、填空题(每空1分,共20分)1. 细胞凋亡是由基因控制的细胞_________过程,对生物体是_________的。

考博生物化学试题及答案

考博生物化学试题及答案

考博生物化学试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 下列哪种氨基酸是非必需氨基酸?A. 赖氨酸B. 色氨酸C. 异亮氨酸D. 丙氨酸答案:D2. 蛋白质的一级结构是指:A. 氨基酸的排列顺序B. 蛋白质的空间构象C. 蛋白质的亚基组成D. 蛋白质的二级结构答案:A3. 核酸的基本组成单位是:A. 核苷酸B. 核苷C. 核苷酸链D. 核酸链答案:A4. 下列哪种物质不是酶的辅酶?A. 生物素B. 辅酶AC. 维生素B12D. 核糖核酸答案:D5. 细胞内糖酵解的主要场所是:A. 细胞核B. 线粒体C. 内质网D. 细胞质基质答案:D6. 胆固醇在生物体内的主要功能是:A. 构成细胞膜B. 合成维生素DC. 合成激素D. 储存能量答案:C7. 下列哪种物质不能作为ATP的来源?A. 葡萄糖B. 脂肪酸C. 氨基酸D. 二氧化碳答案:D8. 细胞呼吸过程中,电子传递链的主要功能是:A. 产生ATPB. 产生NADHC. 产生FADH2D. 产生二氧化碳答案:A9. DNA复制过程中,引物的作用是:A. 提供模板B. 提供能量C. 提供起始点D. 提供酶答案:C10. 转录过程中,RNA聚合酶的主要功能是:A. 提供模板B. 提供能量C. 催化RNA合成D. 提供起始点答案:C二、填空题(每空1分,共20分)1. 蛋白质的四级结构是由多个_________组成的。

答案:亚基2. 核酸的碱基配对遵循_________原则。

答案:互补配对3. 糖酵解过程中,1分子葡萄糖经过酵解产生_________分子ATP。

答案:24. 脂肪酸的合成主要发生在_________中。

答案:细胞质基质5. 细胞色素c是电子传递链中的一种_________。

答案:蛋白质6. DNA的双螺旋结构是由_________和_________两条链组成的。

答案:磷酸糖骨架、碱基对7. 真核细胞中,DNA复制主要发生在_________中。

四川农业大学历年生物化学博士考题解答

四川农业大学历年生物化学博士考题解答

生物化学历届博士考题1 名词解释:(1)Rnase /ribozyme:Rnase:核糖核酸酶,即水解核糖核酸的酶,是一种蛋白质;ribozyme:核糖酶,某些RNA分子具有酶活性,1982年Cech等实验发现四膜虫的rRNA分子在没有任何蛋白质酶的存在下,能切除自身的内含子,使两个外显子拼接起来变成成熟的rRNA分子,证明RNA分子具有酶活性。

为区别传统的蛋白质酶,对这种具有催化活性的RNA成为ribozyme。

(2)别构酶:酶分子的非催化部位与某些化合物可逆地非共价结合后发生构象改变,进而改变酶的活性状态,称为酶的别构调节。

具有这种调节作用的酶称为别构酶。

(3)抗体酶:抗体是专一于抗原分子,有催化活性的一类具有特殊生物学功能的蛋白质,它由抗原分子促进而大量产生,并与抗原分子间有结合专一性,这种专一性和酶与底物间结合的专一性非常相似。

因而,人们设想是否可以认为抗原分子能促使机体产生大量的新酶,并模拟酶与底物的过渡态结构合成一些类似物(称半抗原,hapten)对动物进行免疫,诱导出具有相应酶活性的“抗体酶”。

(4)拓扑异构酶:可以改变DNA拓扑异构体的L值(连环数)的酶,称拓扑异构酶。

拓扑异构酶有两类,拓扑异构酶Ⅰ使双超螺旋DNA转变成松弛形环状DNA,每一次催化作用可使L值增加1,反应不需能量;拓扑异构酶Ⅱ相反,可使松弛形环状DNA 转变成超螺旋DNA,每一次催化作用使L值减少2,由ATP供应能量。

(5)同工酶:指催化相同的化学反应,但其蛋白质分子结构、理化性质和免疫性能等方面都存在明显差异的一组酶。

(6)原级同工酶:多基因座或复等位基因编码的一组酶。

(7)寡聚酶:两个或两个以上亚基组成的酶,称为寡聚酶。

这些亚基可以是相同的,也可以是不同的。

(8)Km:酶反应速率达到最大反应速率一半时的底物浓度。

单位:mol/L。

(9)Tm:加热变性使DNA双螺旋结构失去一半时的温度称为该DNA的熔点或熔解温度,用Tm表示。

川农考研生化真题

川农考研生化真题

川农考研生化真题一、选择题1. 下列哪个酶属于转氨酶?A. 淀粉酶B. 葡萄糖酶C. 转甲酶D. 水解酶2. 细胞内最主要的能量储存形式是?A. 糖原B. 标准光合作用C. ATPD. 高能键3. 细胞膜的组成单位是?A. 磷脂双分子层B. 蛋白质C. 糖基D. 胆固醇4. 颗粒酶是什么类型的酶?A. 水解酶B. 氧化酶C. 氧化还原酶D. 转移酶5. 溶菌酶是哪种类型的酶?A. 双酶B. 转移酶C. 氧化酶D. 水解酶二、简答题1. 请简述ATP在细胞内的作用及其合成途径。

ATP是细胞内最主要的能量储存分子。

其作用包括供能、信号传导和调节细胞代谢等。

ATP的合成途径主要是通过细胞的线粒体内的呼吸链过程中的氧化磷酸化反应合成的。

具体过程如下:在线粒体内,通过三个酶复合体的作用,将NADH和FADH2在呼吸链上依次氧化,释放能量,形成质子梯度。

质子梯度促使ADP和磷酸形成ATP,并通过ATP合酶催化此反应。

这个过程称为化学耦合。

2. 简述细胞膜的结构及其功能。

细胞膜由磷脂双分子层组成,磷脂分子具有亲水头部和疏水尾部,因此可以自组装成双分子层。

细胞膜的功能主要包括细胞内外环境的隔离、物质的运输、信号传递和细胞识别等。

细胞膜的隔离作用能够保持细胞内外不同的化学环境,维持细胞内的稳态。

细胞膜通过蛋白通道和转运蛋白等途径,实现对物质的选择性运输。

信号传递是细胞膜的重要功能之一,细胞膜上的受体可以感受到外部环境的刺激,并将信号传递至细胞内内部,进而影响细胞的代谢和功能。

此外,细胞膜上的糖基可以用于细胞间的识别和黏附作用。

三、解答题1. 什么是DNA复制?请简述DNA复制的基本步骤。

DNA复制是指在细胞分裂过程中,DNA分子通过模板复制的过程。

DNA复制的基本步骤包括:(1) 解旋:DNA双链在酶的作用下解开,形成两条单链。

(2) 合成:在每条DNA单链上,根据模板的碱基配对原则,由DNA聚合酶依次加入互补的核苷酸,合成新的DNA链。

四川农业大学2010年招收攻读博士学位研究生考试试题-高级生物化学

四川农业大学2010年招收攻读博士学位研究生考试试题-高级生物化学

四川农业大学2010年招收攻读博士学位研究生考试试题科目名称:2080高级生物化学(总分:100分)适用专业:生物类、农学类各专业考生注意:所有答案必需写在答题纸上,否则无效!本试题随同答题纸交回!一、名词解释(任选做6题,每题5分,多选不计分;5×6=30分,)1. 亲和标记法2. 跨膜信号转导3. Ca2+-ATPase4. 蛋白质模体和结构域5. 蛋白质折叠密码6. DNA分子的拓扑异构体7. 离子载体8. 旋转催化理论二、简答题(任选作5题,每题6分,多选不计分;6×5=30分)1.双倒数法测定Km值的原理是什么,根据该原理推导出另外一个可以用来测定Km的方程。

2.从别构酶的结构特征入手分析其动力学曲线为什么呈S型?3.朊病毒是不是遗传物质?简述理由。

4.为什么His常被选作为酶分子活性中心构成成分?5.生物膜流动性的生理意义何在?。

6. 胞内第二信使Ca2+信号与cAMP信号产生和灭活的区别什么?7.简述酵母双杂交技术的原理和主要应用。

三、论述题(任选作4题,每题10分,多选不计分;10×4=40分)1.举例说明如何利用酶竞争性抑制的机理来寻找或合成控制代谢的药物。

2.举例说明运用抗原-抗体的识别的原理可以开展哪些生物化学与分子生物学研究?3.从DNA和RNA的分子结构和生物学功能出发谈谈为什么地球绝大多数生物选择DNA作为遗传信息的载体而一些病毒选择 RNA作为遗传信息的载体?4.什么是逆转录酶?为什么说端粒酶是一种特殊的逆转录酶?这两种酶各有什么生理意义和实际应用价值?2009年诺贝尔生理医学奖授予美国的三个科学家,他们的研究主题是“染色体如何受到端粒和端粒酶的保护”,谈谈你的感想。

5.阐述生物信息学的介入对核酸、蛋白质结构与功能研究带来的影响。

6.请设计一种获取细胞表面受体的方法。

(阐明设计思路和技术路线)。

生物化学博士试题及答案

生物化学博士试题及答案

生物化学博士试题及答案一、单项选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 蛋白质的一级结构是指:A. 氨基酸的种类和数量B. 蛋白质的空间构象C. 氨基酸的排列顺序D. 蛋白质的亚基组成答案:C2. 以下哪种物质不属于脂质?A. 胆固醇B. 脂肪酸C. 甘油D. 葡萄糖答案:D3. 核酸的基本组成单位是:A. 氨基酸B. 核苷酸C. 葡萄糖D. 脂肪酸答案:B4. 下列哪个不是酶的活性中心组成部分?A. 底物C. 辅基D. 金属离子答案:A5. 细胞呼吸的主要场所是:A. 细胞核B. 线粒体C. 内质网D. 高尔基体答案:B6. DNA复制过程中,新合成的链与模板链之间的关系是:A. 互补配对B. 同源配对C. 部分互补配对D. 完全相同答案:A7. 以下哪种氨基酸是必需氨基酸?A. 丙氨酸B. 谷氨酸C. 赖氨酸D. 丝氨酸答案:C8. 细胞周期中,DNA复制发生在:B. S期C. G2期D. M期答案:B9. 以下哪种维生素是水溶性的?A. 维生素AB. 维生素DC. 维生素ED. 维生素B答案:D10. 细胞凋亡的主要特征是:A. 细胞体积增大B. 细胞核浓缩C. 细胞质浓缩D. 细胞膜破裂答案:B二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 蛋白质的二级结构主要包括____和____。

答案:α-螺旋;β-折叠2. 脂质体是一种由____双层构成的球形囊泡。

答案:磷脂3. 核酸根据五碳糖的不同可以分为____和____。

答案:DNA;RNA4. 酶促反应的速率受____和____的影响。

答案:底物浓度;酶浓度5. 细胞呼吸过程中,能量转换的主要场所是____。

答案:线粒体6. DNA复制过程中,新合成的链与模板链之间的关系是____。

答案:互补配对7. 必需氨基酸是指人体不能合成,必须从食物中摄取的氨基酸,包括____、____等。

答案:赖氨酸;色氨酸(答案不唯一)8. 细胞周期中,DNA复制发生在____期。

四川农业大学研究生考试 生化试卷以及答案

四川农业大学研究生考试 生化试卷以及答案

四川农业大学——研究生考试- 生化试卷以及答案.《基础生物化学》试题一一、判断题(正确的画“√”,错的画“×”,填入答题框。

每题1分,共20分)1、DNA是遗传物质,而RNA则不是。

2、天然氨基酸都有一个不对称α-碳原子。

3、蛋白质降解的泛肽途径是一个耗能的过程,而蛋白酶对蛋白质的水解不需要ATP。

(错)4、酶的最适温度是酶的一个特征性常数。

(Km是酶的特征性常数) (对)5、糖异生途径是由相同的一批酶催化的糖酵解途径的逆转。

6、哺乳动物无氧下不能存活,因为葡萄糖酵解不能合成ATP。

7、DNA聚合酶和RNA聚合酶的催化反应都需要引物。

8、变性后的蛋白质其分子量也发生改变。

9、tRNA的二级结构是倒L型。

10、端粒酶是一种反转录酶。

11、原核细胞新生肽链N端第一个残基为fMet,真核细胞新生肽链N端为Met。

系(教研室)主任签字:任课教师:12、DNA复制与转录的共同点在于都是以双链DNA为模板,以半保留方式进行,最后形成链状产物。

13、对于可逆反应而言,酶既可以改变正反应速度,也可以改变逆反应速度。

14、对于任一双链DNA分子来说,分子中的G和C的含量愈高,其熔点(Tm)值愈大。

15、DNA损伤重组修复可将损伤部位彻底修复。

16、蛋白质在小于等电点的pH溶液中,向阳极移动,而在大于等电点的pH溶液中将向阴极移动。

17、酮体是在肝内合成,肝外利用。

18、镰刀型红细胞贫血病是一种先天性遗传病,其病因是由于血红蛋白的代谢发生障碍。

(对)19、基因表达的最终产物都是蛋白质。

+作为还原NADPH+H20、脂肪酸的从头合成需要反应的供氢体。

每(请将正确答案填在答题框内。

二、单项选择题分)分,共30题1+)、NAD在酶促反应中转移( 1、氢原子、羧基、氧原子 C D B、氨基A。

)、参与转录的酶是(2系(教研室)主任签字:任课教师:聚的DNA聚B、依赖DNA A、依赖DNA的RNA合酶合酶聚RNAD、依赖RNA的C、依赖RNA的DNA聚合酶合酶。

川农大854生物化学

川农大854生物化学

四川农业大学2015年招收攻读硕士学位研究生考试试题科目名称:854生物化学(总分:150分)一、判断题(每小题1.5分,共30分)1.原核生物核糖体中大亚基16S rRNA存在能识别RNA聚合酶的SD序列。

2.基因表达的终产物不都是蛋白质。

3.蛋白质降解的泛肽途径是一个耗能过程,蛋白酶的水解作用不需要ATP4.蛋白质在盐溶液中沉淀与蛋白质的变性存在着必然关系。

5.糖异生过程就是由相同的一批酶经过糖酵解过程的逆转。

6.全酶中的酶蛋白决定催化反应酶的专一性和高效性。

7.Km即米氏常数,是酶的特征性常数,与底物浓度、pH和离子强度无关。

8.非竞争性抑制作用与底物不可能竞争酶的同一部位。

9.同工酶是指一种酶具有几种功能。

10.一般来讲,从DNA可以推断出三联体密码子;相反,从密码子也可以毫无疑问的推断出DNA中的碱基顺序。

11.DNA是遗传物质,而RNA不是遗传物质。

12.NADH经过苹果酸穿梭系统,产生的P/O是1.513.DNA复制过程中,前导链是连续合成的,延伸方向是5,→3,;滞后链的合成是不连续的,延伸方向是3,→5,14.对于每一个氨基酸而言,只有一种氨酰-tRNA合成酶对其识别。

15.DNA的损伤修复能够将损伤部位彻底修复。

16.蛋白质在小于其等电点的pH中,向阳极移动;而在大于等电点的pH溶液中,将向阴极移动。

17.原核生物中新合成的多肽链N端第一个氨基酸是fMet,真核生物中新合成的多肽链N端第一个氨基酸是Met18.磷酸戊糖途径中合成的6-磷酸葡萄糖直接脱氢脱羧,不必经过糖酵解和三羧酸途径就能彻底分解。

19.DNA聚合酶和RNA聚合酶的作用都需要引物。

20.端粒酶是RNA和蛋白质的聚合酶,能够以RNA为模板以蛋白质催化反应。

所以从广义上讲,端粒酶也是一种逆转录酶。

二、单项选择题(每小题2分,共30分)1.磺胺类药物具有抑菌作用的机理是()A.抑制RNA转录B.抑制DNA复制C.抑制酶活性D.2.Km可以用来度量()A.酶与底物的亲和力B.酶活性C.酶促反应速度D.3.在糖酵解过程中,下列酶()参与的反应是非限速反应A.己糖激酶B.丙酮酸激酶C.磷酸果糖激酶D.磷酸葡萄糖异构酶4.破坏蛋白质α-螺旋的氨基酸残基之一是()A. B.甘氨酸 C.脯氨酸 D.5.下列反应,不再线粒体内的是()A.脂肪酸β氧化 B、三羧酸循环 C、氧化磷酸化D、糖酵解6.大肠杆菌DNA复制需要(1)DNA聚合酶Ⅲ(2)解链蛋白(3)DNA聚合酶Ⅰ(4)DNA指导的RNA聚合酶(5)DNA连接酶参加。

川农生化854考研简答论述真题

川农生化854考研简答论述真题

四川农业大学2001至2015考研真题简答题及论述题20151.简述蛋白质三级结构形成的特点2.列举细胞内乙酰CoA的代谢去向3.请写出米氏方程,并说明米氏常数的物理化学意义。

已知某酶的K m为0.05mol/L,要使此酶所催化的反应速度大道最大反应速度的80%的底物浓度为多少?4.剧烈运动后肌肉酸痛的生化基础是什么?5.大多数蛋白质在280nm具有特征吸收峰的生化基础是什么?6.请阐述维生素B族缺乏如何通过酶来影响糖代谢的分子机制7.写出天冬氨酸在体内彻底氧化成CO2和H2O的反应历程,注明催化反应的酶及其辅酶,并计算分解产生的ATP摩尔数8.DNA双螺旋有什么基本特点?这些特点能解释哪些最重要的生命现象?9.论述在DNA复制,转录以及多肽链的翻译过程中,通过什么样的措施来保证信息传递的忠实性?10.在pH6.5的α-酮戊二酸和丙酮酸混合液中,加入适量的新鲜猪肝匀浆后与37℃水浴中保温30min,煮沸后蛋白质发生沉淀,将上清液滴在层析滤纸上,层析结束后茚三酮显示出两个斑。

这两个斑是什么物质,其原因是什么?说明发生这种现象的原理是什么?201411.什么是ATP?ATP的生物学功能12.简述中心法则的主要内容13.真核生物mRNA的结构特点?14.解释盐析法沉淀蛋白质的基本原理15.酶作为生物催化剂其作用特点是什么?16.为什么人摄入过多的糖容易发胖?17.乙酰CoA进入代谢的途径有哪些?同2?18.DNA是怎样保持复制的高度真实性?同919.关于碱基互补配对的题20.以细胞色素C为例,简述同源蛋白质一级结构与分子进化的关系21.在DNA分离纯化中,十二烷基磺酸钠,1mol/L的氯化钠,氯仿-异丙醇,95%的乙醇,EDTA,柠檬酸在分离纯化中的作用各是什么?若OD260比上OD280小于1.8,说明纯度如何?(以DNA的分离纯化为例,阐述生物大分子分离纯化的基本原则)22.糖酵解和糖异生作用的关系,二者之间是通过什么样的方式来协同调节的?这种调节方式有什么生理意义?2013版本123.可逆性抑制剂有哪些类别?说明异同/特点(大致是这个意思)24.简述α-螺旋的特点25.简述化学渗透假说的内容(大致是这意思)P24326.DNA合成的高度准确性是如何实现的?同9,1827.什么是遗传密码?有哪些特征?(大致是这意思)28.请描述细胞转运无机离子的原理。

博士生物化学试题及答案

博士生物化学试题及答案

博士生物化学试题及答案一、单项选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 蛋白质的一级结构是指:A. 蛋白质的三维结构B. 蛋白质的氨基酸序列C. 蛋白质的二级结构D. 蛋白质的四级结构答案:B2. 下列哪种物质不属于核酸?A. DNAB. RNAC. 蛋白质D. 核苷酸答案:C3. 细胞呼吸的主要场所是:A. 细胞核B. 线粒体C. 内质网D. 高尔基体答案:B4. 下列哪种酶在DNA复制过程中起作用?A. 限制性内切酶B. 反转录酶C. DNA聚合酶D. 核糖体酶答案:C5. 细胞周期中,DNA复制发生在哪个阶段?A. G1期B. S期C. G2期D. M期答案:B6. 以下哪种物质是细胞膜的主要成分?A. 蛋白质B. 脂质C. 碳水化合物D. 核酸答案:B7. 细胞凋亡是由以下哪种信号触发的?A. 细胞外信号B. 细胞内信号C. 细胞核信号D. 细胞膜信号答案:B8. 以下哪种物质不是细胞色素?A. 细胞色素CB. 细胞色素P450C. 细胞色素AD. 细胞色素B答案:C9. 以下哪种物质不是糖酵解的中间产物?A. 葡萄糖-6-磷酸B. 果糖-1,6-二磷酸C. 丙酮酸D. 柠檬酸答案:D10. 以下哪种维生素是辅酶A的组成部分?A. 维生素AB. 维生素B1C. 维生素B2D. 维生素B5答案:D二、简答题(每题10分,共40分)1. 描述细胞呼吸过程中的三个主要阶段,并说明每个阶段的主要反应。

答案:细胞呼吸过程主要分为三个阶段:糖酵解、柠檬酸循环和电子传递链。

糖酵解发生在细胞质中,将葡萄糖分解成两个丙酮酸分子,同时产生少量ATP和NADH。

柠檬酸循环发生在线粒体基质中,丙酮酸被转化为乙酰辅酶A,然后进入循环,产生二氧化碳、NADH、FADH2和少量ATP。

电子传递链发生在线粒体内膜上,NADH和FADH2将电子传递给一系列电子载体,最终电子传递给氧气,产生大量的ATP。

2. 什么是基因表达调控?请简述其在细胞中的作用。

川农1212基础生物化学复习题及答案

川农1212基础生物化学复习题及答案

川农1212根底生物化学复习题及答案根底生物化学复习题一、名词解释题蛋白质的三级结构参考答案:多肽键在二级结构的根底上,通过侧链基团的相互作用进一步卷曲折叠,借助次级键维系使α-螺旋、β-折叠片、β-转角等二级结构相互配置而形成特定的构象。

三级结构的形成使肽链中所有的原子都到达空间上的重新排布。

DNA半保存复制参考答案:DNA在复制时,两条链解开分别作为模板,在DNA聚合酶的催化下按碱基互补的原那么合成两条与模板链互补的新链,以组成新的DNA分子。

这样新形成的两个DNA分子与亲代DNA分子的碱基顺序完全一样。

由于子代DNA分子中一条链来自亲代,另一条链是新合成的,这种复制方式称为半保存复制。

同工酶参考答案:存在于同一种属或不同种属,同一个体的不同组织或同一组织、同一细胞,具有不同分子形式但却能催化相同的化学反响的一组酶,称之为同工酶〔isoenzyme〕。

呼吸链参考答案:线粒体基质是呼吸底物氧化的场所,底物在这里氧化所产生的NADH 和FADH2将质子和电子转移到内膜的载体上,经过一系列氢载体和电子载体的传递,最后传递给O2生成H2O。

这种由载体组成的电子传递系统称电子传递链〔eclctron transfer chain),因为其功能和呼吸作用直接相关,亦称为呼吸链转氨基作用参考答案:在转氨酶的催化下,α-氨基酸的氨基转移到α-酮酸的酮基碳原子上,结果原来的α-氨基酸生成相应的α-酮酸,而原来的α-酮酸那么形成了相应的α-氨基酸,这种作用称为转氨基作用或氨基移换作用。

核酸的变性与复性参考答案:变性:在物理、化学因素影响下,DNA碱基对间的氢键断裂,双螺旋解开,这是一个是跃变过程,伴有A260增加〔增色效应〕,DNA的功能丧失。

复性:在一定条件下,变性DNA 单链间碱基重新配对恢复双螺旋结构,伴有A260减小〔减色效应〕,DNA的功能恢复。

氧化磷酸化参考答案:代谢物在生物氧化过程中释放出的自由能用于合成ATP〔即ADP+Pi →ATP〕,这种氧化放能和ATP生成〔磷酸化〕相偶联的过程称氧化磷酸化。

生物化学考博试题及答案

生物化学考博试题及答案

生物化学考博试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 蛋白质分子中,哪种氨基酸残基含有芳香环?A. 丙氨酸B. 色氨酸C. 亮氨酸D. 谷氨酸答案:B2. 下列哪种酶属于限制性核酸内切酶?A. 反转录酶B. DNA聚合酶C. 限制性核酸内切酶D. 核糖核酸酶答案:C3. 哪种维生素是辅酶A的组成成分?A. 维生素AB. 维生素B1C. 维生素B2D. 泛酸答案:D4. 细胞色素c属于哪一类蛋白质?A. 结构蛋白B. 调节蛋白C. 运输蛋白D. 酶蛋白答案:D5. 哪种化合物是DNA复制的引物?A. ATPB. dNTPC. RNA引物D. 蛋白质引物答案:C6. 哪种物质是细胞内能量的主要储存形式?A. ATPB. 葡萄糖C. 糖原D. 脂肪答案:D7. 下列哪种氨基酸是非必需氨基酸?A. 赖氨酸B. 色氨酸C. 丙氨酸D. 蛋氨酸答案:C8. 哪种物质是细胞膜的主要成分?A. 蛋白质B. 核酸C. 脂质D. 碳水化合物答案:C9. 哪种物质是DNA聚合酶的底物?A. dNTPB. rNTPC. ATPD. GTP答案:A10. 下列哪种物质是细胞呼吸的主要产物?A. 二氧化碳B. 乳酸C. 乙醇D. 丙酮酸答案:A二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 蛋白质的一级结构是指______。

答案:氨基酸的线性排列顺序2. 核酸的基本单位是______。

答案:核苷酸3. 脂肪酸的合成主要发生在______。

答案:细胞质4. 细胞色素系统是______的第三阶段。

答案:电子传递链5. 糖酵解的主要产物是______。

答案:丙酮酸和ATP6. 细胞膜上的受体蛋白主要负责______。

答案:信号转导7. 维生素D的活性形式是______。

答案:1,25-二羟维生素D38. 真核细胞中,DNA复制的主要场所是______。

答案:细胞核9. 细胞周期中,DNA复制发生在______。

答案:S期10. 蛋白质合成的主要场所是______。

四川农业大学2003年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题-生物化学

四川农业大学2003年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题-生物化学

四川农业大学2003年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题科目名称:280生物化学(总分:100分)适用专业:各专业考生注意:答案必需写在答题纸上,否则无效!本试题随同答题纸交回!一、单项选择题:(1×16=16分)1.协同效应的结构基础是:a.蛋白质分子的缔合b.蛋白质的别构作用c.蛋白质分子被激活d.蛋白质的变性作用2. 有一个蛋白质样品,经SDS-PAGE及不连续PAGE检查均显一条带;N端分析及C 端分析说明它只有一个端基;等电聚焦电泳中呈现一深一浅的两条带。

一般情况下,这蛋白质样品最可能是:a. 样品不纯b. 样品呈微不均一性c. 样品由几种大小不同的亚基组成3.酶反应速度对底物浓度作图,当底物浓度达一定程度时,得到的是零级反应,对此最恰当的解释是:a.形变底物与酶产生不可逆结合b.酶与未形变底物形成复合物c.酶的活性部位为底物所饱和d.过多底物与酶发生不利于催化反应的结合4.基因有两条链,与mRNA序列相同(T代替U)的链叫作:a.有义链b.反义链c.重链d.cDNA链5.端粒酶是一种:a.限制性内切酶b.反转录酶c.RNA聚合酶d.肽酰转移酶6.甾醇类激素容易通过靶细胞膜,是由于它:a.与膜受体有高度亲和力b.分子的亲水性强c.分子上有羟基结合d.自身是脂溶性的7.通常使用哪一种试剂测定多肽链的氨基末端?还有2,4-二硝基甲苯(Sanger法),二者都是氨基的烃基化反应)a. CNBrb. 苯异硫氰酸酯(Edman法)c. 6mol/LHCld. 胰蛋白酶8.在接近中性pH的条件,下列哪种基团既可为H+的受体,也可为H+的供体?a. His-咪唑基b. Lys- -氨基c. Arg-胍基d. Cys-巯基9.一个速度对底物浓度作图有S型曲线的酶:a.肯定是别构酶b.不是别构酶c.不一定是别构酶10.寡聚脱氧胸苷酸(oligo dT)纤维素柱层析分离mRNA是属于:a.分配层析b.离子交换层析c.亲和层析d.高压液相层析11.以下哪一个是正确的a. 线粒体内膜对H+离子没有通透性b. 线粒体内膜能通透H+离子由内向外c. 线粒体内膜能通透H+离子由外向内d. 线粒体内膜能自由通透H+离子12.目前已经知道某种金属离子在细胞信号传导行使细胞功能时起十分重要作用,它是:a. Na+b. K+c.Ca2+d.Mg2+13.腺苷酸环化酶存在于:a.内质网膜b.细胞核c.质膜d. 质膜或胞浆14.非竞争性抑制剂使:a.Vmax不变,Km变大b. Vmax变小,Km不变c. Vmax变小,Km变小15.米氏常数(Km)不受酶浓度影响a.随酶浓度增大而增大b.随酶浓度增大而减/c.随底物浓度增大而减,」、d.是酶的特性性常数16.人免疫缺损病毒(HIV)引起艾滋病,这种病毒是一种a. DNA病毒b.RNA病毒二、解释下列名词(任选作6题,多选不计分;6×6=36分)1、亲和层析2、Tm3、蛋白质结构域4、蛋白质组学5、别构酶6、GTP-binding protein7、peptide plane 8、isoenzyme9、Human Genome Project 10、antibody三、问答题(任选作4题,多选不计分;12×4=48分)1、谈谈你对遗传密码的认识和中心法则的主要内容。

四川农业大学博士入学考试真题

四川农业大学博士入学考试真题

Part I Reading Comprehension (45 points)Questions 1--5 are based on the following passage:Eye contact is a nonverbal technique that helps the speaker "sell" his or her ideas to an audience. Besides its persuasive powers, eye contact helps hold listener interest.A successful speaker must maintain eye contact with an audience. To have good rapport (关系) with listeners, a speaker should maintain direct eye contact for at least 75 percent of the time. Some speakers focus exclusively on their notes. Others gaze over the heads of their listeners. Both are likely to lose audience interest and esteem. People who maintain eye contact while speaking, whether from a podium (演讲台) or from across the table, are "regarded not only as exceptionally well-disposed by their target but also as more believable and earnest."To show the potency of eye contact in daily life, we have only to consider how passers-by behave when their glances happen to meet on the street. At one extreme are those people who feel obliged to smile when they make eye contact. At the other extreme are those who feel awkward and immediately look away. To make eye contact, it seems, is to make a certain link with someone.Eye contact with an audience also lets a speaker know and monitor the listeners. It is, in fact, essential for analyzing an audience during a speech. Visual cues(暗示) from audience members can indicate that a speech is dragging, that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long, or that a particular point requires further explanation. As we have pointed out, visual feedback from listeners should play an important role in shaping a speech as it is delivered.1. This passage is mainly concerned with _______.a. the importance of eye contactb. the potency of nonverbal techniquesc. successful speech deliveryd. an effective way to gain visual feedbacks2. According to the passage, a good speaker must _____.a. "sealo" his or her ideas to an audienceb. maintain direct eye contact with listenersc. be very persuasive and believabled. be exceptionally well-disposed3. The word "target" in the last sentence of the first paragraph can best be replaced by________.a. "destination"b. "goal"c. "audience"d. "followers"4. In daily life, when the glances of two passers-by happen to meet, these two persons willinevitably ____.a. smile to each otherb. feel awkward and look away immediatelyc. try to make a conversation with each otherd. none of the above5. Eye contact with an audience, according to the author, has all the following benefits forthe speaker EXCEP that it doesn't ________.a. help the speaker to control the audienceb. help the speaker to gain audience interest and esteemc. help the speaker to know whether he is talking too much about a certain pointd. help the speaker to analyze his audience when he is beginning his speech Questions 6--10 are based on the following passage:After the very active and successful tenure(任职) of office by the Senegalese President as the head of the Organization of African Unity, it was highly logical to think that the successor, whoever he might be, would have a difficult task in doing a better job.The Congolese president set to work as soon as he was elected. His first step was to suggest to the dean of heads of State present in the Ethiopian capital, President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, to summon a meeting of the leaders of countries that lie close to South Africa. Its aim: to define a strategy in order to overcome the reprisals(报复行为) that the racist regime of Pretoria is likely to take against its neighbors in case sanctions(制裁) are imposed by the international community.President Sassou Ngueso has already undertaken a number of trips abroad. He thus went to Harare (Zimbabwe) where he delivered a speech, on September 1, on behalf of Africa before the summit meeting of non-aligned(不结盟的)nations.At the end of September, he was in New York, for a statement before the General Assembly of the United Nations, and then in Washington, for talks with high-ranking members of the Reagan Administration. He then went to Ottawa, for consultations with leading members of the Canadian government.The Congolese president's aim, in all these endeavors, is to convince still reluctant countries of the imperious necessity of imposing sanctions against the racist regime of Pretoria.6. In the first paragraph, the word "successor" refers to ________.a. a person who enjoyed a successful career in politicsb. a person who was very popular in the political arenac. the person who was to lead the organizationd. the former head of the organization7. According to the passage, Denis Sassou Nguesso ______.a. is Congoleseb. knew that it was very difficult for him to be electedc. was elected without any oppositiond. has held a meeting in the Ethipion capital8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?a. President Sassou Nguess has decided to visit as many African countries as possible.b. President Sassou Nguesso made a suggestion to President Kenneth Kaunda that ameeting be held of the leaders of countries that lie close to South Africa.c. President Sassou Nguesso went to Harare and delivered a speech there.d. If sanctions are imposed against South Africa by the international community, theracist regime of Pretoria will probably take revenge on its neighbors.9. We may draw the conclusion that President Sassou Nguesso has been working reallyhard to ________.a. prove himself a trustworthy presidentb. convince some reluctant countries that it is highly necessary to impose sanctionsagainst the racist regime of Pretoria.c. show to the whole world the strength and power of the Organization of AfricanUnityd. seek financial support from some advanced countries to promote African economy.10. This piece is most probably taken from _____.a. a newspaper reportb. a biographyc. a history bookd. a Who's WhoQuestions 11--15 are based on the following passage:Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what causes malnutrition, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sculpture or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination?Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator won't work, we first relate the effect (lights out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect (refrigerator not working).This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out-power off-refrigerator not working─temperature will rise─milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided, though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car fromstarting, but faulty spark plugs or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself,as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors─pedestrians or other cars in the intersection ─must also be present.In establishing or refuting a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the process by which the alleged cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.11. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about _______.a. relationships between causes and resultsb. classification of reasoningc. some other common types of reasoningd. some special type of reasoning12. According to the passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to reason _______.a. from cause to effectb. from effect to causec. from effect to effect and on the caused. from effect to cause and on to another effect13. A necessary cause is ______.a. one without which it is impossible for the effect to occurb. one of the causes that can produce the effectc. one that is enough to make the effect occurd. none of them14. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has beencut off. The power failure is a ________.a. necessary causeb. sufficient causec. contributory caused. none of them15. This passage mainly discusses ______.a. causal reasoningb. various types of reasoningc. classification of causesd. the causal processQuestions 16-20 are based on the following passage:I hear many parents complaining that their teen-age children are rebelling. I wish it were so. At your age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on your own two feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teen-agers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at one another's hands for reassurance.They claim they want to dress as they please. But they all wear the same clothes. They set off in new directions in music. But somehow they all end up huddled round listening to the same record. Their reason for thinking or acting in thus-and-such a way isthat the crowd is doing it. They have come out of their cocoon(蚕茧) ─into a larger cocoon.It has become harder and harder for a teen-ager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way. Industry has firmly carved out a teen-age market. These days every teen-ager can learn from the advertisements what a teen-ager should have and be. And many of today's parents have come to award high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a great barrier for the teen-ager who wants to find his or her own path.But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical music instead of going to party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you don't care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come─with the people who respect you for who you are. That's the only kind of popularity that really counts.16. The author's purpose in writing this passage is to tell _______.a. readers how to be popular with people aroundb. teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselvesc. parents how to control and guide their childrend. people how to understand and respect each other17. According to the author, many teenagers think they are brave enough to act on theirown, but, in fact, most of them ______.a. have much difficulty understanding each otherb. lack confidencec. dare not cope with problems single-handedd. are very much afraid of getting lost18. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?a. There is no popularity that really counts.b. What many parents are dong is in fact hindering their children from finding theirown paths.c. It is not necessarily bad for a teen-ager to disagree with his or her classmates.d. Most teen-agers claim that they want to do what they like to, but they are actuallydoing he same.19. The author thinks of advertisements as _______.a. convincingb. influentialc. instructived. authoritative20. During the teen-age years, one should learn to _____.a. differ from others in as many ways as possibleb. get into the right season and become popularc. find one's real selfd. rebel against parents and the popularity waveQuestions 21-25 are based on the following passage:It has been shown that children who smoke have certain characteristics. Compared with non-smokers they are more rebellious, their work deteriorates(变坏) as they move up school, they are more likely to leave school early, and are more often delinquent(犯法的) and sexually precocious(早熟).Many of these features can be summarized as anticipation of adulthood.There are a number of factors which determine the onset of smoking, and these are largely psychological and social. They include availability of cigarettes, curiosity, rebelliousness, appearing tough, anticipation of adulthood, social confidence, the example of parents and teachers, and smoking by friends and older brothers and sisters.It should be much easier to prevent children from starting to smoke than to persuade adults to give up the habit once established, but in fact this has proved very difficult. The example set by people in authority, especially parents, health care workers, and teachers, is of prime importance. School rules should forbid smoking by children on the premises(大楼及附属建筑物). This rule has been introduced at Summer hill School where I spent my rules, and even in those schools which have tried to enforce no smoking by corporal(肉体的) punishment there is as much smoking as in other schools. Nevertheless, banning smoking is probably on balance beneficial. Teachers too should not smoke on school premises, at least not in front of children.21. In this passage the author puts an emphasis on ______.a. the effect of smoking among childrenb. the difficulty in preventing children from smokingc. the reasons why children start smoking among childrend. the measures to ban smoking among children22. Which of the following is a common characteristic of young smokers?a. Disobedienceb. Lazinessc. Lack of intelligenced. Vanity23. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?a. Some children start to smoke out of curiosityb. Many children start to smoke because they want to appear mature.c. In order to have fewer children smokers, parents, teachers and health care workersshould not smoke.d. It is not as difficult to prevent children from starting to smoke as to dissuade adultsfrom smoking.24. The writer concludes that school rules to forbid smoking ______.a. should be introduced, for it really works at the school where he once studied.b. should not be introduced, for it may cause disturbance.c. should be introduced though it may not work effectively.d. needn't be introduced as long as teachers don't smoke in front of children.25. The author's attitude towards his writing is ______.a. objectiveb. emotionalc. criticald. indifferentQuestions 26-30 are based on the following passage:When astronaut Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon for the first time, on July 20,1969, it represented one of the most inspiring achievements in man's history to millions of people throughout the world. But to a small organization called the International Flat Earth Research Society, it was nothing more than a piece of cleverly stage managed science-fiction trickery.And Armstrong's historic words when stepping down from the Eagle module(宇宙飞船船舱) onto the dusty lunar surface about 240,000 miles from earth─"one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind" ─was a phrase that could have come only from the pen of a scriptwriter.As for the pictures reputedly(一般被认为地) taken in space showing the earth to be a rotating sphere, well, they were just too ludicrous (可笑的) for words. The sun, say the Flat Earthier, circuits the earth instead of the earth revolving around the sun─a notion that most people take for granted.The society, whose membership is currently estimated to be about 1,400, dismisses much of accepted modern thinking about the shape of the earth as sheer nonsense and is convinced that the entire human race is being subjected to the greatest hoax(骗局) in history.From its headquarters in Lancaster, California, the society wages a war of words through newsletters and pamphlets against the evils of science.The society was founded about 1800 in Great Britain and the United States and, says its American president Charles Johnson, was descended from the Zetetic society, which took its name from an ancient Greek philosophical school of skeptics. It survived under this name until 1956, when its general secretary, Samuel Shelton, of Kent, England, changed the name to the present title.The society's belief is this: that the earth is flat, with the land masses grouped around the central point of the North Pole.The Antarctic region is not the compact island mass it is commonly believed to be but an impenetrable ice-cold girdle(环形物) around the earth. The Flat Earthier argue that transantarctic expeditions have never happened. Explorers, misled by instrument faults, merely traveled an icy arc within the girdle.26. To the International Flat Earth Research Society, man's first landing on the moon was_______.a. one of the most inspiring events in man's historyb. only a well-conducted experimentc. just a smartly-performed trickd. a science-fiction piece produced by a certain scriptwriter27. Which of the following is NOT true about the society?a. It now has about 1,400 members.b. Its headquarters are in both Great Britain and the United States.c. After its foundation in 1800, it was called the Zetetic Society.d. In 1956, Samuel Shelton changed its name to the present title.28. According to the society's belief, ________.a. the earth is flat and the Arctic is an impenetrable ice-cold girdle around the earthb. the Antarctic region is a compact island massc. some explorers had made successful transantarctic expeditionsd. much of the accepted modern thinking about the shape of the earth is sheernonsense29. Which of the following is an appropriate title for the Passage?a. The International Flat Earth Research societyb. Man's First Landing on the Moonc. The Zetetic Societyd. The Evils of Science30. This piece is written ______.a. in a matter-of-fact wayb. in a sarcastic tonec. with a touch of ironyd. as a jokePart II Translate the following into Chine( 10 points)I came across an old country guide the other day. It listed all the tradesmen in each village in my part of the country, and it was impressive to see the great variety of services which were available on one's own doorstep in the late Victorian countryside.Nowadays a superficial traveler in rural England might conclude that the only village tradesmen still flourishing were either selling frozen food to the inhabitants or selling antiques to visitors. Nevertheless, this would really be a false impression. Admittedly there has been a contraction (收缩) of village commerce, but its vigor is still remarkable.Our local grocer's shop, for example, is actually expanding in spite of the competition from supermarkets in the nearest town. Women sensibly prefer to go there and exchange the local news while doing their shopping, instead of queuing(排队) up at a supermarket. And the proprietor(店主)knows well that personal service has a substantial cash value.Part III Vocabulary and Structure ( 15 points)31. Mr. White was told again and again to ______ smoking but he just wouldn't listen.a. cut throughb. cut offc. cut downd. cut away32. The Greyhound ______ outside of New York Bus Station at 6 p.m. and started forWashington D.C. at 6:20p.m..a. pulled upb. pulled downc. pulled outd. pulled on33. Can you give me another hint without _______ the answer?a. giving offb. giving awayc. giving upd. giving in34. Columbus was ___ his times in his belief that the Earth was round.a. in front ofb. in advance ofc. befored. ahead of35. Nowadays a large number of people buy ___ Christmas trees instead of real ones.a. falseb. fakec. shamd. artificial36. Though he is only 7years old, he has a ______ imagination.a. faithfulb. fertilec. frankd. furious37. The doctor _____ me that the discomfort would disappear in a couple of days if Ifollowed his advice.a. assuredb. confirmedc. ensuredd. confessed38. It is not considered _____ to litter in public.a. respectfulb. respectivec. respectedd. respectable39. The industrial community should be close enough to the crowded centers but distantenough to reduce _______ hazards(危险).a. feasibleb. positivec. potentiald. substantial40. We ____ so as not to wake the child.a. whisperedb. moanedc. gruntedd. muttered41. Electric eels use charges to ______ prey and also stun them before they eat them.a. examineb. detectc. determined. search42. Metal must be hammered and cooled rapidly to ______ internal stress caused byheating.a. retainb. releasec. relieved. replace43. Almost every layman I have met exhibits ______ and how they are written.a. the real curiosity about the songsb. a real curiosity about the songsc. real curiosity about the songsd. a real curiosity about songs44. Rosa is quiet and introverted(内向的), and she objects to _______ her living room withdozens of people in the apartment.a. shareb. sharingc. having sharedd. have shared45. We haven't seen our neighbor for over a week. They ______ on a trip abroad.a. could gob. must goc. may have goned. should have gone46. The Government has promised to do ____ lies in its power to ease the hardships of thehomeless.a. whatb. allc. thatd. which47. The bartender walked out ____ the counter and began to drive the drunk out of the bar.a. from beforeb. from underc. from behindd. from across48. ______ how to operate a switchboard, I had to ask the office supervisor to show me thecorrect procedures.a. Not knownb. Not knowingc. Not to knowd. Having not known49. The pilot felt something _____ wrong with the engine just before the plane took off.a. gob. wentc. was goingd. to go50. I prefer his plan to yours, ___ it is more practical and easier to be carried out.a. for whichb. for thatc. in whichd. in that51. ______ that they're young and inexperienced, they've done quite a good job.a. Beingb. Providedc. Givend. Now52. ______ the door than somebody started knocking on it.a. I had closed no soonerb. I had no sooner closedc. No sooner have I closedd. No sooner I closed53. The medical record shows that it was the drug, not the disease, ______ killed him two years ago.a. the effects of whichb. the effects of itc. finallyd. that54. In my opinion, he's ________ imaginative of all the contemporary poets.a. quite the mostb. very the mostc. by far the mostd. rather the most55. He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he ______ out of a painting by XuBeihong.a. comeb. has comec. is comingd. had come56. Pumas, which are large, cat-like animals, will not attack human beings if they _______undisturbed.a. leaveb. leftc. are leftd. have left57. When we sold our ranch and moved to town, mother had decided _______ opening aday nursery.a. tob. onc. ind. for58. Their dog was a substitute ______ the children they had never had.a. asb. ofc. tod. for59. Please drop in whenever you can. I'd like to keep _____ touch.a. inb. onc. tod. with60. Everybody knows that the earth is spherical, ______?a. doesn't heb. doesn't shec. don't theyd. doesn't itPart IV Cloze( 10 points)In the month of September, in Britain, you may see large numbers of birds __61__ on roofs and telegraph wires. These birds are swallows. They are __62__ together because, very soon, they will be flying __63__ to much warmer lands, where they will find __64__ the small flying insects on which they __65__. There are no such insects __66__ in Britain during the winter; it is __67__ cold for them.The swallows settle, fly off, swoop, and __68__ again. this they do many times, for they are making short __69__ flights in order to be fit for the long journey __70__ them.__71__ of these migrating birds leave Britain in the autumn. They fly __72__ for hundreds of miles __73__ they reach the warm lands of Africa. But not all the birds get there, for many of them perish in the stormy weather they meet with __74__.In the spring of the following year they __75__ the long and tiring journey back to Britain. They return to the identical barn or tree in the __76__ district which they had left the __77__ autumn. How do these birds find their__78__ there and back over such vast distances? Nobody knows exactly __79__, but it has something to do __80__ winds and air currents.61. a. being perched b. perchedc. being perchingd. be perched62. a. gathering b. assemblingc. waitingd. forming63. a. to south b. the southc. to southwardsd. south64. a. a great number of b. a great deal ofc. plenty ofd. numerous65. a. feed b. are fedc. eatd. rely66. a. near b. about c. nearby d. over67. a. too b. a bit c. very d. much68. a. fly off b. swoop c. settle d. turn back69. a. practical b. practicingc. practiced. practiced70. a. in advance b. ahead ofc. in front ofd. in front71. a. Swarms b. Herdsc. Flocksd. Schools72. a. firmly b. stoutlyc. harshlyd. steadily73. a. until b. before c. when d. as74. a. in the way b. on the wayc. half the wayd. all the way75. a. take b. fly c. find d. make76. a. old b. originalc. familiard. identical77. a. before b. previousc. above goingd. former78. a. way b. path c. course d. route79. a. why b. when c. how d. what80. a. against b. away c. for d. withPart V Writing (20 points)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled THE V ALUE OF SCIENCE. You should write no less than 150 words.ANSWER SHEETRPart I 、 III 、IV1 a b c d2 a b c d3 a b c d4 a b c d5 a b c d6 a b c d7 a b c d8 a b c d 9ab c d 10 a b c d 11 a b c d 12 a b c d 13 a b c d 14 a b c d 15 a b c d 16 a b c d 17 a b c d 18 a b c d 19 a b c d 20 a b c d 21 a b c d 22 a b c d 23 a b c d 24 a b c d 25 a b c d 26 a b c d 27 a b c d 28 a b c d 29 a b c d 30 a b c d 31 a b c d 32 a b c d 33 a b c d 34 a b c d 35 a b c d 36 a b c d 37 a b c d 38 a b c d 39 a b c d 40 a b c d 41 a b c d 42 a b c d 43 a b c d 44 a b c d 45 a b c d 46 a b c d 47 a b c d 48 a b c d 49 a b c d 50 a b c d 51 a b c d 52 a b c d 53 a b c d 54 a b c d 55 a b c d 56 a b c d 57 a b c d 58 a b c d 59 a b c d 60 a b c d 61 a b c d 62 a b c d 63 a b c d 64 a b c d 65 a b c d 66 a b c d 67 a b c d 68 a b c d 69 a b c d 70 a b c d 71 a b c d 72 a b c d 73 a b c d 74 a b c d 75 a b c d 76 a b c d 77 a b c d 78 a b c d 79abcd80abcd———————— 密—————————封 ——————————线 ——————————————————————————。

考博生物化学试题及答案

考博生物化学试题及答案

考博生物化学试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 蛋白质的一级结构是指:A. 氨基酸的排列顺序B. 蛋白质的空间构象C. 蛋白质的亚基组成D. 蛋白质的二级结构答案:A2. 下列哪种氨基酸是必需氨基酸?A. 丙氨酸B. 谷氨酸C. 亮氨酸D. 谷氨酰胺答案:C3. 酶促反应中,酶的活性中心是指:A. 酶分子上与底物结合的区域B. 酶分子上与辅酶结合的区域C. 酶分子上与辅基结合的区域D. 酶分子上与抑制剂结合的区域答案:A4. 糖酵解过程中,下列哪种物质是NADH的来源?A. 葡萄糖B. 3-磷酸甘油醛C. 6-磷酸果糖D. 丙酮酸答案:B5. 脂肪酸合成过程中,下列哪种酶是必需的?A. 柠檬酸合酶B. 脂肪酸合酶C. 乙酰辅酶A羧化酶D. 丙酮酸脱氢酶答案:C6. 核酸的碱基配对遵循的规律是:A. A-T和G-CB. A-G和C-TC. A-C和G-TD. A-G和C-A答案:A7. 细胞呼吸过程中,下列哪种物质是电子传递链的最终电子受体?A. NAD+B. FADC. O2D. 二氧化碳答案:C8. 蛋白质的变性是指:A. 蛋白质分子的一级结构破坏B. 蛋白质分子的空间构象破坏C. 蛋白质分子的亚基解离D. 蛋白质分子的氨基酸组成改变答案:B9. 下列哪种物质是DNA复制的引物?A. 引物酶B. 引物RNAC. 引物DNAD. 引物蛋白质答案:B10. 细胞周期中,DNA复制发生在:A. G1期B. S期C. G2期D. M期答案:B二、填空题(每空1分,共20分)1. 蛋白质的四级结构是指由多个______亚基组成的结构。

答案:多肽2. 酶的催化活性依赖于其______结构的完整性。

答案:活性中心3. 在糖酵解过程中,1分子葡萄糖经过完全氧化可以产生______分子ATP。

答案:24. 脂肪酸的合成主要发生在______中。

答案:细胞质5. 核酸的复制方式是______复制。

答案:半保留6. 真核生物mRNA的帽子结构是______。

生物化学考博试题及答案

生物化学考博试题及答案

生物化学考博试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 以下哪种物质不是蛋白质的组成单位?A. 氨基酸B. 核苷酸C. 脂肪酸D. 糖答案:B2. DNA复制过程中,哪种酶负责解开双螺旋结构?A. 限制性内切酶B. DNA聚合酶C. 解旋酶D. 反转录酶答案:C3. 细胞呼吸过程中,哪种化合物是电子传递链的最终电子受体?A. 氧气B. 二氧化碳C. 葡萄糖D. 丙酮酸答案:A4. 细胞周期中,DNA复制发生在哪个阶段?A. G1期B. S期C. G2期D. M期答案:B5. 哪种维生素是辅酶A的组成成分?A. 维生素AB. 维生素B1C. 维生素B5D. 维生素D答案:C6. 哪种氨基酸是人体必需氨基酸?A. 丙氨酸B. 亮氨酸C. 谷氨酸D. 色氨酸答案:D7. 哪种物质是细胞膜的主要组成成分?A. 核酸B. 蛋白质C. 脂质D. 碳水化合物答案:C8. 哪种酶在糖酵解过程中催化葡萄糖分解?A. 葡萄糖激酶B. 磷酸果糖激酶C. 丙酮酸激酶D. 乳酸脱氢酶答案:B9. 哪种激素是由胰腺分泌,主要调节血糖水平?A. 胰岛素B. 甲状腺素C. 肾上腺素D. 促性腺激素答案:A10. 哪种维生素缺乏会导致坏血病?A. 维生素AB. 维生素B12C. 维生素CD. 维生素D答案:C二、填空题(每空1分,共10分)1. 蛋白质的一级结构是指其_________的线性排列顺序。

答案:氨基酸2. 细胞呼吸的三个阶段分别是糖酵解、_________和氧化磷酸化。

答案:三羧酸循环3. 核酸的基本组成单位是_________。

答案:核苷酸4. 细胞膜上的_________负责物质的主动运输。

答案:载体蛋白5. 胆固醇是_________类固醇激素的前体。

答案:类固醇三、简答题(每题10分,共20分)1. 描述DNA复制的过程。

答案:DNA复制是一个半保留的过程,首先解旋酶解开DNA双螺旋结构,接着DNA聚合酶在模板链上添加互补的核苷酸,形成新的互补链。

(NEW)四川农业大学854生物化学基础历年考研真题汇编

(NEW)四川农业大学854生物化学基础历年考研真题汇编

目 录
2001年四川农业大学生物化学考研真题(回忆版,不完整)
2002年四川农业大学生物化学考研真题
2004年四川农业大学生物化学考研真题
2008年四川农业大学812生物化学考研真题(回忆版)
2009年四川农业大学812生物化学考研真题(回忆版)
2010年四川农业大学812生物化学考研真题(回忆版)(不完整)
2011年四川农业大学812生物化学考研真题
2013年四川农业大学生物化学考研真题(回忆版)(不完整)
2014年四川农业大学854生物化学考研真题(回忆版)
2015年四川农业大学854生物化学考研真题(含部分答案)
2016年四川农业大学854生物化学考研真题(回忆版)(不完整)
2001年四川农业大学生物化学考研真题(回忆版,不完整)
1.以葡萄糖为例,比较燃料分子在体外和在体内彻底氧化的异同点。

2.何谓糖异生作用?在生物体中若使草酰乙酸转变成糖,经历什么途径?写出反应历程和催化酶类。

3.以大肠杆菌乳糖操纵子为例,说明原核细胞中可诱导酶合成的调节机制。

4.在两种不同的生物中发现某种功能相同的蛋白质,氨基酸的序列分析表明,它们之间只相差两个氨基酸,但其的碱基顺序差异较大,试说明可能的原因。

5.通常怎样表示酶的活力?酶活力的实际意义是什麽?测定酶活力应注意那些事项?。

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生物化学历届博士考题1 名词解释:(1)Rnase /ribozyme:Rnase:核糖核酸酶,即水解核糖核酸的酶,是一种蛋白质;ribozyme:核糖酶,某些RNA分子具有酶活性,1982年Cech等实验发现四膜虫的rRNA分子在没有任何蛋白质酶的存在下,能切除自身的内含子,使两个外显子拼接起来变成成熟的rRNA分子,证明RNA分子具有酶活性。

为区别传统的蛋白质酶,对这种具有催化活性的RNA成为ribozyme。

(2)别构酶:酶分子的非催化部位与某些化合物可逆地非共价结合后发生构象改变,进而改变酶的活性状态,称为酶的别构调节。

具有这种调节作用的酶称为别构酶。

(3)抗体酶:抗体是专一于抗原分子,有催化活性的一类具有特殊生物学功能的蛋白质,它由抗原分子促进而大量产生,并与抗原分子间有结合专一性,这种专一性和酶与底物间结合的专一性非常相似。

因而,人们设想是否可以认为抗原分子能促使机体产生大量的新酶,并模拟酶与底物的过渡态结构合成一些类似物(称半抗原,hapten)对动物进行免疫,诱导出具有相应酶活性的“抗体酶”。

(4)拓扑异构酶:可以改变DNA拓扑异构体的L值(连环数)的酶,称拓扑异构酶。

拓扑异构酶有两类,拓扑异构酶Ⅰ使双超螺旋DNA转变成松弛形环状DNA,每一次催化作用可使L值增加1,反应不需能量;拓扑异构酶Ⅱ相反,可使松弛形环状DNA 转变成超螺旋DNA,每一次催化作用使L值减少2,由ATP供应能量。

(5)同工酶:指催化相同的化学反应,但其蛋白质分子结构、理化性质和免疫性能等方面都存在明显差异的一组酶。

(6)原级同工酶:多基因座或复等位基因编码的一组酶。

(7)寡聚酶:两个或两个以上亚基组成的酶,称为寡聚酶。

这些亚基可以是相同的,也可以是不同的。

(8)Km:酶反应速率达到最大反应速率一半时的底物浓度。

单位:mol/L。

(9)Tm:加热变性使DNA双螺旋结构失去一半时的温度称为该DNA的熔点或熔解温度,用Tm表示。

(10)Na+,K+-ATPase:存在于脂膜上,由一个跨膜的催化亚单位α亚基和与其结合的一个糖蛋白β亚基组成。

在膜上形成α2β2四聚体。

起着Na+、K+交换泵的作用。

(11)生物酶工程:生物酶工程是酶学和以DNA重组技术为主的现代分子生物学技术相结合的产物,因此,亦可称为高级酶工程。

主要包括3个方面内容:用基因工程技术大量生产酶(克隆酶);对酶基因进行修饰,产生遗传修饰酶(突变酶);设计新酶基因,合成自然界不曾有的新酶。

(12)化学酶工程:称初级酶工程,指天然酶、化学修饰酶、固定化酶以及人工模拟酶的研究应用。

(13)亲和标记法:根据酶与底物特异结合的性质,设计或合成一种含有反应基团的底物类似物作为活性部位基团的标记试剂。

这种试剂象底物一样进入活性部位,接近结合位点,并以其活泼的化学基团与活性部位的某一基团共价结合,而指示出酶活性部位的特征。

(14)定位诱变法:针对一些结构资料比较齐全的酶,进一步通过单诱变(改变一个氨基酸残基)、双诱变(改变两个氨基酸残基)或多诱变(系统地改变几个相关的氨基酸残基)。

对所得到的诱变酶进行系统的动力学分析、x-射线衍射分析,并与野生型酶对比,来判断被诱变氨基酸残基在结合底物、催化底物反应中所起的作用及机理。

(15)透析、超过滤、盐析:透析指蛋白质不能通过半透膜的性质,使蛋白质和其它小分子物质如无机盐、单糖等分开;超过滤指利用压力或离心力,强行使水和其它小分子物质通过半透膜,蛋白质被留在膜上,以达到脱盐和浓缩的目的;盐析指在蛋白质溶液中加入大量中性盐,使蛋白质脱去水层而聚集沉淀。

(16)专一性不可逆抑制剂:分Ks型和Kcat型。

Ks型又称亲和标记型抑制剂。

(17)Kcat型不可逆抑制剂:与底物结构类似,但分子中还有潜伏的反应基团。

当它与酶结合后,其潜伏的反应基团被酶催化而活化,并立即与酶活性中心某基团呈不可逆结合,使酶遭受抑制。

此类抑制剂亦称酶的自杀性底物。

(18)非专一性不可逆抑制剂:抑制剂作用于酶的一类或几类基团,这些基团中包含了必需基团,引起酶失活。

(19)酶标免疫分析:酶标免疫分析(enzyme immunoassly EIA)是将酶作为标记物质,使之和抗原(或抗体)结合形成酶与抗原(或抗体)复合物,然后再根据待测抗体(或抗原)与复合物专一且定量的结合关系,通过测定待测抗体(或抗原)结合的标记酶活力,从而计算出抗原或抗体的量。

(20)酶偶联分析法:某些酶反应的产物不易测定时,可用过量、高度专一的偶联工具酶使被测酶反应能继续进行到某一可直接、连续、简便、准确测定阶段。

该方法的关键是偶联工具酶应高纯度、专一且过量,以保证被测反应速度是总反应系统中速度限制因子,且和酶浓度间是线性关系。

(21)生物传感器:生物传感器由两部分组成,一是作为信息供体的生物学识别体系(利用酶,微生物,抗原或抗体,经载体固定化编制成的单个或一组识别单元),二是由电、光或热的信息转换器(电极、分光光度计、荧光光度计、热敏电阻或光学纤维等)构成的生物识别体系。

前者专一地识别基质并给出特定信息(生成新的化学物质,或光、电、热等物理量的改变),后者感觉到上述变化并测出其大小,再换算成原来物质的量或浓度。

(22)竞争性抑制作用:是最常见的一种抑制作用。

抑制剂和底物竞争酶的结合部位,从而影响了底物与酶的正常结合。

因为酶的活性部位不能同时既与底物结合又与抑制剂结合,因而在底物和抑制剂之间产生竞争,形成一定的平衡关系。

大多数竞争性抑制剂的结构与底物结构类似,因此能与酶的活性部位结合,与酶形成可逆的EI复合物,但EI不能分解成产物P,酶反应速率下降。

其抑制程度取决于底物及抑制剂的相对浓度,这种抑制作用可以通过增加底物浓度而解除。

(23)反竞争性抑制作用:酶只有与底物结合后,才能与抑制剂结合。

反竞争性抑制作用常见于多底物反应中,而在单底物反应中比较少见。

(24)非竞争性抑制作用:这类抑制作用的特点是底物和抑制剂同时和酶结合,两者没有竞争作用。

酶与抑制剂结合后,还可以与底物结合;酶与底物结合后,还可以与抑制剂结合。

但是中间的三元复合物不能进一步分解为产物,因此酶活力降低。

(25)沉降系数:单位离心场的沉降速度是个定值,称沉降系数,或沉降常数,用s表示。

(26)生糖氨基酸/生酮氨基酸:凡能形成丙酮酸、α-酮戊二酸、琥珀酸和草酰乙酸的氨基酸都称为生糖氨基酸;有些氨基酸(Phe、Tyr、Lys、Leu、Trp)在分解过程中转变为乙酰乙酸-CoA,而乙酰乙酸-CoA在动物肝脏中可以转变为内乙酰乙酸和β-羟丁酸,这5种氨基酸称为生酮氨基酸。

(27)EAA:必需氨基酸,凡是机体不能自己合成,必需由外界获取的氨基酸,称为必需氨基酸。

(28)HGP:该计划是美国科学家在1985年率先提出,旨在阐明人类基因组DNA所具有的3×109个核苷酸的序列,发现所有的人类基因并阐明其在染色体上的位置,破译人类的全部遗传信息,使得人类第一次在分子水平上全面地认识自我。

(29)PCR:聚合酶链式反应。

模仿体内DNA的复制过程,首先使DNA变性,两条链解开;然后使引物模板退火,二者碱基配对;DNA聚合酶随即以4种dNTP为底物,在引物的引导下合成与模板互补的DNA新链。

重复此过程,DNA以指数方式扩增。

该技术可用于扩增任意DNA片段,只要设计出片段的两端引物。

(30)超二级结构:在蛋白质分子中,特别是球状蛋白质中,由若干相邻的二级结构单元(即α—螺旋、β—折叠片和β—转角等)彼此相互作用组合在一起,形成有规则、在空间上能辨认的二级结构组合体,充当三级结构的构件单元,称超二级结构。

类型:卷曲α-螺旋;βαβ单元;βXβ单元;β-迂回;回形拓扑结构。

(31)结构域:对于较大的蛋白质分子或亚基,多肽链往往由两个或两个以上相对独立的三维实体缔合而成三级结构,这种相对独立的三维实体称结构域。

类型:α-螺旋结构域;β-折叠结构域;α+β结构域;无规则卷曲和β-回折结构域。

(32)抗原和抗体:当外源性物质,如蛋白质、毒素、糖蛋白、脂蛋白、核酸、多糖、颗粒(细菌、细胞、病毒)进入人或动物体内时,机体的免疫系统便产生相应的免疫球蛋白(immune globin),并与之结合,以消除异物的毒害。

此反应称为免疫反应,此异物便是抗原,此球蛋白便是抗体。

(33)多克隆抗体/单克隆抗体:多克隆抗体是由多个不同的B淋巴细胞应答一个抗原,因此,多克隆抗体是识别一个蛋白质(抗原)的不同部分(表位)的多种抗体的混合物;单克隆抗体是由生长在细胞培养物中的同一B细胞的群体(一个克隆)合成并分泌的。

这些抗体是均一的,所有的抗体识别同一的表位。

(34)朊病毒:是一种不含核酸的传染性蛋白质分子,能通过自身的构象变化,并传递到其它分子引起同样的变化而致病。

(35)主动运输:物质从低浓度一侧通过膜运送到高浓度一侧,即逆浓度梯度的方向跨膜运送的过程称主动运输。

在该过程中△G>0。

(36)被动运送:物质从高浓度一侧通过膜运送到低浓度一侧,即顺浓度梯度的方向跨膜运送的过程称被动运输。

在该过程中△G<0。

(37)分子伴侣:Lasky于1978年首先提出分子伴侣(mulecular chaperone)的概念,这是一类可以介导蛋白质正确折叠与装配,但其本身并不构成被介导的蛋白质组成部分的一类蛋白因子,在原核生物和真核生物中广泛存在。

(38)细胞信号转导:生物细胞中进行着复杂的新陈代谢过程,其中包括物质代谢和能量代谢。

随着生命科学的发展,揭示出生物细胞还存在着另一种特殊的代谢过程,它传递着环境变化的信息,调节和控制着物质与能量代谢以及生理反应与生长发育,这一体系称为细胞信号转导系统。

(39)受体:是细胞表面或在细胞组分中的一种天然分子,可以识别并特异地与有生物活性的化学信号分子(配体)结合,从而激活或启动一系列生物化学反应,最后导致该信号物质特定的生物效应。

受体的特点:受体与配体结合具有特异性、亲和性、饱和性。

受体的类别:胞内受体、胞外受体。

(40)标记配体法检测受体:用化学或酶学方法合成一种标记配体,将其加入含有受体的样品(细胞或细胞膜)中,使标记配体和受体结合平衡后再测定结合或游离的标记配体数量,由此得出受体的浓度和解离常数。

(41)G蛋白:是一种与膜受体偶联的异三聚体结合蛋白,由α、β、γ三个亚基组成,充当细胞膜上受体和靶酶之间的信号传递体。

(42)分子克隆技术获得微量受体:从细胞中提取所有mRNA(其中含有能正常表达所需受体蛋白的mRNA),逆转录成cDNA,将其重组入载体质粒,继而让其转染缺乏受体的培养细胞群,其中少数细胞可能含有能编码受体所需的cDNA,并表达成表面受体。

(43)限制性内切酶:原核生物中存在着一类能认识外源DNA双螺旋中4-6个碱基对所组成的特异序列(这些特异序列都具有回文结构),并在此序列的某位点水解DNA双螺旋链,这类酶称作限制性内切酶。

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