英语学术论文常用词汇
学术英语词汇大全丰富你的学术写作英语词汇库
学术英语词汇大全丰富你的学术写作英语词汇库学术写作在英语学习中占据重要地位，良好的学术写作水平不仅能够在学业上取得成功，还能够为日后职业发展打下坚实的基础。
在学术写作中，准确恰当地使用学术英语词汇是至关重要的。
本文将为大家提供一份学术英语词汇大全，丰富你的学术写作英语词汇库，助你提升学术写作水平。
1. 引言部分在学术论文的引言部分，我们要准确描述研究领域和问题。
下面是一些常用的学术英语词汇和短语：- The purpose of this study/ research is...（本研究的目的是...）- The present study aims to...（本研究旨在...）- This paper investigates/ examines...（本文调查研究...）- It is widely acknowledged that...（人们普遍认为...）- Previous research has shown that...（以前的研究已经表明...）- The significance/ importance of this study lies in...（本研究的重要性在于...）2. 方法部分在学术研究的方法部分，我们需要准确描述研究方法、数据收集和分析过程。
下面是一些常用的学术英语词汇和短语：- The research design for this study involved...（本研究采用的研究设计包括...）- Participants/ Subjects were selected/ recruited from...（参与者/受试者来自于...）- Data were collected/ gathered through...（数据是通过...收集的）- The data were analyzed using...（数据是用...进行分析的）- A questionnaire was administered to...（向...发放了一个问卷）- The interviews were conducted in...（采访是用...进行的）- Statistical analysis was performed to...（进行了统计分析以...）3. 结果部分在学术研究的结果部分，我们要准确陈述研究的结果和发现。
学术论文归纳概括常用词100个
学术论文归纳概括常用词100个本文列举了常用的学术论文归纳概括词汇，旨在帮助研究者在撰写学术论文时更准确、更简洁地表达观点和总结研究结果。
以下是100个常用词：1. 研究(Reseach)2. 分析(Analyze)3. 讨论(Discuss)4. 说明(Explain)5. 描述(Describe)6. 提供(Provide)7. 探讨(Explore)8. 评估(Evaluate)9. 证明(Prove)11. 解释(Interpret)12. 建议(Suggest)13. 评价(Assess)14. 发现(Discover)15. 阐述(Elaborate)16. 界定(Delineate)17. 指出(Indicate)18. 归纳(Summarize)19. 总结(Synthesize)20. 说明(Specify)21. 强调(Emphasize)22. 深入(In-depth)23. 数据(Data)24. 理论(Theory)25. 方法(Method)26. 结果(Results)27. 案例(Case)28. 访谈(Interview)29. 调查(Survey)30. 统计(Statistics)31. 措施(Measures)32. 影响(Impact)33. 关键因素(Key factors)34. 障碍(Obstacles)35. 挑战(Challenges)36. 优点(Advantages)37. 缺点(Disadvantages)38. 动态(Trends)39. 模型(Model)40. 概念(Concept)41. 规律(Patterns)42. 发展(Development)43. 趋势(Tendencies)44. 局限性(Limitations)45. 原因(Reasons)46. 作用(Role)47. 重要性(Importance)48. 目标(Objectives)49. 策略(Strategies)50. 意义(Significance)51. 视角(Perspective)52. 母体(Population)53. 样本(Sample)54. 误差(Error)55. 可靠性(Reliability)56. 有效性(Validity)57. 可行性(Feasibility)58. 测试(Testing)59. 验证(Validation)60. 规模(Scale)61. 预测(Forecast)62. 影响因素(Factors)63. 目标(Target)64. 概念(Concept)65. 特征(Features)66. 趋势(Trend)67. 应用(Application)68. 分类(Classification)69. 范围(Scope)70. 分布(Distribution)71. 影响(Effect)72. 指标(Indicator)73. 评价(Evaluation)74. 稳定性(Stability)75. 进展(Progress)76. 层次(Hierarchy)77. 结构(Structure)78. 创新(Innovation)79. 机制(Mechanism)80. 方法论(Methodology)81. 大众(Mass)82. 系统(System)83. 随机性(Randomness)84. 超越(Above and beyond)85. 问题(Question)86. 背景(Background)87. 前景(Prospects)88. 展望(Outlook)89. 启示(Inspiration)90. 分析框架(Framework)91. 重大意义(Relevance)92. 现象(Phenomenon)93. 过程(Process)94. 动力(Dynamics)95. 系列(Series)96. 逻辑(Logic)97. 策略(Strategy)98. 数据收集(Data collection)99. 错误(Error)100. 结论(Conclusion)以上是学术论文中常用的归纳概括词汇，你可以根据具体情况选择适合的词汇来描述和总结你的研究。
国际学术交流英语单词词汇
国际学术交流英语单词词汇国际学术交流是一个涉及广泛的领域，涉及到各种学科和专业。
在这个领域中，有许多常用的英语单词和词汇，这些词汇对于参与国际学术交流的人来说非常重要。
以下是一些常见的国际学术交流的英语单词和词汇：1. Academic: 学术的，学术界的。
2. Conference: 会议。
3. Research: 研究。
4. Paper: 论文。
5. Publication: 出版物。
6. Scholar: 学者。
7. Collaboration: 合作。
8. Presentation: 演讲，展示。
9. Abstract: 摘要。
10. Peer review: 同行评议。
11. Citation: 引用。
12. Thesis: 论文，论题。
13. Dissertation: 学位论文。
14. Plagiarism: 抄袭。
15. Academic integrity: 学术诚信。
16. Grant: 资助金，补助金。
17. Symposium: 座谈会，研讨会。
18. Panel: 小组讨论。
19. Academic journal: 学术期刊。
20. Academic writing: 学术写作。
这些词汇涵盖了国际学术交流中的各个方面，包括会议、研究、出版、合作等。
在国际学术交流中，熟悉并正确运用这些词汇是非常重要的，可以帮助人们更好地参与到国际学术交流中去。
同时，这些词汇也反映了国际学术交流的复杂性和多样性，需要人们具备丰富的词汇量和专业知识才能更好地融入这个领域。
希望以上信息对你有所帮助。
英语作文单词
英语作文单词在英语作文中，使用恰当的词汇是非常重要的。
以下是一些常用的英语作文单词，可以帮助你提高写作水平：1. Academic Vocabulary (学术词汇)- Analyze (分析)- Hypothesize (假设)- Synthesize (综合)- Evaluate (评估)2. Descriptive Adjectives (描述性形容词)- Spectacular (壮观的)- Serene (宁静的)- Ambiguous (模糊的)- Exquisite (精致的)3. Linking Words (连接词)- Furthermore (此外)- However (然而)- Therefore (因此)- Consequently (结果)4. Transition Words (过渡词)- Additionally (另外)- Nonetheless (尽管如此)- Meanwhile (与此同时)- Alternatively (或者)5. Adverbs of Degree (程度副词)- Significantly (显著地)- Gradually (逐渐地)- Largely (大部分)- Partially (部分地)6. Nouns for Writing (写作名词)- Perspective (视角)- Argument (论点)- Narrative (叙述)- Conclusion (结论)7. Verbs for Essays (论文动词)- Illustrate (说明)- Assert (断言)- Propose (提议)- Elaborate (详细说明)8. Common Collocations (常用搭配)- Make a difference (产生影响)- Come to a conclusion (得出结论) - Deal with (处理)- Focus on (集中于)9. Phrasal Verbs (短语动词)- Look into (调查)- Come across (偶遇)- Carry out (执行)- Break down (分解)10. Idiomatic Expressions (习语表达)- Break the ice (打破沉默)- Bite the bullet (硬着头皮)- The ball is in your court (球在你的场地，即由你决定)使用这些单词时，注意它们在句子中的恰当位置和语法结构。
英语作文常用词汇
英语作文常用词汇English Answer:Academic Writing Vocabulary。
Analyze: To examine something critically, breaking it down into its component parts.Argue: To present evidence and reasoning to support a particular point of view.Critique: To evaluate and comment on the strengths and weaknesses of something.Evaluate: To assess the value, quality, orsignificance of something.Evidence: Facts, data, or examples that support an argument or claim.Hypothesis: A tentative explanation or prediction that is tested through scientific research.Interpret: To make sense of or explain something, often based on assumptions or personal experiences.Method: The systematic approach used to conduct research or solve a problem.Research: The systematic investigation and collection of data to answer a question or test a hypothesis.Theory: A well-established and widely accepted explanation for a phenomenon or set of observations.Descriptive Writing Vocabulary。
学术论文常用词汇
The time is approaching when we must be on board. 我们上船的时间快到了。 area 地带，地区 解析：【同】district，zone，region 【辨析】area 表示面积，地区（面积较大，但不指行政单位）如 the area of your hand； region 指在地理上有天然界限或有自己特色的一个单位，或自治区等行政单位，也可指领域（同 sphere，realm）； district 性质较 region 相近，但一般比 region 小，如县级区用 district ； zone 是个环绕区域，有严格的边界，如经济特区 a recreation area 重新改建的地区 tropical regions of South America 南美的热带地区 a residential zone 居住区 assessment 评估，估算，评价 解析：动词 assess 【同】estimate, appraise, assess, evaluate 这些词都表示对客体的重要性形成定论 estimate 暗示评价的主观性和不精确 y6t,,,,,,,,kl……………………… appraise 表示专业水准的评估 ,名词 appraisal assess 表示为确定某物的应税价值而作出的权威估价 evaluate 表示在确定价值时经过了深思熟虑，不一定是金钱价值 assume 假定, 设想，担任; 承担; 接受 解析：【同】suppose 【辨析】suppose 最不正式，表示根据一定证据作出的见解，assume 用于逻辑推理，强调一种缺乏证据的结论， 以检验某种建议。 authority 权威, 权力, 权势【pl.】当局, 负责人; 官方; 职权; 许可的权力根据, 凭据, 引证权威, 专家 解析：the authorities of government author 作者 【衍】authorize，authorization available 可用到的, 可利用的, 有用的, 有空的, 接受探访的 解析：【衍】availability availably 注意:一般在名词之后,the apple available benefit n.利益, 好处;vt.有益于, 有助于 vi.受益 解析：【同】profit advantage interest 【辨析】advantage 指有利条件，优势 take advantage of benefit 兼指物质及精神的好处 profit 指利润 interest 指利息 concept n.概念；观念
英语作文词
英语作文词在英语写作中词汇的运用对于表达清晰和丰富文章内容至关重要。
以下是一些常用的英语作文词汇分为不同类别以帮助提升你的写作水平1. 描述性词汇Beautiful 美丽的Ugly 丑陋的Magnificent 宏伟的Graceful 优雅的Elegant 高雅的Charming 迷人的Gorgeous 华丽的2. 情感表达词汇Happy 高兴的Sad 悲伤的Excited 兴奋的Anxious 焦虑的Furious 愤怒的Delighted 高兴的Disappointed 失望的3. 动作词汇Run 跑Walk 走Jump 跳Climb 爬Swim 游泳Dance 跳舞Sing 唱歌4. 抽象概念词汇Freedom 自由Equality 平等Justice 正义Happiness 幸福Love 爱Respect 尊重Tolerance 宽容5. 连接词Furthermore 此外Moreover 而且However 然而Therefore 因此Nevertheless 尽管如此 Consequently 因此Additionally 另外6. 时间和顺序词汇Firstly 首先Secondly 其次Subsequently 随后Finally 最后Meanwhile 同时Previously 之前Thereafter 此后7. 学术写作常用词汇Hypothesis 假设Thesis 论文Analyze 分析Synthesize 综合Evaluate 评估Cite 引用Conclude 总结8. 常用短语In conclusion 总之As a result 结果For instance 例如On the other hand 另一方面In addition 此外To sum up 总结起来It is worth noting 值得一提的是使用这些词汇可以帮助你构建更加丰富和有说服力的英语作文。
学术论文常用词汇
学术论文常用词汇公司内部档案编码：[OPPTR-OPPT28-OPPTL98-OPPNN08]学术论文常用词汇学术论文的语言表达一、时态时态是个比较复杂的问题虽然有一般的规则但往往在实际文章中很难把握总体的规则已在前边讲过需要重申的是在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃详见学术论文的写作最常见的描述一般现象的时态是一般现在时有时也用一般过去时或一般将来时需要注意的语法In recent years 作时间状语时通常要用完成时In recent years, Plesch and coworkers have concluded that many so-called cationicpolymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of an ionic nature.二、数词数也有其复杂化特别是在学术论文里有是很难顾及数上的逻辑但一般不将逻辑上的问题视为语法错误只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可以下是需要注意的语法不规则变化的单复数单数复数criterion criteria 依据phenomenon phenomena 现象medium media 介质radius radii 半径index indices 指数appendix appendices 附录stimulus stimuli 刺激basis bases 基础2synthesis syntheses 合成matrix matrices 基体Novel biomaterials with improved, specific biological action are being developed using polymers that are responsive to environmental stimuli.一些数有特殊性的名词data, kinetics 通常作复数名词research, work: 不可数名词The data in Table 1 are obtained from the reactions atdifferent temperatures.The kinetics of polymerization within each droplet are the same as those for the corresponding bulk polymerization.Much research has been done to redirect the tropism of retroviruses by engineering the envelope glycoprotein.Most research on poly(ortho esters) has focused on the synthesis of polymers.一些结构的数<主谓的统一>one of 复数名词单数none of 复数名词复数none of 单数名词/不可数名词单数no 复数名词复数no 单数名词/不可数名词单数a kind of 单数名词单数this/that kind of 单数名词单数these kinds of 复数名词复数复数名词of this/that kind 复数sort 与kind 类似a type of 单数名词单数a series of 复数名词复数a class of 复数名词复数the number of 复数名词单数a number of 复数名词复数Ara-C is one of most important antitumor agents, especially used in the treatment of various leukaemias.One of possibilities for enhancing the pharmacological properties is to link it to a carrier. Biocompatibility is oneof the main criteria for the selection of a particular biomaterial. 3Controlled drug delivery technology represents one of most rapid advancing areas of science in which chemists are contributing to human health care.Several models have been proposed but none appear to be generally applicable.None of the presently used ones are applied rigorously.Thus far no studies have conclusively demonstrated long-term value of any of the cardiac gene therap approaches.This type of termination is often referred to as spontaneous termination.A number of polymer backbones that are potentially degradable are detailed in the text. The number of mechanisms which have been proposed to explain the stereopecificity of Ziegler-Natta catalysts.* The number of 复数名词: 整个做主语时谓语应为单数; 但此句的动词have 是从句的谓语而从句是形容mechanisms.在其它的从句谓语中也是同样如: One of the mechanisms which have been……A series of telomers reported in table 1 were then synthesized.A diverse range of mechanisms have been developed.Polymers are a promising class of biomaterials that can be engineered to meet specific end-use requirements.The most important class of poly(amides) for controlled release are thepoly(amino acids). The majority of poly(anhydrides) are prepared by melt-condensation polymerization.A wide variety of natural and synthetic polymers have been used to fabricate tissue-engineering matrices.后面通常要用复数名词对可数名词而言various differentmost all many severalone of many ofkinds ofa number of the number ofa (wide) variety of a class ofa series of a wide range ofDozens of different types of receptors are present on the average mammalian cell.4In a number of special applications . contact lenses and skin-grafting materials), additional requirements such as transparency should be considered when selecting a polymer.Many of these transmembrane proteins are receptors.Some polymers are highly crystalline primarily because their structure is conductive to packing, while others are crystalline primarily because of the secondary forces. For still other polymers, both factors may be favorable for crystallization.形容可数名词的量词a few many a number of形容不可数名词的量词a great/small/certain amount of a great/good deal of形容可数和不可数名词均可的量词a lot of lots ofAlthough a few polymers may be completely amorphous and a few completely crystalline, most polymers are partially or semi-crystalline in character.The use of IPNs has received a great deal of attention in recent years and different kinds of IPN have been synthesized with different compositions.The major amount of work on size distributions has been on polyesters and polyimides.A sizeable amount work has been published on the copolymerizations of various cyclic monomers.以下结构的谓语的数由前一个决定, as well as……由较靠近谓语动词的决定not only……but also……either……or……neither……nor……三、冠词冠词是最易犯错误的地方一定要注意否则编辑的负担极重因为每句话都会用到冠词最普通的规则如下单数名词前一般要加冠您身边的论文好秘书：您的原始资料与构思,我按您的意思整理成优秀论文论着,并安排出版发表，、4自信我会是您人生路上不可或缺的论文好秘书词 a , the 等但有些情况可不加复数名词前一般可不加冠词也可加the, these, those.5The molecular weight of a polymer is of prime importance in its synthesis and application.The rate constant can be expressed by an Arrhenius type relationshipK = A e -E/RTWhere A is the collision frequency factor, E the Arrhenius activation energy, and T the Kelvintemperature. A plot of lnK versus 1/T allows the determination of both E and A from the slopeand intercept, respectively.When a water-insoluble or only slightly water-soluble monomer is added, a very small fractiondissolves and goes into solution. A large but still small portion of the monomer enters the interiorhydrocarbon part of the micelles. The largest portion of the monomer is dispersed as monomerdroplets.被修饰的名词前要加 the:There has been a rapidly increasing effort in the last ten to fifteen years toward the synthesis ofnew polymers with markedly higher temperature resistance than those previously available.The catalysts usually must be prepared at the low temperatures since most of them becomeheterogeneous when prepared at or warmed up to the temperatures above about -40 . 四从句分词不定式这些是写作时常用且必须用到的结构一定要掌握在学术论文中从句分词不定式通常用来作修饰Applications in the relatively new field of tissue engineering, where polymers are used to assistregeneration of three-dimensional tissue structures, are more and more integrated with biological demands.There are three general synthetic approaches that have been used to produce polymers withincreased thermal stability.If certain symmetry requirements are met, the molecules are able to pack into an ordered, latticearrangement and crystallization occurs. The temperature at which this occurs is Tm. There are at least two mechanisms through which the infectivity of a vector can be blocked. Biodegradable polymers containing ˋhydrolysable ˊgroups in their chains, which are susceptible to biodegradation to low molecular weight, nontoxic products, have also beenconsidered for controlled drug delivery systems.Polymers possessing high strength, solvent and chemical resistance, and serviceability at hightemperatures would find a variety of uses.6The challenge facing cell and molecular biologists is to decipher how cellular events occur.A general problem encountered in many of the polymerization systems has been a difficulty inobtaining polymers of sufficiently high enough molecular weight to have reasonable strengthproperties.Another approach to obtain rigid polymer chains is by the synthesis of spiro polymers. 五标点英文中一句话结束要用句号注意避免过长的句子这点与汉语中常用逗号的习惯不同请注意以下结构的标点…… such as A and B ………… such as A, B and C ………… , such as A, ………… , for example, ………… , for example ………… ,., ………… ,., …………, respectively.四、掌握一些学术论文常用的短语结构可大大降低写作的难度In order to meet all of these criteria, the vector must deliver the gene accurately. To overcome this problem, it would be advantageous to pseudotype lentiviral vectors withtargeted MLV envelopes.Besides identifying suitable proteases for targeting, the success of thisprotease-targetingstrategy relies on the accessibility of the linker to protease cleavage.We have focused our investigations on the in vitro and in vivo biological response of a mousecell line.On the contrary, the homotelomer derivative 11 exhibits no substantial loss of cytotoxicitycompared to free Ara-C.After more than three decades of development, in which numerous polymers have been used toreplace body parts, clinical success is still relatively rare.7In some cases, polymeric materials for drug delivery must satisfy additional requirements, suchas environmental responsiveness . pH- or temperature dependent phase or volume transformations.)Owing to the nature of these interactions, surface modification strategies have been used to。
SCI论文准备写作投稿技巧常用英文词汇
SCI论文准备写作投稿技巧常用英文词汇1. Introduction:- Present study: 本研究- In this paper: 在本文中- The objective of this study: 本研究的目标- To investigate: 研究- Background: 背景- Previous research: 先前的研究- Research gap: 研究空白- Methodology: 方法论- Data analysis: 数据分析- Findings: 研究结果- Conclusion: 结论2. Literature Review:- Literature review: 文献综述- Scholarly articles: 学术文章- Theoretical framework: 理论框架- Empirical evidence: 实证证据- Research methods: 研究方法- Key findings: 主要发现- Implications: 启示3. Methods:- Study design: 研究设计- Data collection: 数据收集- Sample size: 样本量- Research instruments: 研究工具- Data analysis techniques: 数据分析技术- Statistical analysis: 统计分析- Control variables: 控制变量4. Results:- Descriptive statistics: 描述性统计- Correlation analysis: 相关分析- Regression analysis: 回归分析- Significant findings: 显著性发现- Patterns and trends: 模式和趋势5. Discussion:- Implications: 启示- Limitations: 限制- Future research directions: 未来研究方向- Theoretical contributions: 理论贡献- Practical implications: 实践意义6. Conclusion:- Summary: 总结- Contributions: 贡献- Future research: 未来研究- Practical implications: 实践意义。
学术英语中的重要词汇梳理
学术英语中的重要词汇梳理学术领域中的英语词汇对于学术交流和研究至关重要。
掌握这些词汇是学术成果发表、议论文撰写以及参与国际学术会议的基本要求。
本文将从不同学科领域中挑选出一些重要的学术英语词汇梳理，帮助读者扩展自己的学术词汇量，提高学术英语水平。
一、自然科学领域1. Hypothesis（假设）：在科学研究中，假设是指对现象、问题或研究对象所提出的一个暂时性解释，用来进行进一步的实证或验证。
2. Experiment（实验）：实验是科学方法中最为基本和重要的手段之一，通过对现象或问题的实际操作来获取数据和验证假设。
3. Data（数据）：科学研究中所采集到的观测、测量或实验结果的信息，通常以数值或描述性形式表达。
4. Conclusion（结论）：通过对数据的整理和分析，得出的对研究问题的解答或对假设的支持或否定。
5. Theory（理论）：在科学领域中，理论是对某一现象或实际问题进行归纳和解释的系统框架，能够用来推断新的信息和做出新的预测。
二、人文科学领域1. Analysis（分析）：人文科学研究中常用的一种方法，通过对文本、事件或人物等进行详细研究和解读，以揭示其中的规律和内在含义。
2. Interpretation（解释）：解释是一种对文本、符号或行为进行理解和阐释的过程，帮助读者理解其中的意义和目的。
3. Literature review（文献综述）：在人文科学领域的研究中，文献综述是一种对相关研究文献进行搜集、整理和分析的方法，以获得对研究问题或主题的全面认识。
4. Critique（批评）：在学术论述中，批评是对某个观点、理论或研究进行评价和评估的过程，包括识别其优点和缺点，并提出改进或替代建议。
5. Methodology（方法论）：研究方法和方法论是人文科学研究中不可或缺的部分，指导研究者在进行研究时选择适当的研究方法和方式。
三、社会科学领域1. Survey（调查）：社会科学研究中常用的一种数据收集和分析方法，通过问卷、面谈或观察等方式收集大量数据，了解社会现象和人们的行为。
evidence的用法及短语
evidence的用法及短语evidence是英语中一个常用的词汇，代表着证据、证明物或迹象。
它在各个领域都有广泛应用，包括法律领域、科学研究、学术论文以及日常生活中。
本文将探讨evidence的用法和一些常见的相关短语。
一、evidence的含义与用法1. 含义Evidence指的是可被用来支持某个观点、结论或论证的任何事实材料。
它可以是直接观察得出的，也可以通过推理间接得出。
2. 在法律领域中的应用在法庭上，提供充分和可信的证据对于辩护方和控方都至关重要。
例如，在刑事案件中，检察官需要提交足够的证据来证明被告人犯罪；而辩护律师则需要提供证据来证明被告人无罪。
3. 在科学研究中的应用在科学研究中，往往需要经过严格的实验证明或数据分析才能支持某个假设或理论。
科学家使用实验结果作为他们工作有效性和准确性的依据，并通过发布研究论文来传播这些证据。
4. 在学术写作中的应用在学术写作中，evidence是支持和加强你的观点或论证的关键。
它可以通过引用他人的研究结果、使用统计数据或举例等方式来提供。
5. 在日常生活中的应用除了专业领域外，evidence也在我们日常生活中起着重要作用。
比如，在做决策时，我们往往需要根据现有的证据来做出判断。
而且，evidence也帮助我们在面对争议时更好地理解问题，并为自己提供就此表达意见的理由。
二、一些常见的与evidence相关的短语1. Present evidence (提交证据/呈现证据)在法庭上，当双方律师进行辩论时，他们必须准备并提交充分的证据来支持各自立场。
"Present evidence"指代递交证明材料供法庭审查。
2. Supporting evidence (支撑性证据)Supporting evidence是指通过实验证明或数据分析所得出的与研究目标一致和相关联的证据。
它有助于增加一个主张、观点或结论被接受和相信的可信度。
3. Strong evidence (强有力的证据)Strong evidence指的是那些非常具有说服力、能够清晰地支持某个观点或论断的证据。
学术推广英语
学术推广英语是指在学术界以及相关领域中，使用英语进行学术交流、研究和推广的活动。
以下是一些关于学术推广英语的常用词汇和表达方式：1. 学术会议(Academic Conference)- 参加学术会议：attend/participate in an academic conference- 主办学术会议：organize/host an academic conference- 学术会议演讲：academic conference presentation2. 学术论文(Academic Paper)- 发表学术论文：publish an academic paper- 学术期刊(Academic Journal)- 学术成果(Academic Achievement)3. 学术研究(Academic Research)- 进行学术研究：conduct academic research- 学术调研(Academic Survey/Research)- 研究领域(Research Field/Area)4. 学术交流(Academic Exchange)- 学术合作(Academic Collaboration)- 学术合作伙伴(Academic Collaborator/Partner)- 学术交流项目(Academic Exchange Program)5. 学术资源(Academic Resources)- 学术数据库(Academic Database)- 学术文献(Academic Literature)- 学术资料(Academic Materials)6. 学术评审(Academic Review)- 学术评估(Academic Evaluation/Assessment)- 学术评委(Academic Reviewer)- 学术审稿人(Academic Referee/Reviewer)7. 学术机构(Academic Institution)- 大学(University)- 研究所(Research Institute)- 学会(Academic Association/Society)8. 学术标准(Academic Standards)- 学术道德(Academic Ethics)- 学术诚信(Academic Integrity)- 学术规范(Academic Norms/Standards)以上是一些常用的学术推广英语词汇，希望对你有所帮助！。
英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型
英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型1.与时间相关的①no change on 1-day intervals for 3 consecutive days②at given intervals of time (30, 50, and 90 min)③for a given exposure time④…increased with age.⑤for different time span.⑥After the scheduled time, each sample was tested.⑦…throughout the entire test period.⑧It will decrease as time passes.2. 表示增加或下降的①An increase in the FA content decreased the…②…decrease with increase in…③…deceases as …increases, and increases as… increase.④As …is lowered.⑤augment⑥The cumulative AE energy increases with a stepwise pattern in which each sudden jump of energy can be related to …⑦…develop at an increasing rate with time3. 表示原因, 由哪些因素决定①probably due to…② A possible mechanism contributing to the reduction of …is③This might be attributed to…④…depends on the two main mechanisms⑤…is a common cause of⑥…is the essential parameter governing the…⑦…, contributing in part to the interface separation phenomenon, besides the above-described possible interfacial material toughening mechanism.⑧the cause of this resides in …⑨Two parameters are considered in this study to evaluate the strengthening effectiveness with regard to the amount of FRP (i.e., the number of layers of sheets) and construction imperfections.4. 表示展示。
论文写作常用词汇
论文写作常用词汇一、导论部分在论文的导论部分，我们通常需要概述研究领域的背景，介绍研究目的和意义，并列举相关的研究现状和研究方法。
下面是一些常用于导论部分的词汇：1. 研究背景和研究领域：- Previous studies（以前的研究）- Existing research（现有研究）- Research gap（研究空白）- Research field（研究领域）- Theoretical framework（理论框架）- Research questions（研究问题）2. 研究目的和意义：- The purpose of this study（本研究的目的）- The significance of this research（本研究的意义）- Contribute to the existing literature（对现有文献做出贡献）- Fill the research gap（填补研究空白）3. 研究现状和研究方法：- A literature review（文献综述）- Empirical research（实证研究）- Qualitative analysis（定性分析）- Quantitative analysis（定量分析）- Data collection（数据收集）- Research methodology（研究方法）二、理论框架与文献综述在论文的理论框架与文献综述部分，我们通常需要介绍相关的理论框架，回顾已有的研究和文献。
下面是一些常用于该部分的词汇：1. 理论框架：- Theoretical framework（理论框架）- Conceptual framework（概念框架）- Hypothesis（假设）- Model（模型）- Variables（变量）2. 文献综述：- Review the literature（回顾文献）- Research studies（研究研究）- Scholarly articles（学术文章）- Empirical studies（实证研究）- Theoretical perspectives（理论观点）- Research findings（研究发现）- Research gaps（研究空白）三、研究方法与数据分析在论文的研究方法与数据分析部分，我们通常需要介绍研究的方法和技术，并进行数据分析和讨论。
英文论文写作常用词汇和短语汇总
英文论文写作常用词汇和短语汇总时间：2010-01-03 17:19:46 来源：作者：-广泛的in an extensive survey进行conducte，perform, carry out,降，少，缺decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed, presented discontinuous and weaker expression, completely negative, was not detectable or dramatically reduced, very faint, was undetectable or barely detectable, no expression was found,差别gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup differencem7qMed999网No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA.m7qMed999网Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance.m7qMed999网存在，出现occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, presentm7qMed999网多数，少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handfulm7qMed999网方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, toolsm7qMed999网发生率Incidence, frequency, prevalencem7qMed999网In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs.m7qMed999网发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolationm7qMed999网改变change, alteration, m7qMed999网高，增加high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forcedm7qMed999网各种，多种in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tumorsm7qMed999网关系，相关，参与closely involved in, associated,m7qMed999网角色，起作用role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role），serve antiapoptotic functionsm7qMed999网可能性feasibilitym7qMed999网密切地intimatelym7qMed999网难理解的，似谜的enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)m7qMed999网潜在假定的potential, candidate, putative,m7qMed999网缩写abbreviationsm7qMed999网识别，辨别discernment m7qMed999网事件m7qMed999网Metastasis to the liver is a common event in clinical oncology.m7qMed999网a putative tumor initiating eventm7qMed999网a (more, extremely, highly, rather, fairly) common initial, m7qMed999网a common event in the signal transduction mechanisms of, in the signal transduction processesm7qMed999网a common event associated with the mechanisms ofm7qMed999网a common early event in responses of, after high-dose chemotherapym7qMed999网a common event following gestational exposure to immunotoxicantsm7qMed999网a common event （that occurs）during apoptosis is……m7qMed999网a common event during oncogenic transformation, in neoplastic transformation that directly or indirectly involves activation of specific tyrosine kinase signaling pathwaysm7qMed999网a common event through whichm7qMed999网a common event in vivom7qMed999网a rather common event of unknown biological significancem7qMed999网a common event resulting from heterogeneous aberrationsm7qMed999网a common event regardless of histological subtyping, but does not bear any pejorative significancem7qMed999网a common event contributing tom7qMed999网a rare, common, prerequisite, central, major, transient, initiation, stressful, critical, crucial, secondary, independent, regulatory, early, earlier, late, later, subsequent, circumstantial, untoward, upstream, irreversible, very frequent eventm7qMed999网提供，帮助provide, supply, help (to), contribute to, offer, allow, dedicate, devote, assist inm7qMed999网调节（失调，上调，下调）dis-regulation, dys-regulation, up-regulation, up-expression, over-expression, down-expression, down-regulation, m7qMed999网推测presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture ,guess, deduce，deduction (推论)m7qMed999网无所不在地(表达，如MEN1)ubiquitouslym7qMed999网显著,优先的prominent, pronounced, obvious, marked, predominant, strong, striking ,notable, Conspicuously, remarkably，significant, preferential, prevalence, prevalent,m7qMed999网相关性m7qMed999网related, more relevant with ，the relevance ofm7qMed999网no intergroup difference，irrespective ofm7qMed999网There was no significant correlation to gender, age, clinical symptoms, histology, T or N status, TNM stage, or tumor location.m7qMed999网Neither eNOS nor nNOS expression was associated with vascular density, tumor grade or the TNM status of the tumors.m7qMed999网No correlations were found between bFGF and age, menopausal status, TNM or pTNM, histology, SBR grading or steroid receptors.m7qMed999网we did not find any correlation between bax expression and any clinicopathologic parameters (sex, age, TNM status, tumor grade, histological type).m7qMed999网相同，同等并列m7qMed999网The coordinated induction of all three FOXO3a targets prompted us to examine the status of FOXO3a itselfm7qMed999网with a similar pattern tom7qMed999网协同，加强m7qMed999网synergize withm7qMed999网研究analysis, survey, study, research, investigation, experiments, trial, observations, assessment,inquiry, examinations ,pursue investigation into, analyze, detect, determinate, be focused on, measure, examine, test, assess, evaluate, explore,m7qMed999网一致m7qMed999网which is in accord with the resultsm7qMed999网which corroborated the resultsm7qMed999网which supported the resultsm7qMed999网优缺点merits and drawbacks，beneficial and detrimentalm7qMed999网异常aberration, abnormalitym7qMed999网重要crucial, key, important, major, be of critical importance m7qMed999网相反m7qMed999网On the contrary, m7qMed999网In contrary,m7qMed999网but quite on the contrarym7qMed999网in sharp contrast,m7qMed999网contrary to what would be expectedm7qMed999网Contrary to the expectation thatm7qMed999网Contrary to previous beliefs,m7qMed999网Contrary to the hypothesis,m7qMed999网Contrary to current popular truismsm7qMed999网Contrary to current cognitive theories,m7qMed999网However, contrary to expectation,…….m7qMed999网Contrary to predictions,…m7qMed999网in contrast to previous observations…m7qMed999网Contrary to prediction,……m7qMed999网Contrary to most previous claims,m7qMed999网与一起in combination with, coupled withm7qMed999网由于、鉴于m7qMed999网In light ofm7qMed999网In view that英语学术论文常用句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis ofa computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. T echnological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. T wo major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex。
英语论文常用学术高级词汇
.增补(Addition)in addition另外, furthermore此外, again, also, besides, moreover此外, similarly, finally最后2.比较(Comparison)in the same way, likewise同样地, similarly, equally, in comparison比较起来, just as同样地3.对照(Contrast)whereas然而, in contrast与此相反, on the other hand, instead同样, however然而, nevertheless 然而, unlike, even though即使, on the contrary, while4.因果(Cause and effect)because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus5.强调(Emphasis)certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, pr imarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most imprtant6.让步(Concession)although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....7.例证(Exemplification)for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illust ration.8.总结(Conclusion)to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary9.推断(Inference)therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise10.时间和空间(Time and space)afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyound, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of11.启承转合1)、启A proverb says...... At present.......As the proverb says.... Currently.....Generally speaking, .... Now,....In general, ..... On the Whole....It is clear that.... Recently.....It is often said that.... Without doubt, .......2)、承First(of all), ...... Moreover, .........Firstly, ............ No one can deny that....In the first place, .........To begin with, ......... Of course, .........Also, ....... Similarly,.........At the same time...... Therefore, we should realize that.....Certainly...... There is no doubt that.......In addition,..... What`s more, ..........In fact........ It can be easily proved that...Meanwhile......3)、转But... Still, ......But the problem is not so simple...There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to....... However,....... To our surprise,..........Nevertheless, ........ Unfortunately.......On the other hand, .......Yet difference will be found and that is why I feel that........Others may find this to be true, but I do not. I think.....4)、合Above all, In brief, ........Accordingly, ..... In conclusion, ........All in all, .......In other words, it is hard to escape the conclusion that........As a consequence, ......... In short, .........As I have shown/said/stated/.... In sum, ........In summary, ....... As has been noted, ....Obviously, ......... By so doing, .....On the whole, ..... Consequently, ........Presumably, ....... Eventually, .........To conclude, ...... Finally, ........To sum up, ..... In a word, ......To summarize, ......1.individuals,characters替换(people ,persons)2.positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstan ding, superior替换good3。
2023年研究论文常用词汇和套句汇总
2023年研究论文常用词汇和套句汇总一、学术研究论文常用词汇1. 研究目的 (Research objectives)2. 研究方法 (Research methods)3. 数据分析 (Data analysis)4. 结果讨论 (Results and discussion)5. 结论 (Conclusion)6. 文献综述 (Literature review)7. 实证研究 (Empirical study)8. 调查问卷 (Questionnaire)9. 样本选择 (Sample selection)10. 回归分析 (Regression analysis)11. 文献引用 (Literature citation)12. 研究限制 (Research limitations)13. 研究贡献 (Research contributions)14. 研究领域 (Research field)15. 数据收集 (Data collection)二、常用套句1. 本文旨在探讨... (This paper aims to explore...)2. 通过分析...得出以下结论 (By analyzing..., the following conclusions can be drawn)3. 结果表明...对...有显著影响 (The results indicate that... has a significant impact on...)4. 根据文献综述可知 (According to the literature review)5. 为了解答研究问题 (In order to answer the research questions)6. 本研究的主要贡献在于... (The main contribution of this study is...)7. 通过实证研究发现 (Through empirical research, it was found that)8. 研究发现存在一定限制 (The study findings have certain limitations)9. 进一步研究应考虑... (Further research should consider...)10. 该研究对于未来的研究具有重要意义 (This study has important implications for future research)以上是一些常用的词汇和套句，希望对您的研究论文写作有所帮助。
学位英语知识点复习资料【优秀4篇】
学位英语知识点复习资料【优秀4篇】一、词汇与语法篇1. 常用词汇积累（1）学术相关词汇：thesis（论文）、research（研究）、analysis（分析）、conclusion（结论）等。
（2）日常交流词汇：benefit（好处）、challenge（挑战）、solution（解决方案）、opportunity（机会）等。
（3）动词短语：account for（解释）、contribute to（贡献）、cope with（应对）等。
2. 关键语法点巩固（1）时态：熟练运用一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时等。
（2）语态：区分主动语态和被动语态，并能在句子中正确运用。
（3）非谓语动词：了解并掌握动名词、分词和不定式等非谓语动词的用法。
二、阅读理解篇1. 提高阅读速度（1）跳读：快速浏览文章，抓住主题和关键信息。
（2）精读：针对重要段落和细节，仔细阅读，理解文章内涵。
2. 策略性解题（1）事实细节题：直接在文章中寻找答案。
（2）推理判断题：根据文章内容和背景知识，进行合理推断。
（3）主旨大意题：把握文章结构，概括文章主题。
三、完形填空篇1. 培养语感2. 注意上下文联系在解题过程中，关注上下文之间的联系，尤其是代词、转折词等。
四、写作篇1. 提高写作能力（1）积累素材：多阅读优秀文章，学习写作技巧。
（2）模拟练习：针对不同题型，进行模拟练习。
2. 熟悉写作模板学位英语知识点复习资料【优秀4篇】三、听力理解篇1. 提升听力技巧（1）预测能力：在听前根据题目和选项预测对话或短文的内容。
（2）关键词定位：在听的过程中，关注关键词，如数字、专有名词等，以便抓住关键信息。
2. 培养日常听力习惯（1）多听英语广播、新闻、电影等，提高对不同口音和语速的适应能力。
四、翻译篇1. 掌握翻译技巧（1）直译与意译相结合：根据语境灵活运用直译和意译。
（2）词汇准确：确保翻译的词汇准确无误，符合原文含义。
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Academic Word ListSublist1analyze[ˈænəlaiz]vt.〈美〉分析,分解,解释constitute[ˈkɔnstitju:t]vt.构成,组成建立,制定选定,任命establish[isˈtæbliʃ]vt.建立,成立安置确定,证实indicate[ˈindikeit]vt.标示,指示,指出象征;表明或暗示…的可能性occur[əˈkə:]vi.发生;举行;存在被发现;想到[起]role[rəul]n.作用,职责角色approach[əˈprəutʃ]n.靠近,接近,临近通路,入口,途径方式,方法vt.接洽,交涉;着手处理vt.&vi.接近,走近,靠近context[ˈkɔntekst]n.背景,环境上下文,语境estimate[ˈestimeit]n.估计,估价报价判断vt.&vi.估计;评价,评估individual[ˌɪndiˈvidjuəl]adj.个别的,单独的,个人的独特的n.个人人percent[pəˈsent]n.百分比,百分数section[ˈsekʃən]n.章节部分部门,科截面,剖面地区,区area[ˈɛəriə]n.面积区域,地区领域,方面contract[kənˈtrækt]n.契约,合同vt.缔结;订契约vt.&vi.染上(恶习,疾病等)缩小;紧缩evident[ˈevidənt]adj.明显的,明白的interpret[inˈtə:prit]vt.解释;说明vt.&vi.口译;翻译period[ˈpiəriəd]n.(一段)时间时期,时代学时,课时句号,句点sector[ˈsektə]n.部门;领域防御地区,防卫区域扇形,扇形面assess[əˈses]vt.估价,估计评定,核定create[kriˈeit]vt.创造,创作,创建引起,产生export[eksˈpɔ:t]n.输出,出口输出[出口]物vt.&vi.出口,输出involve[inˈvɔlv]vt.使某事物成为必要条件或结果;需要使参与,牵涉policy[ˈpɔləsi]n.政策,方针策略,精明的行为,上策保险单significant[siɡˈnifikənt]adj.重要的,重大的,可观的有意义的,有用意的意味深长的assume[əˈsju:m]vt.假设,臆断,猜想假装承担,担任,就职呈现,采取data[ˈdeitə]n.资料,材料factor[ˈfæktə]n.因素,要素〈数〉因子,因数issue[ˈisju:]n.问题,议题;争论点发行物放出,流出;发出,发行〈正〉结果,结局vi.冒出,流出;传出vt.出版,发行发表,发布分配,发给principle[ˈprinsəpl]n.原则,原理准则,规范操守,道义工作原理similar[ˈsimilə]adj.类似的;同类的;相似的;同样的authority[ɔ:ˈθɔriti]n.权力,职权官方,当局权威,专家define[diˈfain]vt.精确地解释;界定规定,确定finance[faiˈnæns]n.财政,金融财源,资金,财务情况vt.为…供给资金,从事金融活动labour[ˈleibə]n.劳动,努力;工作劳工,工人分娩,(分娩时的)阵痛vi.劳动;努力艰难行进proceed[prəˈsi:d]vi.前进;行进进行;继续下去source[sɔ:s]n.河流的源头,发源地来源,出处原因提供资料者,资料来源available[əˈveiləbl]adj.可用的或可得到的可会见的,可与之交谈的derive[diˈraiv]vt.&vi.得到源于formula[ˈfɔ:mjulə]n.准则,原则公式,方程式配方legal[ˈli:ɡəl]adj.法律上的;合法的;法定的process[ˈprəuses]n.过程,进程工序,制作法vi.列队行进vt.加工;处理specific[spiˈsifik]adj.明确的,确切的,详尽的具体的,特有的,特定的仅限于…的;只发现于…的n.特效药具体方面,细节benefit[ˈbenifit]n.益处,好处救济金,保险金vt.&vi.有益于,得益distribute[disˈtribju:t]vt.分配,分给散发;散播;分布function[ˈfʌŋkʃən]n.功能;作用;职责函数;与另一事物有密切关系的事物社交集会vi.工作,运行,起作用legislate[ˈledʒisleit]vt.&vi.立法;制定法律require[riˈkwaiə]vt.有赖于…;需要命令,指示要求,规定想要structure[ˈstrʌktʃə]n.结构,构造有结构的事物;复杂的整体;建筑物vt.组织;安排;构造;制定concept[ˈkɔnsept]n.概念;观念;想法economy[iˈkɔnəmi]n.节约,节省经济体制,经济状况identify[aiˈdentifai]vt.认出,识别支持,同情vt.&vi.等同于;有关联major[ˈmeidʒə]adj.较大的;主要的;严重的n.少校专业;主修科目vi.〈美〉主修,专攻research[riˈsə:tʃ]n.研究;探讨vi.做研究,探究,研究,探讨vt.从事…的研究,为…而做研究theory[ˈθiəri]n.学说理论,原理意见,看法consist[kənˈsist]vi.组成,构成在于,存在于environment[inˈvaiərənmənt]n.环境,周围状况,自然环境income[ˈinkəm]n.收入,所得,收益method[ˈmeθəd]n.方法,办法秩序,条理respond[riˈspɔnd]vi.有反应;有效果;有影响vt.&vi.回答;回报;响应vary[ˈvɛəri]vi.呈现不同vt.&vi.(使)变化,改变Sublist2achieve[əˈtʃi:v]vt.取得,获得实现,达到,完成community[kəˈmju:niti]n.社区,社会,团体大众,公众共有,共享design[diˈzain]n.图样,设计图设计,布局目的,打算vt.计划,筹划vt.&vi.设计,绘制institute[ˈinstitju:t]n.协会,学会;学院,研究院vt.建立,制定;开始,着手potential[pəˈtenʃəl]adj.潜在的,有可能的n.潜力,潜势,可能性restrict[risˈtrikt]vt.限制;约束acquire[əˈkwaiə]vt.获得,得到,养成complex[ˈkɔmpleks]adj.由许多部分组成的,复合的复杂的,难懂的n.综合体,集合体〈心〉情结,夸大的情绪反应distinct[disˈtiŋkt]adj.截然不同的,完全分开的清晰的,明白的,明显的invest[inˈvest]vt.授予vt.&vi.投资;花费previous[ˈpri:viəs]adj.先前的,以前的过早的,过急的secure[siˈkjuə]adj.牢固的;可靠的有把握的;确切的vt.握紧;关牢使安全(使)获得;把…弄到手administer[ədˈministə]vt.管理,支配给予执行,实施compute[kəmˈpju:t]vt.计算,估算element[ˈelimənt]n.(化学)元素成分,要素,原件一伙人基础,纲要,原理item[ˈaitəm]n.一项,一件,一条;项目primary[ˈpraiməri]adj.首要的;主要的;基本的最初的;初级的seek[si:k]vi.企图;试图vt.请求,征求;求教vt.&vi.寻找;探寻affect[əˈfekt]vt.影响感动假装conclude[kənˈklu:d]vt.得出结论;断定决定vt.&vi.结束equate[iˈkweit]vt.认为某事物(与另一事物)相等或相仿journal[ˈdʒə:nl]n.杂志,期刊日志,日记purchase[ˈpə:tʃəs]n.购买,购置买到的东西vt.购买select[siˈlekt]adj.精选的,挑选出来的限制性的,选择严格的vt.选择;挑选appropriate[əˈprəupriit]adj.适当的,恰当的vt.挪用;占用;盗用拨出(款项)conduct[kənˈdʌkt]n.举止,行为管理(方式),实施(方式)vt.&vi.引导,带领,担任指挥控制,管理传导evaluate[iˈvæljueit]vt.评价,估计,估价maintain[meinˈtein]vt.保持;继续保养,维护坚持;主张供给;赡养range[reindʒ]n.一系列变化幅度,范围射程,距离(山)脉vi.变化vt.排列site[sait]n.位置,场所,地点vt.使坐落在;设置aspect[ˈæspekt]n.方面方位,朝向面貌,模样,神态consequent[ˈkɔnsikwənt]adj.作为结果的,随之发生的feature[ˈfi:tʃə]n.特征,特色面貌,相貌特写,专题节目(电影的)正片,故事片normal[ˈnɔ:məl]adj.正常的,平常的正规的;标准的region[ˈri:dʒən]n.地区;地带;区域;范围strategy[ˈstrætidʒi]n.战略学,兵法战略,策略策略,计谋assist[əˈsist]vt.&vi.帮助,促进construct[kənˈstrʌkt]vt.修建,建立构成,组成final[ˈfainəl]adj.最后的,最终的决定性的,确定性的n.决赛(大学的)期终考试obtain[əbˈtein]vi.通行;流行vt.获得,得到;买到regulate[ˈreɡjuleit]vt.控制,管理调整;调节survey[səˈvei]n.调查vt.眺望;纵览测量;勘察检查,鉴定通盘考虑,回顾category[ˈkætiɡəri]n.种类,类别consume[kənˈsju:m]vt.消耗,消费,耗尽大吃,大喝烧毁,毁灭focus[ˈfəukəs]n.焦点,焦距;中心vt.&vi.(使)集中,(使)聚集调整(镜头,眼睛)焦点[焦距]以便看清participate[pɑ:ˈtisipeit]vt.&vi.参加,参与relevant[ˈreləvənt]adj.有关的,切题的text[tekst]n.正文,本文原文,全文教科书,课本chapter[ˈtʃæptə]n.章,回,篇credit[ˈkredit]n.赊购;赊购制度存款;存款数额借款;贷款赞扬,荣誉,功劳信任,相信学分vt.相信,信任把…记入贷方,存入(账户)impact[ˈimpækt]n.影响,作用冲击(力),碰撞vt.&vi.对某事物有影响perceive[pəˈsi:v]vt.感觉,察觉,理解reside[riˈzaid]vi.居住;定居tradition[trəˈdiʃən]n.传统惯例commission[kəˈmiʃən]n.授权,委托委员会佣金,回扣vt.委任,委托culture[ˈkʌltʃə]n.文化休养,教养,精神文明养殖,培养,栽培vt.培植,培养injure[ˈindʒə]vt.伤害,损害positive[ˈpɔzitiv]adj.确实的,明确的积极的;肯定的表现得有信心和有希望的,确信的〈数〉〈电〉正的,阳性的完全的;纯粹的n.〈语〉原级形容词确实;正量,正数正片resource[riˈsɔ:s]n.资源(必要时可给予)帮助、支持或安慰的事物才智;机敏;创造精神transfer[trænsˈfə:]n.转移;转让;转录中转,换乘,改变路线vt.转让vt.&vi.转移;迁移Sublist3alternative[ɔ:lˈtə:nətiv]adj.两者择一的,供替代的不寻常的,非传统性的非正统的n.取舍,抉择,可供选择的事物选择的余地,可供选择的机会convene[kənˈvi:n]vt.&vi.召开,召集emphasis[ˈemfəsis]n.强调,重点interact[ˌɪntərˈækt]vi.相互作用[影响],互相配合philosophy[fiˈlɔsəfi]n.哲学人生哲学,人生观达观sex[seks]n.性别;性男性;女性性关系性活动,性行为circumstance[ˈsə:kəmstəns]n.环境,条件,情况境遇,经济状况coordinate[kəuˈɔ:dineit]adj.同等的,并列的n.〈数〉坐标vt.使协调;使调和ensure[inˈʃuə]vt.确保,担保担保获得[避免]justify[ˈdʒʌstifai]vt.证明…有理;为…辩护physical[ˈfizikəl]adj.身体的,肉体的物质的自然规律的,按自然法则的自然(界)的物理学的n.身体检查,体格检查shift[ʃift]n.转换,转变轮[换]班轮班工人计谋,手段切换键vi.快速行进vt.&vi.改变,变换,转移,移动去掉;摆脱掉换挡comment[ˈkɔment]n.评论,意见,解释,批评vt.&vi.评论;谈论core[kɔ:]n.果核核心,精髓,要点exclude[iksˈklu:d]vt.排除;不包括在内layer[ˈleiə]n.层,层次proportion[prəˈpɔ:ʃən]n.均衡;相称,协调一物与他物在数量、大小等方面的关系;比例部分;份儿specify[ˈspesifai]vt.详述指定compensate[ˈkɔmpenseit]vt.&vi.补偿,报酬corporate[ˈkɔ:pərit]adj.社团的,法人的framework[ˈfreimwə:k]n.构架;结构link[liŋk]n.环,联系,纽带vt.&vi.连接,联系publish[ˈpʌbliʃ]vt.&vi.出版公布sufficient[səˈfiʃənt]adj.足够的;充足的component[kəmˈpəunənt]n.成分,组成部分,部件,元件correspond[ˌkɔrisˈpɔnd]vi.相符合,相一致相当,相类似通信fund[fʌnd]n.基金,专款现款;资金储备,蕴藏vt.为…提供资金,给…拨款locate[ləuˈkeit]vt.找出,指出(地点或位置)vt.&vi.(在…)设置,坐落于react[riˈækt]vi.起反应;有影响反对;对抗task[tɑ:sk]n.工作;任务;差事consent[kənˈsent]n.准许,同意,赞成vi.同意;赞成criteria[kraɪˈtɪərɪə]n.标准illustrate[ˈiləstreit]vt.给…加插图说明,阐明;表明maximise[ˈmæksimaiz]vt.使(某事物)增至最大限度最大限度地利用(某事物) register[ˈredʒistə]n.登记(表),注册(簿)记录器暖气,调风器vt.&vi.记录;登记;注册显出注意到,记住technical[ˈteknikəl]adj.技术的;应用科学的艺术的,工艺的(指书等)要求有专门知识的,使用术语的,专业的considerable[kənˈsidərəbl]adj.相当大(或多)的deduce[diˈdju:s]vt.推论,演绎immigrate[ˈimiɡreit]vi.移入minor[ˈmainə]adj.较小的,较少的,低级的,次要的n.未成年人副修科目rely[riˈlai]vi.信任;信赖;依赖,依靠technique[tekˈni:k]n.技巧,手法,技术技能constant[ˈkɔnstənt]adj.始终如一的,恒久不变的不断的,连续发生的忠实的,忠诚的demonstrate[ˈdemənstreit]vi.举行示威游行(或集会)vt.说明,演示论证,证明显示,表露imply[imˈplai]vt.暗示,暗指必然包含negate[niˈɡeit]vt.取消,使无效否定;否认remove[riˈmu:v]vi.迁移;移居vt.移走;排除开除technology[tekˈnɔlədʒi]n.科技(总称);工艺;应用科学工业技术constrain[kənˈstrein]vt.强迫,强使;限制,约束document[ˈdɔkjumənt]n.公文,文件,文献vt.证明记录,记载initial[iˈniʃəl]adj.最初的,开头的outcome[ˈautkʌm]n.结果scheme[ski:m]n.阴谋,诡计计划,方案vt.&vi.策划;图谋valid[ˈvælid]adj.正当的,有充分根据的,符合逻辑的有效的有法律效力的contribute[kənˈtribjut]vi.起促成作用vt.&vi.捐献,捐助,贡献出撰稿,投稿dominate[ˈdɔmineit]vt.耸立于,俯临vt.&vi.控制,支配,统治在…中占首要地位instance[ˈinstəns]n.例子,实例partner[ˈpɑ:tnə]n.伙伴,同伙,合伙人,股东同伴,搭档配偶,情人vt.做…的搭档sequence[ˈsi:kwəns]n.有关联的一组事物,一连串先后次序,顺序,连续volume[ˈvɔlju:m]n.卷,册,书卷体积;容积,容量音量,响度Sublist4access[ˈækses]n.通道,入口接近[取得]…的方法[权利等]vt.存取(计算机文件) communicate[kəˈmju:nikeit]vi.通讯;交际,交流相连;相通vt.&vi.传达;表达error[ˈerə]n.错误过失,失误internal[inˈtə:nəl]adj.内部的国内的,内政的体内的parallel[ˈpærəlel]adj.(指至少两条线)平行的类似的;相对应的n.平行线[面]极相似的人[事物]类似(点),相似(之处)比较纬线,纬圈vt.与…平行;与…相当resolve[riˈzɔlv]vt.(指委员会或集会)表决解决(问题、疑问等)分解,解析(某物)vt.&vi.决定;决心adequate[ˈædikwit]adj.充分的,足够的适当的,胜任的concentrate[ˈkɔnsəntreit]vt.浓缩vt.&vi.专心于;注意集中,聚集ethnic[ˈeθnik]adj.种族的,部落的某文化群体的investigate[inˈvestiɡeit]vt.调查;审查parameter[pəˈræmitə]n.(限定性的)因素,特性,界限〈物〉〈数〉参量,参数retain[riˈtein]vt.保持;保留止住;容纳annual[ˈænjuəl]adj.每年的,年度的,一年一次的n.一年生植物年刊,年报,年鉴confer[kənˈfə:]vi.〈拉〉商谈,商议vt.授予,赋予goal[ɡəul]n.球门进球得的分努力的对象,目标job[dʒɔb]n.职业,职位(一件)工作职责,责任phase[feiz]n.阶段,时期(月亮、行星的)位相vt.分阶段计划[安排]series[ˈsiəri:z]n.连续的同类事物,系列串联apparent[əˈpærənt]adj.显然的,明白的,清晰可见的表面上的,貌似(真实)的contrast[ˈkɔntræst]n.对比,对照差异,差别对照物,明显的对比物vt.&vi.对比,对照grant[ɡrɑ:nt]n.补助金,助学金,津贴vt.准许;答应给予承认label[ˈleibəl]n.标签,标记称号;符号;标示vt.贴标签于把…列为predict[priˈdikt]vt.&vi.预言;预测;预示statistic[stəˈtistik]adj.统计的,统计学的n.统计量approximate[əˈprɔksimit]adj.近似的,大约的vt.&vi.近似,接近cycle[ˈsaikl]n.循环,周期自行车,摩托车vi.骑自行[摩托]车hence[hens]adv.从此时起,从此处因此,所以mechanism[ˈmekənizəm]n.机械装置构造,机制办法,技巧,途径principal[ˈprinsəpəl]adj.最重要的;主要的n.负责人,校长资本,本金被代理人,委托人status[ˈsteitəs]n.身份,地位情形,状况attitude[ˈætitju:d]n.态度,看法姿态,姿势debate[diˈbeit]n.讨论,辩论vt.&vi.辩论,争论hypothesis[haiˈpɔθisis]n.假说,假设,前提obvious[ˈɔbviəs]adj.明显的;显而易见的prior[ˈpraiə]adj.优先的;在前的;较早的stress[stres]n.压力,紧张强调,重要性重力重音vt.重读强调attribute[əˈtribju:t]n.属性,特性vt.认为…是;归因于…认为某作品出自某人之手认为某事[物]属于某人[物]despite[disˈpait]prep.不管,尽管implement[ˈimplimənt]n.工具,器具,用具vt.使生效,贯彻,执行occupy[ˈɔkjupai]vt.占领;占有使从事;使忙于professional[prəˈfeʃənəl]adj.职业的,专业的内行的,有经验的有意的,故意的n.具有某专业资格的人,专业人士内行,专家专门职业者,职业选手subsequent[ˈsʌbsikwənt]adj.随后的,继…之后的civil[ˈsivl]adj.公民的,平民的;非军职的,非宗教的;国民间的,民用的民事的,民法的文明的,有教养的dimension[diˈmenʃən]n.尺寸,度量方面,部分规模,程度implicate[ˈimplikeit]vt.牵连,涉及option[ˈɔpʃən]n.选择(的自由)可选择的办法附件,配件买卖选择权,期权project[prəˈdʒekt]n.项目,计划,方案,课题vt.规划抛;投;射vt.&vi.伸出,突出;表达特点sum[sʌm]n.总数,总和金额算术vt.&vi.合计总结,归纳code[kəud]n.法典,法规,章程密码,电码代号,编码vt.将…译成电码domestic[dəˈmestik]adj.本国的,国内的家庭的,家用的驯养的impose[imˈpəuz]vi.利用,占便宜;欺骗vt.强迫,强加课税,惩罚output[ˈautput]n.产量输出,输出功率promote[prəˈməut]vt.提升,提拔筹划,发起,创立推销〈正〉促进;推动;增进summary[ˈsʌməri]adj.即刻的,立即的匆忙的,草率的概括的;简要的n.摘要,概要commit[kəˈmit]vt.犯罪;犯错承诺;使自己受约束托付;交付emerge[iˈmə:dʒ]vi.出现;显出;暴露integrate[ˈintiɡreit]vt.使结合成为整体vt.&vi.(使)融入overall[ˈəuvərɔ:l]adj.总体的;全面的;综合的全面考虑的adv.大体上,总的来说一切包括在内,全部的n.长罩衣工装裤;工作裤regime[reiˈʒi:m]n.政治制度,政权,政体undertake[ˌʌndəˈteik]vt.担任,承揽;保证着手,开始Sublist5academy[əˈkædəmi]n.专科学校研究院,学会consult[kənˈsʌlt]vt.请教,咨询;找(医生)诊治翻阅,查阅顾及,考虑vt.&vi.商议,商量evolve[iˈvɔlv]vt.&vi.演变;进化licence[ˈlaisəns]n.许可证,执照许可,特许放纵,放肆orient[ˈɔ:riənt]n.东方,亚洲vt.使熟悉,使适应使朝向;使确定位置style[stail]n.风格,格调;文体行为方式,作风种类,类型;流行式样;款式风度;格调;气派adjust[əˈdʒʌst]vt.&vi.(改变…以)适应;调整;校正contact[ˈkɔntækt]n.接触联系,联络,交往社会关系,熟人,门路触点,接头vt.&vi.联系expand[iksˈpænd]vt.&vi.使…变大,扩大,扩张伸展,伸开,张开,展开logic[ˈlɔdʒik]n.逻辑(学),逻辑性推理方法合理的想法perspective[pəˈspektiv]n.远景,景前途;希望透视透视图观点,想法substitute[ˈsʌbstitju:t]vt.&vi.代替,替换,代用alter[ˈɔ:ltə]vt.&vi.改变,更改decline[diˈklain]n.下降,减少,衰退vi.(太阳)落下vt.&vi.辞谢;谢绝(邀请等) expose[iksˈpəuz]vt.曝光暴露;显露揭露,袒露margin[ˈmɑ:dʒin]n.页边空白边,边缘差数,差额;余地precise[priˈsais]adj.精确的,准确的恰好的;正是的周密的,细密的,精细的sustain[səˈstein]vt.承受,支撑维持长期保持;使继续经受,遭受amend[əˈmend]vt.&vi.改良;修改,修订discrete[disˈkri:t]adj.分离的,不相关联的external[eksˈtə:nl]adj.外面的,外部的外观的,表面的外国的medical[ˈmedikəl]adj.医学的,医疗的,医术的内科的prime[praim]adj.首要的;主要的;基本的最好的,第一流的n.全盛时期vt.使准备好,使完成准备工作事先指导,事先向…提供情况symbol[ˈsimbəl]n.象征,标志符号,记号aware[əˈwɛə]adj.意识到的,知道的draft[drɑ:ft]n.草稿,草案,草图汇票应召入伍者;特遣队vt.起草,画草图,草拟选派,抽调征募,征召…入伍facilitate[fəˈsiliteit]vt.使便利,减轻…的困难mental[ˈmentl]adj.精神的,头脑的,心理的,智力的精神病的psychology[saiˈkɔlədʒi]n.心理学心理;心理特点target[ˈtɑ:ɡit]n.(射击的)靶子(欲达到的)目[指]标(服务的)对象;(攻击的)对象vt.瞄准某物capacity[kəˈpæsiti]n.容量,容积才能,能力身份,职位enable[iˈneibl]vt.使能够;提供做…的权利[措施]使可能fundamental[ˌfʌndəˈmentəl]adj.基本的;重要的,必要的n.基本原则,基本法则modify[ˈmɔdifai]vt.修饰vt.&vi.修改,更改pursue[pəˈsju:]vt.追捕,追击追求继续;从事,经营transit[ˈtrænsit]n.搬运;载运;运输challenge[ˈtʃælindʒ]n.挑战,邀请比赛怀疑,质问艰巨的任务vt.挑战质疑考验energy[ˈenədʒi]n.活力,干劲,能力精力〈物〉能,能量,能源generate[ˈdʒenəreit]vt.生成,产生引起,导致monitor[ˈmɔnitə]n.监视器,监听器;检测器(学校)班长;纠察员vt.监听,监视监测,检测ratio[ˈreiʃiəu]n.比,比率trend[trend]n.趋势,倾向流行clause[klɔ:z]n.从句(法律文件等的)条款enforce[inˈfɔ:s]vt.实施,执行强迫,迫使generation[ˌdʒenəˈreiʃən]n.同时代的人,一代人,一代产生,发生network[ˈnetwə:k]n.网状物(电视与计算机)网络,网状系统广播网,电视网reject[riˈdʒekt]n.被拒货品,不合格产品vt.拒绝,谢绝;驳回舍弃,排斥,退掉version[ˈvə:ʃən]n.(个人对事件的)描述,说法,看法版本,形式译本,剧本compound[ˈkɔmpaund]n.复合物,化合物(筑有围墙的)院子,(围起来的)场地vt.使混合,使合成使严重;使恶化entity[ˈentiti]n.实体,独立存在体,实际存在物image[ˈimidʒ]n.形象,概念镜像,影像,图像印象酷似的人[物],翻版比喻,引喻,明喻外形,外表,模样notion[ˈnəuʃən]n.概念,观念,看法突然的念头,奇想;意图,打算revenue[ˈrevənju:]n.收入,收益;财政收入,税收welfare[ˈwelfɛə]n.健康,幸福,繁荣福利〈美〉政府的福利(制度)conflict[ˈkɔnflikt]n.战斗,斗争冲突,抵触,争论vi.抵触,冲突equivalent[iˈkwivələnt]adj.相等的,相当的liberal[ˈlibərəl]adj.心胸宽阔的,无偏见的慷慨的,大方的开放的;主张变革的自由的,不拘一格的n.宽容大度的人自由主义者objective[əbˈdʒektiv]adj.客观的;不带偏见的n.目标;目的stable[ˈsteibl]adj.稳定的;安定的沉稳[持重]的whereas[hwɛərˈæz]conj.但是,而Sublist6abstract[ˈæbstrækt]adj.抽象的抽象派的n.抽象,抽象概念,抽象性抽象派艺术作品摘要,梗概vt.提取,抽取做…的摘要capable[ˈkeipəbl]adj.有能力的,有技能的exceed[ikˈsi:d]vi.(在数量、质量上)突出,领先vt.超过;超越incidence[ˈinsidəns]n.发生率,影响范围migrate[maiˈɡreit]vi.迁移;移往recover[riˈkʌvə]vi.恢复健康(体力、能力等)vt.恢复;重新获得,找回〈正〉恢复(适当的状态或位置)accurate[ˈækjurit]adj.精确的,准确的正确无误的cite[sait]vt.引用,举例表彰,嘉奖传唤,传讯expert[ˈekspə:t]adj.专家的,内行的,熟练的n.专家,能手incorporate[inˈkɔ:pəreit]vt.包含,加上,吸收把…合并,使并入组成公司minimum[ˈminiməm]adj.最低的,最小的n.最低限度,最小量reveal[riˈvi:l]vt.显示;露出泄露;透露acknowledge[əkˈnɔlidʒ]vt.承认,供认告知已收到鸣谢,感谢cooperate[kəuˈɔpəreit]vi.合作;配合,协助explicit[iksˈplisit]adj.详述的,明确的,明晰的直言的,毫不隐瞒的,露骨的index[ˈindeks]n.索引标志,象征;量度(物价或工资的)指数〈数〉指数,幂vt.给…编索引,指示出ministry[ˈministri]n.(政府的)部scope[skəup]n.余地,机会(处理、研究事务的)范围aggregate[ˈæɡriɡit]n.〈正〉数,总计vt.总计达…vt.&vi.(使)聚集discriminate[disˈkrimineit]vi.歧视,有差别地对待vt.&vi.分别,辨别,区分federal[ˈfedərəl]adj.联邦(制)的联邦政府的inhibit[inˈhibit]vt.阻止;抑制motive[ˈməutiv]n.动机,目的subsidy[ˈsʌbsidi]n.补贴,津贴,补助金allocate[ˈæləkeit]vt.分配,分派把…拨给display[disˈplei]n.陈列,展览陈列的货物、艺术品等vt.陈列,展览显示,显露fee[fi:]n.费,酬金initiate[iˈniʃieit]vt.开始,着手传授;使初步了解接纳新成员,让…加入neutral[ˈnju:trəl]adj.中立的,不偏不倚的中立(国家)的暗淡的;非彩色的(化学中)中性的不带电的n.(汽车或其他机器的)空挡位置中立人士;中立国tape[teip]n.带子录音磁带;录像带vt.用带子捆起来vt.&vi.录音assign[əˈsain]vt.分配;交给指派,选派指定,订出diverse[daiˈvəs]adj.不同的,多种多样的flexible[ˈfleksəbl]adj.易弯曲的,柔韧的灵活的,可变通的input[ˈinput]n.输入,投入〈电〉输入端输入的数据vt.把…输入电脑nevertheless[ˌnevəðəˈles]adv.仍然,然而,不过conj.尽管如此,然而trace[treis]n.踪迹;痕迹;形迹极微的量vt.追踪;追溯发现;找到描绘;标出vt.&vi.缓慢而困难地书写attach[əˈtætʃ]vt.&vi.贴上;系;附上domain[dəuˈmein]n.范围,领域版图,领土地产,产业furthermore[ˈfə:ðəˌmɔ:]adv.而且,此外instruct[inˈstrʌkt]vt.命令,指示教,指导通知overseas[ˌəuvəˈsi:z]adj.(在)海外的,(在)国外的(向或来自)外国的adv.在[向]海外;在[向]国外transform[trænsˈfɔ:m]vt.&vi.改变author[ˈɔ:θə]n.著作家,作者创造者,创始人;发起人edit[ˈedit]vt.剪辑(电影、录音磁带、无线电或电视节目、书等)vt.&vi.编辑gender[ˈdʒendə]n.〈语〉性intelligent[inˈtelidʒənt]adj.聪明的;理解力强的precede[ˌpriˈsi:d]vt.&vi.在…之前,先于transport[trænsˈpɔ:t]vt.运送;流放使万分激动bond[bɔnd]n.联系,关系连接,接合,结合有息债券合同,契约,票据vt.使粘结,使结合enhance[inˈhɑ:ns]vt.提高,增加,加强ignorant[ˈiɡnərənt]adj.无知的,愚昧的interval[ˈintəvəl]n.间隔时间幕间休息presume[priˈzju:m]vi.冒昧地做某事;错用自作主张,放肆vt.以为;假定underlie[ˌʌndəˈlai]vt.位于或存在于(某物)之下构成…的基础(或起因);引起brief[bri:f]adj.短暂的,短时间的简洁的,简短的n.概要,摘要vt.向…介绍基本情况,作…的摘要estate[isˈteit]n.土地,地区庄园,种植园地产,财产;遗产incentive[inˈsentiv]n.激励某人做某事的事物;刺激;诱因,动机lecture[ˈlektʃə]n.演讲;讲课冗长的训斥[谴责]vt.责备,教训,训斥vt.&vi.(向…)演讲;(给…)讲课rational[ˈræʃənl]adj.神智清楚的理性的;理智的;合理的;出于理性的utilize[ˈju:tilaiz]vt.利用,使用Sublist7adapt[əˈdæpt]vt.改编,改写vt.&vi.(使)适应,(使)适合contrary[ˈkɔntrəri]adj.相反的,相违的n.相反,反面,对立面empirical[emˈpirikəl]adj.以观察或实验为依据的identical[aiˈdentikəl]adj.同一的phenomenon[fiˈnɔminən]n.现象特殊的人[事物]submit[səbˈmit]vi.屈服,认输vt.提交,呈递〈正〉建议,主张,申辩adult[ˈædʌlt]adj.成熟的成年人的,适宜于成年人的n.成年的人或动物convert[kənˈvə:t]vt.&vi.(使)转变,(使)转化皈依,改变(信仰)equip[iˈkwip]vt.装备,配备使有能力,使胜任ideology[ˌaidiˈɔlədʒi]n.思想(体系),思想意识priority[praiˈɔriti]n.优先权,重点优先考虑的事successor[səkˈsesə]n.接替的人或事物,继任者,继承人advocate[ˈædvəkeit]n.提倡者,拥护者辩护律师,辩护人vt.提倡,主张couple[ˈkʌpl]n.一对,一双一些,几个夫妻,情侣vt.连接,联结,联系extract[iksˈtrækt]n.摘录,引用提炼物,浓缩物vt.(费力地)拔出,抽出提取,榨出infer[inˈfə:]vt.推断,推知prohibit[prəˈhibit]vt.禁止;阻止survive[səˈvaiv]vi.幸存,活下来vt.比…活得长,经历…之后还存在aid[eid]n.帮助,援助,救助助手,辅助物,辅助手段vt.帮助,援助decade[ˈdekeid]n.十年,十年间file[fail]n.文件夹,公文箱卷宗,文件;计算机文件纵列vi.排成纵队前进vt.把…归档提交(申请等),呈递用锉锉innovate[ˈinəuveit]vi.改革,创新publication[ˌpʌbliˈkeiʃən]n.发表,公布出版,刊行,发行出版物,书刊thesis[ˈθi:sis]n.论题,命题,论点论文,毕业(或学位)论文channel[ˈtʃænl]n.海峡通道;水沟,水渠渠道,途径频道definite[ˈdefinit]adj.明确的,确切的一定的,肯定的finite[ˈfainait]adj.有限的,有限度的〈语〉限定的insert[inˈsə:t]n.添入物(尤指一页印刷品图中插入或套印的小图)vt.插入,嵌入quote[kwəut]vt.提到…以支持某论点报(价);开(价)vt.&vi.引用,援引topic[ˈtɔpik]n.题目,论题,话题chemical[ˈkemikəl]adj.化学的n.化学药品deny[diˈnai]vt.否认知情拒绝foundation[faunˈdeiʃən]n.建立,设立,创办基础,基本原理,根据地基基金(会) intervene[ˌɪntəˈvi:n]vi.干涉,干预;调解干扰,阻碍release[riˈli:s]n.释放,排放,解除释放令公映的新影片,发布的新闻[消息]vt.释放;放开发布;发行;发售transmit[trænzˈmit]vt.传播,传染传导vt.&vi.发射,播送,广播classic[ˈklæsik]adj.(著作,赛事等)最优秀的,(可作)典范的(病例等)典型的,标准的(衣服,设计等)传统式样的,典雅的(因为时已久)著名的;传统的n.文豪,大艺术家;文学名著,经典作品,杰作优秀的典范differentiate[ˌdifəˈrenʃieit]vi.区别对待vt.&vi.区分,区别,辨别globe[ɡləub]n.地球,世界球体;球状物地球仪isolate[ˈaisəleit]vt.使隔离,使孤立,使脱离reverse[riˈvə:s]adj.相反的,颠倒的,反向的n.相反钱币的反面[背面]失败,挫败vt.&vi.(使)反转;(使)颠倒;(使)翻转推翻,取消使倒退,逆转ultimate[ˈʌltimit]adj.最后的,最终的基本的,根本的最大的,极限程度的comprehensive[ˌkɔmpriˈhensiv]adj.广泛的,综合的dispose[disˈpəuz]vt.布置使愿意或准备做vt.&vi.处理;处置grade[ɡreid]n.(官阶、质量)等级,品级,阶段,程度〈尤美〉(考试或作业的)分数,评分等级〈尤美〉(学生受测试的)技巧水平(尤指音乐方面)〈美〉年级;(按年级划分的)小学生media[ˈmi:djə]n.媒体simulate[ˈsimjuleit]vt.假装模仿,模拟unique[ju:ˈni:k]adj.独一无二的,仅有的,惟一的异常的,特有的,少见的comprise[kəmˈpraiz]vt.包含,包括,由…组成组成,构成dynamic[daiˈnæmik]adj.有活力的,强有力的不断变化的动力的,动态的guarantee[ˌɡærənˈti:]n.保证,保障;保证书;保用期担保,担保人担保品,抵押品vt.保证;担保使(事情)可能发生mode[məud]n.方式,样式样式,风格sole[səul]adj.单独的,惟一的专有的,独占的visible[ˈvizəbl]adj.看得见的,可见的,有形的明显的,可察觉到的confirm[kənˈfə:m]vt.证实,证明;肯定,确认使巩固,加强批准;认可eliminate[iˈlimineit]vt.消除,排除忽略淘汰〈口〉干掉hierarchy[ˈhaiərɑ:ki]n.等级制度统治集团,领导层paradigm[ˈpærədaim]n.(一词的)词形变化表范例;样式;模范somewhat[ˈsʌmhwɔt]adv.稍微,有点,达到某种程度voluntary[ˈvɔləntəri]adj.自愿的,志愿的义务的,无偿的Sublist8abandon[əˈbændən]n.放任;纵情vt.离弃,丢弃遗弃,抛弃放弃clarify[ˈklærifai]vt.&vi.使清楚;澄清deviate[ˈdi:vieit]vi.偏离;越轨induce[inˈdju:s]vt.引诱,劝导〈正〉引起,导致plus[plʌs]adj.正的比所示数量多的附加的,称心的,有利的n.加号,正号prep.(表示包容)外加;另有(表示运算)加,加上(表示数目)在零(度)以上,正tense[tens]adj.拉紧的肌肉绷紧的神经紧张的n.〈语〉(动词的)时态vt.(使某人或某物)变得紧张accompany[əˈkʌmpəni]vt.陪伴,陪同伴随…同时发生伴奏commodity[kəˈmɔditi]n.商品,货物有用的东西displace[disˈpleis]vt.替换,取代移走inevitable[inˈevitəbl]adj.不可避免的,必然发生的〈非正〉总会发生的,照例必有的,惯常的practitioner[prækˈtiʃənə]n.习艺者,实习者从业者(尤指医师)terminate[ˈtə:mineit]vt.&vi.结束;使终结accumulate[əˈkju:mjuleit]vt.&vi.堆积;积累complement[ˈkɔmplimənt]n.补充,互为补充的东西需要的或允许的数额补足语vt.补足,补充drama[ˈdrɑ:mə]n.戏剧,剧本戏剧文学[艺术]戏剧性事件[场面] infrastructure[ˈinfrəˌstrʌktʃə]n.基础设施;基础结构predominant[priˈdɔminənt]adj.占主导地位的,显著的theme[θi:m]n.主题,主旨,题目ambiguous[æmˈbiɡjuəs]adj.引起歧义的;模棱两可的,含糊不清的conform[kənˈfɔ:m]vi.遵守,符合顺应,一致eventual[iˈventjuəl]adj.(事件)最终发生的;结果的inspect[inˈspekt]vt.检查,检验视察prospect[ˈprɔspekt]n.景象,景色前景;前途可能成为主顾的人;有希望的候选人vi.勘探;勘察thereby[ˈðɛəbai]adv.由此;因而append[əˈpend]vt.附加contemporary[kənˈtempərəri]adj.当代的同时代的,同属一个时期的n.同代人,同龄人exhibit[iɡˈzibit]n.展览品,陈列品在法庭提出的证物vt.显示,显出vt.&vi.陈列;展览intense[inˈtens]adj.强烈的,剧烈的;极端的热情的,热切的紧张的,认真的radical[ˈrædikəl]adj.根本的,基本的;彻底的,完全的激进的,激进派的uniform[ˈju:nifɔ:m]adj.全都相同的,一律的,清一色的n.制服appreciate[əˈpri:ʃieit]vt.感激,感谢欣赏,赏识,重视意识到,体会vt.&vi.(使)增值,涨价contradict[ˌkɔntrəˈdikt]vt.与…发生矛盾,与…抵触vt.&vi.反驳,否认…的真实性exploit[iksˈplɔit]n.业绩,功绩,功勋,事迹vt.开采;开发剥削manipulate[məˈnipjuleit]vt.熟练控制[操作]random[ˈrændəm]adj.任意的;无计划的(统计)随机的vehicle[ˈvi:ɪkl]n.交通工具,车辆传播媒介,手段arbitrary[ˈɑ:bitrəri]adj.随意的,主观的专横的,独断专行的crucial[ˈkru:ʃəl]adj.决定性的,紧要关头的fluctuate[ˈflʌktjueit]vi.波动,涨落,起伏minimise[ˈminimaiz]vt.把…减至最低数量[程度]对(某事物)作最低估计;极力贬低(某事物)的价值[重要性]reinforce[ˌri:ɪnˈfɔ:s]vt.增强;加强via[ˈvaiə]prep.(表示方式)通过(某人),凭借(某种手段)(表示关涉)经由,经过automate[ˈɔ:təmeit]vt.&vi.(使)自动化currency[ˈkʌrənsi]n.通货,货币流通,通用,流行guideline[ˈɡaidlain]n.指导方针,准则nuclear[ˈnju:kliə]adj.核的,原子核的使用或生产核能的restore[riˈstɔ:]vt.归还;交还使恢复修复;重建virtual[ˈvə:tjuəl]adj.实质上的,事实上的,实际上的bias[ˈbaiəs]n.偏见,偏心,偏袒vt.使倾向于denote[diˈnəut]vt.为…的符号;为…的名称指示;指出highlight[ˈhailait]n.最精彩的部分,最重要的事情vt.强调,突出,使显著。