国际贸易课件第一章

• International economics is an old subject, but continues to grow in importance as countries become tied more to the international economy. 国 际经济学是一门古老的学科, 但随着国家与国际经济的联系 更加紧密，国际经济学的重要性持续增长。 • Nations are now more closely linked than ever before. 国家现在比以往任何时候都联系得更紧密。
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
– Both imports and exports fell in 2009 (2009年美 国的出口和进口都下降了).
• Compared to the U.S., other countries are even more tied to international trade. 与美 国相比，其他国家与国际贸易联系更加紧密。
Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
1-6
Gains from Trade 贸易所得
• Several ideas underlie the gains from trade. (构成贸易所得的真正原因)
Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
数据来源：美国经济分析局 1-5
Fig. 1-2: Exports and Imports as Percentage of National Income in 2007 图1-2: 2007年出口和进口占国民收入的百分比
• International finance topics (国际金融主题)
– Balance of payments (国际收支平衡), exchange rate determination (汇率决定), international policy coordination and capital markets (国际政策协调和 资本市场)---国际金融四大主题
1. When a buyer and a seller engage in a voluntary transaction, both can be made better off. 当一方买家和一方卖家进行自愿交易时，双方都能 够获益。 • Norwegian consumers import oranges that they would have a hard time producing. 挪威 的消费者进口橙子,因为他们很难生产橙子。 • The producer of the oranges receives income that it can use to buy other things that it desires. 橙子的生产者获得收入并用这些收入去购买 所需要的东西。
Chapter 1 第一章
Introduction 绪论
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Preview 预览，本章内容概要
• What is international economics about? 国际经
– International trade can harm the owners of resources that are used relatively intensively in industries that compete with imports. 国际贸易会对那些只在进口竞争行业中相对密集使 用资源的所有者产生不良的影响。 – Trade may therefore affect the distribution of income within a country. 贸易因此可能影响到一个国家内的收入分配。 – Conflicts about trade should occur between groups within countries rather than between countries. 贸易冲突应发生在 国家中的不同团体之间，而不是不同国家之间。
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
1-7
Gains from Trade (cont.) 贸易所得（续）
2. How could a country that is the most (least) efficient producer of everything gain from trade? 在生产每一种产品上都有优势或劣势的一个国家，怎么在 贸易中有所获得？ • Countries use finite resources to produce what they are most productive at (compared to their other production choices), then trade those products for goods and services that they want to consume. 国家用有限的资源生产她们最有生产效率 的产品(相对其它产品的生产)，然后用这些产品去进行 贸易获得她们所需要的商品和服务。
1-3
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
What Is International Economics About? (cont.) 国际经济学的主要内容（续） • International trade as a fraction of the national economy has tripled for the U.S. in the past 40 years. 在过去的40年中，美国的国 际贸易占国民经济的比重增长了两倍。
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
1-9
Gains from Trade (cont.) 贸易所得（续）
• Trade is predicted to benefit countries as a whole in several ways, but trade may harm particular groups within a country. 贸易预计使国家作为一个整体 在几个方面受益，但也可能损害一个国家中的特定团体。
• International trade versus (与) finance
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
1-2
What Is International Economics About? 国际经济学的主要内容
1-10
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Patterns of Trade 贸易模式
• Differences in climate and resources can explain why Brazil exports coffee and Australia exports iron ore. 气候和资源的不同可以解释为什么巴西出口咖啡， 澳大利亚出口铁矿石。
4. When countries specialize, they may be more efficient due to larger-scale production. 当国家专 业化生产后，因为更大的规模化生产，这些国家可能会变 得更加有效率。 5. Countries may also gain by trading current resources for future resources (international borrowing and lending) and due to international migration. 国家也可能通过用当前的资源去交换未来的 资源（国际借贷）并且由于国际移民而获得收益。
•
Countries can specialize in production, while consuming many goods and services through trade. 各国可以使生产专业化, 同时通过贸易消费许多 的商品和服务。
1-8
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
1-4
Fig. 1-1: Exports and Imports as a Percentage of U.S. National Income 图1-1: 出口和进口占美国国民收入的百分比
• International economics is about how nations interact through: (国际经济学是关于国家Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu间怎样通 过......相互作用:)
– trade of goods and services (商品服务贸易), flows of money (资金的流动), and investment (投资).
济学的主要内容
• International trade topics (国际贸易主题)
– Gains from trade (贸易所得), patterns of trade (贸 易模式), effects of government policies on trade (政府政策对贸易的影响)---国际贸易三大主题
Gains from Trade (cont.) 贸易所得（续）
3. Trade benefits countries by allowing them to export goods made with relatively abundant resources and imports goods made with relatively scarce resources. 贸易通过使国家出口用相 对丰裕的资源生产的产品并进口用相对稀缺的资源生产的 产品。
• But why does Japan export automobiles, while the U.S. exports aircraft? 但为什么日本出口小汽车，同时 美国出口飞机？ • Why some countries export certain products can stem from differences in: 为什么某国出口某产品可能 源自......方面的不同: – Labor productivity (劳动生产率) – Relative supplies of capital, labor and land and their use in the production of different goods and services (资本、劳动及土地的相对供给以及他们 使用在不同产品和服务上的生产)